DNA damaging potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles in human epidermal cells

Progress in food packaging applications of biopolymer-nanometal composites - A comprehensive review

Eco-friendly nanotechnology-enabled biopolymers are one of the novel concepts of packaging materials to substitute traditional synthetic polymers and their composites. This article succinctly reviews the recent developments of introducing additional functionalities to biopolymers using metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The functionality of metal nanoparticles such as silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, gold, and magnesium oxide, as food packaging materials were discussed. The addition of nanoparticles in biopolymers improves mechanical properties, gas barrier properties, durability, temperature stability, moisture stability, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant property, and UV absorbance and can prevent the presence of ethylene and oxygen, hence extending the shelf life of foodstuffs. Other than this, the functional activity of these biopolymer composite films helps them to act like smart or intelligent packaging. The selection of metal nanoparticles, particle migration, toxicological effect, and potential future scope in the food packaging industry are also reviewed.

Cytotoxicity of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Musa acuminata on Vero cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have become a highly regarded substance in various industries especially biologically synthesized ZnO NPs due to their adherence to the principles of green chemistry. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on biological systems. This study aimed to investigate and compare the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs that were synthesized through chemical (C-ZnO NPs) and green approach using Musa acuminata leaf aqueous extract (Ma-ZnO NPs) on Vero cells. Characterization of ZnO NPs through Uv-Vis, FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and XPS confirmed the successful synthesis of C- and Ma-ZnO NPs. MTT and ROS assays revealed that C- and Ma-ZnO NPs induced a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on Vero cells. Remarkably, Ma-ZnO NPs showed significantly higher cell viability compared to C-ZnO NPs. The corelation of ROS and vell viability suggest that elevated ROS levels can lead to cell damage and even cell death. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that Ma-ZnO NPs exposed cells had more viable cells and a smaller cell population in the late and early apoptotic stage. Furthermore, more cells were arrested in the G1 phase upon exposure to C-ZnO NPs, which is associated with oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ROS generation, proving its higher cytotoxicity than Ma-ZnO NPs. Similarly, time-dependent cytotoxicity and morphological alterations were observed in C- and Ma-ZnO NPs treated cells, indicating cellular damage. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy also demonstrated a time-dependent increase in ROS formation in cells exposed to C- and Ma-ZnO NPs. In conclusion, the findings suggest that green ZnO NPs possess a favourable biocompatibility profile, exhibiting reduced cytotoxicity compared to chemically synthesized ZnO NPs on Vero cells. These results emphasize the potential of green synthesis methods for the development of safer and environmentally friendly ZnO NPs.

Cu-MSNs and ZnO nanoparticles incorporated poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate/sodium alginate double network hydrogel for simultaneous enhancement of osteogenic differentiation

In this study, a double network (DN) hydrogel was synthesized using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and sodium alginate (SA), incorporating copper-doped mesoporous silica nanospheres (Cu-MSNs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The blending of PEGDA and SA (PS) facilitates the double network and improves the less porous microstructure of pure PEGDA hydrogel. Furthermore, the incorporation of ZnO NPs and Cu-MSNs into the hydrogel network (PS@ZnO/Cu-MSNs) improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogel (Compressive strength = ⁓153 kPa and Young's modulus = ⁓ 1.66 kPa) when compared to PS hydrogel alone (Compressive strength = ⁓ 103 kPa and Young's modulus = ⁓ 0.95 kPa). In addition, the PS@ZnO/Cu-MSNs composite hydrogel showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Importantly, the PS@ZnO/Cu-MSNs hydrogel demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, proliferation, and significant early-stage osteoblastic differentiation, as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and improved calcium mineralization, as evidenced by increased alizarin red staining (ARS) activities. These findings point to the possible use of the PS@ZnO/Cu-MSNs composite hydrogel in bone tissue regeneration.

Nanotechnology in toothpaste: Fundamentals, trends, and safety

Several studies have revealed that healthcare nanomaterials are widely used in numerous areas of dentistry, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and repair. Nanomaterials in dental cosmetics are utilized to enhance the efficacy of toothpaste and other mouthwashes. Nanoparticles are added to toothpastes for a variety of reasons, including dental decay prevention, remineralization, hypersensitivity reduction, brightening, and antibacterial qualities. In this review, the benefits and uses of many common nanomaterials found in toothpaste are outlined. Additionally, the capacity and clinical applications of nanoparticles as anti-bacterial, whitening, hypersensitivity, and remineralizing agents in the treatment of dental problems and periodontitis are discussed.

Ameliorative effects of Dunaliella salina microalgae on nanoparticle (ZnO NPs)-induced toxicity in fish

Dunaliella salina (D. salina) is a well-known microalga that contains considerable amounts of nutritious and medicinal bioactive components. This work studied the modulatory role of D. salina against zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs)-induced neurotoxic effects in adult zebrafish. Fishes were subjected to 0.69 mg L-1 (1/5th 96-h LC50) for 4 weeks; then, fishes were supplemented with D. salina in the diet for 2 weeks at two levels (15 and 30%). Exposure to ZnO NPs induced a significant increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) while accompanied with downregulation of antioxidant genes in the brain of exposed fishes. Brain neurochemistry and enzyme activities were also altered following ZnO NP exposure. ZnO NPs significantly reduced the neurotransmitters and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity while increasing Alzheimer's disease-related proteins and inflammatory response via upregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Additionally, ZnO NPs increased the indices of brain's DNA oxidative damage, increasing brain tissue's metallothionein (MT) and zinc residues. ZnO NPs upregulated the transcription patterns of apoptosis-related genes (casp3 and p53). D. salina dietary co-supplementation with ZnO NPs alleviated the ZnO NPsZnO NP-induced neuro-oxidative damages by lowering the lipid, DNA damage, and inflammatory biomarkers. Besides, D. salina alleviating responses were linked with increasing the levels of the assessed antioxidants. Conclusively, D. salina dietary supplementation induced potential alleviating effects of the ZnO NP-induced neurotoxicity in adult zebrafish.

Assessment of Genotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mosquito as Test Model

The widespread applications of ZnO NPs in the different areas of science, technology, medicine, agriculture, and commercial products have led to increased chances of their release into the environment. This created a growing public concern about the toxicological and environmental effects of the nanoparticles. The impact of these NPs on the genetic materials of living organisms is documented in some cultured cells and plants, but there are only a few studies regarding this aspect in animals. In view of this, the present work regarding the assessment of the genotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the mosquito Culex quinquefaciatus has been taken up. Statistically significant chromosomal aberrations over the control are recorded after the exposure of the fourth instar larvae to a dose of less than LD20 for 24 h. In order to select this dose, LD20 of ZnO NPs for the mosquito is determined by Probit analysis. Lacto-aceto-orcein stained chromosomal preparations are made from gonads of adult treated and control mosquitoes. Both structural aberrations, such as chromosomal breaks, fragments, translocations, and terminal fusions, resulting in the formation of rings and clumped chromosomes, and numerical ones, including hypo- and hyper-aneuploidy at metaphases, bridges, and laggards at the anaphase stage are observed. The percentage frequency of abnormalities in the shape of sperm heads is also found to be statistically significant over the controls. Besides this, zinc oxide nanoparticles are also found to affect the reproductive potential and embryo development as egg rafts obtained from the genetic crosses of ZnO nanoparticle-treated virgin females and normal males are small in size with a far smaller number of eggs per raft. The percentage frequencies of dominant lethal mutations indicated by the frequency of unhatched eggs are also statistically significant (p < 0.05) over the control. The induction of abnormalities in all of the three short-term assays studied during the present piece of work indicates the genotoxic potential of ZnO NPs, which cannot be labeled absolutely safe, and this study pinpoints the need to develop strategies for the protection of the environment and living organisms thriving in it.

Investigating the Effects of Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Produced Using Papaver somniferum Extract on Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxicity, and the Induction of Apoptosis in the THP-1 Cell Line

This study investigated the effect of novel zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) biosynthesized employing Papaver somniferum leaf on oxidative stress, necrosis, and apoptosis in the leukemia cancer THP-1 cell. The obtained ZnO was examined using SEM, AFM, and TEM microscopy, which revealed an irregular spherical morphology with a size ranging from 20 to 30 nm, and the UV-vis absorbance revealed a strong absorption peak in the range of 360-370, nm confirming the production of ZnO NPs. THP-1 cells were subjected to an MTT, an EdU proliferation, a lactate dehydrogenase release tests, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction experiment, a DAPI staining detection assay, and a flow cytometric analysis for Annexin V to measure the effects of ZnO NPs on cancer cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, and necrosis. Our results show that ZnO NPs inhibit THP-1 line in a concentration-dependent pattern. It was observed that ZnO NPs triggered necrosis (cell death) and apoptosis in the cell line. ZnO NPs massively improved the formation of intracellular ROS, which is crucial in deactivating the development of leukemic cells. In conclusion, ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using Papaver somniferum extract have the ability to inhibit proliferation leukemic cancer cells, making them potential anticancer agents.

Nanomaterials in sunscreens: Potential human and ecological health implications

Inorganic nanomaterials such as TiO2 and ZnO provide significant benefits in terms of UV protection, and their use generally has increased in commercial sunscreens. However, more recently there have been concerns about their potential human and ecological health implications, mostly driven by perception rather than by formal assessments. The large and increasing body of literature on these nanomaterials indicates that in most circumstances their risk are minimal. Penetration of the human epidermis is minimal for these nanomaterials, significantly reducing the potential effects that these nanomaterials may pose to internal organs. The excess Zn ion dose is very small compared to normal dietary consumption of Zn, which is a necessary element. The levels of residual nanomaterials or released ions in public swimming pools is also low, with minimal effect in case this water is ingested during swimming or bathing. In natural environments with significant water flow due to wind and water currents, the concentrations of nanomaterials and released ions are generally well below levels that would cause effects in aquatic organisms. However, sensitive habitats with slow currents, such as coral reefs, may accumulate these nanomaterials. The number of studies of the levels and effects of nanomaterials in these sensitive habitats is very small; more research is needed to determine if there is an elevated risk to these ecosystems from the use of sunscreens with these nanomaterials.

Renally Clearable Ultraminiature Chain-Like Gold Nanoparticle Clusters for Multimodal Molecular Imaging of Choroidal Neovascularization

Currently, available gold nanoparticles (GNPs) typically accumulate in the liver and spleen, leading to concerns for their long-term biosafety. To address this long-standing problem, ultraminiature chain-like gold nanoparticle clusters (GNCs) are developed. Via self-assembly of 7-8 nm GNP monomers, GNCs provide redshifted optical absorption and scattering contrast in the near-infrared window. After disassembly, GNCs turn back to GNPs with a size smaller than the renal glomerular filtration size cutoff, allowing their excretion via urine. A one-month longitudinal study in a rabbit eye model demonstrates that GNCs facilitate multimodal molecular imaging of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in vivo, non-invasively, with excellent sensitivity and spatial resolution. GNCs targeting αv β3  integrins enhance photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography (OCT) signals from CNV by 25.3-fold and 150%, respectively. With excellent biosafety and biocompatibility demonstrated, GNCs render a first-of-its-kind nanoplatform for biomedical imaging.

Surface specific adsorption of glucose to ZnO

ZnO is bio-safe and hence, may be a potential candidate for direct use as a glucose sensor. This requires an understanding of the interaction of glucose with four common surfaces, (101̄0), (112̄0), (0001) and (0001̄) of ZnO. We carry out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations enhanced by umbrella sampling of a glucose molecule in a solvent over a hydrated ZnO slab. The slab is obtained by quantum mechanical optimization. We observe that hydration layers formed above the surfaces affect the approach of glucose to the surfaces. Potential of mean force (PMF) calculations show that the (101̄0) surface shows the strongest adsorption of adsorption free energy -6.81 kJ mol^-1 towards glucose. Thus, we offer a theoretical understanding on the interactions at the nano-bio junction of glucose and ZnO surfaces. Our study suggests that the (101̄0) surface may be used to fabricate a direct glucose sensor.

ZnO nanoparticles efficiently enhance drought tolerance in Dracocephalum kotschyi through altering physiological, biochemical and elemental contents

Using nanofertilizers in certain concentrations can be a novel method to alleviate drought stress effects in plants as a global climate problem. We aimed to determine the impacts of zinc nanoparticles (ZnO-N) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) fertilizers on the improvement of drought tolerance in Dracocephalum kotschyi as a medicinal-ornamental plant. Plants were treated with three doses of ZnO-N and ZnSO₄ (0, 10, and 20 mg/l) under two levels of drought stress [50% and 100% field capacity (FC)]. Relative water content (RWC), electrolyte conductivity (EC), chlorophyll, sugar, proline, protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and, guaiacol peroxidase (GPO) were measured. Moreover, the concentration of some elements interacting with Zn was reported using the SEM-EDX method. Results indicated that foliar fertilization of D. kotschyi under drought stress with ZnO-N decreased EC, while ZnSO₄ application was less effective. Moreover, sugar and proline content as well as activity of SOD and GPO (and to some extent PPO) in treated plants by 50% FC, increased under the influence of ZnO-N. ZnSO₄ application could increase chlorophyll and protein content and PPO activity in this plant under drought stress. Based on the results, ZnO-N and then ZnSO₄ improved the drought tolerance of D. kotschyi through their positive effects on physiological and biochemical attributes changing the concentration of Zn, P, Cu, and Fe. Accordingly, due to the increased sugar and proline content and also antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, GPO, and to some extent PPO) on enhancing drought tolerance in this plant, ZnO-N fertilization is advisable.

Photocatalytic and Glucose Sensing Properties of ZnO-Based Nanocoating

Here, we report a simple and versatile synthesis of low-dimensional ZnO nanosheet (NS) arrays modified with Fe2O3 (hematite) to assemble photocatalytic coatings and non-enzymatic glucose sensors. Photocatalytic coatings made of widespread elements (zinc and iron) were tested for methylene blue (MB) dye decolorization under ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) irradiation. A comparative study of unmodified and modified ZnO NS photocatalysts revealed a significant decrease in the dye concentration in 180 min when ZnO/Fe2O3 arrays were used. Size dependence efficiency of the hematite layer deposited onto ZnO is presented. A study of the sensitivity of biosensors made of ZnO nanostructures and ZnO/Fe2O3 nanocomposites for glucose detection showed an improvement in sensitivity with increased Fe2O3 thickness. The structure and morphology of low-dimensional coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The optical properties of nanoarrays showed a red shift of absorption after modifying ZnO with hematite layers, which holds good promise for expanding photocatalytic activity in the visible region.

Synthesis of Ruthenium-Promoted ZnO/SBA-15 Composites for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

Synthetic organic pigments like xanthene and azo dyes from the direct discharge of textile effluents are considered colossal global issues and attract the concern of scholars. Photocatalysis continues to be a very valuable pollution control method for industrial wastewater. Incorporations of metal oxide catalysts such as zinc oxide (ZnO) on mesoporous Santa Barbara Armophous-15 (SBA-15) support to improve catalyst thermo-mechanical stability have been comprehensively reported. However, charge separation efficiency and light absorption of ZnO/SBA-15 continue to be limiting its photocatalytic activity. Herein, we report a successful preparation of Ruthenium-induced ZnO/SBA-15 composite via conventional incipient wetness impregnation technique with the aim of boosting the photocatalytic activity of the incorporated ZnO. Physicochemical properties of the SBA-15 support, ZnO/SBA-15, and Ru-ZnO/SBA-15 composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ physisorption isotherms at 77 K, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characterization outcomes exhibited that ZnO and ruthenium species have been successfully embedded into SBA-15 support, andtheSBA-15 support maintains its structured hexagonal mesoscopic ordering in both ZnO/SBA-15 and Ru-ZnO/SBA-15 composites. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was assessed through photo-assisted mineralization of aqueous MB solution, and the process was optimized for initial dye concentration and catalyst dosage. 50 mg catalyst exhibited significant degradation efficiency of 97.96% after 120 min, surpassing the efficiencies of 77% and 81% displayed by 10 and 30 mg of the as-synthesized catalyst. The photodegradation rate was found to decrease with an increase in the initial dye concentration. The superior photocatalytic activity of Ru-ZnO/SBA-15 over the binary ZnO/SBA-15 may be attributed to the slower recombination rate of photogenerated charges on the ZnO surface with the addition of ruthenium.

Biomolecules from Macroalgae-Nutritional Profile and Bioactives for Novel Food Product Development

Seaweed is in the spotlight as a promising source of nutrition for humans as the search for sustainable food production systems continues. Seaweed has a well-documented rich nutritional profile containing compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids and polysaccharides as well as proteins, fatty acids and minerals. Seaweed processing for the extraction of functional ingredients such as alginate, agar, and carrageenan is well-established. Novel pretreatments such as ultrasound assisted extraction or high-pressure processing can be incorporated to more efficiently extract these targeted ingredients. The scope of products that can be created using seaweed are wide ranging: from bread and noodles to yoghurt and milk and even as an ingredient to enhance the nutritional profile and stability of meat products. There are opportunities for food producers in this area to develop novel food products using seaweed. This review paper discusses the unique properties of seaweed as a food, the processes involved in seaweed aquaculture, and the products that can be developed from this marine biomass. Challenges facing the industry such as consumer hesitation around seaweed products, the safety of seaweed, and processing hurdles will also be discussed.

Synthesis of an Environmentally Friendly Modified Mulberry Branch-Derived Biochar Composite: High Degradation Efficiency of BPA and Mitigation of Toxicity in Silkworm Larvae

In the present study, mulberry branch-derived biochar CuO (MBC/CuO) composite was successfully synthesized and used as a catalyst to activate persulfate (PS) for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The MBC/CuO/PS system exhibited a high degradation efficiency (93%) of BPA, under the conditions of 0.1 g/L MBC/CuO, 1.0 mM PS, 10 mg/L BPA. Free radical quenching and electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (ESR) experiments confirmed that both free radicals ^•OH, SO₄^•- and O₂^•- and non-radicals ¹O₂ were involved in the MBC/CuO reaction system. Cl^- and NOM displayed negligible influence on the degradation of BPA, while HCO₃^- promoted the removal of BPA. In addition, the toxicity tests of BPA, MBC/CuO and the degraded BPA solution were conducted by the 5th instar silkworm larvae. The toxicity of BPA was reduced after the treatment in the MBC/CuO/PS system, and no obvious toxicity of the synthesized MBC/CuO composite was found in the toxicity evaluation experiments. This work provides a new value-added utilization of mulberry branches as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly PS activator.

Quality by Design Approach in Liposomal Formulations: Robust Product Development

Nanomedicine is an emerging field with continuous growth and differentiation. Liposomal formulations are a major platform in nanomedicine, with more than fifteen FDA-approved liposomal products in the market. However, as is the case for other types of nanoparticle-based delivery systems, liposomal formulations and manufacturing is intrinsically complex and associated with a set of dependent and independent variables, rendering experiential optimization a tedious process in general. Quality by design (QbD) is a powerful approach that can be applied in such complex systems to facilitate product development and ensure reproducible manufacturing processes, which are an essential pre-requisite for efficient and safe therapeutics. Input variables (related to materials, processes and experiment design) and the quality attributes for the final liposomal product should follow a systematic and planned experimental design to identify critical variables and optimal formulations/processes, where these elements are subjected to risk assessment. This review discusses the current practices that employ QbD in developing liposomal-based nano-pharmaceuticals.

Review on photoprotection: a clinician’s guide to the ingredients, characteristics, adverse effects, and disease-specific benefits of chemical and physical sunscreen compounds

Photoprotection is a critical health prevention strategy to reduce the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visible light (VL). Methods of photoprotection are reviewed in this paper, with an emphasis on sunscreen. The most appropriate sunscreen formulation for personal use depends on several factors. Active sunscreen ingredients vary in their protective effect over the UVR and VL spectrum. There are dermatologic diseases that cause photosensitivity or that are aggravated by a particular action spectrum. In these situations, sunscreen suggestions can address the specific concern. Sunscreen does not represent a single entity. Appropriate personalized sunscreen selection is critical to improve compliance and clinical outcomes. Health care providers can facilitate informed product selection with awareness of evolving sunscreen formulations and counseling patients on appropriate use. This review aims to summarize different forms of photoprotection, discuss absorption of sunscreen ingredients, possible adverse effects, and disease-specific preferences for chemical, physical or oral agents that may decrease UVR and VL harmful effects.

Synthesis, characterization, and the influence of energy of irradiation on optical properties of ZnO nanostructures

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by the sol-gel method for optoelectronics, photonic, and medical applications. The as-synthesized NPs are irradiated with lasers with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm in an attempt to improve the particles' structural and functional properties. The NPs are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The structural analysis shows that the particles have a polycrystalline hexagonal structure of the space group (P6₃mc). The average crystallite size of nanoparticles varies in the range of 13-15 nm after and before irradiation by a laser beam. The morphological characterization revealed the formation of agglomerates of NPs in the range of 42-46 nm A shift is observed in the absorption spectra after irradiation with a laser beam. This shift is due to the effect of irradiation on the sample's electronic structure. This effect is confirmed by a decrease in the bandgap energy. The optical parameters are also deduced and discussed. The irradiation of ZnO nanoparticles by laser beams of wavelength 1064 nm and 532 nm decreases the size of the crystallites which increases their antibacterial activity. The biological activity of the NPS and in improving the efficacy of antibiotics are tested and analyzed. Results emphasized the positive role of ZnO-NPs in the above-mentioned application.

Preparation and Photocatalytic/Photoelectrochemical Investigation of 2D ZnO/CdS Nanocomposites

Properties of heterotructured semiconductors based on ZnO/CdS nanosheets are investigated for their possible application in photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical reactions. Semiconductor material is the main active coating of photoanodes, which triggers the half-reaction of water oxidation and reduction, which entails the purifying or splitting of water. This article explains nanocomposite assembly by convenient and simple methods. The study of the physicochemical properties of semiconductor layers is carried out using electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Studies of electrochemical properties are carried out by potential static methods in electrochemical cells.

The Widespread Use of Nanomaterials: The Effects on the Function and Diversity of Environmental Microbial Communities

In recent years, as an emerging material, nanomaterials have rapidly expanded from laboratories to large-scale industrial productions. Along with people's productive activities, these nanomaterials can enter the natural environment of soil, water and atmosphere through various ways. At present, a large number of reports have proved that nanomaterials have certain toxic effects on bacteria, algae, plants, invertebrates, mammalian cell lines and mammals in these environments, but people still know little about the ecotoxicology of nanomaterials. Most relevant studies focus on the responses of model strains to nanomaterials in pure culture conditions, but these results do not fully represent the response of microbial communities to nanomaterials in natural environments. Over the years, the effect of nanomaterials infiltrated into the natural environment on the microbial communities has become a popular topic in the field of nano-ecological environment research. It was found that under different environmental conditions, nanomaterials have various effects on the microbial communities. The medium; the coexisting pollutants in the environment and the structure, particle size and surface modification of nanomaterials may cause changes in the structure and function of microbial communities. This paper systematically summarizes the impacts of different nanomaterials on microbial communities in various environments, which can provide a reference for us to evaluate the impacts of nanomaterials released into the environment on the microecology and has certain guiding significance for strengthening the emission control of nanomaterials pollutants.

Nano-pollution: Why it should worry us

Nanoparticles are immensely diverse both in terms of quality and sources of emission into the environment. Nowadays, nanotechnologies are developing and growing at a rapid pace without specific rules and regulations, leading to a severe effect on environment and affecting the labours in outdoor and indoor workplaces. The continue and enormous use of NPs for industrial and commercial purposes, has put a pressing need to think whether the increasing use of these NPs could overcome the severe environmental effects and unknown human health risks. Only a few studies have been carried out to assess the toxic effect of these NPs resulting from their direct or indirect exposure. There is in an increasing clamour to consider environmental implications of NPs and to monitor the outcome of NP during use in biological testing. There remain many open questions for consideration. An adequate research is required to determine the real toxic effect of these NPs on environment and human health. In this review, we have discussed the negative effects of NPs on environment and biosphere at large and the future research required.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

The constant evolution and applications of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) make living organisms more susceptible to being exposed to them. Among the most used are zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Therefore, understanding the molecular effects of ZnO-NPs in biological systems is extremely important. This review compiles the main mechanisms that induce cell toxicity by exposure to ZnO-NPs and reported in vitro research models, with special attention to mitochondrial damage. Scientific evidence indicates that in vitro ZnO-NPs have a cytotoxic effect that depends on the size, shape and method of synthesis of ZnO-NPs, as well as the function of the cells to which they are exposed. ZnO-NPs come into contact with the extracellular region, leading to an increase in intracellular [Zn2+] levels. The mechanism by which intracellular ZnO-NPs come into contact with organelles such as mitochondria is still unclear. The mitochondrion is a unique organelle considered the “power station” in the cells, participates in numerous cellular processes, such as cell survival/death, multiple biochemical and metabolic processes, and holds genetic material. ZnO-NPs increase intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in particular, superoxide levels; they also decrease mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which affects membrane permeability and leads to cell death. ZnO-NPs also induced cell death through caspases, which involve the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The expression of pro-apoptotic genes after exposure to ZnO-NPs can be affected by multiple factors, including the size and morphology of the NPs, the type of cell exposed (healthy or tumor), stage of development (embryonic or differentiated), energy demand, exposure time and, no less relevant, the dose. To prevent the release of pro-apoptotic proteins, the damaged mitochondrion is eliminated by mitophagy. To replace those mitochondria that underwent mitophagy, the processes of mitochondrial biogenesis ensure the maintenance of adequate levels of ATP and cellular homeostasis.

Insights into the mapping of green synthesis conditions for ZnO nanoparticles and their toxicokinetics

Research on ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) has broad medical applications. However, the green synthesis of ZnO NPs involves a wide range of properties requiring optimization. ZnO NPs show toxicity at lower doses. This toxicity is a function of NP properties and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, NP toxicity and pharmacokinetics are affected by the species type and age of the animals tested. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling offers a mechanistic platform to scrutinize the colligative effect of the interplay between these factors, which reduces the need for in vivo studies. This review provides a guide to choosing green synthesis conditions that result in minimal toxicity using a mechanistic tool, namely PBPK modeling.

Synergetic Effect of Tumor Treating Fields and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Cell Apoptosis and Genotoxicity of Three Different Human Cancer Cell Lines

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, despite extraordinary progress. So, new cancer treatment modalities are needed. Tumor-treating fields (TTFs) use low-intensity, intermediate-frequency alternating electric fields with reported cancer anti-mitotic properties. Moreover, nanomedicine is a promising therapy option for cancer. Numerous cancer types have been treated with nanoparticles, but zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit biocompatibility. Here, we investigate the activity of TTFs, a sub-lethal dose of ZnO NPs, and their combination on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), the colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29), and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). The lethal effect of different ZnO NPs concentrations was assessed by sulforhodamine B sodium salt assay (SRB). The cell death percent was determined by flow cytometer, the genotoxicity was evaluated by comet assay, and the total antioxidant capacity was chemically measured. Our results show that TTFs alone cause cell death of 14, 8, and 17% of HepG2, HT-29, and MCF-7, respectively; 10 µg/mL ZnO NPs was the sub-lethal dose according to SRB results. The combination between TTFs and sub-lethal ZnO NPs increased the cell death to 29, 20, and 33% for HepG2, HT-29, and MCF-7, respectively, without reactive oxygen species increase. Increasing NPs potency using TTFs can be a novel technique in many biomedical applications.

Impact of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles (NiO) on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Hemocyte Counts of Mytilus galloprovincialis

In this study, the toxic effects of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) on the model organism Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) gill, digestive gland, and hemolymph tissues for 96 h were investigated. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) determination was performed to reveal the oxidative stress generation potential of nanoparticles, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme levels were measured to determine antioxidant responses. Lysosomal membrane stability and total hemocyte counts were performed to determine cytotoxic effects. All parameters were altered in different concentrations of NiO-NPs (2, 20, and 200 mg L^-1). The SOD levels increased depending on the concentration (p < 0.05), and the increases in CAT, GPx, and GST levels were lower at 20 mg L^-1 concentration (p < 0.05). There was a slight difference between the exposure and the control groups in terms of GR enzyme. The MDA level increased in parallel with the concentration (p < 0.05), the stability of the cell membrane (p < 0.05), and the number of hemocyte cells decreased as a result of exposure (p < 0.05). The results emphasize that NiO-NPs may have negative effects on the aquatic environment.

Leachate treatment potential of nanomaterial based assemblies: a systematic review on recent development

Rapid development of the population has brought about a serious problem of waste generation and management. Open dumping and land filling are two of the preferred options for waste management and treatment. As a consequence of this, the accumulation of leachates has become one of the concerns for environmental sustainability. In this regard, various treatment methodologies have been developed in recent decades. Among them, the nanomaterial-based approaches are the emerging ones in the current scenario due to their various unique properties. Furthermore, nanomaterial-based assemblies (i.e., nanomaterials combined with microbes, chemical catalysts, enzymes, and so on) have been introduced as a novel modification for leachate treatment. This work, therefore, has been dedicated to comprehensively reviewing all nanomaterial based leachate treatment techniques. In this regard, the first part of this review will discuss the nano catalyst, nano adsorbent along with their synthesis and mechanistic view of pollutant removal potential. In the second part, the nanomaterial-based microbial conjugates applied in the leachate treatments have been discussed. Apart from this, various other nanomaterial-based methods have been discussed in the third part of the review. Hence this review is providing an insight of all the recent developments pertaining to the nano material based leachate treatment techniques.

Nanoparticle-Containing Wound Dressing: Antimicrobial and Healing Effects

The dressings containing nanoparticles of metals and metal oxides are promising types of materials for wound repair. In such dressings, biocompatible and nontoxic hydrophilic polymers are used as a matrix. In the present review, we take a look at the anti-microbial effect of the nanoparticle-modified wound dressings against various microorganisms and evaluate their healing action. A detailed analysis of 31 sources published in 2021 and 2022 was performed. Furthermore, a trend for development of modern antibacterial wound-healing nanomaterials was shown as exemplified in publications starting from 2018. The review may be helpful for researchers working in the areas of biotechnology, medicine, epidemiology, material science and other fields aimed at the improvement of the quality of life.

Glassy-like Metal Oxide Particles Embedded on Micrometer Thicker Alginate Films as Promising Wound Healing Nanomaterials

Micrometer-thicker, biologically responsive nanocomposite films were prepared starting from alginate-metal alkoxide colloidal solution followed by sol-gel chemistry and solvent removal through evaporation-induced assembly. The disclosed approach is straightforward and highly versatile, allowing the entrapment and growth of a set of glassy-like metal oxide within the network of alginate and their shaping as crake-free transparent and flexible films. Immersing these films in aqueous medium triggers alginate solubilization, and affords water-soluble metal oxides wrapped in a biocompatible carbohydrate framework. Biological activity of the nano-composites films was also studied including their hemolytic activity, methemoglobin, prothrombin, and thrombine time. The effect of the films on fibroblasts and keratinocytes of human skin was also investigated with a special emphasis on the role played by the incorporated metal oxide. This comparative study sheds light on the crucial biological response of the ceramic phase embedded inside of the films, with titanium dioxide being the most promising for wound healing purposes.

ZnO nanostructured materials and their potential applications: progress, challenges and perspectives

Extensive research in nanotechnology has been conducted to investigate new behaviours and properties of materials with nanoscale dimensions. ZnO NPs owing to their distinct physical and chemical properties have gained considerable importance and are hence investigated to a detailed degree for exploitation of these properties. This communication, at the outset, elaborates the various chemical methods of preparation of ZnO NPs, viz., the mechanochemical process, controlled precipitation, sol-gel method, vapour transport method, solvothermal and hydrothermal methods, and methods using emulsion and micro-emulsion environments. The paper further describes the green methods employing the use of plant extracts, in particular, for the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The modifications of ZnO with organic (carboxylic acid, silanes) and inorganic (metal oxides) compounds and polymer matrices have then been described. The multitudinous applications of ZnO NPs across a variety of fields such as the rubber industry, pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, textile industry, opto-electronics and agriculture have been presented. Elaborative narratives on the photocatalytic and a variety of biomedical applications of ZnO have also been included. The ecotoxic impacts of ZnO NPs have additionally been briefly highlighted. Finally, efforts have been made to examine the current challenges and future scope of the synthetic modes and applications of ZnO NPs.

Genotoxicity assessment of amino zinc nanoparticles in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as cytogenetical perspective

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Using and impact of nanoparticles in agriculture.

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Genotoxicity of nanoparticles in plant.

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Effect of commercial amino zinc nanoparticles on cell division.

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The harmful effect of commercial amino zinc nanoparticles in chromosomal structure.

Nanoparticles have a positive impact in several subjects especially in agriculture, while their safety is still being debated. Numerous commercial nano pesticide, insecticides, and fertilizers products are found in the local markets without any intensely studies on the side effect of these products on plant, human as well as environmental effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of commercial amino zinc nanoparticles (AZ NPs) on Triticum aestivum L. during seeds germination and root elongation using concentration ranges (50, 100, and 150 ppm) at different exposure times (8, 16 and 24 hrs). Long term exposure to AZ NPs, exhibited only slight variation in germination rates and the elongation of roots was affected by AZ NPs treatment ranged from 97.66 to 100%. Significant reduction in the mitotic index was 35.33% after 24 hrs and 150 ppm of AZ NPs, was also observed comparing with control which was 88.0%. Genotoxicity was evaluated at a cytological level in root meristems that revealed sever variations in mitotic activity, chromosomal aberrations, and micronuclei release. Results exhibited that nano amino zinc could enter effortlessly into the cells and inhibit the normal cellular function. The decrease in the emergence of chromosomal aberrations resulting from AZ NPs exposure in a dose-dependent manner was clearly indicated that AZ NPs has induced genotoxic effect on wheat root tips.

Recent developments in the removal of metal-based engineered nanoparticles from the aquatic environments by adsorption

Nowadays, metal-based engineered nanoparticles (m-ENPs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments for their wide applications in all walks of life. m-ENPs have been demonstrated to exert ecotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity towards organisms and even humans. Therefore, the removal of m-ENPs from water has recently become a hot global concerned issue. Adsorption is widely investigated for this purpose, owing to its advantages of low cost, easy operation, high removal efficiency and potential recycling use of both the adsorbents and adsorbates. As the adsorption and related technologies were hardly comprehensively overviewed for the removal of m-ENPs, herein, the present review particularly focuses on this topic. The fundamentals to the technology, including adsorption isotherm, adsorption dynamics, the adsorption process with the special emphasis on the relationship between surface area and porosity of the adsorbent and the adsorption capacity, etc., are fully discussed. As the kernel of the adsorption method, adsorbents with diversified chemical and physical properties in different types are comprehensively elaborated. The primary factors affecting the adsorption, and adsorption mechanisms are well summarized. Particularly, the regeneration of the adsorbents and the reuse of adsorbed m-ENPs are highlighted for the sustainability. Finally, challenges and prospects in this field are outlined. Overall, this review aims to provide valuable references for the development of new adsorbents with more efficient and practical applications to remove m-ENPs and direct the future study.

Comparative evaluation on the toxic effect of silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on different trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems-A review

Silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are considered to be harmful nanoparticles (NPs) to the aquatic organisms as their intake causes toxic impacts to wildlife, through direct ingestion or by the transference along trophic levels. Over usage and ultimate disposal of metallic particles from the industries subsequently lead to pollution of the aquatic environment. Exposure of NPs in aquatic ecosystem alters biological and physicochemical parameters of the water and aquatic organisms and determine their potential ecotoxicological impacts. Prolonged exposure of aquatic organisms to these NPs results in differential bioaccumulation and distribution into internal organs like liver, kidney, gills, brain and muscle tissue. The contact of NPs to aquatic organisms induces various types of toxic traits including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and epigeneticity. Taking this in consideration this present review focus on the comparative impact of ZnO and Ag nanoparticles towards both vertebrates and invertebrates in aquatic ecosystems.

Histological and biochemical apoptosis changes of female rats' ovary by Zinc oxide nanoparticles and potential protective effects of l-arginine: An experimental study

Background

This research aims to investigate the adverse effects of ZnO NP on ovarian tissue and the follicular and menstrual cycle and the protective effects of l-arginine on the aforementioned tissues.

Material and methods

30 rats were divided into five groups. The first group was the control group. The second and fourth groups received 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg ZnO NP, respectively. The third and fifth groups received the same doses of ZnO NP as the second and fourth groups, respectively. However, the third and fifth groups received an additional dose of 1.3 gr/kg of LA amino acid. ZnO NP and LA are given intraperitoneal for 21 days. Blood samples from each rat and a part of the ovarium were collected to test for gene expression and histological analysis.

Results

Compared to levels of housekeeping gene β-actine, levels of apoptosis effectors such as Bax, Bcl, Caspase 3, and Caspase 9 were significantly increased in all groups. In groups that received doses of LA (three and five), atretic follicle size was smaller compared to groups that did not receive LA (two and four). In addition, in the third group, the secondary and primordial follicle's generated oocytes were smaller compared with groups two, four, and five. Compared with the control group, all groups experienced morphological degeneration of follicles and tissue.

Conclusion

ZnO NP has inevitable, morphological, and physiological effects on the ovary and can detrimentally impact the tissue. LA can aid in the regeneration of the tissue and block damage induced by stress and toxicity.

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles are widely used in various everyday products, such as food packaging, additives, cosmetics, and bioimaging.

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Using Zinc oxide nanoparticles in daily life may cause infertility by reducing the number of follicles in the ovary.

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L-Arginine may be a beneficial daily supplement to prevent damage to the ovaries induced by Zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Human Epidermal Zinc Concentrations after Topical Application of ZnO Nanoparticles in Sunscreens

Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP)-based sunscreens are generally considered safe because the ZnO NPs do not penetrate through the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC). However, cytotoxicity of zinc ions in the viable epidermis (VE) after dissolution from ZnO NP and penetration into the VE is ill-defined. We therefore quantified the relative concentrations of endogenous and exogenous Zn using a rare stable zinc-67 isotope (67Zn) ZnO NP sunscreen applied to excised human skin and the cytotoxicity of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) using multiphoton microscopy, zinc-selective fluorescent sensing, and a laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) methodology. Multiphoton microscopy with second harmonic generation imaging showed that 67ZnO NPs were retained on the surface or within the superficial layers of the SC. Zn fluorescence sensing revealed higher levels of labile and intracellular zinc in both the SC and VE relative to untreated skin, confirming that dissolved zinc species permeated across the SC into the VE as ionic Zn and significantly not as ZnO NPs. Importantly, the LA-ICP-MS estimated exogenous 67Zn concentrations in the VE of 1.0 ± 0.3 μg/mL are much lower than that estimated for endogenous VE zinc of 4.3 ± 0.7 μg/mL. Furthermore, their combined total zinc concentrations in the VE are much lower than the exogenous zinc concentration of 21 to 31 μg/mL causing VE cytotoxicity, as defined by the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of exogenous 67Zn found in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). This speaks strongly for the safety of ZnO NP sunscreens applied to intact human skin and the associated recent US FDA guidance.

Effect of Nanostructures on the Properties of Glass Ionomer Dental Restoratives/Cements: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Overall perspective of nanotechnology and reinforcement of dental biomaterials by nanoparticles has been reported in the literature. However, the literature regarding the reinforcement of dental biomaterials after incorporating various nanostructures is sparse. The present review addresses current developments of glass ionomer cements (GICs) after incorporating various metallic, polymeric, inorganic and carbon-based nanostructures. In addition, types, applications, and implications of various nanostructures incorporated in GICs are discussed. Most of the attempts by researchers are based on the laboratory-based studies; hence, it warrants long-term clinical trials to aid the development of suitable materials for the load bearing posterior dentition. Nevertheless, a few meaningful conclusions are drawn from this substantial piece of work; they are as follows: (1) most of the nanostructures are likely to enhance the mechanical strength of GICs; (2) certain nanostructures improve the antibacterial activity of GICs against the cariogenic bacteria; (3) clinical translation of these promising outcomes are completely missing, and (4) the nanostructured modified GICs could perform better than their conventional counterparts in the load bearing posterior dentition.

Genotoxic Potential of Nanoparticles: Structural and Functional Modifications in DNA

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology enhances the production of different nanoparticles that meet the demand of various fields like biomedical sciences, industrial, material sciences and biotechnology, etc. This technological development increases the chances of nanoparticles exposure to human beings, which can threaten their health. It is well known that various cellular processes (transcription, translation, and replication during cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell differentiation) in which genetic materials (DNA and RNA) are involved play a vital role to maintain any structural and functional modification into it. When nanoparticles come into the vicinity of the cellular system, chances of uptake become high due to their small size. This cellular uptake of nanoparticles enhances its interaction with DNA, leading to structural and functional modification (DNA damage/repair, DNA methylation) into the DNA. These modifications exhibit adverse effects on the cellular system, consequently showing its inadvertent effect on human health. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to elucidate the genotoxic mechanism of nanoparticles in the context of structural and functional modifications of DNA.

A comprehensive assessment of the biocompatibility of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 bacterial magnetosomes in vitro and in vivo

Bacterial magnetosomes (BMs) are iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized naturally by magnetotactic bacteria, made up of nano-sized inorganic crystals enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane. Due to several superior characteristics, such as the narrow size distribution, uniform morphology, high purity and crystallinity, single magnetic domain as well as easy surface modification, increasing biomedical and biotechnological applications of BMs have been developed. The attracted wide attentions raise the urge for the evaluation of safety and toxicity. In this work, we performed a rather comprehensive and systematic assessment of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of BMs from MSR-1, including the cytotoxicity, mice bodyweights, blood test, organ coefficients, inflammation, and hemocompatibility study. We found that BMs have good biocompatibility except for influences on the immune response as demonstrated by enhanced activation of the complement system and inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation when used with an excessive concentration. BMs induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages at a dose-dependent manner but did not cause cell membrane damage and cell cycle arrest until the concentration is approximately 40 times the clinical dosage. We anticipate our work will guide modifications of BMs and expand their future applications.

Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: Nanotoxicology

Nanoparticles are of great importance in development and research because of their application in industries and biomedicine. The development of nanoparticles requires proper knowledge of their fabrication, interaction, release, distribution, target, compatibility, and functions. This review presents a comprehensive update on nanoparticles' toxic effects, the factors underlying their toxicity, and the mechanisms by which toxicity is induced. Recent studies have found that nanoparticles may cause serious health effects when exposed to the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact without caution. The extent to which toxicity is induced depends on some properties, including the nature and size of the nanoparticle, the surface area, shape, aspect ratio, surface coating, crystallinity, dissolution, and agglomeration. In all, the general mechanisms by which it causes toxicity lie on its capability to initiate the formation of reactive species, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, among others.

Aerobic sludge digestion is distinguishingly affected by the different entering pathways of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widespread emerging pollutants raising global concerns about their influences on biological wastewater treatment processes. However, the impacts of ZnO NPs on aerobic sludge digestion that is a major sludge treatment process remain unknown. Herein, this study comprehensively investigated the key influences of ZnO NPs on aerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) and the potential mechanisms involved. Two different entering pathways, i.e., ZnO NPs directly entered into aerobic sludge digester and ZnO NPs initially entered into wastewater bio-treatment reactor, were tested to evaluate the different impacts. Compared to the control, ZnO NPs initially entering into wastewater bioreactor inhibited WAS degradation by 18.2 ± 0.1%, whereas ZnO NPs immediately entered into digester inhibited it by 29.7 ± 0.1%. This was accompanied by a similar decrease in inorganic nitrogen production and oxygen consumption. ZnO NPs exposure in wastewater bioreactor changed WAS characteristics in favor of solubilization in aerobic digestion. Modelling analysis indicated that ZnO NPs inhibited WAS hydrolysis, especially for their direct entering into aerobic digester. Correspondingly, microbial community was shifted in the direction against aerobic digestion by the ZnO NPs. Excessive oxidative stress and Zn²⁺ release represented the primary toxicity factors for the inhibition.

Antimicrobial Properties of Food Nanopackaging: A New Focus on Foodborne Pathogens

Food products contaminated by foodborne pathogens (bacteria, parasites, and viruses) cause foodborne diseases. Today, great efforts are being allocated to the development of novel and effective agents against food pathogenic microorganisms. These efforts even might have a possible future effect in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Nanotechnology introduces a novel food packaging technology that creates and uses nanomaterials with novel physiochemical and antimicrobial properties. It could utilize preservatives and antimicrobials to extend the food shelf life within the package. Utilizing the antimicrobial nanomaterials into food packaging compounds typically involves incorporation of antimicrobial inorganic nanoparticles such as metals [Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Gold (Au)], and metal oxides [Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Silicon oxide (SiO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO)]. Alternatively, intelligent food packaging has been explored for recognition of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. This review paper focused on antimicrobial aspects of nanopackaging and presented an overview of antibacterial properties of inorganic nanoparticles. This article also provides information on food safety during COVID-19 pandemic.

Novel Strategies for Disrupting Cancer-Cell Functions with Mitochondria-Targeted Antitumor Drug-Loaded Nanoformulations

Any variation in normal cellular function results in mitochondrial dysregulation that occurs in several diseases, including cancer. Such processes as oxidative stress, metabolism, signaling, and biogenesis play significant roles in cancer initiation and progression. Due to their central role in cellular metabolism, mitochondria are favorable therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of conditions like neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Subcellular mitochondria-specific theranostic nanoformulations for simultaneous targeting, drug delivery, and imaging of these organelles are of immense interest in cancer therapy. It is a challenging task to cross multiple barriers to target mitochondria in diseased cells. To overcome these multiple barriers, several mitochondriotropic nanoformulations have been engineered for the transportation of mitochondria-specific drugs. These nanoformulations include liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and inorganic NPs. These nanoformulations are made mitochondriotropic by conjugating them with moieties like dequalinium, Mito-Porter, triphenylphosphonium, and Mitochondria-penetrating peptides. Most of these nanoformulations are meticulously tailored to control their size, charge, shape, mitochondriotropic drug loading, and specific cell-membrane interactions. Recently, some novel mitochondria-selective antitumor compounds known as mitocans have shown high toxicity against cancer cells. These selective compounds form vicious oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species cycles within cancer cells and ultimately push them to cell death. Nanoformulations approved by the FDA and EMA for clinical applications in cancer patients include Doxil, NK105, and Abraxane. The novel use of these NPs still faces tremendous challenges and an immense amount of research is needed to understand the proper mechanisms of cancer progression and control by these NPs. Here in this review, we summarize current advancements and novel strategies of delivering different anticancer therapeutic agents to mitochondria with the help of various nanoformulations.

Quantitative Detection of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle in Environmental Water by Cloud Point Extraction Combined ICP-MS

The increasing usage of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) inevitably leads to their release into the environment. To understand their fate and toxicity in water systems, a reliable method for the quantitative analysis of ZnONPs in environmental waters is urgently needed to be established. In this study, a quantitative analytical method of ZnONPs in environmental waters was developed by cloud point extraction (CPE) combined inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). To obtain high recoveries of ZnONPs, the CPE parameters including pH, surfactant concentration, salt concentration, bath temperature, and time were optimized. The results demonstrated that the addition of β-mercaptoethylamine could significantly reduce the interference of Zn2+ on the extraction of ZnONPs, while the CPE approach was not affected significantly by the typical environmental inorganic ion and ENMs (such as Au, TiO2, and Al2O3). The extraction method of ZnONPs with different diameters was also assessed, and satisfactory extraction efficiency was obtained. The results of ZnONP concentration in collected environmental water were in the range of $0.2\pm 0.009$ - $8.2\pm 1.8$  μg/L. And the recoveries of ZnONPs in different environmental waters were $62.2\pm 2.0$ - $88.1\pm 9.6\%$ at low concentration spiked levels (12.57-54.68 μg/L), demonstrating that it is efficient to extract trace ZnONPs from real environmental waters. This established method offered a reliable method for the quantitative determination of ZnONPs in environmental waters, which could further promote the study of the environmental behavior, fate, and toxicity of ZnONPs in an aqueous environment.

Microshear Bond Strength of Nanoparticle-Incorporated Conventional and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer to Caries-Affected Dentin

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of three different types of nanoparticles (silver (SNPs), titanium dioxide (TNPs), and zinc oxide (ZNPs)) on the microshear bond strength of conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement based on whether CGIC or RMGIC is used with four subgroups (based on the incorporation of SNPs, ZNPs, and TNPs in addition to a control subgroup) (n = 12) as follows: CGIC, CGIC + TNP, CGIC + ZNP, CGIC + SNP, RMGIC, RMGIC + TNP, RMGIC + ZNP, and RMGIC + SNP. After 24 hours, the μSBS of specimens was tested and the obtained data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. The obtained results showed that the incorporation of TNPs in two glass ionomers was not statistically significant compared with the control subgroups (p > 0.05). In the first group, the highest and lowest mean μSBS were, respectively, observed in the CGIC + SNP subgroup and CGIC + ZNP subgroup. In the second group, RMGIC + ZNP and RMGIC + SNP, respectively, showed the highest and lowest mean μSBS compared to the other subgroups. According to the results, it can be concluded that TNPs can be incorporated into both CGIC and RMGIC without compromising the bond strength of glass ionomers. SNPs and ZNPs can be, respectively, added to CGICs and RMGICs to improve the bond strength of the restoration.