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Nagar N, Naidu G, Mishra A, Poluri KM. Protein-Based Nanocarriers and Nanotherapeutics for Infection and Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:91-109. [PMID: 37699711 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory diseases are one of the leading causes of death globally. The status quo has become more prominent with the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To combat these potential crises, proteins have been proven as highly efficacious drugs, drug targets, and biomarkers. On the other hand, advancements in nanotechnology have aided efficient and sustained drug delivery due to their nano-dimension-acquired advantages. Combining both strategies together, the protein nanoplatforms are equipped with the advantageous intrinsic properties of proteins as well as nanoformulations, eloquently changing the field of nanomedicine. Proteins can act as carriers, therapeutics, diagnostics, and theranostics in their nanoform as fusion proteins or as composites with other organic/inorganic materials. Protein-based nanoplatforms have been extensively explored to target the major infectious and inflammatory diseases of clinical concern. The current review comprehensively deliberated proteins as nanocarriers for drugs and nanotherapeutics for inflammatory and infectious agents, with special emphasis on cancer and viral diseases. A plethora of proteins from diverse organisms have aided in the synthesis of protein-based nanoformulations. The current study specifically presented the proteins of human and pathogenic origin to dwell upon the field of protein nanotechnology, emphasizing their pharmacological advantages. Further, the successful clinical translation and current bottlenecks of the protein-based nanoformulations associated with the infection-inflammation paradigm have also been discussed comprehensively. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review discusses the plethora of promising protein-based nanocarriers and nanotherapeutics explored for infectious and inflammatory ailments, with particular emphasis on protein nanoparticles of human and pathogenic origin with reference to the advantages, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters), and current bottlenecks in development of protein-based nanotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Nagar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (N.N., G.N., K.M.P.) and Centre for Nanotechnology (K.M.P.), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; and Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (A.M.)
| | - Goutami Naidu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (N.N., G.N., K.M.P.) and Centre for Nanotechnology (K.M.P.), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; and Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (A.M.)
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (N.N., G.N., K.M.P.) and Centre for Nanotechnology (K.M.P.), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; and Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (A.M.)
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (N.N., G.N., K.M.P.) and Centre for Nanotechnology (K.M.P.), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; and Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (A.M.)
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Tanelus M, López K, Smith S, Muller JA, Porier DL, Auguste DI, Stone WB, Paulson SL, Auguste AJ. Exploring the immunogenicity of an insect-specific virus vectored Zika vaccine candidate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19948. [PMID: 37968443 PMCID: PMC10651913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an important re-emerging flavivirus that presents a significant threat to human health worldwide. Despite its importance, no vaccines are approved for use in humans. Insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs) have recently garnered attention as an antigen presentation platform for vaccine development and diagnostic applications. Here, we further explore the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a chimeric ISFV-Zika vaccine candidate, designated Aripo-Zika (ARPV/ZIKV). Our results show a near-linear relationship between increased dose and immunogenicity, with 1011 genome copies (i.e., 108 focus forming units) being the minimum dose required for protection from ZIKV-induced morbidity and mortality in mice. Including boosters did not significantly increase the short-term efficacy of ARPV/ZIKV-vaccinated mice. We also show that weanling mice derived from ARPV/ZIKV-vaccinated dams were completely protected from ZIKV-induced morbidity and mortality upon challenge, suggesting efficient transfer of maternally-derived protective antibodies. Finally, in vitro coinfection studies of ZIKV with Aripo virus (ARPV) and ARPV/ZIKV in African green monkey kidney cells (i.e., Vero-76) showed that ARPV and ARPV/ZIKV remain incapable of replication in vertebrate cells, despite the presence of active ZIKV replication. Altogether, our data continue to support ISFV-based vaccines, and specifically the ARPV backbone is a safe, immunogenic and effective vaccine strategy for flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manette Tanelus
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Krisangel López
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Shaan Smith
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - John A Muller
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Danielle L Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Dawn I Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - William B Stone
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Sally L Paulson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Powell TJ, Jacobs A, Tang J, Cardenas E, Palath N, Daniels J, Boyd JG, Bergeron HC, Jorquera PA, Tripp RA. Microparticle RSV Vaccines Presenting the G Protein CX3C Chemokine Motif in the Context of TLR Signaling Induce Protective Th1 Immune Responses and Prevent Pulmonary Eosinophilia Post-Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122078. [PMID: 36560488 PMCID: PMC9785538 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer-by-layer microparticle (LbL-MP) fabrication was used to produce synthetic vaccines presenting a fusion peptide containing RSV G protein CX3C chemokine motif and a CD8 epitope of the RSV matrix protein 2 (GM2) with or without a covalently linked TLR2 agonist (Pam3.GM2). Immunization of BALB/c mice with either GM2 or Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP in the absence of adjuvant elicited G-specific antibody responses and M2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Following challenge with RSV, mice immunized with the GM2 LbL-MP vaccine developed a Th2-biased immune response in the lungs with elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and a pulmonary influx of eosinophils. By comparison, mice immunized with the Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP vaccine had considerably lower to non-detectable levels of the Th2 cytokines and chemokines and very low numbers of eosinophils in the BAL fluid post-RSV challenge. In addition, mice immunized with the Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP also had higher levels of RSV G-specific IgG2a and IgG2b in the post-challenge BAL fluid compared to those immunized with the GM2 LbL-MP vaccine. While both candidates protected mice from infection following challenge, as evidenced by the reduction or elimination of RSV plaques, the inclusion of the TLR2 agonist yielded a more potent antibody response, greater protection, and a clear shift away from Th2/eosinophil responses. Since the failure of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccines tested in the 1960s has been hypothesized to be partly due to the ablation of host TLR engagement by the vaccine and inappropriate Th2 responses upon subsequent viral infection, these findings stress the importance of appropriate engagement of the innate immune response during initial exposure to RSV G CX3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Jacobs
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Edwin Cardenas
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer Daniels
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - James G. Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Patricia A. Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Chirikov V, Botteman M, Simões EAF. The Long-Term Healthcare Utilization and Economic Burden of RSV Infection in Children ≤5 Years in Japan: Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 14:699-714. [DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s382495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Krauss SR, Barbateskovic M, Klingenberg SL, Djurisic S, Petersen SB, Kenfelt M, Kong DZ, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C. Aluminium adjuvants versus placebo or no intervention in vaccine randomised clinical trials: a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058795. [PMID: 35738649 PMCID: PMC9226993 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of aluminium adjuvants versus placebo or no intervention in randomised clinical trials in relation to human vaccine development. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis assessing the certainty of evidence with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). DATA SOURCES We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, BIOSIS, Science Citation Index Expanded and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science until 29 June 2021, and Chinese databases until September 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised clinical trials irrespective of type, status and language of publication, with trial participants of any sex, age, ethnicity, diagnosis, comorbidity and country of residence. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias with Cochrane's RoB tool 1. Dichotomous data were analysed as risk ratios (RRs) and continuous data as mean differences. We explored both fixed-effect and random-effects models, with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was quantified with I2 statistic. We GRADE assessed the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS We included 102 randomised clinical trials (26 457 participants). Aluminium adjuvants versus placebo or no intervention may have no effect on serious adverse events (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.43; very low certainty) and on all-cause mortality (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.41; very low certainty). No trial reported on quality of life. Aluminium adjuvants versus placebo or no intervention may increase adverse events (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.20; very low certainty). We found no or little evidence of a difference between aluminium adjuvants versus placebo or no intervention when assessing serology with geometric mean titres or concentrations or participants' seroprotection. CONCLUSIONS Based on evidence at very low certainty, we were unable to identify benefits of aluminium adjuvants, which may be associated with adverse events considered non-serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Russo Krauss
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marija Barbateskovic
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Louise Klingenberg
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Snezana Djurisic
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sesilje Bondo Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - De Zhao Kong
- The Evidence-Based Medicine Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Evidence-based Chinese Medicine Research Centre, The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Janus C Jakobsen
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Fusogenic Hybrid Extracellular Vesicles with PD-1 Membrane Proteins for the Cytosolic Delivery of Cargos. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112635. [PMID: 35681615 PMCID: PMC9179877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid membrane capsules that can deliver functional molecules, such as nucleic acids, to target cells. Currently, the application of EVs is limited because of the difficulty of loading cargo into EVs. We constructed hybrid EVs by the fusion of liposomes and insect cell-derived EVs expressing recombinant programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) protein and baculoviral fusogenic glycoprotein gp64, and evaluated delivery of the model cargo molecule, Texas Red-labeled dextran (TR-Dex), into the cytosol. When PD-1 hybrid EVs were added to HeLa cells, the intracellular uptake of the hybrid EVs was increased compared with hybrid EVs without PD-1. After cellular uptake, the PD-1 hybrid EVs were shown to be localized to late endosomes or lysosomes. The results of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) indicated that membrane fusion between the hybrid EVs and organelles had occurred in the acidic environment of the organelles. When TR-Dex-loaded liposomes were fused with the PD-1 EVs, confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that TR-Dex was distributed throughout the cells, which suggested that endosomal escape of TR-Dex, through membrane fusion between the hybrid EVs and acidic organelles, had occurred. These engineered PD-1 hybrid EVs have potential as delivery carriers for biopharmaceuticals.
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7
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Lemon JL, McMenamy MJ. A Review of UK-Registered and Candidate Vaccines for Bovine Respiratory Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121403. [PMID: 34960149 PMCID: PMC8703677 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is widely regarded as a cornerstone in animal or herd health and infectious disease management. Nineteen vaccines against the major pathogens implicated in bovine respiratory disease are registered for use in the UK by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). However, despite annual prophylactic vaccination, bovine respiratory disease is still conservatively estimated to cost the UK economy approximately £80 million per annum. This review examines the vaccine types available, discusses the surrounding literature and scientific rationale of the limitations and assesses the potential of novel vaccine technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Lemon
- Sustainable Agri-Food and Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael J. McMenamy
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK;
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8
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Ftouh M, Kalboussi N, Abid N, Sfar S, Mignet N, Bahloul B. Contribution of Nanotechnologies to Vaccine Development and Drug Delivery against Respiratory Viruses. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:6741290. [PMID: 34721558 PMCID: PMC8550859 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6741290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the coronavirus disease 2019, a respiratory viral illness linked to significant morbidity, mortality, production loss, and severe economic depression, was the third-largest cause of death in 2020. Respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and adenovirus, are among the most common causes of respiratory illness in humans, spreading as pandemics or epidemics throughout all continents. Nanotechnologies are particles in the nanometer range made from various compositions. They can be lipid-based, polymer-based, protein-based, or inorganic in nature, but they are all bioinspired and virus-like. In this review, we aimed to present a short review of the different nanoparticles currently studied, in particular those which led to publications in the field of respiratory viruses. We evaluated those which could be beneficial for respiratory disease-based viruses; those which already have contributed, such as lipid nanoparticles in the context of COVID-19; and those which will contribute in the future either as vaccines or antiviral drug delivery systems. We present a short assessment based on a critical selection of evidence indicating nanotechnology's promise in the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ftouh
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Kalboussi
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
- Sahloul University Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Abid
- Department of Biotechnology, High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, BP-66, 2020 Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Rue Ibn Sina, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Souad Sfar
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, UTCBS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Badr Bahloul
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
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Intranasal vaccination with a recombinant protein CTA1-DD-RBF protects mice against hRSV infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18641. [PMID: 34545126 PMCID: PMC8452643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infection is a major pediatric health concern worldwide. Despite more than half a century of efforts, there is still no commercially available vaccine. In this study, we constructed and purified the recombinant protein CTA1-DD-RBF composed of a CTA1-DD mucosal adjuvant and prefusion F protein (RBF) using Escherichia coli BL21 cells. We studied the immunogenicity of CTA1-DD-RBF in mice. Intranasal immunization with CTA1-DD-RBF stimulated hRSV F-specific IgG1, IgG2a, sIgA, and neutralizing antibodies as well as T cell immunity without inducing lung immunopathology upon hRSV challenge. Moreover, the protective immunity of CTA1-DD-RBF was superior to that of the RBF protein, as confirmed by the assessment of serum-neutralizing activity and viral clearance after challenge. Compared to formalin-inactivated hRSV (FI-RSV), intranasal immunization with CTA1-DD-RBF induced a Th1 immune response. In summary, intranasal immunization with CTA1-DD-RBF is safe and effective in mice. Therefore, CTA1-DD-RBF represents a potential mucosal vaccine candidate for the prevention of human infection with hRSV.
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Lim J, Cheong Y, Kim YS, Chae W, Hwang BJ, Lee J, Jang YH, Roh YH, Seo SU, Seong BL. RNA-dependent assembly of chimeric antigen nanoparticles as an efficient H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccine platform. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102438. [PMID: 34256061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) pose a significant threat to human health, with high mortality rates, and require effective vaccines. We showed that, harnessed with novel RNA-mediated chaperone function, hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 HPAIV could be displayed as an immunologically relevant conformation on self-assembled chimeric nanoparticles (cNP). A tri-partite monomeric antigen was designed including: i) an RNA-interaction domain (RID) as a docking tag for RNA to enable chaperna function (chaperna: chaperone + RNA), ii) globular head domain (gd) of HA as a target antigen, and iii) ferritin as a scaffold for 24 mer-assembly. The immunization of mice with the nanoparticles (~46 nm) induced a 25-30 fold higher neutralizing capacity of the antibody and provided cross-protection from homologous and heterologous lethal challenges. This study suggests that cNP assembly is conducive to eliciting antibodies against the conserved region in HA, providing potent and broad protective efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Birds/virology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Mice
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Pandemics
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/immunology
- RNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkwan Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yucheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jeung Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Roh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Innovative Technology Alliance-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Drysdale SB, Barr RS, Rollier CS, Green CA, Pollard AJ, Sande CJ. Priorities for developing respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in different target populations. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/535/eaax2466. [PMID: 32188721 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been hampered by major difficulties that occurred in the 1960s when a formalin-inactivated vaccine led to increased severity of RSV disease after acquisition of the virus in the RSV season after vaccination. Recent renewed efforts to develop a vaccine have resulted in about 38 candidate vaccines and monoclonal antibodies now in clinical development. The target populations for effective vaccination are varied and include neonates, young children, pregnant women, and older adults. The reasons for susceptibility to infection in each of these groups may be different and, therefore, could require different vaccine types for induction of protective immune responses, adding a further challenge for vaccine development. Here, we review the current knowledge of RSV vaccine development for these target populations and propose a view and rationale for prioritizing RSV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rachael S Barr
- Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton TA1 5DA, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Christopher A Green
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Charles J Sande
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK. .,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
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12
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Blunck BN, Rezende W, Piedra PA. Profile of respiratory syncytial virus prefusogenic fusion protein nanoparticle vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:351-364. [PMID: 33733995 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1903877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections worldwide. The RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is a major focus of vaccine development. Despite over 60 years of research, there is no licensed vaccine for RSV. AREAS COVERED The primary focus of this review is a novel RSV-F recombinant nanoparticle vaccine from Novavax utilizing the F protein, a conserved and immunodominant surface glycoprotein. This RSV F recombinant nanoparticle vaccine adsorbed to 0.4 mg of aluminum phosphate was ultimately administered by a single intramuscular injection during the third trimester of pregnancy in an effort to induce passive immunity in newborns. Its mechanism, performance in clinical trials, and place in RSV vaccine history are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The vaccine was safe and well tolerated in pregnant women and the results suggest potential benefits with respect to other medically relevant end-point events involving RSV-associated respiratory and all-cause disease in infants. However, the RSV-F recombinant nanoparticle vaccine did not meet the pre-specified primary success criteria for efficacy against RSV-associated, medically significant lower respiratory tract infection in infants up to 90 days of life. The potential benefits to infants from maternal immunization and excellent safety profile warrant further confirmatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani N Blunck
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Wanderson Rezende
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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13
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Le DT, Müller KM. In Vitro Assembly of Virus-Like Particles and Their Applications. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:334. [PMID: 33920215 PMCID: PMC8069851 DOI: 10.3390/life11040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are increasingly used for vaccine development and drug delivery. Assembly of VLPs from purified monomers in a chemically defined reaction is advantageous compared to in vivo assembly, because it avoids encapsidation of host-derived components and enables loading with added cargoes. This review provides an overview of ex cella VLP production methods focusing on capsid protein production, factors that impact the in vitro assembly, and approaches to characterize in vitro VLPs. The uses of in vitro produced VLPs as vaccines and for therapeutic delivery are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian M. Müller
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
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14
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Chu HY, Newman KL, Englund JA, Cho S, Bull C, Lacombe K, Carlin K, Bulkow LR, Rudolph K, DeByle C, Berner J, Klejka J, Singleton R. Transplacental Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Virus Antibody Transfer in Alaska Native and Seattle Mother-Infant Pairs. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:230-236. [PMID: 32369172 PMCID: PMC8023314 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alaska Native (AN) infants are at risk for severe disease due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza. Maternal immunization protects young infants through transplacental antibody transfer. RSV- and influenza-specific transplacental antibody transfer in mother-infant pairs has not previously been evaluated in the AN population. METHODS Serum samples collected during pregnancy and at birth from AN mother-infant pairs in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region (YKD) of Alaska (2000-2011; n = 75) and predominantly white pairs in Seattle, Washington (2014-2016; n = 57), were tested for RSV and influenza antibody using a microneutralization and hemagglutination inhibition assay, respectively, and compared between sites. RESULTS Mean RSV antibody concentrations in pregnant women in YKD and Seattle were similar (log2 RSV antibody 10.6 vs 10.7, P = .86), but cord blood RSV antibody concentrations were significantly lower in infants born to mothers in YKD compared with Seattle (log2 RSV antibody 11.0 vs 12.2, P < .001). Maternal and cord blood influenza antibody concentrations were lower for women and infants in YKD compared with Seattle for all 4 influenza antigens tested (all P < .05). The mean cord to maternal RSV antibody transfer ratio was 1.15 (standard deviation [SD], 0.13) in mother-infant pairs in Seattle compared with 1.04 (SD, 0.08) in YKD. Mean cord blood to maternal antibody transfer ratios for influenza antigens ranged from 1.22 to 1.42 in Seattle and from 1.05 to 1.59 in YKD. CONCLUSIONS Though the transplacental antibody transfer ratio was high (>1.0) for both groups, transfer ratios for RSV antibody were significantly lower in AN mother-infant pairs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the impact of lower transplacental antibody transfer on infant disease risk in rural Alaska.Alaska Native and continental US mother-infant pairs have high transplacental antibody transfer ratios (>1.0) for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, but anti-respiratory syncytial virus antibody levels are significantly lower in Alaska Native pairs than in those from the continental US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kira L Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shari Cho
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine Bull
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten Lacombe
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristen Carlin
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa R Bulkow
- Arctic Investigations Program Centers for Disease Control, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Karen Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program Centers for Disease Control, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Carolynn DeByle
- Arctic Investigations Program Centers for Disease Control, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - James Berner
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Joseph Klejka
- Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation, Bethel, Alaska, USA
| | - Rosalyn Singleton
- Arctic Investigations Program Centers for Disease Control, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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15
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Shan J, Britton PN, King CL, Booy R. The immunogenicity and safety of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in development: A systematic review. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:539-551. [PMID: 33764693 PMCID: PMC8189192 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection globally. There are vaccine candidates in development, but a systematic review on immunogenicity and safety of vaccine is lacking. Methods This systematic review of RSV vaccine clinical trials was undertaken using four databases. Searches were conducted using both controlled vocabulary terms such as “Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human,” “Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections,” “Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines,” “Immunization,” “Immunization Programs” and “Vaccines” and corresponding text word terms. The included studies were limited to clinical trials published from January 2000 to 31 December 2020. RSV infection case was defined as RSV‐associated medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) or RSV infection by serologically confirmed test (Western blot) during the RSV surveillance period. We calculated the relative risk of each vaccine trial with RSV infection case. Results Of 6306 publications, 38 were included and data were extracted covering four major types of RSV vaccine candidates, these being live‐attenuated/chimeric (n = 14), recombinant‐vector (n = 6), subunit (n = 12) and nanoparticle vaccines (n = 6). For RSV infection cases, nine trials were involved and none of them showed a vaccine‐related increased MAARI during RSV surveillance season. Conclusion LID ∆M2‐2, MEDI M2‐2, RSVcps2 and LID/∆M2‐2 /1030s (live‐attenuated) were considered the most promising vaccine candidates in infant and children. In the elderly, a nanoparticle F vaccine candidate and Ad26.RSV.preF were considered as two potential effective vaccines. A promising maternal vaccine candidate is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shan
- Anhui Provincial Children Hospital, Hefei, China.,The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip N Britton
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine L King
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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16
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Fries L, Cho I, Krähling V, Fehling SK, Strecker T, Becker S, Hooper JW, Kwilas SA, Agrawal S, Wen J, Lewis M, Fix A, Thomas N, Flyer D, Smith G, Glenn G. Randomized, Blinded, Dose-Ranging Trial of an Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Nanoparticle Vaccine With Matrix-M Adjuvant in Healthy Adults. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:572-582. [PMID: 31603201 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemics pose a major public health risk. There currently is no licensed human vaccine against EBOV. The safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant EBOV glycoprotein (GP) nanoparticle vaccine formulated with or without Matrix-M adjuvant were evaluated to support vaccine development. METHODS A phase 1, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial was conducted in 230 healthy adults to evaluate 4 EBOV GP antigen doses as single- or 2-dose regimens with or without adjuvant. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed through 1-year postdosing. RESULTS All EBOV GP vaccine formulations were well tolerated. Receipt of 2 doses of EBOV GP with adjuvant showed a rapid increase in anti-EBOV GP immunoglobulin G titers with peak titers observed on Day 35 representing 498- to 754-fold increases from baseline; no evidence of an antigen dose response was observed. Serum EBOV-neutralizing and binding antibodies using wild-type Zaire EBOV (ZEBOV) or pseudovirion assays were 3- to 9-fold higher among recipients of 2-dose EBOV GP with adjuvant, compared with placebo on Day 35, which persisted through 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Ebola virus GP vaccine with Matrix-M adjuvant is well tolerated and elicits a robust and persistent immune response. These data suggest that further development of this candidate vaccine for prevention of EBOV disease is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iksung Cho
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Verena Krähling
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah K Fehling
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jay W Hooper
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Judy Wen
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amy Fix
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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17
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Current State and Challenges in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040672. [PMID: 33187337 PMCID: PMC7711987 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory tract infections in infants and it also induces significant disease in the elderly. The clinical course may be severe, especially in high-risk populations (infants and elderly), with a large number of deaths in developing countries and of intensive care hospitalizations worldwide. To date, prevention strategies against RSV infection is based on hygienic measures and passive immunization with humanized monoclonal antibodies, limited to selected high-risk children due to their high costs. The development of a safe and effective vaccine is a global health need and an important objective of research in this field. A growing number of RSV vaccine candidates in different formats (particle-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, subunit vaccines and live-attenuated vaccines) are being developed and are now at different stages, many of them already being in the clinical stage. While waiting for commercially available safe and effective vaccines, immune prophylaxis in selected groups of high-risk populations is still mandatory. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the RSV vaccine research and its implications for clinical practice, focusing on the characteristics of the vaccines that reached the clinical stage of development.
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18
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Qian C, Liu X, Xu Q, Wang Z, Chen J, Li T, Zheng Q, Yu H, Gu Y, Li S, Xia N. Recent Progress on the Versatility of Virus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010139. [PMID: 32244935 PMCID: PMC7157238 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multimeric nanostructures composed of one or more structural proteins of a virus in the absence of genetic material. Having similar morphology to natural viruses but lacking any pathogenicity or infectivity, VLPs have gradually become a safe substitute for inactivated or attenuated vaccines. VLPs can achieve tissue-specific targeting and complete and effective cell penetration. With highly ordered epitope repeats, VLPs have excellent immunogenicity and can induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses. In addition, as a type of nanocarrier, VLPs can be used to display antigenic epitopes or deliver small molecules. VLPs have thus become powerful tools for vaccinology and biomedical research. This review highlights the versatility of VLPs in antigen presentation, drug delivery, and vaccine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciying Qian
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Xinlin Liu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Qin Xu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Zhiping Wang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Jie Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Tingting Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ying Gu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaowei Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.Q.); (X.L.); (Q.X.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (N.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Y.)
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20
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Human respiratory syncytial virus F protein expressed in Pichia pastoris or Escherichia coli induces protective immunity without inducing enhanced respiratory disease in mice. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1057-1067. [PMID: 32144542 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the primary cause of severe respiratory tract disease in children and infants as well as in elderly and immunocompromised adults. The fusion protein (F) of hRSV is the major antigen eliciting a neutralizing antibody response and protective immunity in the host, especially those recognizing the prefusion F protein (pre-F). In this study, we made genetic constructs for expression of a recombinant prefusion F protein in Pichia pastoris GS115, called RGF. Using Escherichia coli BL21, we expressed the pre-F and postfusion F protein (Post-F), called RBF and Post-RBF, respectively. RGF and RBF showed high affinity for 5C4, a highly potent monoclonal antibody specific for pre-F. We studied the immunogenicity of RGF and RBF in mice. Compared to mice immunized with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV), mice immunized with RGF or RBF exhibited superior protective immunity, which was confirmed by serum neutralizing activity and viral clearance after challenge. As judged from the IgG1/IgG2a ratios and numbers of IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cells, RGF or RBF with alum adjuvant induced a balanced Th1-biased immune response and produced no signs of enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) upon hRSV challenge. In addition, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of RGF were superior to those of RBF in mice. Therefore, RGF represents a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention of human infection with hRSV.
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21
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Espeseth AS, Cejas PJ, Citron MP, Wang D, DiStefano DJ, Callahan C, Donnell GO, Galli JD, Swoyer R, Touch S, Wen Z, Antonello J, Zhang L, Flynn JA, Cox KS, Freed DC, Vora KA, Bahl K, Latham AH, Smith JS, Gindy ME, Ciaramella G, Hazuda D, Shaw CA, Bett AJ. Modified mRNA/lipid nanoparticle-based vaccines expressing respiratory syncytial virus F protein variants are immunogenic and protective in rodent models of RSV infection. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:16. [PMID: 32128257 PMCID: PMC7021756 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The RSV Fusion (F) protein is a target for neutralizing antibody responses and is a focus for vaccine discovery; however, the process of RSV entry requires F to adopt a metastable prefusion form and transition to a more stable postfusion form, which displays less potent neutralizing epitopes. mRNA vaccines encode antigens that are translated by host cells following vaccination, which may allow conformational transitions similar to those observed during natural infection to occur. Here we evaluate a panel of chemically modified mRNA vaccines expressing different forms of the RSV F protein, including secreted, membrane associated, prefusion-stabilized, and non-stabilized structures, for conformation, immunogenicity, protection, and safety in rodent models. Vaccination with mRNA encoding native RSV F elicited antibody responses to both prefusion- and postfusion-specific epitopes, suggesting that this antigen may adopt both conformations in vivo. Incorporating prefusion stabilizing mutations further shifts the immune response toward prefusion-specific epitopes, but does not impact neutralizing antibody titer. mRNA vaccine candidates expressing either prefusion stabilized or native forms of RSV F protein elicit robust neutralizing antibody responses in both mice and cotton rats, similar to levels observed with a comparable dose of adjuvanted prefusion stabilized RSV F protein. In contrast to the protein subunit vaccine, mRNA-based vaccines elicited robust CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in mice, highlighting a potential advantage of the technology for vaccines requiring a cellular immune response for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Espeseth
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Pedro J Cejas
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | | | - Dai Wang
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | | | - Cheryl Callahan
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | | | | | - Ryan Swoyer
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Sinoeun Touch
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Zhiyun Wen
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | | | - Lan Zhang
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Jessica A Flynn
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Kara S Cox
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Daniel C Freed
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | | | - Andrew H Latham
- 5Pharmaceutical Science, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- 5Pharmaceutical Science, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Marian E Gindy
- 5Pharmaceutical Science, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | | | - Daria Hazuda
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | | | - Andrew J Bett
- 1ID/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
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22
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Nganga SW, Otieno NA, Adero M, Ouma D, Chaves SS, Verani JR, Widdowson MA, Wilson A, Bergenfeld I, Andrews C, Fenimore VL, Gonzalez-Casanova I, Frew PM, Omer SB, Malik FA. Patient and provider perspectives on how trust influences maternal vaccine acceptance among pregnant women in Kenya. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:747. [PMID: 31651307 PMCID: PMC6813986 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women and newborns are at high risk for infectious diseases. Altered immunity status during pregnancy and challenges fully vaccinating newborns contribute to this medical reality. Maternal immunization is a strategy to protect pregnant women and their newborns. This study aimed to find out how patient-provider relationships affect maternal vaccine uptake, particularly in the context of a lower middle- income country where limited research in this area exists. METHODS We conducted semi-structured, in-depth narrative interviews of both providers and pregnant women from four sites in Kenya: Siaya, Nairobi, Mombasa, and Marsabit. Interviews were conducted in either English or one of the local regional languages. RESULTS We found that patient trust in health care providers (HCPs) is integral to vaccine acceptance among pregnant women in Kenya. The HCP-patient relationship is a fiduciary one, whereby the patients' trusts is primarily rooted in the provider's social position as a person who is highly educated in matters of health. Furthermore, patient health education and provider attitudes are crucial for reinstating and fostering that trust, especially in cases where trust was impeded by rumors, community myths and misperceptions, and religious and cultural factors. CONCLUSION Patient trust in providers is a strong facilitator contributing to vaccine acceptance among pregnant women in Kenya. To maintain and increase immunization trust, providers have a critical role in cultivating a positive environment that allows for favorable interactions and patient health education. This includes educating providers on maternal immunizations and enhancing knowledge of effective risk communication tactics in clinical encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy W Nganga
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy A Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Maxwell Adero
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Dominic Ouma
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sandra S Chaves
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer R Verani
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Courtni Andrews
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vincent L Fenimore
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.,UNLV School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Ines Gonzalez-Casanova
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Paula M Frew
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.,UNLV School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,UNLV Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fauzia A Malik
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Muňoz FM, Swamy GK, Hickman SP, Agrawal S, Piedra PA, Glenn GM, Patel N, August AM, Cho I, Fries L. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion (F) Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine in Healthy Third-Trimester Pregnant Women and Their Infants. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:1802-1815. [PMID: 31402384 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of infant lower respiratory tract disease and hospitalization worldwide. METHODS Safety and immunogenicity of RSV fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine or placebo were evaluated in 50 healthy third-trimester pregnant women. Assessments included vaccine tolerability and safety in women and infants, and RSV-specific antibody measures in women before and after vaccination, at delivery and post partum. RESULTS The vaccine was well tolerated; no meaningful differences in pregnancy or infant outcomes were observed between study groups. RSV-specific antibody levels increased significantly among vaccine recipients, including responses competitive with well-described monoclonal antibodies specific for multiple RSV neutralizing epitopes. No significant antibody increase was seen among placebo recipients, although a shallow upward trend across the RSV season was noted. Transplacental antibody transfer was 90%-120% across assays for infants of vaccinated women. Women with an interval of ≥30 days between vaccination and delivery demonstrated higher placental antibody transfer rates than women with an interval <30 days. Half-lives of RSV-specific antibodies in infants approximated 40 days. There was no evidence of severe RSV disease in infants of vaccinated mothers. CONCLUSIONS Data from this phase 2 study support a maternal immunization strategy to protect infants from RSV disease. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02247726.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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24
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Wang Z, Xu L, Yu H, Lv P, Lei Z, Zeng Y, Liu G, Cheng T. Ferritin nanocage-based antigen delivery nanoplatforms: epitope engineering for peptide vaccine design. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1794-1800. [PMID: 30888360 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications and nanotechnological advances, including constrained synthesis, multimodal imaging, drug delivery, and bioassay, have strongly benefited from employing ferritin nanocages due to their remarkable properties of easy engineering, great biocompatible features, large capacity and so on. In this study, ferritin nanocages were used to display epitopes (model antigens derived from Enterovirus 71 (EV71) with different length) on C- and N-terminals and the loop zone to search for the optimal position for the fusion of the epitopes to the vaccine platform. The longest epitope displayed on the N-terminal and loop zone as well as the second longest peptide displayed on the loop zone of ferritin resulted in 100% passive protection of newborn BALB/c mice from the lethal EV71. This suggests that peptides fused onto the loop zone of ferritin could induce strong immune response. Our results increase the versatility of the vaccine platform and provide more options for the production of stable constructs, suggesting the potential future clinical applicability of ferritin-based antigen delivery nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantong Wang
- Department of pharmacology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008, China.
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25
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Respiratory syncytial virus prefusogenic fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine: Structure, antigenic profile, immunogenicity, and protection. Vaccine 2019; 37:6112-6124. [PMID: 31416644 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory disease in the very young, elderly, and immunocompromised for which there is no vaccine. The surface exposed RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is required for membrane fusion and infection and is a desirable vaccine candidate. RSV F glycoprotein structure is dynamic and undergoes significant rearrangements during virus assembly, fusion, and infection. We have previously described an RSV fusion-inactive prefusogenic F with a mutation of one of two furin cleavage sites resulting in the p27 region on the N-terminus of F1 with a truncated fusion peptide covalently linked to F2. A processing intermediate RSV prefusogenic F has been reported in infected cells, purified F, budded virus, and elicited a strong immune response against p27 in RSV infected young children. In this report, we demonstrate that prefusogenic F, when expressed on the cell surface of Sf9 insect and human 293T cells, binds monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target prefusion-specific antigenic sites Ø and VIII, and mAbs targeting epitopes common to pre- and postfusion F sites II and IV. Purified prefusogenic F bound prefusion F specific mAbs to antigenic sites Ø and VIII and mAbs targeting pre- and postfusion sites II, IV, and p27. Mice immunized with prefusogenic F antigen produced significantly higher levels of anti-F IgG and RSV neutralizing antibodies than prefusion or postfusion F antigens and induced antibodies competitive with mAbs to sites Ø, VIII, II, and IV. RSV prefusogenic F neutralization antibody responses were enhanced with aluminum phosphate adjuvant and significantly higher than prefusion F. Prefusogenic F vaccine protected cotton rats against upper and lower respiratory tract infection by RSV/A. For the first time, we present the structure, antigenic profile, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of RSV prefusogenic F nanoparticle vaccine.
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26
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Roos N, Lambach P, Mantel C, Mason E, Muñoz FM, Giles M, Moran A, Hombach J, Diaz T. Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situation Analysis (MIACSA) study protocol: a multiregional, cross-sectional analysis of maternal immunization delivery strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024449. [PMID: 31167857 PMCID: PMC6561463 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal immunization (MI) with tetanus toxoid containing vaccine, is a safe and cost-effective way of preventing neonatal tetanus. Given the prospect of introducing new maternal vaccines in the near future, it is essential to identify and understand current policies, practices and unmet needs for introducing and/or scaling up MI in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situation Analysis (MIACSA) is a mixed methods, cross-sectional study that will collect data in four phases: (1) a review of global databases for selected health indicators in 136 LMICs; (2) a structured online survey directed at Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Expanded Programme on Immunization focal points in all 136 LMICs; (3) semistructured telephone interviews of 30 selected LMICs and (4) 10 week-long country visits, including key informant interviews, health facility visits and focus group discussions. The principal analyses will assess correlations between the various aspects of MI delivery strategies and proxy measures of health systems performance related to vaccine-preventable disease control. The primary outcome will be a typology of existing MI delivery models, and secondary outcomes will include country profiles of child and maternal health indicators, and a MI gaps and needs analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol was approved by the WHO Ethics Review Committee (ERC.0002908). The results will be made available in a project report and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals that will be shared broadly among global health decision-makers, researchers, product developers and country-level stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Roos
- Department of Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health (MCA), Epidemiology Monitoring and Evaluation (EME), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Lambach
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Mantel
- Independant consulting and advisory group, MMGH Consulting GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- Faculty of epidemiology and population health, Department of infectious disease epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Flor M Muñoz
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michelle Giles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University and Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allisyn Moran
- Department of Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health (MCA), Epidemiology Monitoring and Evaluation (EME), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Hombach
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Diaz
- Department of Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health (MCA), Epidemiology Monitoring and Evaluation (EME), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lee Y, Ko EJ, Kim KH, Lee YT, Hwang HS, Kwon YM, Graham BS, Kang SM. A unique combination adjuvant modulates immune responses preventing vaccine-enhanced pulmonary histopathology after a single dose vaccination with fusion protein and challenge with respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 2019; 534:1-13. [PMID: 31163351 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alum adjuvanted formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination resulted in enhanced respiratory disease in young children upon natural infection. Here, we investigated the adjuvant effects of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and oligodeoxynucleotide CpG (CpG) on vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after fusion (F) protein prime vaccination and RSV challenge in infant and adult mouse models. Combination CpG + MPL adjuvant in RSV F protein single dose priming of infant and adult age mice was found to promote the induction of IgG2a isotype antibodies and neutralizing activity, and lung viral clearance after challenge. CpG + MPL adjuvanted F protein (Fp) priming of infant and adult age mice was effective in avoiding lung histopathology, in reducing interleukin-4+ CD4 T cells and cellular infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils after RSV challenge. This study suggests that combination CpG and MPL adjuvant in RSV subunit vaccination might contribute to priming protective immune responses and preventing inflammatory RSV disease after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA; Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, South Korea
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sang Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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28
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Safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein F subunit vaccine in healthy adults: Results of a phase 1, randomized, observer-blind, controlled, dosage-escalation study. Vaccine 2019; 37:2694-2703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Gerretsen HE, Capone S, Vitelli A, Reyes LS, Thompson A, Jones C, Green CA, Pollard AJ, Sande CJ. Antibodies in lymphocyte supernatants can distinguish between neutralising antibodies induced by RSV vaccination and pre-existing antibodies induced by natural infection. Vaccine 2018; 36:6988-6994. [PMID: 30318168 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of severe respiratory illness in infants. There is no effective vaccine and the only effective treatment available is the monoclonal antibody palivizumab which reduces the risk of severe RSV disease in prematurely born infants. However, palivizumab is too costly to allow for wide implementation and thus treatment is restricted to supportive care. Despite extensive efforts to develop a vaccine, progress has been hindered by the difficulty in measuring and assessing immunological correlates of RSV vaccine efficacy in the presence of high levels of pre-existing RSV antibodies. METHODS Here we describe a new method for measuring the functional activity of antibodies induced by vaccination distinct from pre-existing antibodies. Antibodies in lymphocyte supernatants (ALS) from the cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of young adults who had recently been vaccinated with a novel RSV candidate vaccine were directly assayed for virus neutralising activity. An ELISA method was used to measure antibodies in nasal and serum samples and then compared with the adapted ALS based method. RESULTS There was a wide background distribution of RSV-specific antibodies in serum and nasal samples that obscured vaccine-specific responses measured two weeks after vaccination. No RSV-specific antibodies were observed at baseline in ALS samples, but a clear vaccine-specific antibody response was observed in ALS seven days after the administration of each dose of vaccine. These vaccine-specific antibodies in ALS displayed functional activity in vitro, and quantification of this functional activity was unperturbed by pre-existing antibodies from natural exposure. The results demonstrate a promising new approach for assessing functional immune responses attributed to RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Gerretsen
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE,UK
| | | | | | - Laura S Reyes
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE,UK
| | - Amber Thompson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE,UK
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE,UK
| | - Christopher A Green
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE,UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE,UK
| | - Charles J Sande
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE,UK; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya.
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Khan IU, Huang J, Li X, Xie J, Zhu N. Nasal immunization with RSV F and G protein fragments conjugated to an M cell-targeting ligand induces an enhanced immune response and protection against RSV infection. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:95-103. [PMID: 30290196 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major paediatric health concern worldwide. The development of an effective and safe vaccine against RSV is urgently needed. As RSV infects via the mucosal surfaces, developing a nasal vaccine may offer protective benefits over alternative administration routes. In this study, we tested a recombinant protein FG-Gb1 as an intranasal vaccine candidate against RSV. FG-Gb1 consists of the core fragments of the RSV fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins conjugated to an microfold (M) cell-specific ligand Gb-1. Intranasal immunization with FG-Gb1 induced efficient systemic and mucosal immune responses as measured by the level of antigen-specific antibodies, cytokine-secreting cells and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation after exposure to antigen. Moreover, intranasal immunization induced protective immunity against nasal challenge with RSV, which was confirmed by a lack of weight loss and by viral clearance after challenge. Collectively, we confirmed that a ligand capable of targeting the conjugated antigen to nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) can be used as an effective nasal vaccine adjuvant to induce protective immunity against RSV infection. Moreover, FG-Gb1 may have promise as an RSV vaccine but requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jun Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Blanco JCG, Boukhvalova MS, Morrison TG, Vogel SN. A multifaceted approach to RSV vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1734-1745. [PMID: 29771625 PMCID: PMC6067850 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1472183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, RSV infections occur throughout different ages, thus, maintaining the virus in circulation, and increasing health risk to more susceptible populations such as infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. To date, there is no vaccine approved to prevent RSV infection or minimize symptoms of infection. Current clinical trials for vaccines against RSV are being carried out in four very different populations. There are vaccines that target two different pediatric populations, infants 2 to 6 month of age and seropositive children over 6 months of age, as well as women (non-pregnant or pregnant in their third trimester). There are vaccines that target adult and elderly populations. In this review, we will present and discuss RSV vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials. We will describe the preclinical studies instrumental for their advancement, with the goal of introducing new preclinical models that may more accurately predict the outcome of clinical vaccine studies.
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Joyce C, Scallan CD, Mateo R, Belshe RB, Tucker SN, Moore AC. Orally administered adenoviral-based vaccine induces respiratory mucosal memory and protection against RSV infection in cotton rats. Vaccine 2018; 36:4265-4277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ascough S, Paterson S, Chiu C. Induction and Subversion of Human Protective Immunity: Contrasting Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:323. [PMID: 29552008 PMCID: PMC5840263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are among the most important causes of severe respiratory disease worldwide. Despite the clinical need, barriers to developing reliably effective vaccines against these viruses have remained firmly in place for decades. Overcoming these hurdles requires better understanding of human immunity and the strategies by which these pathogens evade it. Although superficially similar, the virology and host response to RSV and influenza are strikingly distinct. Influenza induces robust strain-specific immunity following natural infection, although protection by current vaccines is short-lived. In contrast, even strain-specific protection is incomplete after RSV and there are currently no licensed RSV vaccines. Although animal models have been critical for developing a fundamental understanding of antiviral immunity, extrapolating to human disease has been problematic. It is only with recent translational advances (such as controlled human infection models and high-dimensional technologies) that the mechanisms responsible for differences in protection against RSV compared to influenza have begun to be elucidated in the human context. Influenza infection elicits high-affinity IgA in the respiratory tract and virus-specific IgG, which correlates with protection. Long-lived influenza-specific T cells have also been shown to ameliorate disease. This robust immunity promotes rapid emergence of antigenic variants leading to immune escape. RSV differs markedly, as reinfection with similar strains occurs despite natural infection inducing high levels of antibody against conserved antigens. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of RSV are thus highly effective in inhibiting long-term protection, with disturbance of type I interferon signaling, antigen presentation and chemokine-induced inflammation possibly all contributing. These lead to widespread effects on adaptive immunity with impaired B cell memory and reduced T cell generation and functionality. Here, we discuss the differences in clinical outcome and immune response following influenza and RSV. Specifically, we focus on differences in their recognition by innate immunity; the strategies used by each virus to evade these early immune responses; and effects across the innate-adaptive interface that may prevent long-lived memory generation. Thus, by comparing these globally important pathogens, we highlight mechanisms by which optimal antiviral immunity may be better induced and discuss the potential for these insights to inform novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ascough
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanna Paterson
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Simões EAF, Bont L, Manzoni P, Fauroux B, Paes B, Figueras-Aloy J, Checchia PA, Carbonell-Estrany X. Past, Present and Future Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children. Infect Dis Ther 2018; 7:87-120. [PMID: 29470837 PMCID: PMC5840107 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-018-0188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The REGAL (RSV Evidence - A Geographical Archive of the Literature) series has provided a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Western countries over the last 20 years. This seventh and final publication covers the past, present and future approaches to the prevention and treatment of RSV infection among infants and children. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken of publications between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2017 across PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane Library. Studies reporting data on the effectiveness and tolerability of prophylactic and therapeutic agents for RSV infection were included. Study quality and strength of evidence (SOE) were graded using recognized criteria. A further nonsystematic search of the published literature and Clinicaltrials.gov on antiviral therapies and RSV vaccines currently in development was also undertaken. RESULTS The systematic review identified 1441 studies of which 161 were included. Management of RSV remains centered around prophylaxis with the monoclonal antibody palivizumab, which has proven effective in reducing RSV hospitalization (RSVH) in preterm infants < 36 weeks' gestational age (72% reduction), children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (65% reduction), and infants with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (53% reduction) (high SOE). Palivizumab has also shown to be effective in reducing recurrent wheezing following RSVH (high SOE). Treatment of RSV with ribavirin has conflicting success (moderate SOE). Antibodies with increased potency and extended half-life are currently entering phase 3 trials. There are approximately 15 RSV vaccines in clinical development targeting the infant directly or indirectly via the mother. CONCLUSION Palivizumab remains the only product licensed for RSV prophylaxis, and only available for high-risk infants. For the general population, there are several promising vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in various stages of clinical development, with the aim to significantly reduce the global healthcare impact of this common viral infection. FUNDING AbbVie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A F Simões
- Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Louis Bont
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- ReSViNET (Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Manzoni
- ReSViNET (Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Neonatology and NICU, Sant'Anna Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Brigitte Fauroux
- Necker University Hospital and Paris 5 University, Paris, France
| | - Bosco Paes
- Department of Paediatrics (Neonatal Division), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Josep Figueras-Aloy
- Hospital Clínic, Catedràtic de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A Checchia
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xavier Carbonell-Estrany
- Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Suñer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Maternal immunization for prevention of morbidity and mortality of pregnant women and their neonates due to infectious diseases is ongoing worldwide. The complexity of vaccine research and development in this population is challenging. Not only do vaccines for pregnant women require evidence of immunogenicity, potency, stability, and limited reactogenicity, they must also provide efficacy in decreasing morbidity for the pregnant woman, her fetus, and the neonate, demonstrate safety or lack of evidence of harm, and offer benefit or potential benefit of vaccination during pregnancy. Since the 19th century, evidence of protective effects of vaccination during pregnancy has been documented. Pandemic influenza and pertussis outbreaks in recent years have affected a paradigm shift in vaccine research and development as well as current policy regarding immunization in pregnancy. Studies of the immune system in pregnant women and neonates have shown that immune changes associated with pregnancy in women do not interfere with maternal vaccine responses, multiple factors are important in transplacental transfer of antibodies, and maternal antibodies are beneficial to neonates. In recent years, guidelines have been developed by expert panels to help design studies for maternal vaccinations and for harmonization of data collection, analysis, and adverse event reporting. Further research into maternal and neonatal immunology, transplacental antibody transfer, and epidemiology of diseases is needed, especially as new vaccines to respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus, and Group B streptococcus are developed. Maternal vaccinations have the potential to change the epidemiology of infectious diseases in reproductive health and pediatrics and may lead to new clinical applications to improve global maternal and neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Kachikis
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda O Eckert
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Janet Englund
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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Djagbare MD, Yu L, Parupudi A, Sun J, Coughlin ML, Rush BS, Sanyal G. Monoclonal antibody based in vitro potency assay as a predictor of antigenic integrity and in vivo immunogenicity of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus post-fusion F-protein based vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:1673-1680. [PMID: 29456016 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The post-fusion form of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein has been used recently in clinical trials as a potential vaccine antigen with the objective of eliciting protective immune response against RSV. In this paper, in vitro antigenicity and in vivo immunogenicity of recombinant, soluble F protein of RSV (RSVsF) were evaluated by several assays. In Vitro Relative Potency (IVRP) of RSVsF was measured in a sandwich ELISA using two antibodies, each specific for epitope site A or C. Therefore, IVRP reflected the integrity of the antigen in terms of changes in antibody binding affinity of either or both of these sites. RSVsF samples with a wide range of IVRP values were generated by applying UV irradiation (photo) and high temperature (heat) induced stress for varying lengths of time. These samples were characterized in terms of stress induced modifications in primary and secondary structures as well as aggregation of RSVsF. Immunogenicity, also referred to as In vivo potency, was measured by induction of total F-protein specific IgG and RSV-neutralizing antibodies in mice dosed with these RSVsF samples. Comparison of results between IVRP and these immunogenicity assays revealed that IVRP provided a sensitive read-out of the integrity of epitope sites A and C, and a conservative and reliable evaluation of the potency of RSVsF as a vaccine antigen. This high throughput and fast turn-around assay allowed us to efficiently screen many different RSVsF antigen lots, thereby acting as an effective filter for ensuring high quality antigen that delivered in vivo potency. In vitro and in vivo potencies were further probed at the level of individual epitope sites, A and C. Results of these experiments indicated that site A was relatively resistant to stress induced loss of potency, in vitro or in vivo, compared to site C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matieyendou Didier Djagbare
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Li Yu
- Statistical Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Arun Parupudi
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jenny Sun
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Melissa L Coughlin
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Benjamin S Rush
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Gautam Sanyal
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Pickens JA, Tripp RA. Verdinexor Targeting of CRM1 is a Promising Therapeutic Approach against RSV and Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E48. [PMID: 29361733 PMCID: PMC5795461 DOI: 10.3390/v10010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two primary causes of respiratory tract infections are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses, both of which remain major public health concerns. There are a limited number of antiviral drugs available for the treatment of RSV and influenza, each having limited effectiveness and each driving selective pressure for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Novel broad-spectrum antivirals are needed to circumvent problems with current disease intervention strategies, while improving the cytokine-induced immunopathology associated with RSV and influenza infections. In this review, we examine the use of Verdinexor (KPT-335, a novel orally bioavailable drug that functions as a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, SINE), as an antiviral with multifaceted therapeutic potential. KPT-335 works to (1) block CRM1 (i.e., Chromosome Region Maintenance 1; exportin 1 or XPO1) mediated export of viral proteins critical for RSV and influenza pathogenesis; and (2) repress nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, thus reducing cytokine production and eliminating virus-associated immunopathology. The repurposing of SINE compounds as antivirals shows promise not only against RSV and influenza virus but also against other viruses that exploit the nucleus as part of their viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Pickens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Excler JL, Delvecchio CJ, Wiley RE, Williams M, Yoon IK, Modjarrad K, Boujelal M, Moorthy VS, Hersi AS, Kim JH. Toward Developing a Preventive MERS-CoV Vaccine-Report from a Workshop Organized by the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health and the International Vaccine Institute, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, November 14-15, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22. [PMID: 27439020 PMCID: PMC4982192 DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.160229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) remains a serious international public health threat. With the goal of accelerating the development of countermeasures against MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), funding agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and researchers across the world assembled in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on November 14-15, 2015, to discuss vaccine development challenges. The meeting was spearheaded by the Saudi Ministry of Health and co-organized by the International Vaccine Institute, South Korea. Accelerating the development of a preventive vaccine requires a better understanding of MERS epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis in humans and animals. A combination of rodent and nonhuman primate models should be considered in evaluating and developing preventive and therapeutic vaccine candidates. Dromedary camels should be considered for the development of veterinary vaccines. Several vaccine technology platforms targeting the MERS-CoV spike protein were discussed. Mechanisms to maximize investment, provide robust data, and affect public health are urgently needed.
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Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembling platforms composed of viral structural proteins. They are used for a variety of purposes, ranging from the study of virus assembly to vaccine development. VLPs can be produced in plants, bacteria, yeast, and insect and mammalian cells. The baculovirus expression system is one of the most commonly used systems for production of VLPs in eukaryotic cells. This chapter provides a brief overview of the main strategies used to generate recombinant baculoviruses and the applications of insect virus-derived VLPs in basic and applied research. It then describes detailed protocols for generation of recombinant baculoviruses, screening for their expression of VLPs in insect cells, and VLP purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gopal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anette Schneemann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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40
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Steff AM, Monroe J, Friedrich K, Chandramouli S, Nguyen TLA, Tian S, Vandepaer S, Toussaint JF, Carfi A. Pre-fusion RSV F strongly boosts pre-fusion specific neutralizing responses in cattle pre-exposed to bovine RSV. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1085. [PMID: 29057917 PMCID: PMC5651886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is responsible for serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and in older adults, and remains an important vaccine need. RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is a key target for neutralizing antibodies. RSV F stabilized in its pre-fusion conformation (DS-Cav1 F) induces high neutralizing antibody titers in naïve animals, but it remains unknown to what extent pre-fusion F can boost pre-existing neutralizing responses in RSV seropositive adults. We here assess DS-Cav1 F immunogenicity in seropositive cattle pre-exposed to bovine RSV, a virus closely related to hRSV. A single immunization with non-adjuvanted DS-Cav1 F strongly boosts RSV neutralizing responses, directed towards pre-fusion F-specific epitopes, whereas a post-fusion F is unable to do so. Vaccination with pre-fusion F thus represents a promising strategy for maternal immunization and for other RSV vaccine target populations such as older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Muriel Steff
- GSK Vaccines, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - James Monroe
- GSK Vaccines, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Takeda Vaccines, 75 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sai Tian
- GSK Vaccines, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sarah Vandepaer
- Keyrus Biopharma, Chaussée de Louvain 88, Lasne, B-1380, Belgium
| | | | - Andrea Carfi
- GSK Vaccines, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
- Valera LLC, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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41
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Papadopoulos NG, Megremis S, Kitsioulis NA, Vangelatou O, West P, Xepapadaki P. Promising approaches for the treatment and prevention of viral respiratory illnesses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:921-932. [PMID: 28739285 PMCID: PMC7112313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are the most common human ailments, leading to enormous health and economic burden. Hundreds of viral species and subtypes have been associated with these conditions, with influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinoviruses being the most frequent and with the highest burden. When considering prevention or treatment of viral respiratory tract infections, potential targets include the causative pathogens themselves but also the immune response, disease transmission, or even just the symptoms. Strategies targeting all these aspects are developing concurrently, and several novel and promising approaches are emerging. In this perspective we overview the entire range of options and highlight some of the most promising approaches, including new antiviral agents, symptomatic or immunomodulatory drugs, the re-emergence of natural remedies, and vaccines and public health policies toward prevention. Wide-scale prevention through immunization appears to be within reach for respiratory syncytial virus and promising for influenza virus, whereas additional effort is needed in regard to rhinovirus, as well as other respiratory tract viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Megremis
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos A Kitsioulis
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olympia Vangelatou
- Department of Nutritional Physiology & Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter West
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Midgley CM, Haynes AK, Baumgardner JL, Chommanard C, Demas SW, Prill MM, Abedi GR, Curns AT, Watson JT, Gerber SI. Determining the Seasonality of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the United States: The Impact of Increased Molecular Testing. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:345-355. [PMID: 28859428 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the United States, the seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has traditionally been defined on the basis of weeks during which antigen-based tests detect RSV in >10% of specimens (hereafter, the "10% threshold"). Because molecular testing has become more widely used, we explored the extent of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based RSV testing and its impact on determining the seasonality of RSV. Methods We assessed antigen- and PCR-based RSV reports submitted to the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System during July 2005-June 2015. To characterize RSV seasons by using PCR-based reports, we assessed the traditional 10% threshold; subsequently, we developed 3 methods based on either PCR-based detections or the percentage of positive test results. Results The annual number of PCR-based reports increased 200-fold during 2005-2015, while the annual number of antigen-based reports declined. The weekly percentage of specimens positive for RSV by PCR was less than that for antigen-detection tests; accordingly, the 10% threshold excluded detections by PCR and so was imprecise for characterizing RSV seasons. Among our PCR-specific approaches, the most sensitive and consistent method captured 96%-98% of annual detections within a season, compared with 82%-94% captured using the traditional method. Conclusions PCR-based reports are increasingly relevant for RSV surveillance and determining the seasonality of RSV. These PCR-specific methods provide a more comprehensive understanding of RSV trends, particularly in settings where testing and reporting are most active. Diagnostic practices will vary by locality and should be understood before choosing which method to apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Midgley
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Jason L Baumgardner
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | | | - Sara W Demas
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mila M Prill
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | | | - Aaron T Curns
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - John T Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Susan I Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
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Colosia AD, Yang J, Hillson E, Mauskopf J, Copley-Merriman C, Shinde V, Stoddard J. The epidemiology of medically attended respiratory syncytial virus in older adults in the United States: A systematic review. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182321. [PMID: 28797053 PMCID: PMC5552193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This review was undertaken to assess the historical evidence of the disease incidence and burden of laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in medically attended older adults. Design A qualitative systematic literature review was performed; no statistical synthesis of the data was planned, in anticipation of expected heterogeneity across studies in this population. Methods A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted for studies of medically attended RSV in older adults (≥ 50 years) published in the last 15 years. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results From 10 studies reporting incidence proportions, RSV may be the causative agent in up to 12% of medically attended acute respiratory illness in older adults unselected for comorbidities, with variations in clinical setting and by year. In multiple studies, medically attended–RSV incidence among older adults not selected for having underlying health conditions increased with increasing age. Of prospectively followed lung transplant recipients, 16% tested positive for RSV. In hospitalized adults with chronic cardiopulmonary diseases, 8% to 13% were infected with RSV during winter seasons (8%-13%) or metapneumovirus season (8%). Hospitalizations for RSV in older adults typically lasted 3 to 6 days, with substantial proportions requiring intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation. Among older adults hospitalized with RSV, the mortality rate was 6% to 8%. Conclusions Protection of older adults against RSV could reduce respiratory-related burden, especially as age increases and the prevalence of comorbidities (especially cardiopulmonary comorbidities) grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann D. Colosia
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
- * E-mail:
| | - Jin Yang
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
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Wang C, Yan F, Zheng X, Wang H, Jin H, Wang C, Zhao Y, Feng N, Wang T, Gao Y, Yang S, Xia X. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus virus-like particles produced in insect cells induce specific immune responses in mice. Virus Genes 2017; 53:548-554. [PMID: 28357676 PMCID: PMC7088547 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which causes 80-100% mortality in neonatal piglets, is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting swine worldwide. To date, the lack of effective vaccines and drugs is the main problem preventing control of the global spread of PEDV. In this study, we produced PEDV virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of S, M, and E proteins with a baculovirus expression system and tested them via indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA)and Western blot analysis. Electron microscopy showed that the morphological structure of the PEDV VLPs was similar to that of the protovirus. Microneutralization assays and ELISpot analysis demonstrated that PEDV VLPs induced highly specific antibody responses and Th2-mediated humoral immunity. As a result, the PEDV VLPs displayed excellent immunogenicity in mice. Therefore, a VLP-based vaccine has the potential to prevent PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Villafana T, Falloon J, Griffin MP, Zhu Q, Esser MT. Passive and active immunization against respiratory syncytial virus for the young and old. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1-13. [PMID: 28525961 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1333425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide and also causes significant disease in the elderly. Despite 60 years of RSV research and vaccine development, there is only one approved medicine to prevent RSV infections. Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the RSV fusion (F) protein, is indicated for preterm infants and children at high-risk for RSV infections. It is an active time in RSV vaccine and mAb development with 14 vaccines and 2 mAbs currently being tested in clinical trials as of 13 February 2017. Active vaccination of women in the third trimester or passive immunization of infants with a mAb are particularly attractive approaches as the most severe disease occurs within the first 6 months of life. Areas covered: Here, we review current approaches for preventing RSV in the young and old, describe proposed clinical endpoints for studies in pediatric and adult clinical trials and highlight results from recent and ongoing clinical studies. Expert commentary: With 16 candidates in clinical development, approval of the first RSV vaccine or mAb for the prevention of RSV in all infants or the elderly is likely to occur in the next five years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qing Zhu
- a MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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August A, Glenn GM, Kpamegan E, Hickman SP, Jani D, Lu H, Thomas DN, Wen J, Piedra PA, Fries LF. A Phase 2 randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of aluminum-adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus F particle vaccine formulations in healthy women of childbearing age. Vaccine 2017; 35:3749-3759. [PMID: 28579233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants. We are developing an RSV fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine for immunization of third trimester pregnant women to passively protect infants through transfer of RSV-specific maternal antibodies. The present trial was performed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of several formulations of RSV F vaccine in 1-dose or 2-dose schedules. METHODS Placebo, or vaccine with 60μg or 120μg RSV F protein and 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8mg aluminum, were administered intramuscularly on Days 0 and 28 to healthy women 18-35years old. Immunogenicity was assessed from Days 0 through 91 based on anti-F IgG and palivizumab-competitive antibody (PCA) by ELISA, and RSV A and B neutralizing antibodies by microneutralization (MN) assay. Solicited adverse events were collected through Day 7 and unsolicited adverse events through Day 91. RESULTS All formulations were well-tolerated, with no treatment-related serious adverse events. Anti-F IgG and PCA responses were correlated and increased after both doses, while MN increased significantly only after the first dose, then plateaued. The timeliest and most robust antibody responses followed one dose of 120μg RSV F protein and 0.4mg aluminum, but persistence through 91days was modestly (∼25%) superior following two doses of 60μg RSV F protein and 0.8mg aluminum. Western blot analysis showed RSV infections in active vaccinees were reduced by 52% overall (p=0.009 overall) over the Day 0 through 90 period. CONCLUSIONS RSV F nanoparticle vaccine formulations were well tolerated and immunogenic. The optimal combination of convenience and rapid response for immunization in the third trimester occurred with 120μg RSV F and 0.4mg aluminum, which achieved peak immune responses in 14days and sufficient persistence through 91days to allow for passive transfer of IgG antibodies to the fetus. NCT01960686.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison August
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Gregory M Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Eloi Kpamegan
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Somia P Hickman
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Dewal Jani
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Hanxin Lu
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - D Nigel Thomas
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Judy Wen
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Louis F Fries
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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47
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Wiegand MA, Gori-Savellini G, Gandolfo C, Papa G, Kaufmann C, Felder E, Ginori A, Disanto MG, Spina D, Cusi MG. A Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Vectored by a Stable Chimeric and Replication-Deficient Sendai Virus Protects Mice without Inducing Enhanced Disease. J Virol 2017; 91:e02298-16. [PMID: 28250126 PMCID: PMC5411584 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02298-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory infections in children and elderly people, and no marketed vaccine exists. In this study, we generated and analyzed a subunit vaccine against RSV based on a novel genome replication-deficient Sendai virus (SeV) vector. We inserted the RSV F protein, known to be a genetically stable antigen, into our vector in a specific way to optimize the vaccine features. By exchanging the ectodomain of the SeV F protein for its counterpart from RSV, we created a chimeric vectored vaccine that contains the RSV F protein as an essential structural component. In this way, the antigen is actively expressed on the surfaces of vaccine particles in its prefusion conformation, and as recently reported for other vectored vaccines, the occurrence of silencing mutations of the transgene in the vaccine genome can be prevented. In addition, its active gene expression contributes to further stimulation of the immune response. In order to understand the best route of immunization, we compared vaccine efficacies after intranasal (i.n.) or intramuscular (i.m.) immunization of BALB/c mice. Via both routes, substantial RSV-specific immune responses were induced, consisting of serum IgG and neutralizing antibodies, as well as cytotoxic T cells. Moreover, i.n. immunization was also able to stimulate specific mucosal IgA in the upper and lower respiratory tract. In virus challenge experiments, animals were protected against RSV infection after both i.n. and i.m. immunization without inducing vaccine-enhanced disease. Above all, the replication-deficient SeV appeared to be safe and well tolerated.IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory diseases in young children and elderly people worldwide. There is a great demand for a licensed vaccine. Promising existing vaccine approaches based on live-attenuated vaccines or viral vectors have suffered from unforeseen drawbacks related to immunogenicity and attenuation. We provide a novel RSV vaccine concept based on a genome replication-deficient Sendai vector that has many favorable vaccine characteristics. The specific vaccine design guarantees genetic stability of the transgene; furthermore, it supports a favorable presentation of the antigen, activating the adaptive response, features that other vectored vaccine approaches have often had difficulties with. Wide immunological and pathological analyses in mice confirmed the validity and efficacy of this approach after both parenteral and mucosal administration. Above all, this concept is suitable for initiating clinical studies, and it could also be applied to other infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Sendai virus/genetics
- Sendai virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianni Gori-Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Papa
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Eva Felder
- AmVac Research GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ginori
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Disanto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donatella Spina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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48
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A Single-Dose Recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) F or G Protein Protected Cotton Rats and African Green Monkeys from RSV Challenge. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00066-17. [PMID: 28298602 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00066-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of severe respiratory disease among infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. No licensed vaccine is currently available. In this study, we evaluated two parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-vectored vaccines expressing RSV F (PIV5/F) or G (PIV5/G) protein in the cotton rat and African green monkey models for their replication, immunogenicity, and efficacy of protection against RSV challenge. Following a single intranasal inoculation, both animal species shed the vaccine viruses for a limited time but without noticeable clinical symptoms. In cotton rats, the vaccines elicited RSV F- or G-specific serum antibodies and conferred complete lung protection against RSV challenge at doses as low as 103 PFU. Neither vaccine produced the enhanced lung pathology observed in animals immunized with formalin-inactivated RSV. In African green monkeys, vaccine-induced serum and mucosal antibody responses were readily detected, as well. PIV5/F provided nearly complete protection against RSV infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract at a dose of 106 PFU of vaccine. At the same dose levels, PIV5/G was less efficacious. Both PIV5/F and PIV5/G were also able to boost neutralization titers in RSV-preexposed African green monkeys. Overall, our data indicated that PIV5/F is a promising RSV vaccine candidate.IMPORTANCE A safe and efficacious respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine remains elusive. We tested the recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) vectors expressing RSV glycoproteins for their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in cotton rats and African green monkeys, which are among the best available animal models to study RSV infection. In both species, a single dose of intranasal immunization with PIV5-vectored vaccines was able to produce systemic and local immunity and to protect animals from RSV challenge. The vaccines could also boost RSV neutralization antibody titers in African green monkeys that had been infected previously. Our data suggest that PIV5-vectored vaccines could potentially protect both the pediatric and elderly populations and support continued development of the vector platform.
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49
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Edwards MR, Saglani S, Schwarze J, Skevaki C, Smith JA, Ainsworth B, Almond M, Andreakos E, Belvisi MG, Chung KF, Cookson W, Cullinan P, Hawrylowicz C, Lommatzsch M, Jackson D, Lutter R, Marsland B, Moffatt M, Thomas M, Virchow JC, Xanthou G, Edwards J, Walker S, Johnston SL. Addressing unmet needs in understanding asthma mechanisms: From the European Asthma Research and Innovation Partnership (EARIP) Work Package (WP)2 collaborators. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/5/1602448. [PMID: 28461300 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02448-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous, complex disease with clinical phenotypes that incorporate persistent symptoms and acute exacerbations. It affects many millions of Europeans throughout their education and working lives and puts a heavy cost on European productivity. There is a wide spectrum of disease severity and control. Therapeutic advances have been slow despite greater understanding of basic mechanisms and the lack of satisfactory preventative and disease modifying management for asthma constitutes a significant unmet clinical need. Preventing, treating and ultimately curing asthma requires co-ordinated research and innovation across Europe. The European Asthma Research and Innovation Partnership (EARIP) is an FP7-funded programme which has taken a co-ordinated and integrated approach to analysing the future of asthma research and development. This report aims to identify the mechanistic areas in which investment is required to bring about significant improvements in asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rene Lutter
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Marsland
- University of Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Georgina Xanthou
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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50
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Hause AM, Henke DM, Avadhanula V, Shaw CA, Tapia LI, Piedra PA. Sequence variability of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion gene among contemporary and historical genotypes of RSV/A and RSV/B. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175792. [PMID: 28414749 PMCID: PMC5393888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fusion (F) protein of RSV is the major vaccine target. This protein undergoes a conformational change from pre-fusion to post-fusion. Both conformations share antigenic sites II and IV. Pre-fusion F has unique antigenic sites p27, ø, α2α3β3β4, and MPE8; whereas, post-fusion F has unique antigenic site I. Our objective was to determine the antigenic variability for RSV/A and RSV/B isolates from contemporary and historical genotypes compared to a historical RSV/A strain. Methods The F sequences of isolates from GenBank, Houston, and Chile (N = 1,090) were used for this analysis. Sequences were compared pair-wise to a reference sequence, a historical RSV/A Long strain. Variability (calculated as %) was defined as changes at each amino acid (aa) position when compared to the reference sequence. Only aa at antigenic sites with variability ≥5% were reported. Results A total of 1,090 sequences (822 RSV/A and 268 RSV/B) were analyzed. When compared to the reference F, those domains with the greatest number of non-synonymous changes included the signal peptide, p27, heptad repeat domain 2, antigenic site ø, and the transmembrane domain. RSV/A subgroup had 7 aa changes in the antigenic sites: site I (N = 1), II (N = 1), p27 (N = 4), α2α3β3β4(AM14) (N = 1), ranging in frequency from 7–91%. In comparison, RSV/B had 19 aa changes in antigenic sites: I (N = 3), II (N = 1), p27 (N = 9), ø (N = 4), α2α3β3β4(AM14) (N = 1), and MPE8 (N = 1), ranging in frequency from 79–100%. Discussion Although antigenic sites of RSV F are generally well conserved, differences are observed when comparing the two subgroups to the reference RSV/A Long strain. Further, these discrepancies are accented in the antigenic sites in pre-fusion F of RSV/B isolates, often occurring with a frequency of 100%. This could be of importance if a monovalent F protein from the historical GA1 genotype of RSV/A is used for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Hause
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David M. Henke
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lorena I. Tapia
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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