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Hammes UZ, Pedersen BP. Structure and Function of Auxin Transporters. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:185-209. [PMID: 38211951 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-034109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Auxins, a group of central hormones in plant growth and development, are transported by a diverse range of transporters with distinct biochemical and structural properties. This review summarizes the current knowledge on all known auxin transporters with respect to their biochemical and biophysical properties and the methods used to characterize them. In particular, we focus on the recent advances that were made concerning the PIN-FORMED family of auxin exporters. Insights derived from solving their structures have improved our understanding of the auxin export process, and we discuss the current state of the art on PIN-mediated auxin transport, including the use of biophysical methods to examine their properties. Understanding the mechanisms of auxin transport is crucial for understanding plant growth and development, as well as for the development of more effective strategies for crop production and plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Z Hammes
- School of Life Sciences, Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;
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2
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Schmidt V, Skokan R, Depaepe T, Kurtović K, Haluška S, Vosolsobě S, Vaculíková R, Pil A, Dobrev PI, Motyka V, Van Der Straeten D, Petrášek J. Phytohormone profiling in an evolutionary framework. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3875. [PMID: 38719800 PMCID: PMC11079000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The genomes of charophyte green algae, close relatives of land plants, typically do not show signs of developmental regulation by phytohormones. However, scattered reports of endogenous phytohormone production in these organisms exist. We performed a comprehensive analysis of multiple phytohormones in Viridiplantae, focusing mainly on charophytes. We show that auxin, salicylic acid, ethylene and tRNA-derived cytokinins including cis-zeatin are found ubiquitously in Viridiplantae. By contrast, land plants but not green algae contain the trans-zeatin type cytokinins as well as auxin and cytokinin conjugates. Charophytes occasionally produce jasmonates and abscisic acid, whereas the latter is detected consistently in land plants. Several phytohormones are excreted into the culture medium, including auxin by charophytes and cytokinins and salicylic acid by Viridiplantae in general. We note that the conservation of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways known from angiosperms does not match the capacity for phytohormone biosynthesis in Viridiplantae. Our phylogenetically guided analysis of established algal cultures provides an important insight into phytohormone biosynthesis and metabolism across Streptophyta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Roman Skokan
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia.
| | - Thomas Depaepe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katarina Kurtović
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Roberta Vaculíková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Anthony Pil
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petre Ivanov Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia.
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3
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Wakeman A, Bennett T. Auxins and grass shoot architecture: how the most important hormone makes the most important plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6975-6988. [PMID: 37474124 PMCID: PMC10690731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a group of grasses cultivated by humans for their grain. It is from these cereal grains that the majority of all calories consumed by humans are derived. The production of these grains is the result of the development of a series of hierarchical reproductive structures that form the distinct shoot architecture of the grasses. Being spatiotemporally complex, the coordination of grass shoot development is tightly controlled by a network of genes and signals, including the key phytohormone auxin. Hormonal manipulation has therefore been identified as a promising potential approach to increasing cereal crop yields and therefore ultimately global food security. Recent work translating the substantial body of auxin research from model plants into cereal crop species is revealing the contribution of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signalling to the development of grass shoot architecture. This review discusses this still-maturing knowledge base and examines the possibility that changes in auxin biology could have been a causative agent in the evolution of differences in shoot architecture between key grass species, or could underpin the future selective breeding of cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wakeman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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4
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Ung KL, Schulz L, Kleine-Vehn J, Pedersen BP, Hammes UZ. Auxin transport at the endoplasmic reticulum: roles and structural similarity of PIN-FORMED and PIN-LIKES. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6893-6903. [PMID: 37279330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial plant hormone that controls a multitude of developmental processes. The directional movement of auxin between cells is largely facilitated by canonical PIN-FORMED proteins in the plasma membrane. In contrast, non-canonical PIN-FORMED proteins and PIN-LIKES proteins appear to reside mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Despite recent progress in identifying the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum in cellular auxin responses, the transport dynamics of auxin at the endoplasmic reticulum are not well understood. PIN-LIKES are structurally related to PIN-FORMED proteins, and recently published structures of these transporters have provided new insights into PIN-FORMED proteins and PIN-LIKES function. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on PIN-FORMED proteins and PIN-LIKES in intracellular auxin transport. We discuss the physiological properties of the endoplasmic reticulum and the consequences for transport processes across the ER membrane. Finally, we highlight the emerging role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the dynamics of cellular auxin signalling and its impact on plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Lam Ung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lukas Schulz
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Institute of Biology II, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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5
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Ung KL, Schulz L, Stokes DL, Hammes UZ, Pedersen BP. Substrate recognition and transport mechanism of the PIN-FORMED auxin exporters. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:937-948. [PMID: 37574372 PMCID: PMC10592131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are pivotal plant hormones that regulate plant growth and transmembrane polar auxin transport (PAT) direct patterns of development. The PIN-FORMED (PIN) family of membrane transporters mediate auxin export from the plant cell and play crucial roles in PAT. Here we describe the recently solved structures of PIN transporters, PIN1, PIN3, and PIN8, and also their mechanisms of substrate recognition and transport of auxin. We compare structures of PINs in both inward- and outward-facing conformations, as well as PINs with different binding configurations for auxin. By this comparative analysis, a model emerges for an elevator transport mechanism. Central structural elements necessary for function are identified, and we show that these are shared with other distantly related protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Lam Ung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lukas Schulz
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - David L Stokes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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6
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Pérez-Pérez Y, Solís MT, Albacete A, Testillano PS. Opposite Auxin Dynamics Determine the Gametophytic and Embryogenic Fates of the Microspore. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11177. [PMID: 37446349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The microspore can follow two different developmental pathways. In vivo microspores follow the gametophytic program to produce pollen grains. In vitro, isolated microspores can be reprogrammed by stress treatments and follow the embryogenic program, producing doubled-haploid embryos. In the present study, we analyzed the dynamics and role of endogenous auxin in microspore development during these two different scenarios, in Brassica napus. We analyzed auxin concentration, cellular accumulation, the expression of the TAA1 auxin biosynthesis gene, and the PIN1-like efflux carrier gene, as well as the effects of inhibiting auxin biosynthesis by kynurenine on microspore embryogenesis. During the gametophytic pathway, auxin levels and TAA1 and PIN1-like expression were high at early stages, in tetrads and tapetum, while they progressively decreased during gametogenesis in both pollen and tapetum cells. In contrast, in microspore embryogenesis, TAA1 and PIN1-like genes were upregulated, and auxin concentration increased from the first embryogenic divisions. Kynurenine treatment decreased both embryogenesis induction and embryo production, indicating that auxin biosynthesis is required for microspore embryogenesis initiation and progression. The findings indicate that auxin exhibits two opposite profiles during these two microspore developmental pathways, which determine the different cell fates of the microspore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Solís
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Physiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Center for Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Bai Y, Dou Y, Xie Y, Zheng H, Gao J. Phylogeny, transcriptional profile, and auxin-induced phosphorylation modification characteristics of conserved PIN proteins in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123671. [PMID: 36801226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxin polar transport is an important way for auxin to exercise its function, and auxin plays an irreplaceable role in the rapid growth of Moso bamboo. We identified and performed the structural analysis of PIN-FORMED auxin efflux carriers in Moso bamboo and obtained a total of 23 PhePIN genes from five gene subfamilies. We also performed chromosome localization and intra- and inter-species synthesis analysis. Phylogenetic analyses of 216 PIN genes showed that PIN genes are relatively conserved in the evolution of the Bambusoideae and have undergone intra-family segment replication in Moso bamboo. The PIN genes' transcriptional patterns showed that the PIN1 subfamily plays a major regulatory role. PIN genes and auxin biosynthesis maintain a high degree of consistency in spatial and temporal distribution. Phosphoproteomics analysis identified many phosphorylated protein kinases that respond to auxin regulation through autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of PIN proteins. The protein interaction network showed that there is a plant hormone interaction regulatory network with PIN protein as the core. We provide a comprehensive PIN protein analysis that complements the auxin regulatory pathway in Moso bamboo and paves the way for further auxin regulatory studies in bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Bai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Dou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Xie
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China.
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8
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Carrillo‐Carrasco VP, Hernandez‐Garcia J, Mutte SK, Weijers D. The birth of a giant: evolutionary insights into the origin of auxin responses in plants. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113018. [PMID: 36786017 PMCID: PMC10015382 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant signaling molecule auxin is present in multiple kingdoms of life. Since its discovery, a century of research has been focused on its action as a phytohormone. In land plants, auxin regulates growth and development through transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are well understood, mainly in Arabidopsis. Recently, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data of green lineages, together with phylogenetic inference, has provided the basis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of some components involved in auxin biology. In this review, we follow the evolutionary trajectory that allowed auxin to become the "giant" of plant biology by focusing on bryophytes and streptophyte algae. We consider auxin biosynthesis, transport, physiological, and molecular responses, as well as evidence supporting the role of auxin as a chemical messenger for communication within ecosystems. Finally, we emphasize that functional validation of predicted orthologs will shed light on the conserved properties of auxin biology among streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth K Mutte
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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9
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Li L, Chen X. Auxin regulation on crop: from mechanisms to opportunities in soybean breeding. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:16. [PMID: 37313296 PMCID: PMC10248601 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breeding crop varieties with high yield and ideal plant architecture is a desirable goal of agricultural science. The success of "Green Revolution" in cereal crops provides opportunities to incorporate phytohormones in crop breeding. Auxin is a critical phytohormone to determine nearly all the aspects of plant development. Despite the current knowledge regarding auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and auxin signaling have been well characterized in model Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants, how auxin regulates crop architecture is far from being understood, and the introduction of auxin biology in crop breeding stays in the theoretical stage. Here, we give an overview on molecular mechanisms of auxin biology in Arabidopsis, and mainly summarize auxin contributions for crop plant development. Furthermore, we propose potential opportunities to integrate auxin biology in soybean (Glycine max) breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Li
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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10
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Gupta A, Bhardwaj M, Tran LSP. Integration of Auxin, Brassinosteroid and Cytokinin in the Regulation of Rice Yield. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1848-1856. [PMID: 36255097 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crop varieties with a high yield are most desirable in the present context of the ever-growing human population. Mostly, the yield traits are governed by a complex of numerous molecular and genetic facets modulated by various quantitative trait loci (QTLs). With the identification and molecular characterizations of yield-associated QTLs over recent years, the central role of phytohormones in regulating plant yield is becoming more apparent. Most often, different groups of phytohormones work in close association to orchestrate yield attributes. Understanding this cross talk would thus provide new venues for phytohormone pyramiding by editing a single gene or QTL(s) for yield improvement. Here, we review a few important findings to integrate the knowledge on the roles of auxin, brassinosteroid and cytokinin and how a single gene or a QTL could govern cross talk among multiple phytohormones to determine the yield traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Namgu, Pohang-si 37673, South Korea
| | - Mamta Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Hindu Girls College, Maharshi Dayanand University, Sonipat 131001, India
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, TX 79409, Vietnam
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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11
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Organ Patterning at the Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM): The Potential Role of the Vascular System. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin, which is transported in the outermost cell layer, is one of the major players involved in plant organ initiation and positioning at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). However, recent studies have recognized the role of putative internal signals as an important factor collaborating with the well-described superficial pathway of organogenesis regulation. Different internal signals have been proposed; however, their nature and transport route have not been precisely determined. Therefore, in this mini-review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the auxin-dependent regulation of organ positioning at the SAM and to discuss the vascular system as a potential route for internal signals. In addition, as regular organ patterning is a universal phenomenon, we focus on the role of the vasculature in this process in the major lineages of land plants, i.e., bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
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12
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Woudenberg S, Renema J, Tomescu AMF, De Rybel B, Weijers D. Deep origin and gradual evolution of transporting tissues: Perspectives from across the land plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:85-99. [PMID: 35904762 PMCID: PMC9434249 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of transporting tissues was an important innovation in terrestrial plants that allowed them to adapt to almost all nonaquatic environments. These tissues consist of water-conducting cells and food-conducting cells and bridge plant-soil and plant-air interfaces over long distances. The largest group of land plants, representing about 95% of all known plant species, is associated with morphologically complex transporting tissue in plants with a range of additional traits. Therefore, this entire clade was named tracheophytes, or vascular plants. However, some nonvascular plants possess conductive tissues that closely resemble vascular tissue in their organization, structure, and function. Recent molecular studies also point to a highly conserved toolbox of molecular regulators for transporting tissues. Here, we reflect on the distinguishing features of conductive and vascular tissues and their evolutionary history. Rather than sudden emergence of complex, vascular tissues, plant transporting tissues likely evolved gradually, building on pre-existing developmental mechanisms and genetic components. Improved knowledge of the intimate structure and developmental regulation of transporting tissues across the entire taxonomic breadth of extant plant lineages, combined with more comprehensive documentation of the fossil record of transporting tissues, is required for a full understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of transporting tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University–Humboldt, Arcata, California 95521, USA
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Li Y, He Y, Liu Z, Qin T, Wang L, Chen Z, Zhang B, Zhang H, Li H, Liu L, Zhang J, Yuan W. OsSPL14 acts upstream of OsPIN1b and PILS6b to modulate axillary bud outgrowth by fine-tuning auxin transport in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1167-1182. [PMID: 35765202 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a multigenic trait, rice tillering can optimize plant architecture for the maximum agronomic yield. SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE14 (OsSPL14) has been demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient to inhibit rice branching, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we demonstrated that OsSPL14, which is cleaved by miR529 and miR156, inhibits tillering by fine-tuning auxin transport in rice. RNA interference of OsSPL14 or miR529 and miR156 overexpression significantly increased the tiller number, whereas OsSPL14 overexpression decreased the tiller number. Histological analysis revealed that the OsSPL14-overexpressing line had normal initiation of axillary buds but inhibited outgrowth of tillers. Moreover, OsSPL14 was found to be responsive to indole-acetic acid and 1-naphthylphthalamic acid, and RNA interference of OsSPL14 reduced polar auxin transport and increased 1-naphthylphthalamic acid sensitivity of rice plants. Further analysis revealed that OsSPL14 directly binds to the promoter of PIN-FORMED 1b (OsPIN1b) and PIN-LIKE6b (PILS6b) to regulate their expression positively. OsPIN1b and PILS6b were highly expressed in axillary buds and proved involved in bud outgrowth. Loss of function of OsPIN1b or PILS6b increased the tiller number of rice. Taken together, our findings suggested that OsSPL14 could control axillary bud outgrowth and tiller number by activating the expression of OsPIN1b and PILS6b to fine-tune auxin transport in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yizhou He
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Tian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Biaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Haitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Wenya Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
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Nascimento LBDS, Tattini M. Beyond Photoprotection: The Multifarious Roles of Flavonoids in Plant Terrestrialization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5284. [PMID: 35563675 PMCID: PMC9101737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolved an impressive arsenal of multifunctional specialized metabolites to cope with the novel environmental pressures imposed by the terrestrial habitat when moving from water. Here we examine the multifarious roles of flavonoids in plant terrestrialization. We reason on the environmental drivers, other than the increase in UV-B radiation, that were mostly responsible for the rise of flavonoid metabolism and how flavonoids helped plants in land conquest. We are reasonably based on a nutrient-deficiency hypothesis for the replacement of mycosporine-like amino acids, typical of streptophytic algae, with the flavonoid metabolism during the water-to-land transition. We suggest that flavonoids modulated auxin transport and signaling and promoted the symbiosis between plants and fungi (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM), a central event for the conquest of land by plants. AM improved the ability of early plants to take up nutrients and water from highly impoverished soils. We offer evidence that flavonoids equipped early land plants with highly versatile "defense compounds", essential for the new set of abiotic and biotic stressors imposed by the terrestrial environment. We conclude that flavonoids have been multifunctional since the appearance of plants on land, not only acting as UV filters but especially improving both nutrient acquisition and biotic stress defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
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15
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Bogaert KA, Blomme J, Beeckman T, De Clerck O. Auxin's origin: do PILS hold the key? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:227-236. [PMID: 34716098 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of many developmental processes in land plants and plays a strikingly similar role in the phylogenetically distant brown seaweeds. Emerging evidence shows that the PIN and PIN-like (PILS) auxin transporter families have preceded the evolution of the canonical auxin response pathway. A wide conservation of PILS-mediated auxin transport, together with reports of auxin function in unicellular algae, would suggest that auxin function preceded the advent of multicellularity. We find that PIN and PILS transporters form two eukaryotic subfamilies within a larger bacterial family. We argue that future functional characterisation of algal PIN and PILS transporters can shed light on a common origin of an auxin function followed by independent co-option in a multicellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Arthur Bogaert
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jonas Blomme
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 72, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 72, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Naramoto S, Hata Y, Fujita T, Kyozuka J. The bryophytes Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha as model systems for studying evolutionary cell and developmental biology in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:228-246. [PMID: 34459922 PMCID: PMC8773975 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are nonvascular spore-forming plants. Unlike in flowering plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes dominates the sporophyte (diploid) generation. A comparison of bryophytes with flowering plants allows us to answer some fundamental questions raised in evolutionary cell and developmental biology. The moss Physcomitrium patens was the first bryophyte with a sequenced genome. Many cell and developmental studies have been conducted in this species using gene targeting by homologous recombination. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has recently emerged as an excellent model system with low genomic redundancy in most of its regulatory pathways. With the development of molecular genetic tools such as efficient genome editing, both P. patens and M. polymorpha have provided many valuable insights. Here, we review these advances with a special focus on polarity formation at the cell and tissue levels. We examine current knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of polarized cell elongation and cell division, including symmetric and asymmetric cell division. We also examine the role of polar auxin transport in mosses and liverworts. Finally, we discuss the future of evolutionary cell and developmental biological studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Hata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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17
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Ramalho JJ, Jones VAS, Mutte S, Weijers D. Pole position: How plant cells polarize along the axes. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:174-192. [PMID: 34338785 PMCID: PMC8774072 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Having a sense of direction is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine cell shape, division orientation, or function, and ultimately the formation of a functional, multicellular body. Cells acquire and integrate directional information by establishing discrete subcellular domains along an axis with distinct molecular profiles, a process known as cell polarization. Insight into the principles and mechanisms underlying cell polarity has been propelled by decades of extensive research mostly in yeast and animal models. Our understanding of cell polarity establishment in plants, which lack most of the regulatory molecules identified in other eukaryotes, is more limited, but significant progress has been made in recent years. In this review, we explore how plant cells coordinately establish stable polarity axes aligned with the organ axes, highlighting similarities in the molecular logic used to polarize both plant and animal cells. We propose a classification system for plant cell polarity events and nomenclature guidelines. Finally, we provide a deep phylogenetic analysis of polar proteins and discuss the evolution of polarity machineries in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Shymanovich T, Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Medina FJ, Kiss JZ. Spaceflight studies identify a gene encoding an intermediate filament involved in tropism pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:191-200. [PMID: 35007950 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We performed a series of experiments to study the interaction between phototropism and gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana as part of the Seedling Growth Project on the International Space Station. Red-light-based and blue-light-based phototropism were examined in microgravity and at 1g, a control that was produced by an on-board centrifuge. At the end of the experiments, seedlings were frozen and brought back to Earth for gene profiling studies via RNASeq methods. In this paper, we focus on five genes identified in these space studies by their differential expression in space: one involved in auxin transport and four others encoding genes for: a methyltransferase subunit, a transmembrane protein, a transcription factor for endodermis formation, and a cytoskeletal element (an intermediate filament protein). Time course studies using mutant strains of these five genes were performed for blue-light and red-light phototropism studies as well as for gravitropism assays on ground. Interestingly, all five of the genes had some effects on all the tropisms under the conditions studied. In addition, RT-PCR analyses examined expression of the five genes in wild-type seedlings during blue-light-based phototropism. Previous studies have supported a role of both microfilaments and microtubules in tropism pathways. However, the most interesting finding of the present space studies is that NFL, a gene encoding an intermediate filament protein, plays a role in phototropism and gravitropism, which opens the possibility that this cytoskeletal element modulates signal transduction in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Shymanovich
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Joshua P Vandenbrink
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Z Kiss
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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19
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Fang T, Motte H, Parizot B, Beeckman T. Early "Rootprints" of Plant Terrestrialization: Selaginella Root Development Sheds Light on Root Evolution in Vascular Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:735514. [PMID: 34671375 PMCID: PMC8521068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.735514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Roots provide multiple key functions for plants, including anchorage and capturing of water and nutrients. Evolutionarily, roots represent a crucial innovation that enabled plants to migrate from aquatic to terrestrial environment and to grow in height. Based on fossil evidence, roots evolved at least twice independently, once in the lycophyte clade and once in the euphyllophyte (ferns and seed plants) clade. In lycophytes, roots originated in a stepwise manner. Despite their pivotal position in root evolution, it remains unclear how root development is controlled in lycophytes. Getting more insight into lycophyte root development might shed light on how genetic players controlling the root meristem and root developmental processes have evolved. Unfortunately, genetic studies in lycophytes are lagging behind, lacking advanced biotechnological tools, partially caused by the limited economic value of this clade. The technology of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at least enabled transcriptome studies, which could enhance the understanding or discovery of genes involved in the root development of this sister group of euphyllophytes. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on root evolution followed by a survey of root developmental events and how these are genetically and hormonally controlled, starting from insights obtained in the model seed plant Arabidopsis and where possible making a comparison with lycophyte root development. Second, we suggest possible key genetic regulators in root development of lycophytes mainly based on their expression profiles in Selaginella moellendorffii and phylogenetics. Finally, we point out challenges and possible future directions for research on root evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Motte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boris Parizot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) Gene Family Reveals Role in Developmental and Various Stress Conditions in Triticum aestivum L. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147396. [PMID: 34299014 PMCID: PMC8303626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes play a crucial role in regulating polar auxin distribution in diverse developmental processes, including tropic responses, embryogenesis, tissue differentiation, and organogenesis. However, the role of PIN-mediated auxin transport in various plant species is poorly understood. Currently, no information is available about this gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present investigation, we identified the PIN gene family in wheat to understand the evolution of PIN-mediated auxin transport and its role in various developmental processes and under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In this study, we performed genome-wide analysis of the PIN gene family in common wheat and identified 44 TaPIN genes through a homology search, further characterizing them to understand their structure, function, and distribution across various tissues. Phylogenetic analyses led to the classification of TaPIN genes into seven different groups, providing evidence of an evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. A gene exon/intron structure analysis showed a distinct evolutionary path and predicted the possible gene duplication events. Further, the physical and biochemical properties, conserved motifs, chromosomal, subcellular localization, transmembrane domains, and three-dimensional (3D) structure were also examined using various computational approaches. Cis-elements analysis of TaPIN genes showed that TaPIN promoters consist of phytohormone, plant growth and development, and stress-related cis-elements. In addition, expression profile analysis also revealed that the expression patterns of the TaPIN genes were different in different tissues and developmental stages. Several members of the TaPIN family were induced during biotic and abiotic stress. Moreover, the expression patterns of TaPIN genes were verified by qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR results also show a similar expression with slight variation. Therefore, the outcome of this study provides basic genomic information on the expression of the TaPIN gene family and will pave the way for dissecting the precise role of TaPINs in plant developmental processes and different stress conditions.
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21
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Schwechheimer C, Yalovsky S, Žárský V. Auxin does not inhibit endocytosis of PIN1 and PIN2 auxin efflux carriers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:kiab132. [PMID: 33742679 PMCID: PMC8195515 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Geisler MM. A Retro-Perspective on Auxin Transport. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756968. [PMID: 34675956 PMCID: PMC8524130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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23
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Zhang X, Liu L, Wang H, Gu Z, Liu Y, Wang M, Wang M, Xu Y, Shi Q, Li G, Tong J, Xiao L, Wang ZY, Mysore KS, Wen J, Zhou C. MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 Play Dual Roles in Regulation of Shade Avoidance Response under Different Environments in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228742. [PMID: 33228084 PMCID: PMC7699406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar auxin transport mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is critical for plant growth and development. As an environmental cue, shade stimulates hypocotyls, petiole, and stem elongation by inducing auxin synthesis and asymmetric distributions, which is modulated by PIN3,4,7 in Arabidopsis. Here, we characterize the MtPIN1 and MtPIN3, which are the orthologs of PIN3,4,7, in model legume species Medicago truncatula. Under the low Red:Far-Red (R:FR) ratio light, the expression of MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 is induced, and shadeavoidance response is disrupted in mtpin1 mtpin3 double mutant, indicating that MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 have a conserved function in shade response. Surprisingly, under the normal growth condition, mtpin1 mtpin3 displayed the constitutive shade avoidance responses, such as the elongated petiole, smaller leaf, and increased auxin and chlorophyll content. Therefore, MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 play dual roles in regulation of shadeavoidance response under different environments. Furthermore, these data suggest that PIN3,4,7 and its orthologs have evolved conserved and specific functions among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zhiqun Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Minmin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qingbiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Q.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Q.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; (K.S.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Abstract
Auxin is an endogenous small molecule with an incredibly large impact on growth and development in plants. Movement of auxin between cells, due to its negative charge at most physiological pHs, strongly relies on families of active transporters. These proteins import auxin from the extracellular space or export it into the same. Mutations in these components have profound impacts on biological processes. Another transport route available to auxin, once the substance is inside the cell, are plasmodesmata connections. These small channels connect the cytoplasms of neighbouring plant cells and enable flow between them. Interestingly, the biological significance of this latter mode of transport is only recently starting to emerge with examples from roots, hypocotyls and leaves. The existence of two transport systems provides opportunities for reciprocal cross-regulation. Indeed, auxin levels influence proteins controlling plasmodesmata permeability, while cell-cell communication affects auxin biosynthesis and transport. In an evolutionary context, transporter driven cell-cell auxin movement and plasmodesmata seem to have evolved around the same time in the green lineage. This highlights a co-existence from early on and a likely functional specificity of the systems. Exploring more situations where auxin movement via plasmodesmata has relevance for plant growth and development, and clarifying the regulation of such transport, will be key aspects in coming years.This article has an associated Future Leader to Watch interview with the author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paterlini
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1 LR, UK
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25
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Abdollahi Sisi N, Růžička K. ER-Localized PIN Carriers: Regulators of Intracellular Auxin Homeostasis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111527. [PMID: 33182545 PMCID: PMC7697564 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The proper distribution of the hormone auxin is essential for plant development. It is channeled by auxin efflux carriers of the PIN family, typically asymmetrically located on the plasma membrane (PM). Several studies demonstrated that some PIN transporters are also located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). From the PM-PINs, they differ in a shorter internal hydrophilic loop, which carries the most important structural features required for their subcellular localization, but their biological role is otherwise relatively poorly known. We discuss how ER-PINs take part in maintaining intracellular auxin homeostasis, possibly by modulating the internal levels of IAA; it seems that the exact identity of the metabolites downstream of ER-PINs is not entirely clear as well. We further review the current knowledge about their predicted structure, evolution and localization. Finally, we also summarize their role in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyer Abdollahi Sisi
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Růžička
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-225-106-429
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26
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Zhang Y, Hartinger C, Wang X, Friml J. Directional auxin fluxes in plants by intramolecular domain-domain coevolution of PIN auxin transporters. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1406-1416. [PMID: 32350870 PMCID: PMC7496279 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis and adaptive tropic growth in plants depend on gradients of the phytohormone auxin, mediated by the membrane-based PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters. PINs localize to a particular side of the plasma membrane (PM) or to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to directionally transport auxin and maintain intercellular and intracellular auxin homeostasis, respectively. However, the molecular cues that confer their diverse cellular localizations remain largely unknown. In this study, we systematically swapped the domains between ER- and PM-localized PIN proteins, as well as between apical and basal PM-localized PINs from Arabidopsis thaliana, to shed light on why PIN family members with similar topological structures reside at different membrane compartments within cells. Our results show that not only do the N- and C-terminal transmembrane domains (TMDs) and central hydrophilic loop contribute to their differential subcellular localizations and cellular polarity, but that the pairwise-matched N- and C-terminal TMDs resulting from intramolecular domain-domain coevolution are also crucial for their divergent patterns of localization. These findings illustrate the complexity of the evolutionary path of PIN proteins in acquiring their plethora of developmental functions and adaptive growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Corinna Hartinger
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi’an710069China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburg3400Austria
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27
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Vosolsobě S, Skokan R, Petrášek J. The evolutionary origins of auxin transport: what we know and what we need to know. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3287-3295. [PMID: 32246155 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Auxin, represented by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), has for a long time been studied mainly with respect to the development of land plants, and recent evidence confirms that canonical nuclear auxin signaling is a land plant apomorphy. Increasing sequential and physiological data show that the presence of auxin transport machinery pre-dates the emergence of canonical signaling. In this review, we summarize the present state of knowledge regarding the origins of auxin transport in the green lineage (Viridiplantae), integrating both data from wet lab experiments and sequence evidence on the presence of PIN-FORMED (PIN), PIN-LIKES (PILS), and AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX1/LAX) homologs. We discuss a high divergence of auxin carrier homologs among algal lineages and emphasize the urgent need for the establishment of good molecular biology models from within the streptophyte green algae. We further postulate and discuss two hypotheses for the ancestral role of auxin in the green lineage. First, auxin was present as a by-product of cell metabolism and the evolution of its transport was stimulated by the need for IAA sequestration and cell detoxification. Second, auxin was primarily a signaling compound, possibly of bacterial origin, and its activity in the pre-plant green algae was a consequence of long-term co-existence with bacteria in shared ecological consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Skokan
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
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Perroud PF, Meyberg R, Demko V, Quatrano RS, Olsen OA, Rensing SA. DEK1 displays a strong subcellular polarity during Physcomitrella patens 3D growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1029-1041. [PMID: 31913503 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Defective Kernel 1 (DEK1) is genetically at the nexus of the 3D morphogenesis of land plants. We aimed to localize DEK1 in the moss Physcomitrella patens to decipher its function during this process. To detect DEK1 in vivo, we inserted the tdTomato fluorophore into PpDEK1 gene locus. Confocal microscopy coupled with the use of time-gating allowed the precise DEK1 subcellular localization during 3D morphogenesis. DEK1 localization displays a strong polarized signal, as it is restricted to the plasma membrane domain between recently divided cells during the early steps of 3D growth development as well as during the subsequent vegetative growth. The signal furthermore displays a clear developmental pattern because it is only detectable in recently divided and elongating cells. Additionally, DEK1 localization appears to be independent of its calpain domain proteolytic activity. The DEK1 polar subcellular distribution in 3D tissue developing cells defines a functional cellular framework to explain its role in this developmental phase. Also, the observation of DEK1 during spermatogenesis suggests another biological function for this protein in plants. Finally the DEK1-tagged strain generated here provides a biological platform upon which further investigations into 3D developmental processes can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Perroud
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Rabea Meyberg
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Viktor Demko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Ralph S Quatrano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Dr., Campus, Box 1137, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Odd-Arne Olsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, Aas, NO-1432, Norway
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79104, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, Marburg, 35043, Germany
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29
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Raggi S, Demes E, Liu S, Verger S, Robert S. Polar expedition: mechanisms for protein polar localization. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:134-140. [PMID: 31982289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Most cells show asymmetry in their shape or in the organization of their components that results in poles with different properties. This is a fundamental feature that participates in modulating the development of an organism and its responses to external stimuli. In plants, a number of proteins that are important for developmental and physiological processes have been shown to display polar localization. However, how these polarities are established, maintained, or dynamically modulated is still largely unclear for most of these proteins. In this review we report recent updates on the mechanisms of polar protein localization, focusing on a subset of these proteins that are the focus of current research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raggi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elsa Demes
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sijia Liu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
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Müller K, Hošek P, Laňková M, Vosolsobě S, Malínská K, Čarná M, Fílová M, Dobrev PI, Helusová M, Hoyerová K, Petrášek J. Transcription of specific auxin efflux and influx carriers drives auxin homeostasis in tobacco cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:627-640. [PMID: 31349380 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Auxin concentration gradients are informative for the transduction of many developmental cues, triggering downstream gene expression and other responses. The generation of auxin gradients depends significantly on cell-to-cell auxin transport, which is supported by the activities of auxin efflux and influx carriers. However, at the level of individual plant cell, the co-ordination of auxin efflux and influx largely remains uncharacterized. We addressed this issue by analyzing the contribution of canonical PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins to the carrier-mediated auxin efflux in Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Bright Yellow (BY-2) tobacco cells. We show here that a majority of canonical NtPINs are transcribed in cultured cells and in planta. Cloning of NtPIN genes and their inducible overexpression in tobacco cells uncovered high auxin efflux activity of NtPIN11, accompanied by auxin starvation symptoms. Auxin transport parameters after NtPIN11 overexpression were further assessed using radiolabelled auxin accumulation and mathematical modelling. Unexpectedly, these experiments showed notable stimulation of auxin influx, which was accompanied by enhanced transcript levels of genes for a specific auxin influx carrier and by decreased transcript levels of other genes for auxin efflux carriers. A similar transcriptional response was observed upon removal of auxin from the culture medium, which resulted in decreased auxin efflux. Overall, our results revealed an auxin transport-based homeostatic mechanism for the maintenance of endogenous auxin levels. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at http://osf.io/ka97b/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Müller
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Laňková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čarná
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Fílová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Helusová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Skokan R, Medvecká E, Viaene T, Vosolsobě S, Zwiewka M, Müller K, Skůpa P, Karady M, Zhang Y, Janacek DP, Hammes UZ, Ljung K, Nodzyński T, Petrášek J, Friml J. PIN-driven auxin transport emerged early in streptophyte evolution. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1114-1119. [PMID: 31712756 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN) transporters mediate directional, intercellular movement of the phytohormone auxin in land plants. To elucidate the evolutionary origins of this developmentally crucial mechanism, we analysed the single PIN homologue of a simple green alga Klebsormidium flaccidum. KfPIN functions as a plasma membrane-localized auxin exporter in land plants and heterologous models. While its role in algae remains unclear, PIN-driven auxin export is probably an ancient and conserved trait within streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Skokan
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Medvecká
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Viaene
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Müller
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skůpa
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Karady
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dorina P Janacek
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
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Guan L, Tayengwa R, Cheng ZM, Peer WA, Murphy AS, Zhao M. Auxin regulates adventitious root formation in tomato cuttings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:435. [PMID: 31638898 PMCID: PMC6802334 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adventitious root (AR) formation is a critical developmental process in cutting propagation for the horticultural industry. While auxin has been shown to regulate this process, the exact mechanism and details preceding AR formation remain unclear. Even though AR and lateral root (LR) formation share common developmental processes, there are exist some differences that need to be closely examined at the cytological level. Tomato stem cuttings, which readily form adventitious roots, represent the perfect system to study the influence of auxin on AR formation and to compare AR and LR organogenesis. RESULTS Here we show the progression by which AR form from founder cells in the basal pericycle cell layers in tomato stem cuttings. The first disordered clumps of cells assumed a dome shape that later differentiated into functional AR cell layers. Further growth resulted in emergence of mature AR through the epidermis following programmed cell death of epidermal cells. Auxin and ethylene levels increased in the basal stem cutting within 1 h. Tomato lines expressing the auxin response element DR5pro:YFP showed an increase in auxin distribution during the AR initiation phase, and was mainly concentrated in the meristematic cells of the developing AR. Treatment of stem cuttings with auxin, increased the number of AR primordia and the length of AR, while stem cuttings treated with the pre-emergent herbicide/auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) occasionally developed thick, agravitropic AR. Hormone profile analyses showed that auxin positively regulated AR formation, whereas perturbations to zeatin, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid homeostasis suggested minor roles during tomato stem rooting. The gene expression of specific auxin transporters increased during specific developmental phases of AR formation. CONCLUSION These data show that AR formation in tomato stems is a complex process. Upon perception of a wounding stimulus, expression of auxin transporter genes and accumulation of auxin at founder cell initiation sites in pericycle cell layers and later in the meristematic cells of the AR primordia were observed. A clear understanding and documentation of these events in tomato is critical to resolve AR formation in recalcitrant species like hardwoods and improve stem cutting propagation efficiency and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guan
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Reuben Tayengwa
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zongming Max Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Wendy Ann Peer
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Agriculture Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Agriculture Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mizhen Zhao
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Zou Y, Zhang X, Tan Y, Huang JB, Zheng Z, Tao LZ. Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1 contributes to maintenance of root apical meristem by affecting ROS and auxin-regulated cell differentiation in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:258-273. [PMID: 31246280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth of roots requires the balance between cell division and differentiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and auxin are important regulators of root development by affecting cell division and differentiation. The mechanism controlling the coordination of cell division and differentiation is not well understood. Using a forward genetic screen, we isolated a mutant, defective primary root 2 (dpr2), defective in root apical meristem (RAM) maintenance. The DPR2 gene encodes phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1 (PEAMT1) that catalyzes phosphocholine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. We characterized the primary root phenotypes of dpr2 using various marker lines, using histochemical and pharmacological analysis to probe early root development. Loss-of-function of DPR2/PEAMT1 resulted in RAM consumption by affecting root stem cell niche, division zone, elongation and differentiation zone (EDZ). PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein abundance, PIN2 polar distribution and general endocytosis were impaired in the root tip of dpr2. Excess hydrogen peroxide and auxin accumulate in the EDZ of dpr2, leading to RAM consumption by accelerating cell differentiation. Suppression of ROS over-accumulation or inhibition of auxin signalling partially prevent RAM differentiation in dpr2 after choline starvation. Taken together, we conclude that the EDZ of the root tip is most sensitive to choline shortage, leading to RAM consumption through an ROS-auxin regulation module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yunyi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jia-Bao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhiqiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Pérez-Pérez Y, El-Tantawy AA, Solís MT, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis Requires Endogenous Auxin Synthesis and Polar Transport in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1200. [PMID: 31611902 PMCID: PMC6776631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced microspore embryogenesis is a model in vitro system of cell reprogramming, totipotency acquisition, and embryo development. After induction, responsive microspores abandon their developmental program to follow an embryogenic pathway, leading to in vitro embryo formation. This process is widely used to produce doubled-haploid lines, essential players to create new materials in modern breeding programs, particularly in cereals, although its efficiency is still low in many crop species, because the regulating mechanisms are still elusive. Stress signaling and endogenous hormones, mainly auxin, have been proposed as determinant factors of microspore embryogenesis induction in some eudicot species; however, much less information is available in monocot plants. In this study, we have analyzed the dynamics and possible role of endogenous auxin during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in the monocot Hordeum vulgare, barley. The results showed auxin accumulation in early proembryo cells, from embryogenesis initiation and a further increase with embryo development and differentiation, correlating with the induction and expression pattern of the auxin biosynthesis gene HvTAR2-like. Pharmacological treatments with kynurenine, inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis, and α-(p-chlorophenoxy)-isobutyric acid (PCIB), auxin antagonist, impaired embryogenesis initiation and development, indicating that de novo auxin synthesis and its activity were required for the process. Efflux carrier gene HvPIN1-like was also induced with embryogenesis initiation and progression; auxin transport inhibition by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid significantly reduced embryo development at early and advanced stages. The results indicate activation of auxin biosynthesis with microspore embryogenesis initiation and progression, in parallel with the activation of polar auxin transport, and reveal a central role of auxin in the process in a monocot species. The findings give new insights into the complex regulation of stress-induced microspore embryogenesis, particularly in monocot plants for which information is still scarce, and suggest that manipulation of endogenous auxin content could be a target to improve in vitro embryo production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Fang T, Motte H, Parizot B, Beeckman T. Root Branching Is Not Induced by Auxins in Selaginella moellendorffii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:154. [PMID: 30842783 PMCID: PMC6391681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms develop intensively branched root systems that are accommodated with the high capacity to produce plenty of new lateral roots throughout their life-span. Root branching can be dynamically regulated in response to edaphic conditions and provides the plants with a soil-mining potential. This highly specialized branching capacity has most likely been key in the colonization success of the present flowering plants on our planet. The initiation, formation and outgrowth of branching roots in Angiosperms are dominated by the plant hormone auxin. Upon auxin treatment root branching through the formation of lateral roots can easily be induced. In this study, we questioned whether this strong branching-inducing action of auxin is part of a conserved mechanism that was already active in the earliest diverging lineage of vascular plants with roots. In Selaginella, an extant representative species of this early clade of root forming plants, components of the canonical auxin signaling pathway are retrieved in its genome. Although we observed a clear physiological response and an indirect effect on root branching, we were not able to directly induce root branching in this species by application of different auxins. We conclude that the structural and developmental difference of the Selaginella root, which branches via bifurcation of the root meristem, or the absence of an auxin-mediated root development program, is most likely causative for the absence of an auxin-induced branching mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Motte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boris Parizot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Zhou JJ, Luo J. The PIN-FORMED Auxin Efflux Carriers in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2759. [PMID: 30223430 PMCID: PMC6164769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell determination and division, as well as tropic responses. These processes are finely coordinated by the auxin, which requires the polar distribution of auxin within tissues and cells. The intercellular directionality of auxin flow is closely related to the asymmetric subcellular location of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters. All PIN proteins have a conserved structure with a central hydrophilic loop domain, which harbors several phosphosites targeted by a set of protein kinases. The activities of PIN proteins are finely regulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli at multiple layers-including transcriptional and epigenetic levels, post-transcriptional modifications, subcellular trafficking, as well as PINs' recycling and turnover-to facilitate the developmental processes in an auxin gradient-dependent manner. Here, the recent advances in the structure, evolution, regulation and functions of PIN proteins in plants will be discussed. The information provided by this review will shed new light on the asymmetric auxin-distribution-dependent development processes mediated by PIN transporters in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Nishiyama T, Sakayama H, de Vries J, Buschmann H, Saint-Marcoux D, Ullrich KK, Haas FB, Vanderstraeten L, Becker D, Lang D, Vosolsobě S, Rombauts S, Wilhelmsson PK, Janitza P, Kern R, Heyl A, Rümpler F, Villalobos LIAC, Clay JM, Skokan R, Toyoda A, Suzuki Y, Kagoshima H, Schijlen E, Tajeshwar N, Catarino B, Hetherington AJ, Saltykova A, Bonnot C, Breuninger H, Symeonidi A, Radhakrishnan GV, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Chang C, Karol KG, Hedrich R, Ulvskov P, Glöckner G, Delwiche CF, Petrášek J, Van de Peer Y, Friml J, Beilby M, Dolan L, Kohara Y, Sugano S, Fujiyama A, Delaux PM, Quint M, Theißen G, Hagemann M, Harholt J, Dunand C, Zachgo S, Langdale J, Maumus F, Van Der Straeten D, Gould SB, Rensing SA. The Chara Genome: Secondary Complexity and Implications for Plant Terrestrialization. Cell 2018; 174:448-464.e24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Sánchez-García AB, Ibáñez S, Cano A, Acosta M, Pérez-Pérez JM. A comprehensive phylogeny of auxin homeostasis genes involved in adventitious root formation in carnation stem cuttings. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196663. [PMID: 29709027 PMCID: PMC5927418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional basis of auxin homeostasis requires knowledge about auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and auxin catabolism genes, which is not always directly available despite the recent whole-genome sequencing of many plant species. Through sequence homology searches and phylogenetic analyses on a selection of 11 plant species with high-quality genome annotation, we identified the putative gene homologs involved in auxin biosynthesis, auxin catabolism and auxin transport pathways in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). To deepen our knowledge of the regulatory events underlying auxin-mediated adventitious root formation in carnation stem cuttings, we used RNA-sequencing data to confirm the expression profiles of some auxin homeostasis genes during the rooting of two carnation cultivars with different rooting behaviors. We also confirmed the presence of several auxin-related metabolites in the stem cutting tissues. Our findings offer a comprehensive overview of auxin homeostasis genes in carnation and provide a solid foundation for further experiments investigating the role of auxin homeostasis in the regulation of adventitious root formation in carnation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Saravana Kumar RM, Gao LX, Yuan HW, Xu DB, Liang Z, Tao SC, Guo WB, Yan DL, Zheng BS, Edqvist J. Auxin enhances grafting success in Carya cathayensis (Chinese hickory). PLANTA 2018; 247:761-772. [PMID: 29214445 PMCID: PMC5809526 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Application of auxin to root stock and scion increases the success rate of grafting in Chinese hickory. The nuts of the Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis) tree are considered both delicious and healthy. The popularity and high demand result is that the hickory nuts are of very high economical value for horticulture. This is particularly true for the Zhejiang province in eastern China where this tree is widely cultivated. However, there are several difficulties surrounding the hickory cultivation, such as for example long vegetative growth, tall trees, labour-intensive nut picking, and slow variety improvements. These complications form a great bottleneck in the expansion of the hickory industry. The development of an efficient grafting procedure could surpass at least some of these problems. In this study, we demonstrate that application of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid promotes the grafting process in hickory, whereas application of the auxin transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid inhibits the grafting process. Furthermore, we have identified hickory genes in the PIN, ABCB, and AUX/LAX-families known to encode influx and efflux carriers in the polar transport of auxin. We show that increased expression of several of these genes, such as CcPIN1b and CcLAX3, is correlating with successful grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Saravana Kumar
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A and F University, Linan, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liu Xiao Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zinjingang campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hu Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A and F University, Linan, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A and F University, Linan, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A and F University, Linan, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shen Chen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A and F University, Linan, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A and F University, Linan, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dao Liang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A and F University, Linan, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Song Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A and F University, Linan, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Johan Edqvist
- IFM, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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Raven JA. Evolution and palaeophysiology of the vascular system and other means of long-distance transport. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20160497. [PMID: 29254962 PMCID: PMC5745333 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolithotrophic growth on land using atmospheric CO2 inevitably involves H2O vapour loss. Embryophytes greater than or equal to 100 mm tall are homoiohydric and endohydric with mass flow of aqueous solution through the xylem in tracheophytes. Structural details in Rhynie sporophytes enable modelling of the hydraulics of H2O supply to the transpiring surface, and the potential for gas exchange with the Devonian atmosphere. Xylem carrying H2O under tension involves programmed cell death, rigid cell walls and embolism repair; fossils provide little evidence on these functions other than the presence of lignin. The phenylalanine ammonia lyase essential for lignin synthesis came from horizontal gene transfer. Rhynie plants lack endodermes, limiting regulation of the supply of soil nutrients to shoots. The transfer of organic solutes from photosynthetic sites to growing and storage tissues involves mass flow through phloem in extant tracheophytes. Rhynie plants show little evidence of phloem; possible alternatives for transport of organic solutes are discussed. Extant examples of the arbuscular mycorrhizas found in Rhynie plants exchange soil-derived nutrients (especially P) for plant-derived organic matter, involving bidirectional mass flow along the hyphae. The aquatic cyanobacteria and the charalean Palaeonitella at Rhynie also have long-distance (relative to the size of the organism) transport.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang R, Zhao Y. Recent advances in auxin research in rice and their implications for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:255-263. [PMID: 28992208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is essential for various aspects of plant development, and modulation of auxin pathways has great potential for crop improvement. Although the current understanding of auxin biology including auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling mainly originated from studies in Arabidopsis, several key auxin genes were first discovered in rice, indicating that it is useful to employ several plant systems for auxin research. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in auxin biology in rice, highlight the main contributions of rice research to auxin biology, and discuss the potential for crop improvement through modulating auxin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Rongchen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yunde Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, USA
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42
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Lora J, Herrero M, Tucker MR, Hormaza JI. The transition from somatic to germline identity shows conserved and specialized features during angiosperm evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:495-509. [PMID: 27878998 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
How and why specific plant cells adopt germline identity during ovule development has proved challenging to address, and the pathways that are active in the ovules of basal/early-divergent angiosperms possessing a multilayered nucellus are still unclear. Here, we compare megasporogenesis between two early-divergent angiosperms (Annona cherimola and Persea americana) and the evolutionarily derived Arabidopsis thaliana, studying the three-dimensional spatial position of the megaspore mother cell (MMC), the compositional details of the MMC wall and the location of PIN1 expression. Specific wall polymers distinguished the central position of the MMC and its meiotic products from surrounding tissues in early-divergent angiosperms, whereas, in A. thaliana, only callose (in mature MMCs) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) (in megaspores) distinguished the germline. However, PIN1 expression, which regulates polar auxin transport, was observed around the MMC in the single-layer nucellus of A. thaliana and in the multilayered nucellus of A. cherimola, or close to the MMC in P. americana. The data reveal a similar microenvironment in relation to auxin during megasporogenesis in all three species. However, the different wall polymers that mark MMC fate in early-divergent angiosperms may reflect a specific response to mechanical stress during differentiation, or the specific recruitment of polymers to sustain MMC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lora
- Department of Subtropical Fruits, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Herrero
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental Aula Dei, CSIC, Apdo. 13034, Zaragoza, 50080, Spain
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - José I Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Fruits, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
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43
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Bielach A, Hrtyan M, Tognetti VB. Plants under Stress: Involvement of Auxin and Cytokinin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1427. [PMID: 28677656 PMCID: PMC5535918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development are critically influenced by unpredictable abiotic factors. To survive fluctuating changes in their environments, plants have had to develop robust adaptive mechanisms. The dynamic and complementary actions of the auxin and cytokinin pathways regulate a plethora of developmental processes, and their ability to crosstalk makes them ideal candidates for mediating stress-adaptation responses. Other crucial signaling molecules responsible for the tremendous plasticity observed in plant morphology and in response to abiotic stress are reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proper temporal and spatial distribution of ROS and hormone gradients is crucial for plant survival in response to unfavorable environments. In this regard, the convergence of ROS with phytohormone pathways acts as an integrator of external and developmental signals into systemic responses organized to adapt plants to their environments. Auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways have been studied extensively. Nevertheless, we do not yet understand the impact on plant stress tolerance of the sophisticated crosstalk between the two hormones. Here, we review current knowledge on the function of auxin and cytokinin in redirecting growth induced by abiotic stress in order to deduce their potential points of crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Liu Y, Wei H. Genome-wide identification and evolution of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) gene family in Glycine max. Genome 2017; 60:564-571. [PMID: 28314115 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crop plants. Wild and cultivated soybean varieties have significant differences worth further investigation, such as plant morphology, seed size, and seed coat development; these characters may be related to auxin biology. The PIN gene family encodes essential transport proteins in cell-to-cell auxin transport, but little research on soybean PIN genes (GmPIN genes) has been done, especially with respect to the evolution and differences between wild and cultivated soybean. In this study, we retrieved 23 GmPIN genes from the latest updated G. max genome database; six GmPIN protein sequences were changed compared with the previous database. Based on the Plant Genome Duplication Database, 18 GmPIN genes have been involved in segment duplication. Three pairs of GmPIN genes arose after the second soybean genome duplication, and six occurred after the first genome duplication. The duplicated GmPIN genes retained similar expression patterns. All the duplicated GmPIN genes experienced purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1) to prevent accumulation of non-synonymous mutations and thus remained more similar. In addition, we also focused on the artificial selection of the soybean PIN genes. Five artificially selected GmPIN genes were identified by comparing the genome sequence of 17 wild and 14 cultivated soybean varieties. Our research provides useful and comprehensive basic information for understanding GmPIN genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Haichao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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Xie X, Qin G, Si P, Luo Z, Gao J, Chen X, Zhang J, Wei P, Xia Q, Lin F, Yang J. Analysis of Nicotiana tabacum PIN genes identifies NtPIN4 as a key regulator of axillary bud growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:222-239. [PMID: 28128458 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux proteins have been well characterized in many plant species, where they are crucial in the regulation of auxin transport in various aspects of plant development. However, little is known about the exact roles of the PIN genes during plant development in Nicotiana species. This study investigated the PIN genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and in two ancestral species (Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tomentosiformis). Genome-wide analysis of the N. tabacum genome identified 20 genes of the PIN family. An in-depth phylogenetic analysis of the PIN genes of N. tabacum, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis was conducted. NtPIN4 expression was strongly induced by the application of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but was downregulated by the application of ABA, a strigolactone analogue, and cytokinin, as well as by decapitation treatments, suggesting that the NtPIN4 expression level is likely positively regulated by auxin. Expression analysis indicated that NtPIN4 was highly expressed in tobacco stems and shoots, which was further validated through analysis of the activity of the NtPIN4 promoter. We used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to generate mutants for NtPIN4 and observed that both T0 and T1 plants had a significantly increased axillary bud growth phenotype, as compared with the wild-type plants. Therefore, NtPIN4 offers an opportunity for studying auxin-dependent branching processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xie
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- College of Physical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangyong Qin
- College of Physical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ping Si
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Zhaopeng Luo
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Junping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xia Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pan Wei
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Jásik J, Bokor B, Stuchlík S, Mičieta K, Turňa J, Schmelzer E. Effects of Auxins on PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) Dynamics Are Not Mediated by Inhibiting PIN2 Endocytosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1019-1031. [PMID: 27506239 PMCID: PMC5047079 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
By using the photoconvertible fluorescence protein Dendra2 as a tag we demonstrated that neither the naturally occurring auxins indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid, nor the synthetic auxin analogs 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid nor compounds inhibiting polar auxin transport such as 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid, were able to inhibit endocytosis of the putative auxin transporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root epidermis cells. All compounds, except Indole-3-butyric acid, repressed the recovery of the PIN2-Dendra2 plasma membrane pool after photoconversion when they were used in high concentrations. The synthetic auxin analogs 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid showed the strongest inhibition. Auxins and auxin transport inhibitors suppressed also the accumulation of both newly synthesized and endocytotic PIN2 pools in Brefeldin A compartments (BFACs). Furthermore, we demonstrated that all compounds are also interfering with BFAC formation. The synthetic auxin analogs caused the highest reduction in the number and size of BFACs. We concluded that auxins and inhibitors of auxin transport do affect PIN2 turnover in the cells, but it is through the synthetic rather than the endocytotic pathway. The study also confirmed inappropriateness of the BFA-based approach to study PIN2 endocytosis because the majority of PIN2 accumulating in BFACs is newly synthesized and not derived from the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Jásik
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia (J.J., B.B., S.S., K.M., J.T.); Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava (J.J.); Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia (S.S., J.T.); Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia (K.M.); and Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 508 29 Cologne, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Boris Bokor
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia (J.J., B.B., S.S., K.M., J.T.); Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava (J.J.); Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia (S.S., J.T.); Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia (K.M.); and Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 508 29 Cologne, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Stanislav Stuchlík
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia (J.J., B.B., S.S., K.M., J.T.); Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava (J.J.); Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia (S.S., J.T.); Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia (K.M.); and Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 508 29 Cologne, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Karol Mičieta
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia (J.J., B.B., S.S., K.M., J.T.); Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava (J.J.); Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia (S.S., J.T.); Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia (K.M.); and Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 508 29 Cologne, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Ján Turňa
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia (J.J., B.B., S.S., K.M., J.T.); Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava (J.J.); Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia (S.S., J.T.); Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia (K.M.); and Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 508 29 Cologne, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Elmon Schmelzer
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia (J.J., B.B., S.S., K.M., J.T.); Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava (J.J.); Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia (S.S., J.T.); Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia (K.M.); and Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 508 29 Cologne, Germany (E.S.)
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Yamazaki C, Fujii N, Miyazawa Y, Kamada M, Kasahara H, Osada I, Shimazu T, Fusejima Y, Higashibata A, Yamazaki T, Ishioka N, Takahashi H. The gravity-induced re-localization of auxin efflux carrier CsPIN1 in cucumber seedlings: spaceflight experiments for immunohistochemical microscopy. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16030. [PMID: 28725738 PMCID: PMC5515524 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reorientation of cucumber seedlings induces re-localization of CsPIN1 auxin efflux carriers in endodermal cells of the transition zone between hypocotyl and roots. This study examined whether the re-localization of CsPIN1 was due to the graviresponse. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that, when cucumber seedlings were grown entirely under microgravity conditions in space, CsPIN1 in endodermal cells was mainly localized to the cell side parallel to the minor axis of the elliptic cross-section of the transition zone. However, when cucumber seeds were germinated in microgravity for 24 h and then exposed to 1g centrifugation in a direction crosswise to the seedling axis for 2 h in space, CsPIN1 was re-localized to the bottom of endodermal cells of the transition zone. These results reveal that the localization of CsPIN1 in endodermal cells changes in response to gravity. Furthermore, our results suggest that the endodermal cell layer becomes a canal by which auxin is laterally transported from the upper to the lower flank in response to gravity. The graviresponse-regulated re-localization of CsPIN1 could be responsible for the decrease in auxin level, and thus for the suppression of peg formation, on the upper side of the transition zone in horizontally placed seedlings of cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Science and Applications, Japan Space Forum, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Motoshi Kamada
- Future Development Division, Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasahara
- ISS Utilization and Operation Department, Japan Manned Space Systems Co., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Osada
- ISS Utilization and Operation Department, Japan Manned Space Systems Co., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Shimazu
- Department of Science and Applications, Japan Space Forum, Tokyo, Japan.,JEM Utilization Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Fusejima
- Department of Science and Applications, Japan Space Forum, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Higashibata
- JEM Utilization Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Noriaki Ishioka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
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48
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Estelle M. Moss tasiRNAs Make the Auxin Network Robust. Dev Cell 2016; 36:241-2. [PMID: 26859346 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The TAS3 tasiRNA pathway has been coopted to regulate diverse developmental processes in plants. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Plavskin et al. (2016) explore the role of the pathway in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Their results suggest that frequent cooption may be related to unique qualities of tasiRNA-mediated regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Estelle
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 90223-0116, USA.
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Żabka A, Polit JT, Winnicki K, Paciorek P, Juszczak J, Nowak M, Maszewski J. PIN2-like proteins may contribute to the regulation of morphogenetic processes during spermatogenesis in Chara vulgaris. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1655-69. [PMID: 27068826 PMCID: PMC4943976 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE PIN2-like auxin transporters are expressed, preferentially in a polarized manner, in antheridial cells of freshwater green alga Chara vulgaris , considered to be the closest relative of the present-day land plants. Chara vulgaris represents a group of advanced multicellular green algae that are considered as the closest relatives of the present-day land plants. A highly specialized structure of its male sex organs (antheridia) includes filaments consisting of generative cells, which after a series of synchronous divisions transform into mature sperm, and non-generative cells comprising outer shield cells, cylindrical manubria, and central complex of capitular cells from which antheridial filaments arise. Immunofluorescence observations indicate that PIN2-like proteins (PIN2-LPs), recognized by antibodies against PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) auxin transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana, are expressed in both types of antheridial cells and, in most of them, preferentially accumulate in a polarized manner. The appearance of PIN2-LPs in germ-line cells is strictly confined to the proliferative period of spermatogenesis and their quantities increase steadily till antheridial filaments reach the 16-celled stage. An enhanced level of PIN2-LPs observed in the central cell walls separating two asynchronously developing parts of antheridial filaments (characterized by the plugged plasmodesmata) is correlated with an enhanced deposition of callose. Intense PIN2-LPs immunofluorescence maintained in the capitular cells and its altering polarity in manubria suggest a pivotal role of these cells in the regulation of auxin transport directionality during the whole time of antheridial ontogenesis. Immunohistochemical staining of IAA revealed a clear-cut correspondence between localization sites of auxins and PIN2-LPs. It seems probable then that a supplementary developmental mechanism has evolved in Chara, by which all antheridial elements may be integrated at the supra-cellular level via plasma membrane-targeted PIN2-LPs and auxin-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Żabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Teresa Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Paciorek
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Juszczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Nowak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Maszewski
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Armengot L, Marquès-Bueno MM, Jaillais Y. Regulation of polar auxin transport by protein and lipid kinases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4015-4037. [PMID: 27242371 PMCID: PMC4968656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The directional transport of auxin, known as polar auxin transport (PAT), allows asymmetric distribution of this hormone in different cells and tissues. This system creates local auxin maxima, minima, and gradients that are instrumental in both organ initiation and shape determination. As such, PAT is crucial for all aspects of plant development but also for environmental interaction, notably in shaping plant architecture to its environment. Cell to cell auxin transport is mediated by a network of auxin carriers that are regulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Here we review our current knowledge on some aspects of the 'non-genomic' regulation of auxin transport, placing an emphasis on how phosphorylation by protein and lipid kinases controls the polarity, intracellular trafficking, stability, and activity of auxin carriers. We describe the role of several AGC kinases, including PINOID, D6PK, and the blue light photoreceptor phot1, in phosphorylating auxin carriers from the PIN and ABCB families. We also highlight the function of some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and two-component histidine kinase receptors in PAT, noting that there are probably RLKs involved in co-ordinating auxin distribution yet to be discovered. In addition, we describe the emerging role of phospholipid phosphorylation in polarity establishment and intracellular trafficking of PIN proteins. We outline these various phosphorylation mechanisms in the context of primary and lateral root development, leaf cell shape acquisition, as well as root gravitropism and shoot phototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
- Correspondence to:
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