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Chang SC, Kao MR, Saldivar RK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Xing X, Furlanetto V, Yayo J, Divne C, Vilaplana F, Abbott DW, Hsieh YSY. The Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis harbors a polysaccharide synthase that can produce (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4526. [PMID: 37500617 PMCID: PMC10374906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucans are widely distributed in the cell walls of grasses (family Poaceae) and closely related families, as well as some other vascular plants. Additionally, they have been found in other organisms, including fungi, lichens, brown algae, charophycean green algae, and the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Only three members of the Cellulose Synthase-Like (CSL) genes in the families CSLF, CSLH, and CSLJ are implicated in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in grasses. Little is known about the enzymes responsible for synthesizing (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans outside the grasses. In the present study, we report the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in the exopolysaccharides of the Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis CRIBT. We also report that RiGT2 is the candidate gene of R. ilealis that encodes (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase. RiGT2 has conserved glycosyltransferase family 2 (GT2) motifs, including D, D, D, QXXRW, and a C-terminal PilZ domain that resembles the C-terminal domain of bacteria cellulose synthase, BcsA. Using a direct gain-of-function approach, we insert RiGT2 into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans are produced with structures similar to those of the (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans of the lichen Cetraria islandica. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that putative (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase candidate genes in several other bacterial species support the finding of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chieh Chang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Valentina Furlanetto
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Johannes Yayo
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Christina Divne
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Controlled processivity in glycosyltransferases: A way to expand the enzymatic toolbox. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108081. [PMID: 36529206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GT) catalyse the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates which are the most abundant group of molecules in nature. They are involved in several key mechanisms such as cell signalling, biofilm formation, host immune system invasion or cell structure and this in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. As a result, research towards complete enzyme mechanisms is valuable to understand and elucidate specific structure-function relationships in this group of molecules. In a next step this knowledge could be used in GT protein engineering, not only for rational drug design but also for multiple biotechnological production processes, such as the biosynthesis of hyaluronan, cellooligosaccharides or chitooligosaccharides. Generation of these poly- and/or oligosaccharides is possible due to a common feature of several of these GTs: processivity. Enzymatic processivity has the ability to hold on to the growing polymer chain and some of these GTs can even control the number of glycosyl transfers. In a first part, recent advances in understanding the mechanism of various processive enzymes are discussed. To this end, an overview is given of possible engineering strategies for the purpose of new industrial and fundamental applications. In the second part of this review, we focused on specific chain length-controlling mechanisms, i.e., key residues or conserved regions, and this for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes.
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ShangGuan X, Qi Y, Wang A, Ren Y, Wang Y, Xiao T, Shen Z, Wang Q, Xia Y. OsGLP participates in the regulation of lignin synthesis and deposition in rice against copper and cadmium toxicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1078113. [PMID: 36714698 PMCID: PMC9878301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1078113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) are common heavy metal pollutants. When Cd and excessive Cu accumulate in plants, plant growth is reduced. Our previous study showed that Germin-like proteins (GLPs), which exist in tandem on chromosomes, are a class of soluble glycoproteins that respond to Cu stress. In this study, hydroponic cultures were carried out to investigate the effect of GLP on Cd and Cu tolerance and accumulation in rice. The results showed that knockout of a single OsGLP8-2 gene or ten OsGLP genes (OsGLP8-2 to OsGLP8-11) resulted in a similar sensitivity to Cd and Cu toxicity. When subjected to Cu and Cd stress, the glp8-2 and glp8-(2-11) mutants displayed a more sensitive phenotype based on the plant height, root length, and dry biomass of the rice seedlings. Correspondingly, Cu and Cd concentrations in the glp8-2 and glp8-(2-11) mutants were significantly higher than those in the wild-type (WT) and OsGLP8-2-overexpressing line. However, Cu and Cd accumulation in the cell wall was the opposite. Furthermore, we determined lignin accumulation. The overexpressing-OsGLP8-2 line had a higher lignin accumulation in the shoot and root cell walls than those of the WT, glp8-2, and glp8-(2-11). The expression of lignin synthesis genes in the OsGLP8-2-overexpressing line was significantly higher than that in the WT, glp8-2, and glp8-(2-11). The SOD activity of OsGLP8-2, Diaminobe-nzidine (DAB), propidium iodide (PI) staining, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) content determination suggested that OsGLP8-2 is involved in heavy metal-induced antioxidant defense in rice. Our findings clearly suggest that OsGLPs participate in responses to heavy metal stress by lignin deposition and antioxidant defense capacity in rice, and OsGLP8-2 may play a major role in the tandem repeat gene clusters of chromosome 8 under heavy metal stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchao ShangGuan
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Qi
- College of Agronomy, Yunnan Research Center of Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Tobacco Quality in Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingnan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tengwei Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Abstract
Naturally occurring plant cellulose, our most abundant renewable resource, consists of fibers of long polymer chains that are tightly packed in parallel arrays in either of two crystal phases collectively referred to as cellulose I. During mercerization, a process that involves treatment with sodium hydroxide, cellulose goes through a conversion to another crystal form called cellulose II, within which every other chain has remarkably changed direction. We designed a neutron diffraction experiment with deuterium labelling in order to understand how this change of cellulose chain direction is possible. Here we show that during mercerization of bacterial cellulose, chains fold back on themselves in a zigzag pattern to form crystalline anti-parallel domains. This result provides a molecular level understanding of one of the most widely used industrial processes for improving cellulosic materials.
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Wang B, Andargie M, Fang R. The function and biosynthesis of callose in high plants. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09248. [PMID: 35399384 PMCID: PMC8991245 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The two main glucan polymers cellulose and callose in plant cell wall are synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose or callose synthase complexes. Cellulose is the prevalent glucan in cell wall and provides strength to the walls to support directed cell expansion. By contrast, callose is mainly produced in special cell wall and exercises important functions during development and stress responses. However, the structure and precise regulatory mechanism of callose synthase complex is not very clear. This review therefore compares and analyzes the regulation of callose and cellulose synthesis, and further emphasize the future research direction of callose synthesis.
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Zang Y, Hu Y, Dai F, Zhang T. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the regulation network for fiber strength in cotton. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:547-560. [PMID: 35194701 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the effect of secondary cell wall (SCW) thickness and microcrystalline cellulose content (MCC) on mature fiber strength (FS) and reveal through comparative transcriptome analysis the molecular regulation network governing FS in cotton. RESULTS Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of two parent varieties, Prema with elite FS and 86-1 with weak fiber, revealed significant difference in the SCW but not in MCC. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes differentially expressed during SCW thickening (20 DPA) are highly related to FS; in particular, up-regulated genes such as UDPG, CESA2, and NAC83 were important in SCW thickening, likely contributing to higher FS. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed the common up-regulated genes to be enriched in carbon metabolism and terms relating to the cell wall. CONCLUSIONS We developed two recombinant inbred lines with elite FS, selected from the filial generation of Prema and 86-1. By comparing transcriptomic data, we revealed the gene expression network governing SCW thickness in mature fiber. Our results provide solid insights into the relationship of the SCW and FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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7
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An Y, Lu W, Li W, Pan L, Lu M, Cesarino I, Li Z, Zeng W. Dietary Fiber in Plant Cell Walls—The Healthy Carbohydrates. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is one of the major classes of nutrients for humans. It is widely distributed in the edible parts of natural plants, with the cell wall being the main DF-containing structure. The DF content varies significantly in different plant species and organs, and the processing procedure can have a dramatic effect on the DF composition of plant-based foods. Given the considerable nutritional value of DF, a deeper understanding of DF in food plants, including its composition and biosynthesis, is fundamental to the establishment of a daily intake reference of DF and is also critical to molecular breeding programs for modifying DF content. In the past decades, plant cell wall biology has seen dramatic progress, and such knowledge is of great potential to be translated into DF-related food science research and may provide future research directions for improving the health benefits of food crops. In this review, to spark interdisciplinary discussions between food science researchers and plant cell wall biologists, we focus on a specific category of DF—cell wall carbohydrates. We first summarize the content and composition of carbohydrate DF in various plant-based foods, and then discuss the structure and biosynthesis mechanism of each carbohydrate DF category, in particular the respective biosynthetic enzymes. Health impacts of DF are highlighted, and finally, future directions of DF research are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
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Burris JN, Makarem M, Slabaugh E, Chaves A, Pierce ET, Lee J, Kiemle SN, Kwansa AL, Singh A, Yingling YG, Roberts AW, Kim SH, Haigler CH. Phenotypic effects of changes in the FTVTxK region of an Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthase compared with results from analogous mutations in other isoforms. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e335. [PMID: 34386691 PMCID: PMC8341023 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding protein structure and function relationships in cellulose synthase (CesA), including divergent isomers, is an important goal. Here, we report results from mutant complementation assays that tested the ability of sequence variants of AtCesA7, a secondary wall CesA of Arabidopsis thaliana, to rescue the collapsed vessels, short stems, and low cellulose content of the irx3-1 AtCesA7 null mutant. We tested a catalytic null mutation and seven missense or small domain changes in and near the AtCesA7 FTVTSK motif, which lies near the catalytic domain and may, analogously to bacterial CesA, exist within a substrate "gating loop." A low-to-high gradient of rescue occurred, and even inactive AtCesA7 had a small positive effect on stem cellulose content but not stem elongation. Overall, secondary wall cellulose content and stem length were moderately correlated, but the results were consistent with threshold amounts of cellulose supporting particular developmental processes. Vibrational sum frequency generation microscopy allowed tissue-specific analysis of cellulose content in stem xylem and interfascicular fibers, revealing subtle differences between selected genotypes that correlated with the extent of rescue of the collapsing xylem phenotype. Similar tests on PpCesA5 from the moss Physcomitrium (formerly Physcomitrella) patens helped us to synergize the AtCesA7 results with prior results on AtCesA1 and PpCesA5. The cumulative results show that the FTVTxK region is important for the function of an angiosperm secondary wall CesA as well as widely divergent primary wall CesAs, while differences in complementation results between isomers may reflect functional differences that can be explored in further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N. Burris
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Arielle Chaves
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Ethan T. Pierce
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Sarah N. Kiemle
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Albert L. Kwansa
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRIUSA
| | - Seong H. Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University, University ParkState CollegePAUSA
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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Daras G, Templalexis D, Avgeri F, Tsitsekian D, Karamanou K, Rigas S. Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase ( CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like ( Csl) Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144335. [PMID: 34299608 PMCID: PMC8306620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
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Bednarek PT, Pachota KA, Dynkowska WM, Machczyńska J, Orłowska R. Understanding In Vitro Tissue Culture-Induced Variation Phenomenon in Microspore System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7546. [PMID: 34299165 PMCID: PMC8304781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro tissue culture plant regeneration is a complicated process that requires stressful conditions affecting the cell functioning at multiple levels, including signaling pathways, transcriptome functioning, the interaction between cellular organelles (retro-, anterograde), compounds methylation, biochemical cycles, and DNA mutations. Unfortunately, the network linking all these aspects is not well understood, and the available knowledge is not systemized. Moreover, some aspects of the phenomenon are poorly studied. The present review attempts to present a broad range of aspects involved in the tissue culture-induced variation and hopefully would stimulate further investigations allowing a better understanding of the phenomenon and the cell functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Tomasz Bednarek
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; (K.A.P.); (W.M.D.); (J.M.); (R.O.)
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11
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Marciniak K, Przedniczek K. Anther dehiscence is regulated by gibberellic acid in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:314. [PMID: 34215194 PMCID: PMC8252261 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anther dehiscence resulting in the release of pollen grains is tightly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by various factors. In yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.), a species that shows cleistogamy, the anthers split before the flowers open, but the course and regulation of this process are unknown. The specific control of anther development takes place via hormonal pathways, the wide action of which ensures reproductive success. In our previous research concerning flower and early pod development in yellow lupine, we showed that the lowest transcript level of LlDELLA1, a main repressor of gibberellin (GA) signalling, occurs approximately at the time of anther opening; therefore, the main purpose of this study was to precisely investigate the gibberellic acid (GA3)-dependent regulation of the anther dehiscence in this species. RESULTS In this paper, we showed the specific changes in the yellow lupine anther structure during dehiscence, including secondary thickening in the endothecium by lignocellulosic deposition, enzymatic cell wall breakdown at the septum/stomium and cell degeneration via programmed cell death (PCD), and identified several genes widely associated with this process. The expression profile of genes varied over time, with the most intense mRNA accumulation in the phases prior to or at the time of anther opening. The transcriptional activity also revealed that these genes are highly coexpressed and regulated in a GA-dependent manner. The cellular and tissue localization of GA3 showed that these molecules are present before anther opening, mainly in septum cells, near the vascular bundle and in the endothecium, and that they are subsequently undetectable. GA3 localization strongly correlates with the transcriptional activity of genes related to GA biosynthesis and deactivation. The results also suggest that GA3 controls LlGAMYB expression via an LlMIR159-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS The presented results show a clear contribution of GA3 in the control of the extensive anther dehiscence process in yellow lupine. Understanding the processes underlying pollen release at the hormonal and molecular levels is a significant aspect of controlling fertility in this economically important legume crop species and is of increasing interest to breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marciniak
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Przedniczek
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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Uto T, Ikeda Y, Sunagawa N, Tajima K, Yao M, Yui T. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Cellulose Synthase Subunit D Octamer with Cellulose Chains from Acetic Acid Bacteria: Insight into Dynamic Behaviors and Thermodynamics on Substrate Recognition. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:488-496. [PMID: 33382615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the building of a computerized model and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of cellulose synthase subunit D octamer (CesD) from Komagataeibacter hansenii. CesD was complexed with four cellulose chains having DP = 12 (G12) by model building, which revealed unexpected S-shaped pathways with bending regions. Combined conventional and accelerated MD simulations of CesD complex models were carried out, while the pyranose ring conformations of the glucose residues were restrained to avoid undesirable deviations of the ring conformation from the 4C1 form. The N-terminal regions and parts of the secondary structures of CesD established appreciable contacts with the G12 chains. Hybrid quantum mechanical (QM) and molecular mechanical (MM) simulations of the CesD complex model were performed. Glucose residues located at the pathway bends exhibited reversible changes to the ring conformation into either skewed or boat forms, which might be related to the function of CesD in regulating microfibril production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Uto
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Nishi 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikeda
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Nishi 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Naoki Sunagawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Min Yao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yui
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Nishi 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Ramírez-Rodríguez EA, McFarlane HE. Insights from the Structure of a Plant Cellulose Synthase Trimer. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:4-7. [PMID: 33008741 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential component of plant cell walls and the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Despite its chemical simplicity, questions remain regarding the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of a simplified plant cellulose synthase enzyme complex provides new insights into assembly, localization, and regulation of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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14
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Zabotina OA, Zhang N, Weerts R. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases and Their Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625307. [PMID: 33679837 PMCID: PMC7933479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that catalyze reactions attaching an activated sugar to an acceptor substrate, which may be a polysaccharide, peptide, lipid, or small molecule. In the past decade, notable progress has been made in revealing and cloning genes encoding polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs. However, the vast majority of GTs remain structurally and functionally uncharacterized. The mechanism by which they are organized in the Golgi membrane, where they synthesize complex, highly branched polysaccharide structures with high efficiency and fidelity, is also mostly unknown. This review will focus on current knowledge about plant polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs, specifically focusing on protein-protein interactions and the formation of multiprotein complexes.
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15
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Zhao Y, Man Y, Wen J, Guo Y, Lin J. Advances in Imaging Plant Cell Walls. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:867-878. [PMID: 31257154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of cell wall architecture, including the crosslinking of cell wall polymers, provides crucial information for elucidating the relationship between cell wall structure and cell function. Moreover, examination of the cell wall informs efforts to improve biomass breakdown in bioreactor conditions. Over the past decades, imaging techniques have been used extensively to reveal the structural organization and chemical composition of cell walls, but detailed imaging of the native composition and architecture of the cell wall remains challenging. Here, we review progress in the development of cell wall imaging techniques. In particular, we focus on several advanced, label-free techniques for imaging cell walls and their potential applications in investigation of the biological functions of plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Man
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jialong Wen
- Beijing Key laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yayu Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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16
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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17
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Hill JL, Hill AN, Roberts AW, Haigler CH, Tien M. Domain swaps of Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthases to elucidate their class specificity. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00061. [PMID: 31245731 PMCID: PMC6508838 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by membrane-embedded cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs), currently modeled as hexamers of cellulose synthase (CESA) trimers. The three paralogous CESAs involved in secondary cell wall (SCW) cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (CESA4, CESA7, CESA8) are similar, but nonredundant, with all three isoforms required for assembly and function of the CSC. The molecular basis of protein-protein recognition among the isoforms is not well understood. To investigate the locations of the interfaces that are responsible for isoform recognition, we swapped three domains between the Arabidopsis CESAs required for SCW synthesis (CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8): N-terminus, central domain containing the catalytic core, and C-terminus. Chimeric genes with all pairwise permutations of the domains were tested for in vivo functionality within knockout mutant backgrounds of cesa4, cesa7, and cesa8. Immunoblotting with isoform-specific antibodies confirmed the anticipated protein expression in transgenic plants. The percent recovery of stem height and crystalline cellulose content was assayed, as compared to wild type, the mutant background lines, and other controls. Retention of the native central domain was sufficient for CESA8 chimeras to function, with neither its N-terminal nor C-terminal domains required. The C-terminal domain is required for class-specific function of CESA4 and CESA7, and CESA7 also requires its own N-terminus. Across all isoforms, the results indicate that the central domain, as well as the N- and C-terminal regions, contributes to class-specific function variously in Arabidopsis CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
- Present address:
Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824
| | - Ashley Nicole Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
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18
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Culbertson AT, Ehrlich JJ, Choe JY, Honzatko RB, Zabotina OA. Structure of xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 1 reveals simple steric rules that define biological patterns of xyloglucan polymers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6064-6069. [PMID: 29784804 PMCID: PMC6003343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is primarily a polysaccharide mesh of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. Although one of the richest sources of biorenewable materials, the biosynthesis of the plant polysaccharides is poorly understood. Structures of many essential plant glycosyltransferases are unknown and suitable substrates are often unavailable for in vitro analysis. The dearth of such information impedes the development of plants better suited for industrial applications. Presented here are structures of Arabidopsis xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 1 (XXT1) without ligands and in complexes with UDP and cellohexaose. XXT1 initiates side-chain extensions from a linear glucan polymer by transferring the xylosyl group from UDP-xylose during xyloglucan biosynthesis. XXT1, a homodimer and member of the GT-A fold family of glycosyltransferases, binds UDP analogously to other GT-A fold enzymes. Structures here and the properties of mutant XXT1s are consistent with a SNi-like catalytic mechanism. Distinct from other systems is the recognition of cellohexaose by way of an extended cleft. The XXT1 dimer alone cannot produce xylosylation patterns observed for native xyloglucans because of steric constraints imposed by the acceptor binding cleft. Homology modeling of XXT2 and XXT5, the other two xylosyltransferases involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis, reveals a structurally altered cleft in XXT5 that could accommodate a partially xylosylated glucan chain produced by XXT1 and/or XXT2. An assembly of the three XXTs can produce the xylosylation patterns of native xyloglucans, suggesting the involvement of an organized multienzyme complex in the xyloglucan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Culbertson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jacqueline J Ehrlich
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jun-Yong Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Richard B Honzatko
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;
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19
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Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Chaves AM, Singh A, Sethaphong L, Slabaugh E, Yingling YG, Haigler CH, Roberts AW. Cellulose synthase 'class specific regions' are intrinsically disordered and functionally undifferentiated. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:481-497. [PMID: 29380536 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthases (CESAs) are glycosyltransferases that catalyze formation of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. Seed plant CESA isoforms cluster in six phylogenetic clades, whose non-interchangeable members play distinct roles within cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs). A 'class specific region' (CSR), with higher sequence similarity within versus between functional CESA classes, has been suggested to contribute to specific activities or interactions of different isoforms. We investigated CESA isoform specificity in the moss, Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B. S. G. to gain evolutionary insights into CESA structure/function relationships. Like seed plants, P. patens has oligomeric rosette-type CSCs, but the PpCESAs diverged independently and form a separate CESA clade. We showed that P. patens has two functionally distinct CESAs classes, based on the ability to complement the gametophore-negative phenotype of a ppcesa5 knockout line. Thus, non-interchangeable CESA classes evolved separately in mosses and seed plants. However, testing of chimeric moss CESA genes for complementation demonstrated that functional class-specificity is not determined by the CSR. Sequence analysis and computational modeling showed that the CSR is intrinsically disordered and contains predicted molecular recognition features, consistent with a possible role in CESA oligomerization and explaining the evolution of class-specific sequences without selection for class-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Arielle M Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Latsavongsakda Sethaphong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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20
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Meents MJ, Watanabe Y, Samuels AL. The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1107-1125. [PMID: 29415210 PMCID: PMC5946954 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary cell walls (SCWs) form the architecture of terrestrial plant biomass. They reinforce tracheary elements and strengthen fibres to permit upright growth and the formation of forest canopies. The cells that synthesize a strong, thick SCW around their protoplast must undergo a dramatic commitment to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin production. SCOPE This review puts SCW biosynthesis in a cellular context, with the aim of integrating molecular biology and biochemistry with plant cell biology. While SCWs are deposited in diverse tissue and cellular contexts including in sclerenchyma (fibres and sclereids), phloem (fibres) and xylem (tracheids, fibres and vessels), the focus of this review reflects the fact that protoxylem tracheary elements have proven to be the most amenable experimental system in which to study the cell biology of SCWs. CONCLUSIONS SCW biosynthesis requires the co-ordination of plasma membrane cellulose synthases, hemicellulose production in the Golgi and lignin polymer deposition in the apoplast. At the plasma membrane where the SCW is deposited under the guidance of cortical microtubules, there is a high density of SCW cellulose synthase complexes producing cellulose microfibrils consisting of 18-24 glucan chains. These microfibrils are extruded into a cell wall matrix rich in SCW-specific hemicelluloses, typically xylan and mannan. The biosynthesis of eudicot SCW glucuronoxylan is taken as an example to illustrate the emerging importance of protein-protein complexes in the Golgi. From the trans-Golgi, trafficking of vesicles carrying hemicelluloses, cellulose synthases and oxidative enzymes is crucial for exocytosis of SCW components at the microtubule-rich cell membrane domains, producing characteristic SCW patterns. The final step of SCW biosynthesis is lignification, with monolignols secreted by the lignifying cell and, in some cases, by neighbouring cells as well. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, embedded in the polysaccharide cell wall matrix, determine where lignin is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Agrobacterium exopolysaccharides play a major role in the life of the cell. Exopolysaccharides are required for bacterial growth as a biofilm and they protect the bacteria against environmental stresses. Five of the exopolysaccharides made by A. tumefaciens have been characterized extensively with respect to their structure, synthesis, regulation, and role in the life of the bacteria. These are cyclic-β-(1, 2)-glucan, cellulose, curdlan, succinoglycan, and the unipolar polysaccharide (UPP). This chapter describes the structure, synthesis, regulation, and function of these five exopolysaccharides.
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22
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Shim I, Law R, Kileeg Z, Stronghill P, Northey JGB, Strap JL, Bonetta DT. Alleles Causing Resistance to Isoxaben and Flupoxam Highlight the Significance of Transmembrane Domains for CESA Protein Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1152. [PMID: 30197649 PMCID: PMC6118223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins in Arabidopsis play an essential role in the production of cellulose in the cell walls. Herbicides such as isoxaben and flupoxam specifically target this production process and are prominent cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs). Forward genetic screens in Arabidopsis revealed that mutations that can result in varying degrees of resistance to either isoxaben or flupoxam CBI can be attributed to single amino acid substitutions in primary wall CESAs. Missense mutations were almost exclusively present in the predicted transmembrane regions of CESA1, CESA3, and CESA6. Resistance to isoxaben was also conferred by modification to the catalytic residues of CESA3. This resulted in cellulose deficient phenotypes characterized by reduced crystallinity and dwarfism. However, mapping of mutations to the transmembrane regions also lead to growth phenotypes and altered cellulose crystallinity phenotypes. These results provide further genetic evidence supporting the involvement of CESA transmembrane regions in cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Shim
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Law
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary Kileeg
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Stronghill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julian G. B. Northey
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janice L. Strap
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dario T. Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Dario T. Bonetta,
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23
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Zou X, Zhen Z, Ge Q, Fan S, Liu A, Gong W, Li J, Gong J, Shi Y, Wang Y, Liu R, Duan L, Lei K, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Zhang S, Jia T, Zhang L, Shang H, Yuan Y. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the evolution and expression patterns of the cellulose synthase gene superfamily in Gossypium species. Gene 2017; 646:28-38. [PMID: 29278771 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase gene superfamily, which includes the cellulose synthase (Ces) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) families, is involved in the synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose. This superfamily is critical for cotton fiber development in Gossypium species. Applying a series of bioinformatic methods, we identified 228 Ces/Csl genes from four Gossypium species (G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii). These genes were then grouped into 11 subfamilies based on phylogenetic relationships. A subsequent analysis of gene evolution revealed sites in CSLG and CSLJ genes that were under long-term positive selection pressure, with a posterior probability >0.95. Moreover, the dN:dS value for the CSLJ clade was 1.305, suggesting this subfamily was under positive selection pressure. Our data indicated that the dN:dS value ranged from 0.0084 to 0.9693 among the homologous Ces/Csl genes, implying they were under purifying selection pressure. Our transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that CesA genes were more highly expressed in tetraploids than in diploids. However, the Csl expression levels exhibited the opposite trend. Furthermore, changes to promoter sequences may have influenced the expression of homologous Ces/Csl genes. Our findings may provide novel insights into the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of the Ces/Csl genes in Gossypium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhang Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Senmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Aiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Wankui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Juwu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ruixian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Li Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Kang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Haihong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Youlu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
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24
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Abstract
Many plants show some form of helical growth, such as the circular searching movements of growing stems and other organs (circumnutation), tendril coiling, leaf and bud reversal (resupination), petal arrangement (contortion) and leaf blade twisting. Recent genetic findings have revealed that such helical growth may be associated with helical arrays of cortical microtubules and of overlying cellulose microfibrils. An alternative mechanism of coiling that is based on differential contraction within a bilayer has also recently been identified and underlies at least some of these growth patterns. Here, I provide an overview of the genes and cellular processes that underlie helical patterning. I also discuss the diversity of helical growth patterns in plants, highlighting their potential adaptive significance and comparing them with helical growth patterns in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Smyth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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25
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Merz D, Richter J, Gonneau M, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Eder T, Sormani R, Martin M, Hématy K, Höfte H, Hauser MT. T-DNA alleles of the receptor kinase THESEUS1 with opposing effects on cell wall integrity signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4583-4593. [PMID: 28981771 PMCID: PMC5853656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of cellulose synthesis in plants triggers stress responses, including growth retardation, mediated by the cell wall integrity-sensing receptor-like kinase (RLK) THESEUS1 (THE1). The analysis of two alleles carrying T-DNA insertions at comparable positions has led to conflicting conclusions concerning the impact of THE1 signaling on growth. Here we confirm that, unlike the1-3 and other the1 alleles in which cellular responses to genetic or pharmacological inhibition of cellulose synthesis are attenuated, the1-4 showed enhanced responses, including growth inhibition, ectopic lignification, and stress gene expression. Both the1-3 and the1-4 express a transcript encoding a predicted membrane-associated truncated protein lacking the kinase domain. However, the1-3, in contrast to the1-4, strongly expresses antisense transcripts, which are expected to prevent the expression of the truncated protein as suggested by the genetic interactions between the two alleles. Seedlings overexpressing such a truncated protein react to isoxaben treatment similarly to the1-4 and the full-length THE overexpressor. We conclude that the1-4 is a hypermorphic allele; that THE1 signaling upon cell wall damage has a negative impact on cell expansion; and that caution is required when interpreting the phenotypic effects of T-DNA insertions in RLK genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Merz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Richter
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | - Tobias Eder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Kian Hématy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author:
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Li Y, Yang T, Dai D, Hu Y, Guo X, Guo H. Evolution, gene expression profiling and 3D modeling of CSLD proteins in cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:119. [PMID: 28693426 PMCID: PMC5504666 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among CESA-like gene superfamily, the cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) genes are most similar to cellulose synthase genes and have been reported to be involved in tip-growing cell and stem development. However, there has been no genome-wide characterization of this gene subfamily in cotton. We thus sought to analyze the evolution and functional characterization of CSLD proteins in cotton based on fully sequenced cotton genomes. RESULTS A total of 23 full-length CSLD proteins were identified in Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium hirsutum. The phylogenetic tree divided the CSLD proteins into five clades with strong support: CSLD1, CSLD2/3, CSLD4, CSLD5 and CSLD6. The total expression of GhCSLD genes was the highest in androecium & gynoecium (mostly contributed by CSLD1 and CSLD4) compared with other CSL genes. CSLD1 and CSLD4 were only highly expressed in androecium & gynoecium (A&G), and showed tissue-specific expression. The total expression of CSLD2/3, 5 and 6 was highest in the specific tissues. These results suggest that CSLD genes showed the different pattern of expression. Cotton CSLD proteins were subjected to different evolutionary pressures, and the CSLD1 and CSLD4 proteins exhibited episodic and long-term shift positive selection. The predicted three-dimensional structure of GrCSLD1 suggested that GrCSLD1 belongs to glycosyltransferase family 2. The amino acid residues under positive selection in the CSLD1 lineage are positioned in a region adjacent to the class-specific region (CSR), β1-strand and transmembrane helices (TMHs) in the GrCSLD1structure. CONCLUSION Our results characterized the CSLD proteins by an integrated approach containing phylogeny, transcriptional profiling and 3D modeling. The study added to the understanding about the importance of the CSLD family and provide a useful reference for selecting candidate genes and their associations with the biosynthesis of the cell wall in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Tiegang Yang
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Dandan Dai
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Ying Hu
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Hongxia Guo
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Central Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 116, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
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Smith PJ, Wang HT, York WS, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. Designer biomass for next-generation biorefineries: leveraging recent insights into xylan structure and biosynthesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:286. [PMID: 29213325 PMCID: PMC5708106 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylans are the most abundant noncellulosic polysaccharides in lignified secondary cell walls of woody dicots and in both primary and secondary cell walls of grasses. These polysaccharides, which comprise 20-35% of terrestrial biomass, present major challenges for the efficient microbial bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to fuels and other value-added products. Xylans play a significant role in the recalcitrance of biomass to degradation, and their bioconversion requires metabolic pathways that are distinct from those used to metabolize cellulose. In this review, we discuss the key differences in the structural features of xylans across diverse plant species, how these features affect their interactions with cellulose and lignin, and recent developments in understanding their biosynthesis. In particular, we focus on how the combined structural and biosynthetic knowledge can be used as a basis for biomass engineering aimed at developing crops that are better suited as feedstocks for the bioconversion industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - William S. York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
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A single heterologously expressed plant cellulose synthase isoform is sufficient for cellulose microfibril formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11360-11365. [PMID: 27647898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606210113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are a composite material of polysaccharides, proteins, and other noncarbohydrate polymers. In the majority of plant tissues, the most abundant polysaccharide is cellulose, a linear polymer of glucose molecules. As the load-bearing component of the cell wall, individual cellulose chains are frequently bundled into micro and macrofibrils and are wrapped around the cell. Cellulose is synthesized by membrane-integrated and processive glycosyltransferases that polymerize UDP-activated glucose and secrete the nascent polymer through a channel formed by their own transmembrane regions. Plants express several different cellulose synthase isoforms during primary and secondary cell wall formation; however, so far, none has been functionally reconstituted in vitro for detailed biochemical analyses. Here we report the heterologous expression, purification, and functional reconstitution of Populus tremula x tremuloides CesA8 (PttCesA8), implicated in secondary cell wall formation. The recombinant enzyme polymerizes UDP-activated glucose to cellulose, as determined by enzyme degradation, permethylation glycosyl linkage analysis, electron microscopy, and mutagenesis studies. Catalytic activity is dependent on the presence of a lipid bilayer environment and divalent manganese cations. Further, electron microscopy analyses reveal that PttCesA8 produces cellulose fibers several micrometers long that occasionally are capped by globular particles, likely representing PttCesA8 complexes. Deletion of the enzyme's N-terminal RING-finger domain almost completely abolishes fiber formation but not cellulose biosynthetic activity. Our results demonstrate that reconstituted PttCesA8 is not only sufficient for cellulose biosynthesis in vitro but also suffices to bundle individual glucan chains into cellulose microfibrils.
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Nixon BT, Mansouri K, Singh A, Du J, Davis JK, Lee JG, Slabaugh E, Vandavasi VG, O’Neill H, Roberts EM, Roberts AW, Yingling YG, Haigler CH. Comparative Structural and Computational Analysis Supports Eighteen Cellulose Synthases in the Plant Cellulose Synthesis Complex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28696. [PMID: 27345599 PMCID: PMC4921827 DOI: 10.1038/srep28696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A six-lobed membrane spanning cellulose synthesis complex (CSC) containing multiple cellulose synthase (CESA) glycosyltransferases mediates cellulose microfibril formation. The number of CESAs in the CSC has been debated for decades in light of changing estimates of the diameter of the smallest microfibril formed from the β-1,4 glucan chains synthesized by one CSC. We obtained more direct evidence through generating improved transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and image averages of the rosette-type CSC, revealing the frequent triangularity and average cross-sectional area in the plasma membrane of its individual lobes. Trimeric oligomers of two alternative CESA computational models corresponded well with individual lobe geometry. A six-fold assembly of the trimeric computational oligomer had the lowest potential energy per monomer and was consistent with rosette CSC morphology. Negative stain TEM and image averaging showed the triangularity of a recombinant CESA cytosolic domain, consistent with previous modeling of its trimeric nature from small angle scattering (SAXS) data. Six trimeric SAXS models nearly filled the space below an average FF-TEM image of the rosette CSC. In summary, the multifaceted data support a rosette CSC with 18 CESAs that mediates the synthesis of a fundamental microfibril composed of 18 glucan chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Tracy Nixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Davis
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jung-Goo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Hugh O’Neill
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Eric M. Roberts
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Fan X, Gao Y, He W, Hu H, Tian M, Wang K, Pan S. Production of nano bacterial cellulose from beverage industrial waste of citrus peel and pomace using Komagataeibacter xylinus. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:1068-1072. [PMID: 27474656 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a high-purity and robust cellulose that is utilised in medicine, consumer goods, and industrial practices. The present study aimed to investigate the suitability of beverage industrial waste for the production of BC by Komagataeibacter xylinus CICC No. 10529 and to study the structural properties of BC films in both citrus peel and pomace enzymolysis (CPPE) and Hestrin-Schramm (HS, Hestrin & Schramm, 1954) media. Under similar experimental conditions, the yield of BC from CPPE medium was 5.7±0.7g/L, which was higher than from HS medium (3.9±0.6g/L). To evaluate the structure of BC, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and colour evaluation using a chroma meter were utilised. The average diameters of BC, obtained from CPPE and HS mediums, were 50nm and 60nm, respectively. The crystallinity index of BC from the CPPE medium was approximately 63%, which was lower than BC produced from the HS medium (65%). The two varieties of BC showed no significant differences in relation to their colour parameters. Therefore, BC production from CPPE medium had similar properties to BC from HS medium, but it is more environmentally friendly and cheaper to produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Wanying He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Ming Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Kexing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
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31
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Kaur S, Dhugga KS, Gill K, Singh J. Novel Structural and Functional Motifs in cellulose synthase (CesA) Genes of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147046. [PMID: 26771740 PMCID: PMC4714848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the primary determinant of mechanical strength in plant tissues. Late-season lodging is inversely related to the amount of cellulose in a unit length of the stem. Wheat is the most widely grown of all the crops globally, yet information on its CesA gene family is limited. We have identified 22 CesA genes from bread wheat, which include homoeologs from each of the three genomes, and named them as TaCesAXA, TaCesAXB or TaCesAXD, where X denotes the gene number and the last suffix stands for the respective genome. Sequence analyses of the CESA proteins from wheat and their orthologs from barley, maize, rice, and several dicot species (Arabidopsis, beet, cotton, poplar, potato, rose gum and soybean) revealed motifs unique to monocots (Poales) or dicots. Novel structural motifs CQIC and SVICEXWFA were identified, which distinguished the CESAs involved in the formation of primary and secondary cell wall (PCW and SCW) in all the species. We also identified several new motifs specific to monocots or dicots. The conserved motifs identified in this study possibly play functional roles specific to PCW or SCW formation. The new insights from this study advance our knowledge about the structure, function and evolution of the CesA family in plants in general and wheat in particular. This information will be useful in improving culm strength to reduce lodging or alter wall composition to improve biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simerjeet Kaur
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Kanwarpal S. Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery, DuPont Pioneer, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, United States of America
| | - Kulvinder Gill
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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32
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Slabaugh E, Scavuzzo-Duggan T, Chaves A, Wilson L, Wilson C, Davis JK, Cosgrove DJ, Anderson CT, Roberts AW, Haigler CH. The valine and lysine residues in the conserved FxVTxK motif are important for the function of phylogenetically distant plant cellulose synthases. Glycobiology 2015; 26:509-19. [PMID: 26646446 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthases (CESAs) synthesize the β-1,4-glucan chains that coalesce to form cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. In addition to a large cytosolic (catalytic) domain, CESAs have eight predicted transmembrane helices (TMHs). However, analogous to the structure of BcsA, a bacterial CESA, predicted TMH5 in CESA may instead be an interfacial helix. This would place the conserved FxVTxK motif in the plant cell cytosol where it could function as a substrate-gating loop as occurs in BcsA. To define the functional importance of the CESA region containing FxVTxK, we tested five parallel mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana CESA1 and Physcomitrella patens CESA5 in complementation assays of the relevant cesa mutants. In both organisms, the substitution of the valine or lysine residues in FxVTxK severely affected CESA function. In Arabidopsis roots, both changes were correlated with lower cellulose anisotropy, as revealed by Pontamine Fast Scarlet. Analysis of hypocotyl inner cell wall layers by atomic force microscopy showed that two altered versions of Atcesa1 could rescue cell wall phenotypes observed in the mutant background line. Overall, the data show that the FxVTxK motif is functionally important in two phylogenetically distant plant CESAs. The results show that Physcomitrella provides an efficient model for assessing the effects of engineered CESA mutations affecting primary cell wall synthesis and that diverse testing systems can lead to nuanced insights into CESA structure-function relationships. Although CESA membrane topology needs to be experimentally determined, the results support the possibility that the FxVTxK region functions similarly in CESA and BcsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tess Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Arielle Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Liza Wilson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Carmen Wilson
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jonathan K Davis
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Biotechnological aspects of cytoskeletal regulation in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1043-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Guerriero G, Hausman J, Strauss J, Ertan H, Siddiqui KS. Lignocellulosic bioma
ss
: Biosynthesis, degradation, and industrial utilization. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Jean‐Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) University and Research Center Campus Tulln‐Technopol Tulln/Donau Austria
- Health and Environment Department Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH ‐ AIT University and Research Center Campus Tulln‐Technopol Tulln/Donau Austria
| | - Haluk Ertan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Pysh LD. Two alleles of the AtCesA3 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana display intragenic complementation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1434-41. [PMID: 26391708 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Cellulose is the most abundant biomolecule on the planet, yet the mechanism by which it is synthesized by higher plants remains largely unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh, synthesis of cellulose in the primary cell wall requires three different cellulose synthase genes (AtCesA1, AtCesA3, and AtCesA6-related genes [AtCesA2, AtCesA5, and AtCesA6]). The multiple response expansion1 (mre1) mutant contains a hypomorphic AtCesA3 allele that results in significantly shorter, expanded roots. Crosses between mre1 and another allele of AtCesA3 (constitutive expression of VSP1, cev1) yielded an F1 with roots considerably longer and thinner than either parent, suggesting intragenic complementation. The F2 generation resulting from self-crossing these F1 showed three different root phenotypes: roots like mre1, roots like cev1, and roots like the F1. METHODS The segregation patterns of the three root phenotypes in multiple F2 and F3 generations were determined. Multiple characteristics of the roots and shoots were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively at different developmental stages, both on plates and on soil. KEY RESULTS The trans-heterozygous plants differed significantly from the parental mre1 and cev1 lines. CONCLUSIONS The two alleles display intragenic complementation. A classic genetic interpretation of these results would suggest that cellulose synthesis requires homo-multimerization of cellulose synthase monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard D Pysh
- Roanoke College, Department of Biology, 221 College Lane, Salem, Virginia 24153 USA
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Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Chaves AM, Roberts AW. A complementation assay for in vivo protein structure/function analysis in Physcomitrella patens (Funariaceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2015; 3:apps1500023. [PMID: 26191463 PMCID: PMC4504723 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY A method for rapid in vivo functional analysis of engineered proteins was developed using Physcomitrella patens. METHODS AND RESULTS A complementation assay was designed for testing structure/function relationships in cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins. The components of the assay include (1) construction of test vectors that drive expression of epitope-tagged PpCESA5 carrying engineered mutations, (2) transformation of a ppcesa5 knockout line that fails to produce gametophores with test and control vectors, (3) scoring the stable transformants for gametophore production, (4) statistical analysis comparing complementation rates for test vectors to positive and negative control vectors, and (5) analysis of transgenic protein expression by Western blotting. The assay distinguished mutations that generate fully functional, nonfunctional, and partially functional proteins. CONCLUSIONS Compared with existing methods for in vivo testing of protein function, this complementation assay provides a rapid method for investigating protein structure/function relationships in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R. Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
- Author for correspondence:
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In vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a membrane protein from protoplasts of the non-vascular plant Physcomitrella patens. Biochem J 2015; 470:195-205. [PMID: 26348908 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant cellulose synthases (CesAs) form a family of membrane proteins that are associated with hexagonal structures in the plasma membrane called CesA complexes (CSCs). It has been difficult to purify plant CesA proteins for biochemical and structural studies. We describe CesA activity in a membrane protein preparation isolated from protoplasts of Physcomitrella patens overexpressing haemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PpCesA5. Incubating the membrane preparation with UDP-glucose predominantly produced cellulose. Negative-stain EM revealed microfibrils. Cellulase bound to and degraded these microfibrils. Vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopic analysis detected the presence of crystalline cellulose in the microfibrils. Putative CesA proteins were frequently observed attached to the microfibril ends. Combined cross-linking and gradient centrifugation showed bundles of cellulose microfibrils with larger particle aggregates, possibly CSCs. These results suggest that P. patens is a useful model system for biochemical and structural characterization of plant CSCs and their components.
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Thomas LH, Forsyth VT, Martel A, Grillo I, Altaner CM, Jarvis MC. Diffraction evidence for the structure of cellulose microfibrils in bamboo, a model for grass and cereal celluloses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:153. [PMID: 26099632 PMCID: PMC4477487 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose from grasses and cereals makes up much of the potential raw material for biofuel production. It is not clear if cellulose microfibrils from grasses and cereals differ in structure from those of other plants. The structures of the highly oriented cellulose microfibrils in the cell walls of the internodes of the bamboo Pseudosasa amabilis are reported. Strong orientation facilitated the use of a range of scattering techniques. RESULTS Small-angle neutron scattering provided evidence of extensive aggregation by hydrogen bonding through the hydrophilic edges of the sheets of chains. The microfibrils had a mean centre-to-centre distance of 3.0 nm in the dry state, expanding on hydration. The expansion on hydration suggests that this distance between centres was through the hydrophilic faces of adjacent microfibrils. However in the other direction, perpendicular to the sheets of chains, the mean, disorder-corrected Scherrer dimension from wide-angle X-ray scattering was 3.8 nm. It is possible that this dimension is increased by twinning (crystallographic coalescence) of thinner microfibrils over part of their length, through the hydrophobic faces. The wide-angle scattering data also showed that the microfibrils had a relatively large intersheet d-spacing and small monoclinic angle, features normally considered characteristic of primary-wall cellulose. CONCLUSIONS Bamboo microfibrils have features found in both primary-wall and secondary-wall cellulose, but are crystallographically coalescent to a greater extent than is common in celluloses from other plants. The extensive aggregation and local coalescence of the microfibrils are likely to have parallels in other grass and cereal species and to influence the accessibility of cellulose to degradative enzymes during conversion to liquid biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne H Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - V Trevor Forsyth
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Cedex 9 38042, France.
- EPSAM/ISTM, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Cedex 9 38042, France.
| | | | - Clemens M Altaner
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 4180, New Zealand.
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39
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Römling U, Galperin MY. Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:545-57. [PMID: 26077867 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of bacterial cellulose biosynthesis, including structural characterization of a functional cellulose synthase complex, provided the first mechanistic insight into this fascinating process. In most studied bacteria, just two subunits, BcsA and BcsB, are necessary and sufficient for the formation of the polysaccharide chain in vitro. Other subunits - which differ among various taxa - affect the enzymatic activity and product yield in vivo by modulating (i) the expression of the biosynthesis apparatus, (ii) the export of the nascent β-D-glucan polymer to the cell surface, and (iii) the organization of cellulose fibers into a higher-order structure. These auxiliary subunits play key roles in determining the quantity and structure of resulting biofilms, which is particularly important for the interactions of bacteria with higher organisms - leading to rhizosphere colonization and modulating the virulence of cellulose-producing bacterial pathogens inside and outside of host cells. We review the organization of four principal types of cellulose synthase operon found in various bacterial genomes, identify additional bcs genes that encode components of the cellulose biosynthesis and secretion machinery, and propose a unified nomenclature for these genes and subunits. We also discuss the role of cellulose as a key component of biofilms and in the choice between acute infection and persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
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40
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Jobling SA. Membrane pore architecture of the CslF6 protein controls (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan structure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500069. [PMID: 26601199 PMCID: PMC4640613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The cereal cell wall polysaccharide (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan is a linear polymer of glucose containing both β1-3 and β1-4 bonds. The structure of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan varies between different cereals and during plant growth and development, but little is known about how this is controlled. The cellulose synthase-like CslF6 protein is an integral membrane protein and a major component of the (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan synthase. I show that a single amino acid within the predicted transmembrane pore domain of CslF6 controls (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan structure. A new mechanism for the control of the polysaccharide structure is proposed where membrane pore architecture and the translocation of the growing polysaccharide across the membrane control how the acceptor glucan is coordinated at the active site and thus the proportion of β1-3 and β1-4 bonds within the polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Jobling
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. E-mail:
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41
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Schmid J, Sieber V, Rehm B. Bacterial exopolysaccharides: biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:496. [PMID: 26074894 PMCID: PMC4443731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria produce a wide range of exopolysaccharides which are synthesized via different biosynthesis pathways. The genes responsible for synthesis are often clustered within the genome of the respective production organism. A better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes is critical toward genetic, metabolic and protein-engineering approaches to produce tailor-made polymers. These designer polymers will exhibit superior material properties targeting medical and industrial applications. Exploiting the natural design space for production of a variety of biopolymer will open up a range of new applications. Here, we summarize the key aspects of microbial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and highlight the latest engineering approaches toward the production of tailor-made variants with the potential to be used as valuable renewable and high-performance products for medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schmid
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität MünchenStraubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität MünchenStraubing, Germany
| | - Bernd Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey UniversityPalmerston North, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyPalmerston North, New Zealand
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42
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Kumar M, Turner S. Plant cellulose synthesis: CESA proteins crossing kingdoms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:91-9. [PMID: 25104231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is a biopolymer of considerable economic importance. It is synthesised by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) in species ranging from bacteria to higher plants. Enormous progress in our understanding of bacterial cellulose synthesis has come with the recent publication of both the crystal structure and biochemical characterisation of a purified complex able to synthesis cellulose in vitro. A model structure of a plant CESA protein suggests considerable similarity between the bacterial and plant cellulose synthesis. In this review article we will cover current knowledge of how plant CESA proteins synthesise cellulose. In particular the focus will be on the lessons learned from the recent work on the catalytic mechanism and the implications that new data on cellulose structure has for the assembly of CESA proteins into the large complex that synthesis plant cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Science, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Science, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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43
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Mikkelsen D, Flanagan BM, Wilson SM, Bacic A, Gidley MJ. Interactions of arabinoxylan and (1,3)(1,4)-β-glucan with cellulose networks. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1232-9. [PMID: 25756836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify interactions of relevance to the structure and properties of the primary cell walls of cereals and grasses, we used arabinoxylan and (1,3)(1,4)-β-glucan, major polymers in cereal/grass primary cell walls, to construct composites with cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Both polymers associated prolifically with cellulose without becoming rigid or altering the nature or extent of cellulose crystallinity. Mechanical properties were modestly affected compared with xyloglucan or pectin (characteristic components of nongrass primary cell walls) composites with cellulose. In situ depletion of arabinoxylan arabinose side chains within preformed cellulose composites resulted in phase separation, with only limited enhancement of xylan-cellulose interactions. These results suggest that arabinoxylan and (1 → 3)(1 → 4)-β-d-glucan are not functional homologues for either xyloglucan or pectin in the way they interact with cellulose networks. Association of cell-wall polymers with cellulose driven by entropic amelioration of high energy cellulose/water interfaces should be considered as a third type of interaction within cellulose-based cell walls, in addition to molecular binding (enthalpic driving force) exhibited by, for example, xyloglucans or mannans, and interpenetrating networks based on, for example, pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Mikkelsen
- †The University of Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bernadine M Flanagan
- †The University of Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah M Wilson
- ‡The University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ‡The University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- †The University of Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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44
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Wilson SM, Ho YY, Lampugnani ER, Van de Meene AML, Bain MP, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Determining the subcellular location of synthesis and assembly of the cell wall polysaccharide (1,3; 1,4)-β-D-glucan in grasses. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:754-71. [PMID: 25770111 PMCID: PMC4558670 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The current dogma for cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis is that cellulose (and callose) is synthesized at the plasma membrane (PM), whereas matrix phase polysaccharides are assembled in the Golgi apparatus. We provide evidence that (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan (mixed-linkage glucan [MLG]) does not conform to this paradigm. We show in various grass (Poaceae) species that MLG-specific antibody labeling is present in the wall but absent over Golgi, suggesting it is assembled at the PM. Antibodies to the MLG synthases, cellulose synthase-like F6 (CSLF6) and CSLH1, located CSLF6 to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, secretory vesicles, and the PM and CSLH1 to the same locations apart from the PM. This pattern was recreated upon expression of VENUS-tagged barley (Hordeum vulgare) CSLF6 and CSLH1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and, consistent with our biochemical analyses of native grass tissues, shown to be catalytically active with CSLF6 and CSLH1 in PM-enriched and PM-depleted membrane fractions, respectively. These data support a PM location for the synthesis of MLG by CSLF6, the predominant enzymatically active isoform. A model is proposed to guide future experimental approaches to dissect the molecular mechanism(s) of MLG assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yin Ying Ho
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Allison M L Van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa P Bain
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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45
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46
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Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, and certain organisms from bacteria to plants and animals synthesize cellulose as an extracellular polymer for various biological functions. Humans have used cellulose for millennia as a material and an energy source, and the advent of a lignocellulosic fuel industry will elevate it to the primary carbon source for the burgeoning renewable energy sector. Despite the biological and societal importance of cellulose, the molecular mechanism by which it is synthesized is now only beginning to emerge. On the basis of recent advances in structural and molecular biology on bacterial cellulose synthases, we review emerging concepts of how the enzymes polymerize glucose molecules, how the nascent polymer is transported across the plasma membrane, and how bacterial cellulose biosynthesis is regulated during biofilm formation. Additionally, we review evolutionary commonalities and differences between cellulose synthases that modulate the nature of the cellulose product formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. McNamara
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Jacob L.W. Morgan
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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47
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Cosgrove DJ. Re-constructing our models of cellulose and primary cell wall assembly. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:122-131. [PMID: 25460077 PMCID: PMC4293254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose microfibril has more subtlety than is commonly recognized. Details of its structure may influence how matrix polysaccharides interact with its distinctive hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to form a strong yet extensible structure. Recent advances in this field include the first structures of bacterial and plant cellulose synthases and revised estimates of microfibril structure, reduced from 36 to 18 chains. New results also indicate that cellulose interactions with xyloglucan are more limited than commonly believed, whereas pectin–cellulose interactions are more prevalent. Computational results indicate that xyloglucan binds tightest to the hydrophobic surface of cellulose microfibrils. Wall extensibility may be controlled at limited regions (‘biomechanical hotspots’) where cellulose–cellulose contacts are made, potentially mediated by trace amounts of xyloglucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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48
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Slabaugh E, Sethaphong L, Xiao C, Amick J, Anderson CT, Haigler CH, Yingling YG. Computational and genetic evidence that different structural conformations of a non-catalytic region affect the function of plant cellulose synthase. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6645-53. [PMID: 25262226 PMCID: PMC4246192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The β-1,4-glucan chains comprising cellulose are synthesized by cellulose synthases in the plasma membranes of diverse organisms including bacteria and plants. Understanding structure-function relationships in the plant enzymes involved in cellulose synthesis (CESAs) is important because cellulose is the most abundant component in the plant cell wall, a key renewable biomaterial. Here, we explored the structure and function of the region encompassing transmembrane helices (TMHs) 5 and 6 in CESA using computational and genetic tools. Ab initio computational structure prediction revealed novel bi-modal structural conformations of the region between TMH5 and 6 that may affect CESA function. Here we present our computational findings on this region in three CESAs of Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCESA1, 3, and 6), the Atcesa3(ixr1-2) mutant, and a novel missense mutation in AtCESA1. A newly engineered point mutation in AtCESA1 (Atcesa1(F954L) ) that altered the structural conformation in silico resulted in a protein that was not fully functional in the temperature-sensitive Atcesa1(rsw1-1) mutant at the restrictive temperature. The combination of computational and genetic results provides evidence that the ability of the TMH5-6 region to adopt specific structural conformations is important for CESA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Latsavongsakda Sethaphong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Department of Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joshua Amick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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49
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Gloster TM. Advances in understanding glycosyltransferases from a structural perspective. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 28:131-41. [PMID: 25240227 PMCID: PMC4330554 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are the enzymes that catalyse glycosidic bond formation. Structural and kinetic studies are important for understanding function. Bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase structure aids understanding of N-linked glycosylation. Structure of human O-GlcNAc transferase gives mechanistic insights. Landmark structure of cellulose synthase membrane protein complex.
Glycosyltransferases (GTs), the enzymes that catalyse glycosidic bond formation, create a diverse range of saccharides and glycoconjugates in nature. Understanding GTs at the molecular level, through structural and kinetic studies, is important for gaining insights into their function. In addition, this understanding can help identify those enzymes which are involved in diseases, or that could be engineered to synthesize biologically or medically relevant molecules. This review describes how structural data, obtained in the last 3–4 years, have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of action and specificity of GTs. Particular highlights include the structure of a bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase, which provides insights into N-linked glycosylation, the structure of the human O-GlcNAc transferase, and the structure of a bacterial integral membrane protein complex that catalyses the synthesis of cellulose, the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Gloster
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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Knott BC, Crowley MF, Himmel ME, Ståhlberg J, Beckham GT. Carbohydrate-protein interactions that drive processive polysaccharide translocation in enzymes revealed from a computational study of cellobiohydrolase processivity. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8810-9. [PMID: 24869982 DOI: 10.1021/ja504074g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Translocation of carbohydrate polymers through protein tunnels and clefts is a ubiquitous biochemical phenomenon in proteins such as polysaccharide synthases, glycoside hydrolases, and carbohydrate-binding modules. Although static snapshots of carbohydrate polymer binding in proteins have long been studied via crystallography and spectroscopy, the molecular details of polysaccharide chain processivity have not been elucidated. Here, we employ simulation to examine how a cellulose chain translocates by a disaccharide unit during the processive cycle of a glycoside hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolase. Our results demonstrate that these biologically and industrially important enzymes employ a two-step mechanism for chain threading to form a Michaelis complex and that the free energy barrier to chain threading is significantly lower than the hydrolysis barrier. Taken with previous studies, our findings suggest that the rate-limiting step in enzymatic cellulose degradation is the glycosylation reaction, not chain processivity. Based on the simulations, we find that strong electrostatic interactions with polar residues that are conserved in GH7 cellobiohydrolases, but not in GH7 endoglucanases, at the leading glucosyl ring provide the thermodynamic driving force for polysaccharide chain translocation. Also, we consider the role of aromatic-carbohydrate interactions, which are widespread in carbohydrate-active enzymes and have long been associated with processivity. Our analysis suggests that the primary role for these aromatic residues is to provide tunnel shape and guide the carbohydrate chain to the active site. More broadly, this work elucidates the role of common protein motifs found in carbohydrate-active enzymes that synthesize or depolymerize polysaccharides by chain translocation mechanisms coupled to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Knott
- National Bioenergy Center and ‡Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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