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Song DC, Lee JH, Yun W, Chang SY, Park SH, Jeon KH, Kim H, Cho JH. Effects of Stocking Density and Illuminance in Lairage of Fattening Pigs in Different Temperatures. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2145. [PMID: 39123671 PMCID: PMC11311090 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of lairage conditions on the welfare and meat quality of pigs during lairage periods. A total of 3070 finishing pigs were assigned to one of six groups arranged in two trials in a 2 × 3 factorial design according to the illuminance (under 40 lux (LX), over 40 lux (HX)) and stocking density (low density (LD), higher than 0.83 m2/100 kg; normal density (ND), 0.50-0.83 m2/100 kg; high density (HD), lower than 0.50 m2/100 kg) with high temperature (HT), higher than 24 °C; low temperature (LT), lower than 10 °C. Pigs stocked with HD showed lower aggression behavior and overlap behavior than those stocked with LD at LT. Pigs stocked with HD showed higher standing, sitting, and aggression behavior than those stocked with LD at HT. Pigs stocked with HD showed higher pH than those stocked with LD at LT. At HT, pigs stocked with LD showed higher pH, WHC, DL, and CL than those stocked with HD. At LT, pigs stocked with LD showed higher cortisol levels than those stocked with HD. However, pigs stocked with LD showed lower cortisol levels than those stocked with HD at HT. Based on the obtained results, stocking of too-high (lower than 0.50 m2/100 kg) density at HT and stocking of too-low (higher than 0.83 m2/100 kg) density at LT are generally not good for meat quality and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.-C.S.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.-H.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Ji-Hwan Lee
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea;
| | - Won Yun
- Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34379, Republic of Korea;
| | - Se-Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.-C.S.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.-H.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Se-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.-C.S.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.-H.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Kyeong-Ho Jeon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.-C.S.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.-H.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Hyuck Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.-C.S.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.-H.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Jin-Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.-C.S.); (S.-Y.C.); (K.-H.J.); (H.K.)
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Colditz IG, Campbell DLM, Ingham AB, Lee C. Review: Environmental enrichment builds functional capacity and improves resilience as an aspect of positive welfare in production animals. Animal 2024; 18:101173. [PMID: 38761442 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of the animal in coping with challenges, and in harnessing opportunities to thrive, is central to its welfare. Functional capacity describes the capacity of molecules, cells, organs, body systems, the whole animal, and its community to buffer against the impacts of environmental perturbations. This buffering capacity determines the ability of the animal to maintain or regain functions in the face of environmental perturbations, which is recognised as resilience. The accuracy of physiological regulation and the maintenance of homeostatic balance underwrite the dynamic stability of outcomes such as biorhythms, feed intake, growth, milk yield, and egg production justifying their assessment as indicators of resilience. This narrative review examines the influence of environmental enrichments, especially during developmental stages in young animals, in building functional capacity and in its subsequent expression as resilience. Experience of enriched environments can build skills and competencies across multiple functional domains including but not limited to behaviour, immunity, and metabolism thereby increasing functional capacity and facilitating resilience within the context of challenges such as husbandry practices, social change, and infection. A quantitative method for measuring the distributed property of functional capacity may improve its assessment. Methods for analysing embedded energy (emergy) in ecosystems may have utility for this goal. We suggest functional capacity provides the common thread that links environmental enrichments with an ability to express resilience and may provide a novel and useful framework for measuring and reporting resilience. We conclude that the development of functional capacity and its subsequent expression as resilience is an aspect of positive animal welfare. The emergence of resilience from system dynamics highlights a need to shift from the study of physical and mental states to the study of physical and mental dynamics to describe the positive dimension of animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Colditz
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - D L M Campbell
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - A B Ingham
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - C Lee
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
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Hu Q, Zhang T, He H, Pu F, Zhang R, Li L, Hu J, Bai L, Han C, Wang J, Liu H. Impacts of longitudinal water curtain cooling system on transcriptome-related immunity in ducks. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:333. [PMID: 38570739 PMCID: PMC10988813 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The closed poultry houses integrated with a longitudinal water curtain cooling system (LWCCS) are widely used in modern poultry production. This study showed the variations in environmental conditions in closed houses integrated with a longitudinal water curtain cooling system. We evaluated the influence of different environmental conditions on duck growth performance and the transcriptome changes of immune organs, including the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen. RESULT This study investigated the slaughter indicators and immune organ transcriptomes of 52-day-old Cherry Valley ducks by analyzing the LWCC at different locations (water curtain end, middle position, and fan cooling end). The results showed that the cooling effect of the LWCCS was more evident from 10:00 a.m. -14:00. And from the water curtain end to the fan cooling end, the hourly average temperature differently decreased by 0.310℃, 0.450℃, 0.480℃, 0.520℃, and 0.410℃, respectively (P < 0.05). The daily and hourly average relative humidity decreased from the water curtain end to the fan cooling end, dropping by 7.500% and 8.200%, respectively (P < 0.01). We also observed differences in production performance, such as dressing weight, half-eviscerated weight, skin fat rate, and percentage of abdominal fat (P < 0.01), which may have been caused by environmental conditions. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed 211 and 279 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the ducks' bursa of Fabricius and spleen compared between the water curtain end and fan cooling end, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the two organs showed the DEGs were mainly enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, integral component of membrane, Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) signaling pathway, etc. Our results implied that full-closed poultry houses integrated with LWCCS could potentially alter micro-environments (water curtain vs. fan cooling), resulting in ducks experiencing various stressful situations that eventually affect their immunity and production performance. CONCLUSION In this study, our results indicated that uneven distributions of longitudinal environmental factors caused by LWCCS would affect the dressed weight, breast muscle weight, skin fat rate, and other product performance. Moreover, the expression of immune-related genes in the spleen and bursa of ducks could be affected by the LWCCS. This provides a new reference to optimize the use of LWCCS in conjunction with close duck houses in practical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hua He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Fajun Pu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lili Bai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Chunchun Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 611130, Chengdu, Wenjiang District, Sichuan, P.R. China.
- National Key Laboratory for Swine and Poultry Breeding, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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Natusch D, Aust PW, Caraguel C, Taggart PL, Ngo VT, Alexander GJ, Shine R, Coulson T. Python farming as a flexible and efficient form of agricultural food security. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5419. [PMID: 38485710 PMCID: PMC10940618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Diminishing natural resources and increasing climatic volatility are impacting agri-food systems, prompting the need for sustainable and resilient alternatives. Python farming is well established in Asia but has received little attention from mainstream agricultural scientists. We measured growth rates in two species of large pythons (Malayopython reticulatus and Python bivittatus) in farms in Thailand and Vietnam and conducted feeding experiments to examine production efficiencies. Pythons grew rapidly over a 12-month period, and females grew faster than males. Food intake and growth rates early in life were strong predictors of total lifetime growth, with daily mass increments ranging from 0.24 to 19.7 g/day for M. reticulatus and 0.24 to 42.6 g/day for P. bivittatus, depending on food intake. Pythons that fasted for up to 4.2 months lost an average of 0.004% of their body mass per day, and resumed rapid growth as soon as feeding recommenced. Mean food conversion rate for dressed carcasses was 4.1%, with useable products (dressed carcass, skin, fat, gall bladder) comprising 82% of the mass of live animals. In terms of food and protein conversion ratios, pythons outperform all mainstream agricultural species studied to date. The ability of fasting pythons to regulate metabolic processes and maintain body condition enhances food security in volatile environments, suggesting that python farming may offer a flexible and efficient response to global food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Natusch
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - P W Aust
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C Caraguel
- School of Animal & Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - P L Taggart
- School of Animal & Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - V T Ngo
- National Key Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnamese Academy of Sciences and Technology, 9/621 Hanoi Highway, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - G J Alexander
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R Shine
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - T Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Harvey KM, Cooke RF, Pickett AT, Cordero J, Drewery ME, Rahmel LW, Daigle CL, Martins T, Mackey SJ. Effects of a moderate exercise regimen on development and puberty attainment of beef heifers reared in drylots at a high stocking density. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae150. [PMID: 38820137 PMCID: PMC11185960 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated growth, physiological responses, and puberty attainment in beef heifers reared in drylots with a high stocking density, and provided or not with a moderate exercise regimen. A total of 180 heifers (75% Angus × 25% Brahman) were used in this experiment replicated over 2 yr. Each year, 90 heifers were ranked by age (264 ± 1 d) and body weight (BW on day -3; 200 ± 2 kg) on day 0, and assigned to a) one of six drylot pens (10 × 14 m pens; 10 heifers per pen) with a stocking density of 14 m2/heifer (DENS), or b) one of three pastures (2-ha pastures; 10 heifers per pasture) with a stocking density of 2,000 m2/heifer (CON). Beginning on day 15, three DENS pens were given access to an exercise area (DENS-EX) 3 times/wk (1 h). Negligible forage was available for CON, whereas heifers from all treatments received the same limit-fed diet (~13 kg/heifer daily). Shrunk BW was recorded after 16 h of feed and water withdrawal on days -3 and 225 to calculate BW gain. Temperament was evaluated on days 0, 128, and 224. Heifers were fitted with a pedometer behind their shoulder on day 0 to record physical activity. Pedometer results and blood samples were collected weekly for progesterone analysis. Hair samples from the tail switch were collected every 28 d. Data were analyzed with pen or pasture as an experimental unit, via ANOVA using the MIXED or GLIMMIX procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Heifers from CON had more (P < 0.01) steps per week compared with DENS and DENS-EX (23,973, 6,706, and 12,354 steps/wk, respectively; SEM = 1,247), and DENS-EX heifers had more (P < 0.01) steps per week compared with DENS. No treatment effects (P ≥ 0.91) were detected for heifer BW gain (~0.820 kg/d). Hair cortisol concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in DENS and DENS-EX compared with CON beginning on day 56. Exit velocity and temperament score were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in DENS compared with DENS-EX and CON on day 224. Puberty attainment was delayed (treatment × day; P < 0.01) in DENS compared with DENS-EX and CON. A greater (P ≤ 0.05) proportion of CON were pubertal by day 105 compared with DENS and DENS-EX (30.0%, 11.6%, and 15.0%, respectively; SEM = 6.5), while a greater (P < 0.05) proportion of CON and DENS-EX were pubertal by day 154 compared to DENS (61.7%, 66.7%, and 43.3%, respectively; SEM = 6.5). Rearing replacement heifers in drylots with high stocking density has detrimental effects on their puberty attainment, and the moderate exercise regimen partially alleviated this negative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Harvey
- Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS 39756, USA
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Autumn T Pickett
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Juan Cordero
- Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS 39756, USA
| | - Mason E Drewery
- Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS 39756, USA
| | - Logan W Rahmel
- Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS 39756, USA
| | - Courtney L Daigle
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Thiago Martins
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Shea J Mackey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Masebo NT, Zappaterra M, Felici M, Benedetti B, Padalino B. Dromedary camel's welfare: literature from 1980 to 2023 with a text mining and topic analysis approach. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1277512. [PMID: 38026661 PMCID: PMC10665734 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1277512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels are the preferable livestock species in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Most of the world's camel populations are managed under a subsistence/extensive system maintained by migratory pastoralists but intensification is getting more frequent. Even though recently the welfare of camels has been receiving more attention, in many countries there are no regulations to protect their health and welfare. The objectives of this article were to explore the main research topics related to camel welfare, their distribution over time and to highlight research gaps. A literature search was performed to identify records published in English from January 1980 to March 2023 on Dromedary camel welfare via Scopus®, using "Camel welfare," "Camel behaviour," "She-camel" and "Camel management" as search words. A total of 234 records were retained for analysis after automatic and manual screening procedures. Descriptive statistics, text mining (TM) and topic analysis (TA) were performed. The result shows that even though there were fluctuations between years, records on camel welfare have increased exponentially over time. Asia was the region where most of the corresponding authors were located. The first five most frequent words were, "milk," "calv," "behaviour," "femal," and "breed," the least frequent word was "stabl." TA resulted in the five most relevant topics dealing with "Calf management and milk production," "Camel health and management system," "Female and male reproduction," "Camel behaviour and feeding," and "Camel welfare." The topics that contained the oldest records were "female and male reproduction" and "camel health and management system" (in 1980 and 1983, respectively), while the topic named "camel behaviour and feeding" had the first article published in 2000. Overall, even though topics related to camel behaviour and welfare are receiving more attention from academia, research is still needed to fully understand how to safeguard welfare in Dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naod T. Masebo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Felici
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Benedetti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Fadel C, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Zizzadoro C, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib following single intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administrations in Baladi goats (Capra hircus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:385-392. [PMID: 37246240 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib (RX), a COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in goats after single intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC) and oral (PO) administrations. 5-month-old healthy female goats (n = 8) were used. The animals were subjected to a three-phase, two-dose (2 mg/kg IV, 4 mg/kg SC, PO) unblinded, parallel study design, with a four-month washout period between the IV and SC treatment, and a one-week period between the SC and PO treatment. Blood was drawn from the jugular vein in heparinized vacutainer tubes at 0, 0.085 (for IV only), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 h. Plasma RX concentrations were measured using HPLC coupled to a UV multiple wavelength detector, and the data were pharmacokinetically analysed using ThothPro™ 4.3 software in a non-compartmental approach. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution and total clearance were 0.32 h, 0.24 L/kg and 0.52 L/h/kg, respectively. For SC and PO, the mean peak plasma concentrations were 2.34 and 3.34 μg/mL at 1.50 and 0.50 h, respectively. The t1/2λz was significantly different between the IV and the extravascular (EV) administrations (0.32 h IV vs 1.37 h SC and 1.63 h PO), suggesting the occurrence of a flip-flop phenomenon. The significant difference in Vd values between IV (0.24 L/kg) and EV (0.95 L/kg SC and 1.71 L/kg; corrected for F %) routes might have also triggered the t1/2λz difference. The absolute average SC and PO bioavailability were high (98% and 91%, respectively). In conclusion, the IV administration of RX might not be suitable for goats, due to its short t1/2λz. The EV routes, however, appear to be convenient for the drug's occasional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Fadel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Vicentini RR, El Faro L, Ujita A, Ceballos MC, Negrão JA, Sant’Anna AC. Effects of Training for First Milking Involving Positive Tactile Stimulation on Post-Calving Maternal Behaviors in Primiparous Gyr Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050921. [PMID: 36899778 PMCID: PMC10000114 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy systems with Zebu breeds, calves are not immediately separated from their dams after calving; consequently, maternal care and protective behavior are important, influencing both productive performance and stockpeople's safety. Our objectives were to: (1) investigate the effects of a training protocol involving pre-calving positive stimulation, delivered prior to calving, on the maternal care of primiparous Gyr cows; and (2) evaluate the effects of this training protocol on maternal protective behavior towards handlers during the first calf handling. Primiparous dairy Gyr cows (n = 37) were allocated into two groups: training (n = 16) and control (n = 21). Animal behaviors were recorded in three periods: post-calving, first calf handling, and post-handling. Maternal protective behavior during calf handling was assessed from measures of aggressiveness, attention, displacement, and agitation. Calf latency to stand up (p < 0.01) and sex (p < 0.01) differed between the training and control groups. The training group had less touching (p = 0.03), more time not interacting with the calf (p = 0.03), tended to be less protective (p = 0.056), and moved less (p < 0.01) during the first handling of their calves. In conclusion, the primiparous dairy Gyr cows subjected to pre-calving training protocol displayed less maternal care and displacement during the first handling of their calves and tended to be less protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Ribeiro Vicentini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Lenira El Faro
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa de Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ)–Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios/Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento (APTA/SAA), Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Aska Ujita
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa de Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ)–Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios/Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento (APTA/SAA), Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João Alberto Negrão
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristina Sant’Anna
- Núcleo de Estudos em Etologia e Bem-estar Animal (NEBEA), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), CNPq Researcher, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
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9
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Nadlučnik E, Golinar Oven I, Tomažič I, Plut J, Dovč A, Štukelj M. Discrepancies between farmers' perceptions and actual animal welfare conditions on commercial pig farms. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1010791. [PMID: 36246308 PMCID: PMC9558291 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1010791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is a multiparameteral concept that encompasses the physical and mental health of animals and includes various aspects such as physical wellbeing, absence of hunger and thirst, and ability to express motivated behavior, to which farmers usually attach different importance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate animal welfare on Slovenian commercial pig farms, to determine whether farmers' perceived importance of animal welfare differ from actual animal welfare on farms and to determine, if farmer's age, gender, their level of education and participation in vocational training have an influence. For that purpose, we created an Animal Welfare Protocol/Questionnaire for Pig Farms (AWQ/P-P) that assessed several parameters of animal welfare: (1) general status, (2) animal behavior, (3) health status, (4) living conditions, and (5) environmental conditions. Each parameter included at least five observation points and was scored on a 5-point scale. The same observation points were used to measure farmers' perceived importance of animal welfare and for observational assessment. Consequently, we were able to compare both statistically. Farmers from 14 (N = 14) large Slovenian pig farms participated in the study. Results show that farmers rate all parameters of animal welfare very highly. For them, animal health status is the most important, and environmental conditions are the least important factors for animal welfare. Observational inspections yielded significantly lower scores for animal welfare conditions than those obtained from farmer ratings. The highest correlations between farmers' perceptions and observational inspections were found for the parameters of animal behavior and environmental conditions. The results of this study also suggest that vocational training is a significant variable in increasing levels of pig welfare. Age, gender, and education level are not significant variables, however, farms led by older male farmers with lower level of education but involved in vocational training from different sources had slightly better welfare on the farm. This should be further investigated before making conclusions, due to our small sample size. The significance of the study is to identify deficiencies in pig welfare as perceived by farmers and consequently improve pig welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nadlučnik
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Golinar Oven
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Tomažič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Plut
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Dovč
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Štukelj
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Marina Štukelj
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10
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Lemma M, Doyle R, Alemayehu G, Mekonnen M, Kumbe A, Wieland B. Using Community Conversations to explore animal welfare perceptions and practices of rural households in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:980192. [PMID: 36225795 PMCID: PMC9549067 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.980192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a scarcity of data on animal welfare and its impact on livelihoods to inform animal welfare initiatives in Ethiopia. Perceptions and practices of rural households toward animal welfare are influenced by socio-cultural, demographic, and agroecological factors. We conducted Community Conversations in two geographically and culturally diverse regions of Ethiopia to explore the attitudes and practices of rural households regarding animal welfare and its impact on livelihoods. Community Conversations are facilitated dialogues among rural households to explore their perceptions, practices, constraints, and needs and identify and co-create solutions to improve the welfare of their animals. We used single- and mixed-sex discussion groups to understand community members' gendered perceptions of animal welfare and influence their attitudes and practices toward gender-equitable roles in animal welfare management. In the Community Conversations, community members readily described the biological needs of their animals but there was also a good acknowledgment of the behavioral and affective state needs of animals. Identified constraints for animal welfare included feed and water shortage, limited veterinary support, and poor animal handling practices. Community members described the welfare of their animals as being intertwined with their own livelihoods and identified productive, public health, and non-economic benefits of good animal welfare. Raising awareness of animal welfare within rural communities through Community Conversations is a useful way to both identify livestock production needs as well as engage community members in making practical improvements in animal welfare. The understanding of perceptions, practices, and needs of rural households in animal welfare helps engage communities in starting behavioral change and provides insights into developing context-specific welfare improvement interventions. Community Conversations are also an effective way to feedback community voices into planning to build a bottom-up implementation of animal welfare programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamusha Lemma
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Mamusha Lemma
| | - Rebecca Doyle
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gezahegn Alemayehu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mekonnen
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Kumbe
- Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agriculture Research Centre, Yabello, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Berteselli GV, Messori S, Arena L, Smith L, Dalla Villa P, de Massis F. Using a Delphi method to estimate the relevance of indicators for the assessment of shelter dog welfare. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.3.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The European regulatory framework lacks standardisation as regards the minimum requirements for shelter facilities, making defining welfare standards for dogs challenging. Dog (Canis familiaris) welfare assessments should consist of a comprehensive set of measurements that allow
the calculation of an overall 'welfare score.' The Shelter Quality protocol was developed for the purpose of assessing shelter dog welfare. The study aims to establish a standardised system for evaluating shelter dog welfare by obtaining agreement from experts on the weighting of different
measures contributing to an overall welfare score. The Delphi technique is a widely used method for establishing consensus among experts. Two Delphi procedures were implemented and we compared their effectiveness in achieving expert consensus by evaluating rounds' numbers required to reach
consensus and the response and attrition rates. Expert consensus was achieved in Delphi 1 when the standard deviation in the expert weightings was ≤ 5. This was achieved easily for the welfare score weightings of the four principles: 'Good feeding', 'Good housing', 'Good Health', and 'Appropriate
behaviour.' Animal-based measures were found to reach consensus more quickly than resource-based measures. In Delphi 2, we used the coefficient of variation to determine consensus. No statistical differences were found between the two Delphi methods for attrition rate, response rate or number
of participants. Continuing rounds until a consensus is reached is recommended as this method balances time and participant fatigue. A standardised scoring system is provided, using a single overall score of welfare that can be used to compare welfare standards between shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- GV Berteselli
- Departiment of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - S Messori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Abruzzo e Molise 'G Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - L Arena
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Abruzzo e Molise 'G Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - L Smith
- aculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - P Dalla Villa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Abruzzo e Molise 'G Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - F de Massis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Abruzzo e Molise 'G Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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12
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Leconstant C, Spitz E. Integrative Model of Human-Animal Interactions: A One Health-One Welfare Systemic Approach to Studying HAI. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:656833. [PMID: 35968006 PMCID: PMC9372562 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.656833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Integrative Model of Human-Animal Interactions (IMHAI) described herewith provides a conceptual framework for the study of interspecies interactions and aims to model the primary emotional processes involved in human-animal interactions. This model was developed from theoretical inputs from three fundamental disciplines for understanding interspecies interactions: neuroscience, psychology and ethology, with the objective of providing a transdisciplinary approach on which field professionals and researchers can build and collaborate. Seminal works in affective neuroscience offer a common basis between humans and animals and, as such, can be applied to the study of interspecies interactions from a One Health-One Welfare perspective. On the one hand, Jaak Panksepp's research revealed that primary/basic emotions originate in the deep subcortical regions of the brain and are shared by all mammals, including humans. On the other hand, several works in the field of neuroscience show that the basic physiological state is largely determined by the perception of safety. Thus, emotional expression reflects the state of an individual's permanent adaptation to ever-changing environmental demands. Based on this evidence and over 5 years of action research using grounded theory, alternating between research and practice, the IMHAI proposes a systemic approach to the study of primary-process emotional affects during interspecies social interactions, through the processes of emotional transfer, embodied communication and interactive emotional regulation. IMHAI aims to generate new hypotheses and predictions on affective behavior and interspecies communication. Application of such a model should promote risk prevention and the establishment of positive links between humans and animals thereby contributing to their respective wellbeing.
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13
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Mitigation of Air Pollutants by UV-A Photocatalysis in Livestock and Poultry Farming: A Mini-Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-based photocatalysis has been the subject of numerous investigations focused on mitigating undesirable pollutants in the gas phase. Few works report on applications beyond the proof of the concept. Even less is known about the current state of the art of UV photocatalysis in the context of animal agriculture. A growing body of research published over the last 15 years has advanced the knowledge and feasibility of UV-A photocatalysis for swine and poultry farm applications. This review paper summarizes UV-A photocatalysis technology’s effectiveness in mitigating targeted air pollutants in livestock and poultry farms. Specifically, air pollutants include odor, odorous VOCs, NH3, H2S and greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O). We trace the progression of UV-A photocatalysis applications in animal farming since the mid-2000 and developments from laboratory to farm-scale trials. In addition, this review paper discusses the practical limitations and outlines the research needs for increasing the technology readiness and practical UV application in animal farming.
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14
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Quang Hanh H, Thi Phuong Giang N, Tien Viet Dung V, Dinh Ton V. Comparison of the Welfare of Gestation Sows Raised in Different Production Systems in North Vietnam. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35488379 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2022.2070846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intensification and complexity of pig production systems may require different strategies for animal welfare improvement. We aimed to identify welfare issues of gestation sows and areas for improvement by comparing four production systems, including the smallholder pen-based system (SPS: 26 farms), smallholder stall-based system (SSS:14 farms), semi-intensive stall-based system (SES: 15 farms), and intensive stall-based system (ISS: 10 farms). Ten significant animal-based measures in the Welfare Quality® protocol were used for welfare assessment at the individual level. Stall-housed sows in SES and ISS faced more welfare problems where sows presented a higher prevalence of poor body condition (P < 0.001), wounds on body (P = 0.003), fear of humans (P < 0.001), and stereotypies (P < 0.001) than pen-housed sows in the SPS. Sows in the SPS presented the highest prevalence of panting (P < 0.001). Welfare improvement should be focused on minimizing the adverse effects of hot weather on sows in the SPS and SSS and redesigning a more welfare-friendly housing system that prevents sows from the risk of wounds on body and enables them to perform motivated behaviors in the SES and ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Quang Hanh
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Vu Tien Viet Dung
- Data Science Department, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Dinh Ton
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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15
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Hernandez E, Llonch P, Turner PV. Applied Animal Ethics in Industrial Food Animal Production: Exploring the Role of the Veterinarian. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060678. [PMID: 35327076 PMCID: PMC8944692 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial food animal production practices are efficient for producing large quantities of milk, meat, and eggs for a growing global population, but often result in the need to alter animals to fit a more restricted environment, as well as creating new animal welfare and health problems related to animal confinement in high densities. These practices and methods have become normalized, to the extent that veterinarians and others embedded in these industries rarely question the ethical challenges associated with raising animals in this fashion. Moral ‘lock-in’ is common with those working in food animal industries, as is the feeling that it is impossible to effect meaningful change. Animal welfare issues associated with the industrialization of food animal production are ‘wicked problems’ that require a multi- and transdisciplinary approach. We argue that veterinarians, as expert animal health and welfare advocates, should be critical stakeholders and leaders in discussions with producers and the food animal sector, to look for innovative solutions and technology that will address current and future global sustainability and food security needs. Solutions will necessarily be different in different countries and regions, but ethical issues associated with industrial food animal production practices are universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elein Hernandez
- Department of Clinical Studies and Surgery, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyuca, Cuautitlán Izcallli 54714, Mexico;
| | - Pol Llonch
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Patricia V. Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Global Animal Welfare & Training, Charles River, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Zhao S, Zhang R, Li C, Li Y, Li J, Xu C, Bao J. The Effect of Short-term Classical Music stimulus on Behavior and Tonic Immobility Reaction of Pullets. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2021:1-7. [PMID: 34696632 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1983724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term stimulation of classical music on the behavior of pullets and to explore whether classical music as an auditory enrichment factor reduces the fear level in pullets. One hundred and twenty 10-weeks'old Roman white pullets were randomly divided into two treatments of which one group was exposed to classic music (M), and another one was the control group (N). The music was played during 8:00-18:00 every day for 7 consecutive days. The behavior of the focal animals was observed from 11:00 to13:00 every day for 7 days. The results showed that during the observation period, the pullets in group M had more comforting (P < .05) and preening (P < .05), but less aggressive (P < .01) and feather-pecking (P < .01) behaviors than those in group N. No significant difference was found in other behaviors and the duration of tonic immobility between the two groups. Therefore, auditory enrichment as a means of environmental enrichment can increase the welfare level of pullets to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chun Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yutao Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunzhu Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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17
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Dawkins MS. Does Smart Farming Improve or Damage Animal Welfare? Technology and What Animals Want. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.736536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
“Smart” or “precision” farming has revolutionized crop agriculture but its application to livestock farming has raised ethical concerns because of its possible adverse effects on animal welfare. With rising public concern for animal welfare across the world, some people see the efficiency gains offered by the new technology as a direct threat to the animals themselves, allowing producers to get “more for less” in the interests of profit. Others see major welfare advantages through life-long health monitoring, delivery of individual care and optimization of environmental conditions. The answer to the question of whether smart farming improves or damages animal welfare is likely to depend on three main factors. Firstly, much will depend on how welfare is defined and the extent to which politicians, scientists, farmers and members of the public can agree on what welfare means and so come to a common view on how to judge how it is impacted by technology. Defining welfare as a combination of good health and what the animals themselves want provides a unifying and animal-centered way forward. It can also be directly adapted for computer recognition of welfare. A second critical factor will be whether high welfare standards are made a priority within smart farming systems. To achieve this, it will be necessary both to develop computer algorithms that can recognize welfare to the satisfaction of both the public and farmers and also to build good welfare into the control and decision-making of smart systems. What will matter most in the end, however, is a third factor, which is whether smart farming can actually deliver its promised improvements in animal welfare when applied in the real world. An ethical evaluation will only be possible when the new technologies are more widely deployed on commercial farms and their full social, environmental, financial and welfare implications become apparent.
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18
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Silva SR, Araujo JP, Guedes C, Silva F, Almeida M, Cerqueira JL. Precision Technologies to Address Dairy Cattle Welfare: Focus on Lameness, Mastitis and Body Condition. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2253. [PMID: 34438712 PMCID: PMC8388461 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific animal-based indicators that can be used to predict animal welfare have been the core of protocols for assessing the welfare of farm animals, such as those produced by the Welfare Quality project. At the same time, the contribution of technological tools for the accurate and real-time assessment of farm animal welfare is also evident. The solutions based on technological tools fit into the precision livestock farming (PLF) concept, which has improved productivity, economic sustainability, and animal welfare in dairy farms. PLF has been adopted recently; nevertheless, the need for technological support on farms is getting more and more attention and has translated into significant scientific contributions in various fields of the dairy industry, but with an emphasis on the health and welfare of the cows. This review aims to present the recent advances of PLF in dairy cow welfare, particularly in the assessment of lameness, mastitis, and body condition, which are among the most relevant animal-based indications for the welfare of cows. Finally, a discussion is presented on the possibility of integrating the information obtained by PLF into a welfare assessment framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severiano R. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.R.S.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - José P. Araujo
- Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147, Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal;
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147, Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Cristina Guedes
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.R.S.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Flávio Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.R.S.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mariana Almeida
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.R.S.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Joaquim L. Cerqueira
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.R.S.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (M.A.)
- Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147, Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal;
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Orihuela A. Review: Management of livestock behavior to improve welfare and production. Animal 2021; 15 Suppl 1:100290. [PMID: 34238724 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal production, producers face different problems inherent to production systems. Today society is increasingly concerned about more sustainable systems and animal welfare. Applied ethology can be a tool to solve some of these problems through these approaches. The purpose of this review is to show succinctly some sustainable behavioral technologies whose application favors animal welfare and productivity. The examples cover areas of behavioral problems associated with multiple births, where odor transfer can be used to substitute or add newborns to a foster mother; early weaning, where some alternatives for a gradual break may reduce the stress of separation; early experience on the development of food preferences, where behavioral problems like neophobia can be avoided; early detection of sick animals, where recognition of some specific behaviors could help early identification of diseases, even before the appearance of clinical signs; social isolation on ease of handling, where different techniques have proved their effectiveness modifying the temperament of the animals; design of facilities and management, where it is highlighted how when considering the behavior of the animals in the design and management, better results are obtained; social isolation, facilitation, and buffering, where the presence of other members of the group can modify the consumption and sexual behaviors of pen-mates, or even alleviate suffering; and human-animal interaction on productivity, where the relevance of a positive human-animal interaction is highlighted. After reviewing the scientific literature on the subject, we can conclude that several modern livestock management practices might induce stress in animals, affecting their welfare, health, and productive performance. Applied animal behavior could be a sustainable and effective option to understand and solve some of these problems, and in many cases does not even require a strong economic investment for producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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20
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21
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Do Animal Welfare Schemes Promote Better Animal Health? An Empirical Investigation of German Pork Production. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Wang L, Yu L, Yin G. Physiology and miRNA expression in confined sows with different pupillary light reflex. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1895680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Langchao Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Guoan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region, Daqing, China
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23
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Huertas SM, Bobadilla PE, Alcántara I, Akkermans E, van Eerdenburg FJCM. Benefits of Silvopastoral Systems for Keeping Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040992. [PMID: 33916155 PMCID: PMC8066609 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential benefits of keeping Zebu cattle in silvopastoral systems are well described in tropical regions. In order to obtain information on European breeds of beef cattle (Bos taurus taurus) in temperate climate zones, individual records of body weight and welfare indicators were obtained from 130 beef cattle. These belonged to four herds and were randomly allocated to two contiguous plots: Silvopastoral Systems (SPS) and Open Pastures Systems (OPS). The SPS in this study were areas with exotic trees of Eucalyptus globulus globulus for paper pulp production planted in a 2 × 2 design (two meters between each tree) over diverse, native grasses. The OPS were large open areas with a great diversity of native grasses, herbs, and small plots of trees where the animals could rest and shelter from extreme weather conditions. Over the course of one year, individual body weights and a number of specific animal welfare indicators were measured every 45 days. After a descriptive analysis, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a Gaussian distribution, with time and system (OPS or SPS) fitted as fixed effects and individuals nested by herd as random intercepts, was used. The results showed that weight gain did not differ between the two systems. None of the animals showed any sign of impaired welfare in either system over the study period. Silvopastoral systems offer animals a sustainable and richer environment that will improves their welfare. The additional income provided by the wood production allows the farmers to maintain their traditional cattle farming lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maris Huertas
- Departamento de Salud Publica Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (S.M.H.); (P.E.B.); (I.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Animal Welfare and Livestock Production Systems for Uruguay—A multi-national OIE Centre, Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay;
| | - Pablo Ernesto Bobadilla
- Departamento de Salud Publica Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (S.M.H.); (P.E.B.); (I.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Animal Welfare and Livestock Production Systems for Uruguay—A multi-national OIE Centre, Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay;
| | - Ignacio Alcántara
- Departamento de Salud Publica Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (S.M.H.); (P.E.B.); (I.A.)
| | - Emilie Akkermans
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Animal Welfare and Livestock Production Systems for Uruguay—A multi-national OIE Centre, Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay;
| | - Frank J. C. M. van Eerdenburg
- Department of Population Health Sciences-Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(30)-253-1248
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Pongrácz P, Camerlink I. Publishing more Special issues in Applied Animal Behaviour Science: Announcing two new issues. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kaurivi YB, Laven R, Parkinson T, Hickson R, Stafford K. Effect of Animal Welfare on the Reproductive Performance of Extensive Pasture-Based Beef Cows in New Zealand. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E200. [PMID: 33322330 PMCID: PMC7768407 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One key area where animal welfare may relate to productivity is through reproductive performance. This study assesses welfare on 25 extensively managed pastoral New Zealand beef farms, and explores the relationship between welfare and reproductive performance. Relationships between welfare measures and key reproductive performance indicators (pregnancy rate, weaning rate, mating period and bull: cow ratio) are investigated using an exploratory principal components analysis and linear regression model. Seven welfare measures (thinness, poor rumen fill, dirtiness, blindness, mortality, health checks of pregnant cows and yarding frequency/year) showed a potential influence on reproductive performance, and lameness was retained individually as a potential measure. Mean pregnancy rates, in both 2018 (PD18) and 2017 (PD17), were ~91% and mean weaning rate was 84%. Of the welfare measures, only lameness had a direct association with pregnancy rate, as well as a confounding effect on the association between mating period and pregnancy rate. The bull: cow ration (mean 1:31) and reproductive conditions (dystocia, abortion, vaginal prolapse) did not influence pregnancy and weaning rates. In the study population, there was no clear association between welfare and reproductive performance, except for the confounding effects of lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Baby Kaurivi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (R.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Richard Laven
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (R.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Tim Parkinson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (R.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Rebecca Hickson
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Management, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (R.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Kevin Stafford
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Management, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (R.H.); (K.S.)
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Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ, Littlewood KE, McLean AN, McGreevy PD, Jones B, Wilkins C. The 2020 Five Domains Model: Including Human-Animal Interactions in Assessments of Animal Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101870. [PMID: 33066335 PMCID: PMC7602120 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout its 25-year history, the Five Domains Model for animal welfare assessment has been regularly updated to include at each stage the latest authenticated developments in animal welfare science thinking. The domains of the most up-to-date Model described here are: 1 Nutrition, 2 Physical Environment, 3 Health, 4 Behavioural Interactions and 5 Mental State. The first four domains focus attention on factors that give rise to specific negative or positive subjective experiences (affects), which contribute to the animal's mental state, as evaluated in Domain 5. More specifically, the first three domains focus mainly on factors that disturb or disrupt particular features of the body's internal stability. Each disturbed or disrupted feature generates sensory inputs which are processed by the brain to form specific negative affects, and these affects are associated with behaviours that act to restore the body's internal stability. As each such behaviour is essential for the survival of the animal, the affects associated with them are collectively referred to as "survival-critical affects". In contrast, Domain 4, now named Behavioural Interactions, focusses on evidence of animals consciously seeking specific goals when interacting behaviourally with (1) the environment, (2) other non-human animals and (3) as a new feature of the Model outlined here, humans. The associated affects, evaluated via Domain 5, are mainly generated by brain processing of sensory inputs elicited by external stimuli. The success of the animals' behavioural attempts to achieve their chosen goals is reflected in whether the associated affects are negative or positive. Collectively referred to as "situation-related affects", these outcomes are understood to contribute to animals' perceptions of their external circumstances. These observations reveal a key distinction between the way survival-critical and situation-related affects influence animals' aligned behaviours. The former mainly reflect compelling motivations to engage in genetically embedded behavioural responses, whereas the latter mainly involve conscious behavioural choices which are the hallmarks of agency. Finally, numerous examples of human-animal interactions and their attendant affects are described, and the qualitative grading of interactions that generate negative or positive affect is also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (N.J.B.); (K.E.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ngaio J. Beausoleil
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (N.J.B.); (K.E.L.)
| | - Katherine E. Littlewood
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (N.J.B.); (K.E.L.)
| | - Andrew N. McLean
- Equitation Science International, 3 Wonderland Ave, Tuerong, VIC 3915, Australia;
| | - Paul D. McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (P.D.M.); (B.J.)
| | - Bidda Jones
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (P.D.M.); (B.J.)
- RSPCA Australia, P.O. Box 265, Deakin West, ACT 2600, Australia
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Schütz A, Busch G, Sonntag WI. Environmental enrichment in pig husbandry – Citizens’ ratings of pictures showing housing elements using an online-survey. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stocking Density Affects Welfare Indicators in Horses Reared for Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061103. [PMID: 32604808 PMCID: PMC7341190 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Not enough effort is being made to safeguard the welfare of horses reared for meat production. These horses are kept in intensive breeding farms where they are housed in group pens at high stock densities and fed high amounts of concentrates. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether the stocking density of horses raised in group pens for meat production and their feeding management affects their welfare according to different stocking density. According to our results, when the horses had more than 4.75 m2/horse, many indicators were affected (i.e., improvement of coat cleanliness, improvement of bedding quantity, improvement of mane and tail conditions, less resting in a standing position, and less feeding related to the greater space available at the feed bunk). However, a further increment of space and/or changes in management regimes may be necessary to improve all the welfare indicators. The results also revealed the need to improve the feeding management of these animals. Abstract Horses kept for meat production are reared in intensive breeding farms. We employed a checklist adapted from the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) assessment protocol. Our evaluation aims to assess whether welfare indicators are influenced by stocking densities (m2/horse) and feeding strategies applied. An analysis was carried out on the data obtained from 7 surveys conducted at a single horse farm designed for meat production. In each survey, the same 12 pens were assessed, but on each occasion, the horses in the pens had been changed as had the stocking densities. Briefly, 561 horses aged 16 ± 8 months (mean ± standard deviation) were evaluated. Two stocking density cut-off values (median and 75th percentile: 3.95 and 4.75 m2/horse, respectively) were applied to investigate the effect of stocking density on horse welfare. Data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests (p < 0.05). When cut-off was set as the median percentile, lower stocking density was associated with improvements in body condition score (BCS), coat cleanliness and bedding quantity, less coughing, less resting in a standing position, and less feeding related to the greater space available at the feed bunk. When the 75th percentile cut-off was used, indicators that improved were coat cleanliness, bedding quantity and mane and tail condition, as well as less resting in standing position and less feeding related to the greater space available at the feed bunk. Accordingly, the use of two different stocking density cut-off values showed that the increase of space allowance affected specific welfare indicators. Further increment of space and/or changes in management regimes should be investigated to improve all the indicators. Moreover, results related to feeding indicated the need to intervene as starch intakes exceeded recommended safe levels, negatively affecting horse welfare.
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van Staaveren N, Leishman EM, Wood BJ, Harlander-Matauschek A, Baes CF. Farmers' Perceptions About Health and Welfare Issues in Turkey Production. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:332. [PMID: 32596273 PMCID: PMC7303269 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farmers play an essential role in the management of animals and ensuring their health and welfare. However, relatively little is known about the health and welfare-related issues farmers themselves find important in the turkey sector. As part of a larger study, a cross-sectional survey of turkey farmers was conducted in Canada to identify the main perceived reasons for culling, mortality, and carcass condemnations in their flocks. Additionally, farmers were asked to rate the importance of different health and welfare-related issues (i.e., mortality, aggressive pecking, disease, leg injuries, leg deformities, breast injuries, and varying body size) during their summer and winter production, as well as for the sector as a whole. A total of 83 responses were analyzed (response rate 20%). The most frequently mentioned reasons for the culling of turkeys included leg-related issues (90.0%), sickness (60.5%), and small body size (58.0%). The perceived reasons for mortality were most often unknown (59.7%), or related to cannibalism (41.6%) or dehydration (42.9%). The main reasons for carcass condemnations at processing were related to skin (33.8%) or subcutaneous conditions (64.7%). Leg deformities and mortality were considered the biggest issues for the turkey production sector. In general, farmers rated items as more of an issue when the question pertained to the sector as a whole rather than to their farm. These results increase our understanding of the health and welfare-related problems in turkey production that farmers find important. This can ultimately help focus research efforts in addressing these issues through improved management adaptations or breeding approaches, thereby improving both the well-being of farmers and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van Staaveren
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,The Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emily M Leishman
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Wood
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, ON, Canada.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexandra Harlander-Matauschek
- The Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Christine F Baes
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Zuko M, Jaja IF. Primiparous and multiparous Friesland, Jersey, and crossbred cows' behavior around parturition time at the pasture-based system in South Africa. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:290-298. [PMID: 32607360 PMCID: PMC7320802 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the behavioral attributes of primiparous and multiparous Friesland, Jersey, and Crossbred cows around calving time in a pasture-based dairy system. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 120 pregnant cows were used in the study, comprising of 40 cows per genotype in different parities [A-primiparous (n = 10), B-2 to 4 (n = 10), C-5 and 6 (n = 10), and D-7 and 8 (n = 10)] and kept in a maternity paddock. Five observers monitored cows from the onset of parturition until the calves were fully expelled, recording the frequency and duration of lying, standing, and walking bouts, calf licking, and suckling. RESULTS There were differences (p < 0.05) observed in the behavioral patterns around the time of calving. Jersey multiparous cows spent (p < 0.05) significantly most of their time (20.50 ± 3.10) in lying position as compared to the other genotypes. The Jersey cows also spent most (p < 0.05) of their time (48.00 ± 0.34) in a standing position during the calving period. Friesland cows spent (p < 0.05) most of their time (12.00 ± 1.19) exhibiting either stepping or walking attributes as compared to Jersey and Crossbred cows. The Jersey genotype spent significantly (p < 0.05) more time (123.00 ± 10.43) in expelling their calves compared to the other genotypes. There was a significant (p < 0.05) interaction between genotypes and parity on time spent by cows on licking their calves. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) observed between the genotypes of the primiparous cow. CONCLUSION The primiparous cows spent most of their time in standing and the least amount of time in other activities throughout the trial due to the lack of maternal experience. The current study revealed that behavioral activities differ according to genotype and parity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpisana Zuko
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Republic of South Africa
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Fisher MW. Pastoral Farming Ethics and Economics-Aligning Grazing Practices and Expectations. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:209. [PMID: 32391389 PMCID: PMC7189785 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Fisher
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
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Verdes S, Trillo Y, Peña AI, Herradón PG, Becerra JJ, Quintela LA. Relationship between quality of facilities, animal-based welfare indicators and measures of reproductive and productive performances on dairy farms in the northwest of Spain. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1743784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Verdes
- Departmento de Patología Animal, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Yolanda Trillo
- Departmento de Patología Animal, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana I. Peña
- Departmento de Patología Animal, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pedro G. Herradón
- Departmento de Patología Animal, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Juan J. Becerra
- Departmento de Patología Animal, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis A. Quintela
- Departmento de Patología Animal, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Blanco-Penedo I, Ouweltjes W, Ofner-Schröck E, Brügemann K, Emanuelson U. Symposium review: Animal welfare in free-walk systems in Europe. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5773-5782. [PMID: 32089316 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Providing more space per animal, soft bedding, and free roaming in animal housing systems is widely presumed to be beneficial for the welfare of the animals. This observational study aimed to investigate the basis of this assumption in free-walk housing systems (FWS) for dairy cows in Europe. The dairy cattle Welfare Quality assessment protocol was adapted for application to FWS, and the focus was on animal-based measures, from individual cow scoring to comfort around resting. The study was conducted on 41 farms [21 FWS and 20 cubicle housing (CH)] from 6 European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Austria, Slovenia, and Sweden) displaying a variety of management systems. A total of 4,036 animals were scored. We found differences in animal welfare under different management conditions. The hindquarters and lower hind legs of cows from FWS were dirtier than those of cows in CH, but we found no difference in the dirtiness of udders or teats. Cows from FWS showed fewer hairless patches in all body areas except the neck; fewer lesions in the lower hind legs and hindquarters; and less swelling in the lower hind legs, flanks, and carpus than cows from CH. The prevalence of sound cows appeared to be higher in FWS, and moderate lameness prevalence was lower compared with CH. We found no difference in the prevalence of severe lameness between systems. We conducted a total of 684 observation sessions of comfort around resting, consisting of 830 lying down and 849 rising up movements. Cows in FWS took less time to lie down, had less difficulty rising up, and had fewer collisions with the environment during both behaviors than cows in CH. Cows lay partly or completely outside the supposed lying area less frequently in FWS than in CH. Cows in FWS adopted comfortable lying positions more often compared with CH, showing a higher occurrence of long and wide positions than cows in CH. Short positions were more common in FWS, and narrow positions were slightly more common in CH. We found large variations in animal-based measures between study herds and within housing systems. However, the observed patterns associated with each system demonstrated differences in cow scoring and comfort around resting. This study shows that a wide range of good and bad management practices exist in FWS, especially related to cow hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Blanco-Penedo
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Kerstin Brügemann
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ritter C, Beaver A, von Keyserlingk MAG. The complex relationship between welfare and reproduction in cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 54 Suppl 3:29-37. [PMID: 31512321 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using reproduction parameters as indicators for cattle welfare has limitations and, at best, these parameters should only be viewed as indirect indicators of welfare. On a farm level, measures such as fertility rates emphasize biological performance of the herd but fail to consider the welfare of individual animals. Even on an individual level, the relationship between reproductive effectiveness and animal welfare is complex. Good reproductive performance does not automatically signify good welfare, as domestication and targeted breeding programmes have led to prioritization of high productive and reproductive performance in most modern farm animal species. In this review, we synthesize literature regarding cattle husbandry, reproduction, welfare and their multidimensional relationships. We argue that practices such as artificial insemination or the use of sexed semen may provide potential welfare advantages as these practices reduce the risk of disease transmission and injury or enable selection of specific beneficial traits. Furthermore, they may offer a solution to current practices jeopardizing welfare, such as the management of surplus bull calves in the dairy industry. Conversely, the animals' ability to perform natural behaviours such as oestrous expression, an aspect arguably contributing to welfare, is often limited on commercial farms; this limitation is particularly evident in housing systems such as tie stalls where movement is restricted. Moreover, common management practices such as oestrus manipulation may lead to negative attitudes in citizens who often regard naturalness as important element of animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ritter
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Annabelle Beaver
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marina A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Vecerek V, Vecerkova L, Voslarova E. Comparison of the frequency of patho-anatomic findings in laying hens with findings in broiler chickens and turkeys detected during post-mortem veterinary inspection. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5385-5391. [PMID: 31226714 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the health condition of laying hens on the basis of patho-anatomic findings obtained during the veterinary inspection after slaughter. To assess the severity of the health condition of laying hens, we compared the incidence of findings with the findings in broiler chickens and turkeys. In the period from 2010 to 2017, 17,346,183 laying hens, 887,994,167 broiler chickens, and 919,843 turkeys were transported from Czech farms to slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic. The competent veterinary authority in the Czech Republic (the State Veterinary Administration) carried out a veterinary inspection of these birds slaughtered in the slaughterhouse and recorded the patho-anatomic findings. From the recorded data, the number of patho-anatomic findings (intravital origin) of the organs and parts of the bodies (liver, intestines, lungs, heart, spleen, genital tract, urinary system, CNS, skin, head, body, limbs, and whole animal) were analysed. We found increased patho-anatomic findings in the liver (26.76%) and limbs (6.03%) in hens, and also high numbers of findings in the category of total findings (1.57%) were detected. In liver findings, chronic findings (22.09%) were prevailing over the acute findings (4.67%), compared to broiler chickens (chronic 0.04%, acute 0.03%) and turkeys (chronic 1.90%, acute 0.00%). The differences between hens, broilers, and turkeys were significant (P < 0.001). The incidence of traumatic, chronic, and acute findings in hens (3.88%, 1.71%, and 0.44%, respectively) was higher (P < 0.001) in the case of the legs, compared with broiler chickens (0.02%, 0.08%, and 0.02%, respectively) and turkeys (0.27%, 0.23%, and 0.05%, respectively). The results show that the health condition of laying hens is significantly worse than in case of broiler chickens and turkeys, especially in the impact on the liver due to the likely effect of nutrition not corresponding to the intensity of the production of laying hens, and the impact on the limbs due in particular to traumatic changes caused by inappropriate transport handling and inadequate conditions (especially cage housing) of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vecerek
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Animal Protection, Welfare, and Behaviour, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Vecerkova
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Animal Protection, Welfare, and Behaviour, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Czech Republic
| | - Eva Voslarova
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Animal Protection, Welfare, and Behaviour, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Czech Republic
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Scanes CG, Hurst K, Thaxton Y, Archer GS, Johnson A. Effect of transportation and shackling on plasma concentrations of corticosterone and heterophil to lymphocyte ratios in market weight male turkeys in a commercial operation. Poult Sci 2020; 99:546-554. [PMID: 32416841 PMCID: PMC7587787 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the effects of stress and/or physiological manipulation on either plasma concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) and/or heterophil: lymphocyte (H : L) ratios in turkeys. The present studies examine the effects of catching/transportation/lairage in a holding shed and shackling on plasma concentrations of CORT and H : L ratios in male market weight turkeys. Plasma concentrations of CORT were increased after transportation and lairage but not further elevated by shackling, irrespective of its duration up to 240 s. In one study, there were increased H : L ratios following catching/placing birds into transportation cages/transportation/lairage. In one study, H : L ratios declined following shackling. It is concluded that while moving turkeys from the farm to immediately before the shackling line is stressful, shackling for up to 4 min was not perceived as more stressful in turkeys. There were also differences between farms/houses for both plasma concentrations of CORT and H : L ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Scanes
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.
| | | | - Yvonne Thaxton
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Gregory S Archer
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843
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Ujita A, Ribeiro Vicentini R, Pereira Lima ML, Negrão JA, de Oliveira Fernandes L, Penido Oliveira A, Veroneze R, El Faro Zadra L. Improvements in the behaviour of Gir dairy cows after training with brushing. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1754217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aska Ujita
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Gado de Corte, Sertãozinho, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Alberto Negrão
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Veroneze
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Uberaba, Brazil
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Adhikari R, White D, House JD, Kim WK. Effects of additional dosage of vitamin D 3, vitamin D 2, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 on calcium and phosphorus utilization, egg quality and bone mineralization in laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 99:364-373. [PMID: 32416821 PMCID: PMC7587905 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for the metabolism of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in birds. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different isoforms of dietary vitamin D on Ca and P utilization, egg quality, and bone mineralization of laying hens. A total of 42 Lohmann white laying hens at 57 wk of age were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments for 6 wk. Dietary treatments were: 3,000 IU/kg Vit D3 as control, and control with additional 3,000 IU/kg 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (T1), 9,000 IU/kg 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (T2), 3,000 IU/kg vitamin D3 (T3), 9,000 IU/kg vitamin D3 (T4), 3,000 IU/kg of vitamin D2 (T5), or 9,000 IU/kg of vitamin D2 (T6). Egg production and egg quality were measured weekly. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 2 and 6 to measure Ca and P utilization. After 6 wk, the left tibia and femurs were collected to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). A 1-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD means separation test was used for statistical analysis. There were no significant differences in egg production, egg quality, BMD, or BMC of tibia and femurs among the treatments (P > 0.05). T6 significantly reduced feed intake (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca was higher (P < 0.012) in treatments supplemented with additional vitamin D, irrespective of forms. The ATTD of P was higher (P < 0.0001) in T5 compared to the other treatments at both time points. The utilization of Ca and P by laying hens can be improved through the addition of different isoforms of vitamin D in diets. However, additional vitamin D supplementation to laying hens, regardless of forms, had no effect on either bone mineralization or measures of egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - D White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J D House
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
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Alcala RS, Caliva JM, Flesia AG, Marin RH, Kembro JM. Aggressive dominance can decrease behavioral complexity on subordinates through synchronization of locomotor activities. Commun Biol 2019; 2:467. [PMID: 31872072 PMCID: PMC6908596 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Social environments are known to influence behavior. Moreover, within small social groups, dominant/subordinate relationships frequently emerge. Dominants can display aggressive behaviors towards subordinates and sustain priority access to resources. Herein, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were used, given that they establish hierarchies through frequent aggressive interactions. We apply a combination of different mathematical tools to provide a precise quantification of the effect of social environments and the consequence of dominance at an individual level on the temporal dynamics of behavior. Main results show that subordinates performed locomotion dynamics with stronger long-range positive correlations in comparison to birds that receive few or no aggressions from conspecifics (more random dynamics). Dominant birds and their subordinates also showed a high level of synchronization in the locomotor pattern, likely emerging from the lack of environmental opportunities to engage in independent behavior. Findings suggest that dominance can potentially modulate behavioral dynamics through synchronization of locomotor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Soledad Alcala
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Martin Caliva
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Georgina Flesia
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios de Matemática (CIEM, CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raul Hector Marin
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Catedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jackelyn Melissa Kembro
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Catedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina
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Glencorse D, Plush K, Hazel S, D’Souza D, Hebart M. Impact of Non-Confinement Accommodation on Farrowing Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Farrowing Crates Versus Pens. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110957. [PMID: 31726676 PMCID: PMC6912515 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this project was to review previously published research with a focus on the effects of farrowing accommodation on piglet performance. The specific design features were analysed to determine whether animals in loose housed farrowing pens or crates from loading to weaning contribute to differences in litter performance obtained from different farrowing house accommodation types. This was the first systematic review and meta-analysis conducted towards the farrowing performance of crates and pens. The relative risk of piglet mortality was 14% higher in farrowing pens than farrowing crates, which indicated that non-confinement of sows compromises post-natal piglet survival. Overall, the type of farrowing accommodation did not affect the number of stillborn piglets. However, the rate of stillborn piglets was lower in farrowing pens that were not enriched when compared with farrowing crates, also with no enrichment. There was no effect of housing type on the number of piglets born alive or the number of piglets weaned, although the sample size for the later was much smaller. Producers should anticipate an increase in mortality when piglets are reared by sows that are unconfined in the pen designs that are currently available, which supports the wider belief that crates are successful for reducing pre-weaning piglet mortality. Abstract There are conflicting reports regarding the effect of farrowing house accommodation on piglet performance. The aim of this investigation was to use a systematic review and meta-analyses to summarise the results of publications that focused on direct comparisons between full confinement conventional crates and various designs of loose-housed farrowing pens from loading until weaning. Literature searches in Scopus, BIOSIS Previews, Cab Abstracts, and Web of Science identified 6695 articles. Twenty-two publications were retained for the systematic review and individual meta-analyses after screening for inclusion criteria. The random effects meta-analyses were performed on crate versus pen for number of piglets born alive, number of stillborn piglets, pre-weaning mortality, and number of piglets weaned. Additionally, the modifiers of confinement length (no confinement from loading until weaning or partial confinement for shorter periods of time in the early stages post parturition), enrichment (no enrichment or enrichment provided), and pen size (small, medium, or large) were examined. There was a 14% increase in the relative risk of piglet mortality in farrowing pens when they were compared with crates (p = 0.0015). The number of stillborns per litter was not different between the pen and crate. However, when providing enrichment in the pens, there was an increase in stillborns within farrowing crates versus pens (p = 0.009). There was no overall effect on piglets that were born alive or number weaned. As there is no difference between piglets born alive and mortality is significantly higher in farrowing pens, a reduction in the number of piglets weaned was expected but not observed, which was possibly due to the lack of weaning details provided in the publications. This was the first systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on the performance of farrowing accommodation and identified that farrowing pens do compromise post-natal piglet survival. Future efforts should focus on improving sow comfort in the farrowing crate to maximize both piglet and sow welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Glencorse
- SunPork Group, PO Box 92, Wasleys 5400, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8525-4005
| | - Kate Plush
- SunPork Group, PO Box 92, Wasleys 5400, Australia
| | - Susan Hazel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy 5371, Australia
| | | | - Michelle Hebart
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy 5371, Australia
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Stuart AK, KuKanich B, Caixeta LS, Coetzee JF, Barrell EA. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral firocoxib in adult, mixed-breed goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:640-646. [PMID: 31435966 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of oral firocoxib in large animal species have been limited to horses, preruminating calves, and adult camels. The aim of this study was to describe pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of firocoxib in adult goats. Ten healthy adult goats were administered 0.5 mg/kg firocoxib intravenously (i.v.) and per os (p.o.) in a randomized, crossover study. Plasma firocoxib concentrations were measured over a 96-hr period for each treatment using HPLC and mass spectrometry, and PK analysis was performed. The p.o. formulation reached mean peak plasma concentration of 139 ng/ml (range: 87-196 ng/ml) in 0.77 hr (0.25-2.00 hr), and half-life was 21.51 hr (10.21-48.32 hr). Mean bioavailability was 71% (51%-82%), indicative of adequate gastrointestinal absorption of firocoxib. There were no negative effects observed in any animal, and all blood work values remained within or very near reference range at the study's conclusion. Results indicate that oral firocoxib is well-absorbed and rapidly reaches peak plasma concentrations, although the concentration also decreased quickly prior to the terminal phase. The prolonged half-life may suggest tissue accumulation and higher plasma concentrations over time, depending on dosing schedule. Further studies to determine tissue residue depletion, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic concentrations of firocoxib in goats are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Stuart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Luciano S Caixeta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Emily A Barrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF WILD IMPALA ( AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS) DURING INTENSIVE IMMOBILIZATION AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA STUDY TRIALS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 48:1058-1071. [PMID: 29297808 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0199r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobilization and anesthesia of impala ( Aepyceros melampus) has become a popular research theme. This demand is brought about by the increased need to immobilize and anesthetize impala and other medium-sized wild ungulates because of their increased value in game ranching and zoological collections. To improve our understanding of immobilization and general anesthesia in these species, it is paramount to be able to study them in a practical, safe research environment that does not cause harm or unnecessary stress to the animals. This study aimed to scrutinize our management and welfare practices and scientific methods of 15 wild-caught impala placed in captive confinement during a 16-wk intensive research project. The scientific methods of the project were scrutinized to identify procedures that attributed to morbidity and mortality. Indicators of impala welfare during captivity were monitored by documenting serial physical (body weight, coat condition), physiological (biochemistry and hematology), and psychologic (behavioral) aspects. Two impala suffered irreparable femoral fractures during darting and were humanly euthanized. One impala suffered cardiovascular collapse during immobilization and could not be resuscitated. The procedure of chemical capture had a morbidity and mortality rate of 14.8% and 4.4%, respectively. The impala maintained acceptable physical and physiologic parameters, including stable body weights, well-groomed coats, and values for total serum protein, serum creatinine, and hematologic parameters that were within reference ranges for the species. There were improvements in the impalas' psychological parameters, which included a decrease in the number of aggressive interactions (head butting and ramming) and an increase in the number of reciprocal allogrooming interactions. The monitored welfare indicators suggest adaptation to captivity. The study showed that impala could be successfully managed in captivity for 16 wk. However, scientific methods (namely darting) increased the risk of injury and caused fatalities.
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Weigel R, Koellner T, Poppenborg P, Bogner C. Crop diversity and stability of revenue on farms in Central Europe: An analysis of big data from a comprehensive agricultural census in Bavaria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207454. [PMID: 30452486 PMCID: PMC6242357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity of agricultural landscapes is important to maintain the provision of ecosystem services. In face of decreasing support measures for agricultural markets in the European Union, diversified crop portfolios could also offer a possibility to stabilize revenue at farm level (portfolio effect). We hypothesize that (i) diversity of crop portfolios changes along spatial gradients in the study area (Bavaria, Germany), (ii) the composition of portfolios depends on farm parameters, and (iii) more diverse portfolios on arable land provide higher revenue stability. We analysed agricultural census data comprising all farms (N = 105 314) in the study area and identified 26 typical crop portfolios. We show that portfolio composition is related to farm characteristics (whole farm revenue, farm type, farm size) and location. Currently, diversification of crop portfolios fails to promote stability of portfolio revenue in the study area, where policy still indirectly influences market prices of energy crops. We conclude that the portfolio effect as a natural insurance was less important in recent years due to high market prices for specific crops. This low need for natural insurances probably favoured simplified portfolios leading to decreased agricultural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weigel
- Professorship of Ecological Services, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Ecological Modelling, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail: (RW); (CB)
| | - Thomas Koellner
- Professorship of Ecological Services, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Patrick Poppenborg
- Professorship of Ecological Services, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christina Bogner
- Ecological Modelling, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- * E-mail: (RW); (CB)
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A systematic literature mapping and meta-analysis of animal-based traits as indicators of production diseases in pigs. Animal 2018; 13:1508-1518. [PMID: 30373681 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of animal-based traits to identify and deal with production diseases is often a challenge for pig farmers, researchers and other related professionals. This systematic review focused on production diseases, that is, the diseases that arise from management practices, affecting the digestive, locomotory and respiratory system of pigs. The aim was to classify all traits that have been measured and conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the impact of diseases on these traits so that these can be used as indicators for intervention. Data were extracted from 67 peer-reviewed publications selected from 2339 records. Traits were classified as productive (performance and carcass composition), behavioural, biochemical and molecular traits. A meta-analysis based on mixed models was performed on traits assessed more than five times across studies, using the package metafor of the R software. A total of 524 unique traits were recorded 1 to 31 times in a variety of sample material including blood, muscle, articular cartilage, bone or at the level of whole animal. No behavioural traits were recorded from the included experiments. Only 14 traits were measured on more than five occasions across studies. Traits within the biochemical, molecular and productive trait groups were reported most frequently in the published literature and were most affected by production diseases; among these were some cytokines (interleukin (IL) 1-β, IL6, IL8 and tumour necrosis factor-α), acute phase proteins (haptoglobin) and daily weight gain. Quantification of the influence of factors relating to animal characteristics or husbandry practices was not possible, due to the low frequency of reporting throughout the literature. To conclude, this study has permitted a holistic assessment of traits measured in the published literature to study production diseases occurring in various stages of the production cycle of pigs. It shows the lack of consensus and common measurements of traits to characterise production diseases within the scientific literature. Specific traits, most of them relating to performance characteristics or immunological response of pigs, are proposed for further study as potential tools for the prognosis and study of production diseases.
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Dairy cattle welfare as a result of human-animal relationship – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the various concepts of human-animal relationship, the welfarist approach to this problem is one of the most often considered in theory and used in practice. When dealing with issues related to dairy cattle welfare (DCW), it is necessary to take into account both the reality characteristic for animals used to obtain milk (e.g. the problem of automatic milking of cows) and for slaughter cattle (e.g. slaughter of culled animals). It is not surprising, therefore, that issues related to DCW are the focus of the attention of the public, researchers, breeders as well as the dairy and meat industries. The aim of this article was to possibly most comprehensively cover the above-mentioned issues, although due to its huge scope it was obviously necessary to limit the article to what I think are currently most important issues. That is why in the review I (1) characterized the issues related to the division of human responsibility for DCW; (2) discussed the importance of technology to human-animal relationship; (3) elaborated the matter of stress, emotionality of animals and their cognitive abilities in the aspect of “negative” and “positive” DCW; (4) considered the possibilities of non-invasive assessment of animal welfare in the future and (5) discussed topics related to improving the conditions of the slaughter of animals. In summary, it was proposed paying more attention than has been paid until now, to the assessment of positive DCW in scientific research and breeding practice. I also drew attention to the necessity of reliable information flow on the line of the breeder/milk producer - industry - consumer, as negligence in this area is one of the reasons for public disinformation regarding the level of animal welfare.
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Teaching animal welfare in veterinary schools in Latin America. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:131-140. [PMID: 30564587 PMCID: PMC6286393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high demand for a veterinary education in animal welfare (AW) with different approaches from the academic, society and trade points of view. Latin American (LA) countries members of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) are under the urge and should be obligated to teach AW. The aims of this article are to analyze the current drives of change on the importance of teaching animal welfare in LA, the competences recommended from international education organizations for the region, and to provide the contents on the curriculum in AW that a future veterinarian should achieve in the LA scenario, in other words to examine why teaching AW, what should be taught and how. Despite significant advances in introducing AW into veterinary training programs, much remains to be done regarding the future of this field in teaching veterinary science in Spain and LA countries, and in including this science as an independent course in programs at distinct levels to integrate the scientific, ethical and legal aspects of AW. This paper presents a proposal that was constructed with a view towards integrating diverse curricular approaches based on criteria, contents and concepts provided by the researchers and professors who collaborated in the book entitled: Bienestar Animal: Una Visión Global en Iberoamerica [Animal Welfare: A Global Vision in Ibero-America]. To ensure veterinary students will be better equipped to graduate with OIE day 1 competencies in AW, teaching approaches are needed that support project-based learning and gamification, critical thinking, reflection and collaborative learning.
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Maraba KP, Mlambo V, Yusuf AO, Marume U, Hugo A. Extra dietary vitamin E – selenium as a mitigation strategy against housing-induced stress in Dohne Merino lambs: Effect on growth performance, stress biomarkers, and meat quality. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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An integrated analysis of social stress in laying hens: The interaction between physiology, behaviour, and hierarchy. Behav Processes 2018; 149:43-51. [PMID: 29408572 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Livestock is the category of animals that suffers the most severe welfare problems. Among these, physical, physiological, and behavioural distress caused by artificial grouping are some of the challenges faced by these animals. Groups whose members are frequently changed have been reported as socially unstable, which could jeopardise the welfare of animals. Here, we assessed the effect of social instability on aggression, stress, and productivity in groups of laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). We studied 36 females, distributed into three stable groups (without group membership change) and three unstable groups (where the dominant member was rotated every week) over the course of 10 weeks. We evaluated the frequency of agonistic interactions, glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) concentrations, and egg production. In both treatments, dominant hens produced more eggs compared to intermediate and subordinates, and intermediate hens had the highest GCM concentrations. Socially unstable groups had lower productivity and higher frequencies of agonistic interactions than stable groups. Social instability also affected GCM of the animals: in stable groups, subordinate hens had higher concentrations than dominants; in unstable groups, this pattern was reversed. Our results point to a social destabilisation in groups whose members were alternated, and suggest the welfare of individuals in unstable groups was compromised. Our results pointed to a complex relationship between hierarchy, productivity, physiological stress and aggression in laying hens, and have implications for their husbandry and management and, consequently, for their welfare levels.
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Mullins CR, Pairis-Garcia MD, Campler MR, Anthony R, Johnson AK, Coleman GJ, Rault JL. Teaching Tip: The Development of an Interactive Computer-Based Training Program for Timely and Humane On-Farm Pig Euthanasia. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 45:405-412. [PMID: 29400634 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.1216-191r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With extensive knowledge and training in the prevention, management, and treatment of disease conditions in animals, veterinarians play a critical role in ensuring good welfare on swine farms by training caretakers on the importance of timely euthanasia. To assist veterinarians and other industry professionals in training new and seasoned caretakers, an interactive computer-based training program was created. It consists of three modules, each containing five case studies, which cover three distinct production stages (breeding stock, piglets, and wean to grower-finisher pigs). Case study development was derived from five specific euthanasia criteria defined in the 2015 Common Swine Industry Audit, a nationally recognized auditing program used in the US. Case studies provide information regarding treatment history, clinical signs, and condition severity of the pig and prompt learners to make management decisions regarding pig treatment and care. Once a decision is made, feedback is provided so learners understand the appropriateness of their decision compared to current industry guidelines. In addition to training farm personnel, this program may also be a valuable resource if incorporated into veterinary, graduate, and continuing education curricula. This innovative tool represents the first interactive euthanasia-specific training program in the US swine industry and offers the potential to improve timely and humane on-farm pig euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn R Mullins
- Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
| | - Monique D Pairis-Garcia
- Graduate Research Associate, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2027 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Magnus R Campler
- Research Associate, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2027 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Raymond Anthony
- Professor of Philosophy and Ethics, Department of Philosophy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Anna K Johnson
- ssociate Professor of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2356F Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Grahame J Coleman
- Professor, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Animal Welfare Science Centre, The University of Melbourne, Alice Hoy building 162, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jean-Loup Rault
- Senior Research Fellow, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Animal Welfare Science Centre, The University of Melbourne, Alice Hoy building 162, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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