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Zhou Q, Song X, Li Y, Huang J, Yu QS, Den GN, Zhang JQ, Zhu CX, Zhang B. Preparation of a novel type I feline coronavirus virus-like particle vaccine and its immunogenicity in mice and cats. Microb Pathog 2024; 194:106795. [PMID: 39019122 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection is a leading cause of death in cats. In this study, we produced FCoV-I virus-like particles (VLPs) containing E, M, N, and S proteins using a baculovirus expression system and mixed VLPs with the adjuvants MF59 and CpG 55.2 to prepare an VLP/MF59/CpG vaccine. After immunization of mice with the vaccine, IgG specific antibodies titers against S and N proteins increased to 1:12,800, and IFN-γ+ and IL-4+ splenocytes were significantly increased. Following immunization of FCoV-negative cats, the S protein antibodies in immunized cats (5/5) increased significantly, with a peak of 1:12,800. Notably, after booster vaccination in FCoV-positive cats, a significant reduction in viral load was observed in the feces of partial cats (4/5), and the FCoV-I negative conversion was found in two immunized cats (2/5). Therefore, the VLP/MF59/CpG vaccine is a promising candidate vaccine to prevent the FCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Song
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Yu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Gu-Nan Den
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zhu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Brostoff T, Savage HP, Jackson KA, Dutra JC, Fontaine JH, Hartigan-O’Connor DJ, Carney RP, Pesavento PA. Feline Infectious Peritonitis mRNA Vaccine Elicits Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:705. [PMID: 39066343 PMCID: PMC11281389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a devastating and often fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). Currently, there is no widely used vaccine for FIP, and many attempts using a variety of platforms have been largely unsuccessful due to the disease's highly complicated pathogenesis. One such complication is antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) seen in FIP, which occurs when sub-neutralizing antibody responses to viral surface proteins paradoxically enhance disease. A novel vaccine strategy is presented here that can overcome the risk of ADE by instead using a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA encoding the transcript for the internal structural nucleocapsid (N) FCoV protein. Both wild type and, by introduction of silent mutations, GC content-optimized mRNA vaccines targeting N were developed. mRNA durability in vitro was characterized by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and protein expression by immunofluorescence assay for one week after transfection of cultured feline cells. Both mRNA durability and protein production in vitro were improved with the GC-optimized construct as compared to wild type. Immune responses were assayed by looking at N-specific humoral (by ELISA) and stimulated cytotoxic T cell (by flow cytometry) responses in a proof-of-concept mouse vaccination study. These data together demonstrate that an LNP-mRNA FIP vaccine targeting FCoV N is stable in vitro, capable of eliciting an immune response in mice, and provides justification for beginning safety and efficacy trials in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terza Brostoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.S.); (K.A.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Hannah P. Savage
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.S.); (K.A.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Kenneth A. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.S.); (K.A.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Joseph C. Dutra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.C.D.); (J.H.F.); (D.J.H.-O.)
| | - Justin H. Fontaine
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.C.D.); (J.H.F.); (D.J.H.-O.)
| | - Dennis J. Hartigan-O’Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.C.D.); (J.H.F.); (D.J.H.-O.)
| | - Randy P. Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Patricia A. Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.S.); (K.A.J.); (P.A.P.)
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3
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Zhang J, Zhao L, Bai Y, Li S, Zhang M, Wei B, Wang X, Xue Y, Li L, Ma G, Tang Y, Wang X. An ascidian Polycarpa aurata-derived pan-inhibitor against coronaviruses targeting M pro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 103:129706. [PMID: 38508325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are responsible for a wide range of illnesses in both animals and human. The main protease (Mpro) of CoVs is an attractive drug target, owing its critical and highly conserved role in viral replication. Here, we developed and refined an enzymatic technique to identify putative Mpro inhibitors from 189 marine chemicals and 46 terrestrial natural products. The IC50 values of Polycarpine (1a), a marine natural substance we studied and synthesized, are 30.0 ± 2.5 nM for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and 0.12 ± 0.05 μM for PEDV Mpro. Our research further demonstrated that pretreatment with Polycarpine (1a) inhibited the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and alphacoronavirus PEDV multiplication in Vero-E6 cells. As a result, Polycarpine (1a), a pan-inhibitor of Mpro, will function as an effective and promising antiviral option to combat CoVs infection and as a foundation for further therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yuxin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guiliang Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5, Donghaizhong Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China.
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4
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Zhang J, Shi H, Zhang L, Feng T, Chen J, Zhang X, Ji Z, Jing Z, Zhu X, Liu D, Yang X, Zeng M, Shi D, Feng L. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein antagonizes the IFN response through inhibiting TRIM25 oligomerization and functional activation of RIG-I/TRIM25. Vet Res 2024; 55:44. [PMID: 38589930 PMCID: PMC11000385 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), an emerging Alpha-coronavirus, brings huge economic loss in swine industry. Interferons (IFNs) participate in a frontline antiviral defense mechanism triggering the activation of numerous downstream antiviral genes. Here, we demonstrated that TRIM25 overexpression significantly inhibited SADS-CoV replication, whereas TRIM25 deficiency markedly increased viral yield. We found that SADS-CoV N protein suppressed interferon-beta (IFN-β) production induced by Sendai virus (SeV) or poly(I:C). Moreover, we determined that SADS-CoV N protein interacted with RIG-I N-terminal two caspase activation and recruitment domains (2CARDs) and TRIM25 coiled-coil dimerization (CCD) domain. The interaction of SADS-CoV N protein with RIG-I and TRIM25 caused TRIM25 multimerization inhibition, the RIG-I-TRIM25 interaction disruption, and consequent the IRF3 and TBK1 phosphorylation impediment. Overexpression of SADS-CoV N protein facilitated the replication of VSV-GFP by suppressing IFN-β production. Our results demonstrate that SADS-CoV N suppresses the host IFN response, thus highlighting the significant involvement of TRIM25 in regulating antiviral immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Tingshuai Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Dakai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Miaomiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin, 150069, China.
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5
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Nederlof RA, de la Garza MA, Bakker J. Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions. Vet Sci 2024; 11:78. [PMID: 38393096 PMCID: PMC10893009 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A. de la Garza
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Jekebekov KK, Nurpeisova AS, Abay ZS, Shorayeva KA, Absatova ZS, Abitayev RT, Kalimolda EZ, Moldagulova SU, Assanzhanova NN, Omurtay AD, Shayakhmetov YA, Sadikaliyeva SO, Barakbayev KB, Kassenov MM, Zakarya KD, Abduraimov YO. Safety Assessment: a Comparative Analysis of Quantitative Content of Bacterial Endotoxins and Evaluation of Pyrogenicity of the Kazakhstan Vaccine QazCovid-in ® against COVID-19. Bull Exp Biol Med 2024; 176:452-456. [PMID: 38491256 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-06045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
We measured the levels of bacterial endotoxins in the bulk vaccine product (BVP) and finished vaccine QazCovid-in® and evaluated the effect of aluminum hydroxide (adjuvant) on the results of LAL test and pyrogenicity of samples in vivo (in rabbits receiving intravenous injection into the marginal ear vein). Administration of BVP with LPS resulted in a dose-dependent increase in body temperature in rabbits similar to that caused by LPS alone, which suggests that aluminum hydroxide in the vaccine did not affect the pyrogenic response in rabbits. Moreover, the LAL test showed that the aluminum hydroxide did not hinder LPS activity after serial dilution of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Jekebekov
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - A S Nurpeisova
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zh S Abay
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - K A Shorayeva
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan.
| | - Zh S Absatova
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - R T Abitayev
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - E Zh Kalimolda
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - S U Moldagulova
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - N N Assanzhanova
- Laboratory for Monitoring of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - A D Omurtay
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Ye A Shayakhmetov
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - S O Sadikaliyeva
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - K B Barakbayev
- Laboratory for Technologies of Finished Forms of Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - M M Kassenov
- Laboratory for Control of Technologies and Biopreparations, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - K D Zakarya
- Management Department, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Ye O Abduraimov
- Management Department, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeyskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Zhao Y, Wang P, Qu X, Yuan K, Zhu S, Wang S, Luan Q, Zhou H, Yin Y, Zhao Z, Gao Y, Chen S, Lu Y, Wang J, Yin Y. Investigation of circulating infectious agents in experimental Beagle dogs of a production colony and three research facilities in China from June 2021 to May 2022. Lab Anim 2024; 58:52-64. [PMID: 37702462 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231188172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand the epizootiologic characteristics of pathogens and opportunistic infections in one Beagle dog production colony and three research facilities, viruses and mycoplasma were detected in 1777 samples collected from Beagle dogs in China by polymerase chain reaction/reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and bacteria were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. In addition, genotyping of the major circulating viruses was carried out by amplification of gene fragments and homology analysis. Canine coronavirus (CCoV), Escherichia coli, canine parvovirus (CPV), Bordetella bronchiseptica, Clostridium perfringens, Mycoplasma cynos, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus canis, canine astrovirus (CaAstV), canine kobuvirus (CaKV), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Macrococcus canis, Pasteurella canis, canine bocavirus (CBoV) and canine adenovirus (CAdV) were detected in the samples. Single, double, triple and quadruple infections accounted for 6.6%, 1.4%, 1.2% and 0.96% of samples, respectively. CCoV strains in 81 samples included three genotypes, CCoV-I, CCoV-IIa and CCoV-IIb, by analysis of S gene. The rate of single infection of CCoV-I, CCoV-IIa or CCoV-IIb was 19%, 38% or 7.4% respectively. The double and triple infection rates of CCoV were 32.8% and 2.5% respectively. All CPV strains in 36 samples belonged to CPV-2c. There were three amino acid differences in the Fiber protein of CAdV-positive sample QD2022, compared with the reference strain Toronto A26/61 and the vaccine strain YCA-18. These results suggest that CCoV and CPV are primary infectious agents, and that these two viruses were often identified in mixed infections, or coinfections alongside mycoplasma or other bacteria. These results will provide the basis for improvements in prevention and control of naturally occurring infectious diseases in Beagle dog production colonies and research facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | - Panlong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | - Xueting Qu
- Qingdao Bolong Experimental Animal Co., Ltd., China
| | - Kunpeng Yuan
- Qingdao Bolong Experimental Animal Co., Ltd., China
| | - Suzhen Zhu
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Qingdao Orange Pet Hospital, China
| | | | - Hao Zhou
- Qingdao Bolong Experimental Animal Co., Ltd., China
| | - Yue Yin
- Qingdao Bolong Experimental Animal Co., Ltd., China
| | - Zijing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | - Yongjuan Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | - Yanjing Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
| | - Yanbo Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, China
- Qingdao Bolong Experimental Animal Co., Ltd., China
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8
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Liu D, Shi D, Shi H, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zeng M, Feng T, Yang X, Zhang X, Chen J, Jing Z, Ji Z, Zhang J, Feng L. Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Suppresses Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection by Blocking Spike Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion. Viruses 2023; 15:2406. [PMID: 38140647 PMCID: PMC10747074 DOI: 10.3390/v15122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an emerging porcine intestinal coronavirus that can cause acute diarrhea, vomiting, rapid weight loss, and high mortality in newborn piglets. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is a molecular mediator of innate antiviral immunity and converts cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Previous studies have reported that CH25H and 25HC have an antiviral effect against multiple viruses. However, the interplay between SADS-CoV infection and CH25H or 25HC is still uncertain. Here, we found that CH25H and its enzymatic product 25HC restrained SADS-CoV replication by blocking membrane fusion. Our results show that CH25H was upregulated by SADS-CoV infection in vitro and in vivo, and that it was an IFN-stimulated gene in porcine ileum epithelial cells. Moreover, CH25H and CH25H mutants lacking catalytic activity can inhibit SADS-CoV replication. Furthermore, 25HC significantly suppressed SADS-CoV infection by inhibiting virus entry. Notably, we confirmed that CH25H and 25HC blocked SADS-CoV spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Our data provide a possible antiviral therapy against SADS-CoV and other conceivable emerging coronaviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da Shi
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (L.F.); Tel.: +86-189-4606-6048 (L.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin 150069, China; (D.L.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (M.Z.); (T.F.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (Z.J.); (J.Z.)
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9
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Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Key Aspects of Coronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050698. [PMID: 37242368 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. IBV was the first coronavirus to be discovered and predominantly causes respiratory disease in commercial poultry worldwide. This review summarizes several important aspects of IBV, including epidemiology, genetic diversity, antigenic diversity, and multiple system disease caused by IBV as well as vaccination and antiviral strategies. Understanding these areas will provide insight into the mechanism of pathogenicity and immunoprotection of IBV and may improve prevention and control strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Abstract
The existence of coronaviruses has been known for many years. These viruses cause significant disease that primarily seems to affect agricultural species. Human coronavirus disease due to the 2002 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the 2012 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome made headlines; however, these outbreaks were controlled, and public concern quickly faded. This complacency ended in late 2019 when alarms were raised about a mysterious virus responsible for numerous illnesses and deaths in China. As we now know, this novel disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rapidly became a worldwide pandemic. Luckily, decades of research into animal coronaviruses hastened our understanding of the genetics, structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of these viruses. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals, with significant economic impact in several agricultural species. Their large genome, low dependency on host cellular proteins, and frequent recombination allow coronaviruses to successfully cross species barriers and adapt to different hosts including humans. The study of the animal diseases provides an understanding of the virus biology and pathogenesis and has assisted in the rapid development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we briefly review the classification, origin, etiology, transmission mechanisms, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies, including available vaccines, for coronaviruses that affect domestic, farm, laboratory, and wild animal species. We also briefly describe the coronaviruses that affect humans. Expanding our knowledge of this complex group of viruses will better prepare us to design strategies to prevent and/or minimize the impact of future coronavirus outbreaks.
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Key Words
- bcov, bovine coronavirus
- ccov, canine coronavirus
- cov(s), coronavirus(es)
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- crcov, canine respiratory coronavirus
- e, coronaviral envelope protein
- ecov, equine coronavirus
- fcov, feline coronavirus
- fipv, feline infectious peritonitis virus
- gfcov, guinea fowl coronavirus
- hcov, human coronavirus
- ibv, infectious bronchitis virus
- m, coronaviral membrane protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- pedv, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
- pdcov, porcine deltacoronavirus
- phcov, pheasant coronavirus
- phev, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
- prcov, porcine respiratory coronavirus
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- s, coronaviral spike protein
- sads-cov, swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus–2
- tcov, turkey coronavirus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;,
| | - Tannia S Clark
- Office of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Kurtz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
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11
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Dong B, Zhang X, Bai J, Zhang G, Li C, Lin W. Epidemiological investigation of canine coronavirus infection in Chinese domestic dogs: A systematic review and data synthesis. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Ardicli O, Carli KT, Satitsuksanoa P, Dreher A, Cusini A, Hutter S, Mirer D, Rückert B, Jonsdottir H, Weber B, Cervia C, Akdis M, Boyman O, Eggel A, Brüggen M, Akdis C, van de Veen W. Exposure to avian coronavirus vaccines is associated with increased levels of SARS-CoV-2-cross-reactive antibodies. Allergy 2022; 77:3648-3662. [PMID: 35869837 PMCID: PMC9467642 DOI: 10.1111/all.15441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and SARS-CoV-2 belong to different genera of the Coronaviridae family, exposure to IBV may result in the development of cross-reactive antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 due to homologous epitopes. We aimed to investigate whether antibody responses to IBV cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 in poultry farm personnel who are occupationally exposed to aerosolized IBV vaccines. METHODS We analyzed sera from poultry farm personnel, COVID-19 patients, and pre-pandemic controls. IgG levels against the SARS-CoV-2 antigens S1, RBD, S2, and N and peptides corresponding to the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a, N, and S proteins as well as whole virus antigens of the four major S1-genotypes 4/91, IS/1494/06, M41, and D274 of IBV were investigated by in-house ELISAs. Moreover, live-virus neutralization test (VNT) was performed. RESULTS A subgroup of poultry farm personnel showed elevated levels of specific IgG for all tested SARS-CoV-2 antigens compared with pre-pandemic controls. Moreover, poultry farm personnel, COVID-19 patients, and pre-pandemic controls showed specific IgG antibodies against IBV strains. These antibody titers were higher in long-term vaccine implementers. We observed a strong correlation between IBV-specific IgG and SARS-CoV-2 S1-, RBD-, S2-, and N-specific IgG in poultry farm personnel compared with pre-pandemic controls and COVID-19 patients. However, no neutralization was observed for these cross-reactive antibodies from poultry farm personnel using the VNT. CONCLUSION We report here for the first time the detection of cross-reactive IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 antigens in humans exposed to IBV vaccines. These findings may be useful for further studies on the adaptive immunity against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Ardicli
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
| | - K. Tayfun Carli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBursa Uludag UniversityBursaTurkey
| | | | - Anita Dreher
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)DavosSwitzerland
| | - Alexia Cusini
- Division of Infectious DiseasesCantonal Hospital of GrisonsChurSwitzerland
| | - Sandra Hutter
- Central LaboratoryCantonal Hospital of GrisonsChurSwitzerland
| | - David Mirer
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Beate Rückert
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Hulda R. Jonsdottir
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil ProtectionSpiezSwitzerland
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and AllergologyInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil ProtectionSpiezSwitzerland
| | - Carlo Cervia
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mubeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and AllergologyInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Marie‐Charlotte Brüggen
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)DavosSwitzerland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)DavosSwitzerland
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
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Al-Khalaifah H, Alotaibi M, Al-Nasser A. The relation between avian coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976462. [PMID: 36312988 PMCID: PMC9608149 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of ribonucleic acid viruses that are present in both mammals and birds. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV originated in bats, and there is a possibility that this could be the case for SARS-CoV-2 as well. There is already evidence that a probable intermediary host is responsible for the emergence of viruses in humans as was the case for SARS-CoVs and MERS-CoV. As the SARS-CoV-2 originated from a live animal market, there is always the question if domestic animals are susceptible to these viruses and the possible risk of zoonotic transmission with mammals, including humans. This uncertainty of the transmission of the COVID-19 virus between humans and animals is of great significance worldwide. Hence, this paper focuses on the avian CoVs and their possible relation and interaction with SARS-CoV-2.
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14
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The impact of coronavirus on reproduction: contraceptive access, pregnancy rates, pregnancy delay, and the role of vaccination. F&S REVIEWS 2022; 3:190-200. [PMID: 35663280 PMCID: PMC9150907 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfnr.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is important to closely examine trends in reproduction during a pandemic because it provides not only the foundation for an improved future response but also crucial insights regarding the disparate impact across different races and socioeconomic classes. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is a prime example of the impact a pandemic can have on a nation’s reproductive health. Contraception and abortion access became more difficult with more barriers to access, likely contributing to increasing unintended pregnancy rates. Underrepresented minorities and vulnerable populations were disproportionately affected by the virus on their reproductive health as well as by the virus itself. As the first ever messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine in conjunction with the lack of inclusion of pregnant and peripartum women in initial studies and conflicting and misinformation on social media, the initial role of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine in women of reproductive age was unclear. Further research inclusive of this group of women has led to the consensus by major medical societies to recommend vaccination of women regardless of pregnancy or lactating status. Examining these topics in depth will lead to the development of strategies that can be employed to mitigate the negative effects on reproductive health during the current pandemic and can also be applied to future strategic plans to prevent similar negative outcomes.
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15
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Qu H, Zong Q, Wang H, Wu S, Cai D, Bao W. C/EBPα Epigenetically Modulates TFF1 Expression via mC-6 Methylation in the Jejunum Inflammation Induced by a Porcine Coronavirus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881289. [PMID: 35693767 PMCID: PMC9174463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an emerging coronavirus which causes acute diarrhea and destroys gastrointestinal barrier function in neonatal pigs. Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is a protective peptide for maintaining the integrity of gastrointestinal mucosa and reducing intestinal inflammation. However, its role in protecting intestinal epithelium against PEDV infection is still unclear. In this study, we discovered that TFF1 expression was activated in the jejunum of pigs with PEDV infection and TFF1 is required for the growth of porcine intestinal epithelial cells. For instance, inhibited cell proliferation and cell arrest were observed when TFF1 is genetically knocked-out using CRISPR-Cas9. Additionally, TFF1 depletion increased viral copy number and PEDV titer, along with the elevated genes involved in antiviral and inflammatory cytokines. The decreased TFF1 mRNA expression is in line with hypermethylation on the gene promoter. Notably, the strong interactions of protein-DNA complexes containing CCAAT motif significantly increased C/EBPα accessibility, whereas hypermethylation of mC-6 loci decreased C/EBPα binding occupancies in TFF1 promoter. Overall, our findings show that PEDV triggers the C/EBPα-mediated epigenetic regulation of TFF1 in intestine epithelium and facilitates host resistance to PEDV and other Coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiufang Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Garib V, Katsamaki S, Turdikulova S, Levitskaya Y, Zahidova N, Bus G, Karamova K, Rakhmedova M, Magbulova N, Bruhov A, Garib FY, Abdurakhmonov IY. Milk of Cow and Goat, Immunized by Recombinant Protein Vaccine ZF-UZ-VAC2001(Zifivax), Contains Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 and Remains Active After Standard Milk Pasteurization. Front Nutr 2022; 9:901871. [PMID: 35789966 PMCID: PMC9249723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.901871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the first experimental validation of the possibility for obtaining immune milk with neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from vaccinated cows and goat using approved recombinant protein human coronavirus vaccine, ZF-UZ-VAC2001, in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the period of 2 weeks after first vaccination, we detected the neutralizing antibodies against coronavirus in the blood serum of vaccinated animals. The neutralizing activity, in its peak on the 21st day after receiving the third dose (77th day from first dose), was effective in neutralization test using a live SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, even after 120-fold serum titration. In cows receiving three dose of human vaccine, the MAGLUMI® SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay revealed that colostrum of the first day after calving had a greater activity to neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 compared to colostrum of subsequent three days (4.080 μg/ml vs 2.106, 1.960 and 1.126 μg/ml). In comparison, the neutralizing activity for goat and cow milk was 1.486 μg/ml and 0.222 μg/ml, respectively. We observed a positive correlation of receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG antibodies between the serum of actively immunized cow and milk-feeding calf during the entire course of vaccination (r = 0.95, p = 0.05). We showed an optimal regime for immune milk pasteurization at 62.5°C for 30 min, which retained specific neutralizing activity to SARS-CoV-2, potentially useful for passive immunization against coronavirus infection threats as an additive approach to the vaccination. This strategy, as a supportive approach to the vaccination, could also be applicable for directly reducing the effect of COVID-19 infection in gastrointestinal tract, supporting mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Garib
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- International Centre of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Stefani Katsamaki
- Centre of Advanced Technology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Shahlo Turdikulova
- Centre of Advanced Technology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Yuliya Levitskaya
- International Centre of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Centre of Advanced Technology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Nodira Zahidova
- Scientific and Diagnostical Centre of Laboratory Technology “Defactum Laboratories”, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Galina Bus
- Scientific and Diagnostical Centre of Laboratory Technology “Defactum Laboratories”, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Kristina Karamova
- International Centre of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Manona Rakhmedova
- International Centre of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Nigora Magbulova
- International Centre of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Alexander Bruhov
- International Centre of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Firuz Y. Garib
- International Centre of Molecular Allergology, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov
- Centre of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- *Correspondence: Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov,
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17
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Goławski M, Lewandowski P, Jabłońska I, Delijewski M. The Reassessed Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Attenuation for COVID-19 Vaccine Development—A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050991. [PMID: 35632736 PMCID: PMC9146402 DOI: 10.3390/v14050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines received relatively little attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, several methods of obtaining attenuated coronaviruses are known. In this systematic review, the strategies of coronavirus attenuation, which may potentially be applied to SARS-CoV-2, were identified. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase databases were searched to identify relevant articles describing attenuating mutations tested in vivo. In case of coronaviruses other than SARS-CoV-2, sequence alignment was used to exclude attenuating mutations that cannot be applied to SARS-CoV-2. Potential immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of the attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were discussed based on animal studies data. A total of 27 attenuation strategies, used to create 101 different coronaviruses, have been described in 56 eligible articles. The disruption of the furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was identified as the most promising strategy. The replacement of core sequences of transcriptional regulatory signals, which prevents recombination with wild-type viruses, also appears particularly advantageous. Other important attenuating mutations encompassed mostly the prevention of evasion of innate immunity. Sufficiently attenuated coronaviruses typically caused no meaningful disease in susceptible animals and protected them from challenges with virulent virus. This indicates that attenuated COVID-19 vaccines may be considered as a potential strategy to fight the threat posed by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Goławski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Iwona Jabłońska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
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18
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Current Status of Genetically Modified Pigs That Are Resistant to Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020417. [PMID: 35216010 PMCID: PMC8874825 DOI: 10.3390/v14020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs play an important role in agriculture and biomedicine. The globally developing swine industry must address the challenges presented by swine-origin viruses, including ASFV (African swine fever virus), PRRSV (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus), PEDV (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), PRV (pseudorabies virus), CSFV (classical swine fever virus), TGEV (transmissible gastroenteritis virus), et al. Despite sustained efforts by many government authorities, these viruses are still widespread. Currently, gene-editing technology has been successfully used to generate antiviral pigs, which offers the possibility for increasing animal disease tolerance and improving animal economic traits in the future. Here, we summarized the current advance in knowledge regarding the host factors in virus infection and the current status of genetically modified pigs that are resistant to virus infection in the world. There has not been any report on PEDV-resistant pigs, ASFV-resistant pigs, and PRV-resistant pigs owing to the poor understanding of the key host factors in virus infection. Furthermore, we summarized the remaining problems in producing virus-resistant pigs, and proposed several potential methods to solve them. Using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening to explore the key host receptors in virus infection may be a feasible method. At the same time, exploring the key amino acids of host factors in virus infection with library screening based on ABEs and CBEs (Bes) may provide creative insight into producing antiviral pigs in the future.
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Pecetta S, Kratochvil S, Kato Y, Vadivelu K, Rappuoli R. Immunology and Technology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:313-339. [PMID: 35101964 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have experienced an enormous cohesive effort of the scientific community to understand how the immune system reacts to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and how to elicit protective immunity via vaccination. This effort resulted in the development of vaccines in record time with high levels of safety, efficacy, and real-life effectiveness. However, the rapid diffusion of viral variants that escape protective antibodies prompted new studies to understand SARS-CoV-2 vulnerabilities and strategies to guide follow-up actions to increase, and maintain, the protection offered by vaccines. In this review, we report the main findings on human immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection and vaccination; we dissect the immunogenicity and efficacy of the different vaccination strategies that resulted in products widely used in the population; and we describe the impact of viral variants on vaccine-elicited immunity, summarizing the main discoveries and challenges to stay ahead of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reviewed findings on human immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), analyzed the immunogenicity and efficacy of the various vaccines currently used in large vaccination campaigns or candidates in advanced clinical development, and discussed the challenging task to ensure high protective efficacy against the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This manuscript was completed prior to the emergence of the Omicron variant and to global vaccine boosting efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pecetta
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| | - Yu Kato
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| | - Kumaran Vadivelu
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Research and Development Centre, GSK, Siena, Italy (S.P., K.V., R.R.); Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.); IconOVir Bio, San Diego, California (Y.K.); and La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California (Y.K.)
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20
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Camero M, Lanave G, Catella C, Lucente MS, Sposato A, Mari V, Tempesta M, Martella V, Buonavoglia A. ERDRP-0519 inhibits feline coronavirus in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:55. [PMID: 35078478 PMCID: PMC8787031 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) are major human and animal pathogens and antiviral drugs are pursued as a complementary strategy, chiefly if vaccines are not available. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal systemic disease of felids caused by FIP virus (FIPV), a virulent pathotype of feline enteric coronavirus (FeCoV). Some antiviral drugs active on FIPV have been identified, but they are not available in veterinary medicine. ERDRP-0519 (ERDRP) is a non-nucleoside inhibitor, targeting viral RNA polymerase, effective against morbilliviruses in vitro and in vivo. Results The antiviral efficacy of ERDRP against a type II FIPV was evaluated in vitro in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells. ERDRP significantly inhibited replication of FIPV in a dose-dependent manner. Viral infectivity was decreased by up to 3.00 logarithms in cell cultures whilst viral load, estimated by quantification of nucleic acids, was reduced by nearly 3.11 logaritms. Conclusions These findings confirm that ERDRP is highly effective against a CoV. Experiments will be necessary to assess whether ERDRP is suitable for treatment of FIPV in vivo. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03153-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Sposato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Li XJ, Li C, Li X. The impact of information dissemination on vaccination in multiplex networks. SCIENCE CHINA INFORMATION SCIENCES 2022; 65:172202. [PMCID: PMC9244521 DOI: 10.1007/s11432-020-3076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of information dissemination on epidemic control is essentially subject to individual behaviors. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies against the epidemic spread, whose correlation with the information dissemination should be better understood. To this end, we propose an evolutionary vaccination game model in multiplex networks by integrating an information-epidemic spreading process into the vaccination dynamics, and explore how information dissemination influences vaccination. The spreading process is described by a two-layer coupled susceptible-alert-infected-susceptible (SAIS) model, where the strength coefficient between two layers characterizes the tendency and intensity of information dissemination. We find that the impact of information dissemination on vaccination decision-making depends on not only the vaccination cost and network topology, but also the stage of the system evolution. For instance, in a two-layer BA scale-free network, information dissemination helps to improve vaccination density only at the early stage of the system evolution, as well as when the vaccination cost is smaller. A counter-intuitive conclusion that more information transmission cannot promote vaccination is obtained when the vaccination cost is larger. Moreover, we study the impact of the strength coefficient and individual sensitivity on the fraction of infected individuals and social cost, and unveil the role of information dissemination in controlling the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Li
- Adaptive Networks and Control Lab, Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Cong Li
- Adaptive Networks and Control Lab, Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- Research Center of Smart Networks and Systems, School of Information Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xiang Li
- Adaptive Networks and Control Lab, Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- Research Center of Smart Networks and Systems, School of Information Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
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22
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Jeggo M, Roeder P. Lessons from Rinderpest Eradication with Reference to COVID-19 Pandemic Management. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:400-402. [PMID: 34524617 PMCID: PMC8441029 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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23
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Rijkers GT, van Overveld FJ. The "original antigenic sin" and its relevance for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:13-16. [PMID: 38620690 PMCID: PMC8500682 DOI: 10.1016/j.clicom.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Imprinting of the specific molecular image of a given protein antigen into immunological memory is one of the hallmarks of immunity. A later contact with a related, but different antigen should not trigger the memory response (because the produced antibodies would not be effective). The preferential expansion of cross-reactive antibodies, or T-lymphocytes for that matter, by a related antigen has been termed the original antigenic sin and was first described by Thomas Francis Jr. in 1960. The phenomenon was initially described for influenza virus, but also has been found for dengue and rotavirus. The antibody dependent enhancement observed in feline coronavirus vaccination also may be related to the original antigenic sin. For a full interpretation of the effectivity of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2, as well as for the success of vaccination, the role of existing immunological memory against circulating corona viruses is reviewed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ger T Rijkers
- Science Department, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, the Netherlands
- Microvida Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elizabeth Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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24
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Warimwe GM, Francis MJ, Bowden TA, Thumbi SM, Charleston B. Using cross-species vaccination approaches to counter emerging infectious diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:815-822. [PMID: 34140665 PMCID: PMC8211312 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial use of vaccination in the eighteenth century, our understanding of human and animal immunology has greatly advanced and a wide range of vaccine technologies and delivery systems have been developed. The COVID-19 pandemic response leveraged these innovations to enable rapid development of candidate vaccines within weeks of the viral genetic sequence being made available. The development of vaccines to tackle emerging infectious diseases is a priority for the World Health Organization and other global entities. More than 70% of emerging infectious diseases are acquired from animals, with some causing illness and death in both humans and the respective animal host. Yet the study of critical host-pathogen interactions and the underlying immune mechanisms to inform the development of vaccines for their control is traditionally done in medical and veterinary immunology 'silos'. In this Perspective, we highlight a 'One Health vaccinology' approach and discuss some key areas of synergy in human and veterinary vaccinology that could be exploited to accelerate the development of effective vaccines against these shared health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Warimwe
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.
| | | | - Thomas A Bowden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel M Thumbi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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25
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Terrier O, Si-Tahar M, Ducatez M, Chevalier C, Pizzorno A, Le Goffic R, Crépin T, Simon G, Naffakh N. Influenza viruses and coronaviruses: Knowns, unknowns, and common research challenges. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010106. [PMID: 34969061 PMCID: PMC8718010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines in a record time after the emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a remarkable achievement, partly based on the experience gained from multiple viral outbreaks in the past decades. However, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis also revealed weaknesses in the global pandemic response and large gaps that remain in our knowledge of the biology of coronaviruses (CoVs) and influenza viruses, the 2 major respiratory viruses with pandemic potential. Here, we review current knowns and unknowns of influenza viruses and CoVs, and we highlight common research challenges they pose in 3 areas: the mechanisms of viral emergence and adaptation to humans, the physiological and molecular determinants of disease severity, and the development of control strategies. We outline multidisciplinary approaches and technological innovations that need to be harnessed in order to improve preparedeness to the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Terrier
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Inserm U1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- IHAP, UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thibaut Crépin
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- CNRS GDR2073 ResaFlu, Groupement de Recherche sur les Virus Influenza, France
- RNA Biology and Influenza Virus Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Akter R, Rahman MH, Bhattacharya T, Kaushik D, Mittal V, Parashar J, Kumar K, Kabir MT, Tagde P. Novel coronavirus pathogen in humans and animals: an overview on its social impact, economic impact, and potential treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68071-68089. [PMID: 34664166 PMCID: PMC8523003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In the light of thousands of infections and deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a worldwide pandemic. It has spread to about 22 million people worldwide, with a total of 0.45 million expiries, limiting the movement of most people worldwide in the last 6 months. However, COVID-19 became the foremost health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. Measures intended to curb the pandemic of COVID-19 included travel bans, lockdowns, and social distances through shelter orders, which will further stop human activities suddenly and eventually impact the world and the national economy. The viral disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). After SARS-CoV-2 virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-related CoV, COVID-19 is the third most significant lethal disease to humans. According to WHO, COVID-19 mortality exceeded that of SARS and MERS since COVID-19 was declared an international public health emergency. Genetic sequencing has recently established that COVID-19 is close to SARS-CoV and bat coronavirus which has not yet been recognized as the key cause of this pandemic outbreak, its transmission, and human pathogen mechanism. This review focuses on a brief introduction of novel coronavirus pathogens, including coronavirus in humans and animals, its taxonomic classification, symptoms, pathogenicity, social impact, economic impact, and potential treatment therapy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh.
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430062
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jatin Parashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Md Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal, M.P, India
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27
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Al-Rasheed M, Ball C, Ganapathy K. Route of infectious bronchitis virus vaccination determines the type and magnitude of immune responses in table egg laying hens. Vet Res 2021; 52:139. [PMID: 34772449 PMCID: PMC8587502 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination can depend on route of administration, vaccine strain and bird age. Typically for layer chickens, IBV vaccinations are administered by spray in the hatchery at day-old and boosted at intervals with live vaccines via drinking water (DW). Knowledge of live attenuated IBV vaccine virus kinetics and the immune response in egg-laying hens is exceptionally limited. Here, we demonstrated dissemination of vaccine viruses and differences in hen innate, mucosal, cellular and humoral immune responses following vaccination with Massachusetts or 793B strains, administered by DW or oculonasal (ON) routes. Detection of IBV in the Mass-vaccinated groups was greater during early time-points, however, 793B was detected more frequently at later timepoints. Viral RNA loads in the Harderian gland and turbinate tissues were significantly higher for ON-Mass compared to all other vaccinated groups. Lachrymal fluid IgY levels were significantly greater than the control at 14 days post-vaccination (dpv) for both vaccine serotypes, and IgA mRNA levels were significantly greater in ON-vaccinated groups compared to DW-vaccinated groups, demonstrating robust mucosal immune responses. Cell mediated immune gene transcripts (CD8-α and CD8-β) were up-regulated in turbinate and trachea tissues. For both vaccines, dissemination and vaccine virus clearance was slower when given by DW compared to the ON route. For ON administration, both vaccines induced comparable levels of mucosal immunity. The Mass vaccine induced cellular immunity to similar levels regardless of vaccination method. When given either by ON or DW, 793B vaccination induced significantly higher levels of humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Rasheed
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK.,College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Avian Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher Ball
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK.
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28
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Xanthohumol Is a Potent Pan-Inhibitor of Coronaviruses Targeting Main Protease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212134. [PMID: 34830015 PMCID: PMC8624673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause diseases in humans and livestock. The SARS-CoV-2 is infecting millions of human beings, with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main protease (Mpro) of coronavirus plays a pivotal role in viral replication and transcription, which, in theory, is an attractive drug target for antiviral drug development. It has been extensively discussed whether Xanthohumol is able to help COVID-19 patients. Here, we report that Xanthohumol, a small molecule in clinical trials from hops (Humulus lupulus), was a potent pan-inhibitor for various coronaviruses by targeting Mpro, for example, betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 value of 1.53 μM), and alphacoronavirus PEDV (IC50 value of 7.51 μM). Xanthohumol inhibited Mpro activities in the enzymatical assays, while pretreatment with Xanthohumol restricted the SARS-CoV-2 and PEDV replication in Vero-E6 cells. Therefore, Xanthohumol is a potent pan-inhibitor of coronaviruses and an excellent lead compound for further drug development.
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29
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Identification of ZDHHC17 as a Potential Drug Target for Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0234221. [PMID: 34700373 PMCID: PMC8546599 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02342-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and spread of zoonotic viruses highlights that animal-sourced viruses are the biggest threat to global public health. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an HKU2-related bat coronavirus that was spilled over from Rhinolophus bats to swine, causing large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea disease in piglets in China. Unlike other porcine coronaviruses, SADS-CoV possesses broad species tissue tropism, including primary human cells, implying a significant risk of cross-species spillover. To explore host dependency factors for SADS-CoV as therapeutic targets, we employed genome-wide CRISPR knockout library screening in HeLa cells. Consistent with two independent screens, we identified the zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase 17 (ZDHHC17 or ZD17) as an important host factor for SADS-CoV infection. Through truncation mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the DHHC domain of ZD17 that is involved in palmitoylation is important for SADS-CoV infection. Mechanistic studies revealed that ZD17 is required for SADS-CoV genomic RNA replication. Treatment of infected cells with the palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) significantly suppressed SADS-CoV infection. Our findings provide insight on SADS-CoV-host interactions and a potential therapeutic application.
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30
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Van Borm S, Steensels M, Mathijs E, Vandenbussche F, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Metagenomic sequencing determines complete infectious bronchitis virus (avian Gammacoronavirus) vaccine strain genomes and associated viromes in chicken clinical samples. Virus Genes 2021; 57:529-540. [PMID: 34626348 PMCID: PMC8501334 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV, genus Gammacoronavirus) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease in chicken. Random primed RNA sequencing was applied to two IBV positive clinical samples and one in ovo-passaged virus. The virome of a cloacal swab pool was dominated by IBV (82% of viral reads) allowing de novo assembly of a GI-13 lineage complete genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain 793B. In addition, substantial read counts (16% of viral reads) allowed the assembly of a near-complete chicken astrovirus genome, while lower read counts identified the presence of chicken calicivirus and avian leucosis virus. Viral reads in a respiratory/intestinal tissue pool were distributed between IBV (22.53%), Sicinivirus (Picornaviridae, 24%), and avian leucosis virus (37.04%). A complete IBV genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain H120 (lineage GI-1), as well as a near-complete avian leucosis virus genome and a partial Sicinivirus genome were assembled from the tissue sample data. Lower read counts identified chicken calicivirus, Avibirnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus, assembling to 98.85% of segment A and 69.66% of segment B closely related to D3976/1 from Germany, 2017) and avian orthoreovirus, while three avian orthoavulavirus 1 reads confirmed prior real-time RT-PCR result. IBV sequence variation analysis identified both fixed and minor frequency variations in the tissue sample compared to its in ovo-passaged virus. Metagenomic methods allow the determination of complete coronavirus genomes from clinical chicken samples while providing additional insights in RNA virus sequence diversity and coinfecting viruses potentially contributing to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Borm
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Coronaviruses infect humans and a wide range of animals, causing predominantly respiratory and intestinal infections. This review provides background on the taxonomy of coronaviruses, the functions of viral proteins, and the life cycle of coronaviruses. In addition, the review focuses on coronaviral diseases in several agriculturally important, companion, and laboratory animal species (cats, cattle, chickens, dogs, mice, rats and swine) and briefly reviews human coronaviruses and their origins.
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Chan OSK, Bradley KCF, Grioni A, Lau SKP, Li WT, Magouras I, Naing T, Padula A, To EMW, Tun HM, Tutt C, Woo PCY, Bloch R, Mauroo NF. Veterinary Experiences can Inform One Health Strategies for Animal Coronaviruses. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:301-314. [PMID: 34542794 PMCID: PMC8450722 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S K Chan
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Patrick Manson Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Katriona C F Bradley
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, G/F, Lap Wo Building, 69-75 Chik Shun St, Tai Wai, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Alessandro Grioni
- Fauna Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 26, 19/F, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wen-Ta Li
- Department of Pathology, Pangolin International Biomedical Consultant Ltd., Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tint Naing
- Soares Avenue Paws and Claws Clinic, G/F No 29 - 33 Soares Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew Padula
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Esther M W To
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Room 509, Cheung Sha Wan Government Offices, 303 Cheung Sha Wan Road, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hein Min Tun
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Patrick Manson Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Cedric Tutt
- Cape Animal Dentistry Service, 78 Rosmead Avenue, Kenilworth, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 26, 19/F, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rebecca Bloch
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathalie F Mauroo
- Hong Kong Wildlife Health Foundation, GPO Box 12585, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Nilsson L, Csuth Á, Storsaeter J, Garvey LH, Jenmalm MC. Vaccine allergy: evidence to consider for COVID-19 vaccines. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 21:401-409. [PMID: 34091550 PMCID: PMC8270228 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Whereas the COVID-19 pandemic has changed our lives worldwide, we hope that vaccination can combat the disease. We propose how to evaluate suspected severe allergic reactions to the vaccines so that as many as possible may be safely vaccinated. RECENT FINDINGS Rare cases of severe allergic reactions after COVID-19 vaccination have been observed, seemingly at a higher frequency than for other vaccines. Few excipients are likely to have caused these reactions. IgE-mediated reactions to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and its derivatives are the most suspected, albeit hitherto unproven, causes. We suggest to make a diagnosis based on skin tests with PEG and PEG derivatives and that these be considered in relation to the decisions required before the first and the second vaccine dose. A vaccine without these excipients is available, but published data about its side effects are limited. SUMMARY The underlying immunological mechanisms of the rare severe allergic reactions to the COVID-19 vaccines are poorly understood and need to be clarified. Identifying those who have an undiagnosed allergy to PEG and PEG derivatives is crucial before vaccination, and these substances are found in laxatives, cosmetics and in 30% of all our medications today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Nilsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Allergy Center, Linköping University, Linköping
| | - Ágnes Csuth
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Allergy Center, Linköping University, Linköping
| | - Jann Storsaeter
- Department of Vaccines, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lene H. Garvey
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria C. Jenmalm
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Ellis J. All in the family: A comparative look at coronaviruses. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2021; 62:825-833. [PMID: 34341593 PMCID: PMC8281949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses, members of the order Nidovirales, the largest and most complex of the positive-stranded RNA viruses, have been recognized as important causes of disease in veterinary medicine for nearly a century. In contrast, in human medicine, especially until the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, they were unimportant viruses associated with the common cold. This is a brief comparative review of the biology of coronaviral infections emphasizing the commonalities among the various members of the family and considering how the veterinary experience with coronaviruses can inform the response to SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are perhaps best viewed as mutation machines whose genetic sequences can readily change through genetic drift, recombination, and deletions from a large genome. However, to be of clinical concern, variants must have the perfect set of amino acids in the S protein receptor binding domain and in their replication-mediating nonstructural proteins. Extensive experience with veterinary coronaviral vaccines suggests that optimal clinical immunity is a tandem of mucosal and systemic responses induced by a combination of mucosal and parenteral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Wernike K, Aebischer A, Michelitsch A, Hoffmann D, Freuling C, Balkema‐Buschmann A, Graaf A, Müller T, Osterrieder N, Rissmann M, Rubbenstroth D, Schön J, Schulz C, Trimpert J, Ulrich L, Volz A, Mettenleiter T, Beer M. Multi-species ELISA for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1779-1785. [PMID: 33191578 PMCID: PMC7753575 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic with millions of infected humans and hundreds of thousands of fatalities. As the novel disease - referred to as COVID-19 - unfolded, occasional anthropozoonotic infections of animals by owners or caretakers were reported in dogs, felid species and farmed mink. Further species were shown to be susceptible under experimental conditions. The extent of natural infections of animals, however, is still largely unknown. Serological methods will be useful tools for tracing SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals once test systems are evaluated for use in different species. Here, we developed an indirect multi-species ELISA based on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. The newly established ELISA was evaluated using 59 sera of infected or vaccinated animals, including ferrets, raccoon dogs, hamsters, rabbits, chickens, cattle and a cat, and a total of 220 antibody-negative sera of the same animal species. Overall, a diagnostic specificity of 100.0% and sensitivity of 98.31% were achieved, and the functionality with every species included in this study could be demonstrated. Hence, a versatile and reliable ELISA protocol was established that enables high-throughput antibody detection in a broad range of animal species, which may be used for outbreak investigations, to assess the seroprevalence in susceptible species or to screen for reservoir or intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Annika Graaf
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für VirologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloon TongHong Kong
| | | | | | - Jacob Schön
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Claudia Schulz
- University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHanoverGermany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für VirologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Lorenz Ulrich
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Asisa Volz
- University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHanoverGermany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstitutGreifswald ‐ Insel RiemsGermany
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Annas S, Zamri-Saad M. Intranasal Vaccination Strategy to Control the COVID-19 Pandemic from a Veterinary Medicine Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071876. [PMID: 34202429 PMCID: PMC8300178 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intranasal vaccination is one of the methods used to stimulate mucosal immunity. It has been widely practised to control many human and animal respiratory diseases. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which resulted in a global pandemic. COVID-19 has reminded some veterinarians of various contagious veterinary diseases, including coronavirus infections in animals. This article discusses the control of highly contagious diseases of veterinary importance with emphasis on an intranasal vaccination approach, and the potential of implementing similar strategies in human medicine to control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Abstract The world is currently facing an ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The disease is a highly contagious respiratory disease which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current control measures used by many countries include social distancing, wearing face masks, frequent hand washing, self-isolation, and vaccination. The current commercially available vaccines are injectable vaccines, although a few intranasal vaccines are in trial stages. The reported side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, perceptions towards the safety of the vaccines, and frequent mutation of the virus may lead to poor herd immunity. In veterinary medicine, attaining herd immunity is one of the main considerations in disease control, and herd immunity depends on the use of efficacious vaccines and the vaccination coverage in a population. Hence, many aerosol or intranasal vaccines have been developed to control veterinary respiratory diseases such as Newcastle disease, rinderpest, infectious bronchitis, and haemorrhagic septicaemia. Different vaccine technologies could be employed to improve vaccination coverage, including the usage of an intranasal live recombinant vaccine or live mutant vaccine. This paper discusses the potential use of intranasal vaccination strategies against human COVID-19, based on a veterinary intranasal vaccine strategy.
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Angot JL, Brugère-Picoux J. [General introduction to animal and human coronaviruses]. BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2021; 205:719-725. [PMID: 34108733 PMCID: PMC8178069 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Les coronavirus sont des virus à ARN classés en Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus et Deltacoronavirus. Leur nom vient de leur conformation avec la présence de spicules formant une sorte de couronne. Les Alphacoronavirus et les Betacoronavirus (genre où l’on observe des zoonoses) semblent provenir des chauves-souris alors que les oiseaux seraient à l’origine des Gammacoronavirus et des Deltacoronavirus. Le premier coronavirus identifié fut celui de la bronchite infectieuse aviaire en 1931 aux États-Unis alors que les premiers coronavirus n’ont été décrits chez l’Homme que dans les années 1960. C’est pourquoi on connaissait surtout des coronavirus dans la communauté vétérinaire. La plupart des Alphacoronavirus sont spécifiques d’espèce. Ils peuvent être responsables de maladies graves notamment chez le chat (une forme entérique–FECV- et une forme responsable de la péritonite infectieuse féline–FIPV), la gastroentérite transmissible (GET) du porcelet et la diarrhée épidémique porcine (DEP), la coronavirose respiratoire porcin (PRCV). Enfin, un deltacoronavirus peut être rencontré à la fois chez le porc (PD CoV UKU15) et les oiseaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Angot
- Académie vétérinaire de France, Conseil Général de l'alimentation de l'agriculture et des espaces ruraux (CGAAER), 251, rue vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J Brugère-Picoux
- Académie nationale de médecine et Académie vétérinaire de France, 16, rue Bonaparte, 75006 Paris, France
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Killed whole-genome reduced-bacteria surface-expressed coronavirus fusion peptide vaccines protect against disease in a porcine model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025622118. [PMID: 33858942 PMCID: PMC8106328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025622118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rages on, it is important to explore new evolution-resistant vaccine antigens and new vaccine platforms that can produce readily scalable, inexpensive vaccines with easier storage and transport. We report here a synthetic biology-based vaccine platform that employs an expression vector with an inducible gram-negative autotransporter to express vaccine antigens on the surface of genome-reduced bacteria to enhance interaction of vaccine antigen with the immune system. As a proof-of-principle, we utilized genome-reduced Escherichia coli to express SARS-CoV-2 and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) fusion peptide (FP) on the cell surface, and evaluated their use as killed whole-cell vaccines. The FP sequence is highly conserved across coronaviruses; the six FP core amino acid residues, along with the four adjacent residues upstream and the three residues downstream from the core, are identical between SARS-CoV-2 and PEDV. We tested the efficacy of PEDV FP and SARS-CoV-2 FP vaccines in a PEDV challenge pig model. We demonstrated that both vaccines induced potent anamnestic responses upon virus challenge, potentiated interferon-γ responses, reduced viral RNA loads in jejunum tissue, and provided significant protection against clinical disease. However, neither vaccines elicited sterilizing immunity. Since SARS-CoV-2 FP and PEDV FP vaccines provided similar clinical protection, the coronavirus FP could be a target for a broadly protective vaccine using any platform. Importantly, the genome-reduced bacterial surface-expressed vaccine platform, when using a vaccine-appropriate bacterial vector, has potential utility as an inexpensive, readily manufactured, and rapid vaccine platform for other pathogens.
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Pattnaik B, S Patil S, S C, G. Amachawadi R, Dash AP, Yadav MP, Prasad KS, P S, Jain AS, Shivamallu C. COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE CORONAVIRUSES OF ANIMALS AND SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2021; 9:117-130. [DOI: 10.18006/2021.9(2).117.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), classified into four genera, viz., alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and Delta- CoV, represent an important group of diverse transboundary pathogens that can infect a variety of mammalian and avian species including humans, animals, poultry, and non-poultry birds. CoVs primarily infect lung and gut epithelial cells, besides monocytes and macrophages. CoVs have high mutation rates causing changes in host specificity, tissue tropism, and mode of virus excretion and transmissions. The recent CoV zoonoses are SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 that are caused by the transmission of beta-CoVs of bats to humans. Recently, reverse zoonoses of the COVID-19 virus have been detected in dogs, tigers, and minks. Beta-CoV strains also infect bovine (BCoV) and canine species (CRCoV); both these beta-CoVs might have originated from a common ancestor. Despite the high genetic similarity between BCoV, CRCoV, and HCoV-OC43, these differ in species specificity. Alpha-CoV strains infect canine (CCoV), feline (FIPV), swine (TGEV and PEDV), and humans (HCoV229E and NL63). Six coronavirus species are known to infect and cause disease in pigs, seven in human beings, and two in dogs. The high mutation rate in CoVs is attributed to error-prone 3′-5′ exoribonuclease (NSP 14), and genetic recombination to template shift by the polymerase. The present compilation describes the important features of the CoVs and diseases caused in humans, animals, and birds that are essential in surveillance of diverse pool of CoVs circulating in nature, and monitoring interspecies transmission, zoonoses, and reverse zoonoses.
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Virucidal and antiviral effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on feline coronavirus. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:44-47. [PMID: 33932822 PMCID: PMC8061179 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal systemic disease of felids caused by a Coronavirus (CoV) (FIPV). In spite of its clinical relevance and impact on feline health, currently the therapeutic possibilities for treatment of FIP in cats are limited. The emergence of the pandemic Severe Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), etiological agent of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), able to infect a broad spectrum of animal species including cats, triggered the interest for the development of novel molecules with antiviral activity for treatment of CoV infections in humans and animals. Essential oils (EOs) have raised significant attention for their antiviral properties integrating and, in some cases, replacing conventional drugs. Thymus vulgaris EO (TEO) has been previously shown to be effective against several RNA viruses including CoVs. In the present study the antiviral efficacy of TEO against FIPV was evaluated in vitro. TEO at 27 μg/ml was able to inhibit virus replication with a significant reduction of 2 log10 TCID50/50 μl. Moreover, virucidal activity was tested using TEO at 27 and 270 μg/ml, over the cytotoxic threshold, determining a reduction of viral titre as high as 3.25 log10 TCID50/50 μl up to 1 h of time contact. These results open several perspectives in terms of future applications and therapeutic possibilities for coronaviruses considering that FIPV infection in cats could be a potential model for the study of antivirals against CoVs.
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Arenas A, Borge C, Carbonero A, Garcia-Bocanegra I, Cano-Terriza D, Caballero J, Arenas-Montes A. Bovine Coronavirus Immune Milk Against COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637152. [PMID: 33833758 PMCID: PMC8021920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After a year of evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, there is still no specific effective treatment for the disease. Although the majority of infected people experience mild disease, some patients develop a serious disease, especially when other pathologies concur. For this reason, it would be very convenient to find pharmacological and immunological mechanisms that help control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the COVID-19 and BCoV viruses are very close phylogenetically, different studies demonstrate the existence of cross-immunity as they retain shared epitopes in their structure. As a possible control measure against COVID-19, we propose the use of cow’s milk immune to BCoV. Thus, the antigenic recognition of some highly conserved structures of viral proteins, particularly M and S2, by anti-BCoV antibodies present in milk would cause a total or partial inactivation of SARS-COV-2 (acting as a particular vaccine) and be addressed more easily by GALT’s highly specialized antigen-presenting cells, thus helping the specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arenas
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Borge
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Caballero
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Colina SE, Serena MS, Echeverría MG, Metz GE. Clinical and molecular aspects of veterinary coronaviruses. Virus Res 2021; 297:198382. [PMID: 33705799 PMCID: PMC7938195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large group of RNA viruses that infect a wide range of animal species. The replication strategy of coronaviruses involves recombination and mutation events that lead to the possibility of cross-species transmission. The high plasticity of the viral receptor due to a continuous modification of the host species habitat may be the cause of cross-species transmission that can turn into a threat to other species including the human population. The successive emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in 2012, and the recent SARS-CoV-2 has incentivized a number of studies on the molecular basis of the coronavirus and its pathogenesis. The high degree of interrelatedness between humans and wild and domestic animals and the modification of animal habitats by human urbanization, has favored new viral spreads. Hence, knowledge on the main clinical signs of coronavirus infection in the different hosts and the distinctive molecular characteristics of each coronavirus is essential to prevent the emergence of new coronavirus diseases. The coronavirus infections routinely studied in veterinary medicine must be properly recognized and diagnosed not only to prevent animal disease but also to promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Emanuel Colina
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Serena
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Echeverría
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - Germán Ernesto Metz
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina.
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43
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In Vitro Effects of Doxycycline on Replication of Feline Coronavirus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030312. [PMID: 33799985 PMCID: PMC8001410 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a sporadic fatal disease of cats caused by a virulent variant of feline coronavirus (FCoV), referred to as FIP virus (FIPV). Treatment options are limited, and most of the affected cats die or are euthanized. Anecdotally, doxycycline has been used to treat FIP-affected cats, but there are currently no data to support or discourage such treatment. The aim of this study was to establish whether doxycycline inhibits replication of FIPV in vitro. The virus was cultured in Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells with various concentrations of doxycycline (0 to 50 µg/mL). The level of FIPV in cultures was determined by virus titration and FCoV-specific reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. Cell viability was also monitored. There was no difference in the level of infectious virus or viral RNA between doxycycline-treated and untreated cultures at 3, 12- and 18-hours post-infection. However, at 24 h, the growth of FIPV was inhibited by approximately two logs in cultures with >10 µg/mL doxycycline. This inhibition was dose-dependent, with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) 4.1 µg/mL and IC90 5.4 µg/mL. Our data suggest that doxycycline has some inhibitory effect on FIPV replication in vitro, which supports future clinical trials of its use for the treatment of FIP-affected cats.
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44
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Römer RA, Römer NS, Wallis AK. Flexibility and mobility of SARS-CoV-2-related protein structures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4257. [PMID: 33608565 PMCID: PMC7896093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide CoVid-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented push across the whole of the scientific community to develop a potent antiviral drug and vaccine as soon as possible. Existing academic, governmental and industrial institutions and companies have engaged in large-scale screening of existing drugs, in vitro, in vivo and in silico. Here, we are using in silico modelling of possible SARS-CoV-2 drug targets, as deposited on the Protein Databank (PDB), and ascertain their dynamics, flexibility and rigidity. For example, for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-using its complete homo-trimer configuration with 2905 residues-our method identifies a large-scale opening and closing of the S1 subunit through movement of the S[Formula: see text] domain. We compute the full structural information of this process, allowing for docking studies with possible drug structures. In a dedicated database, we present similarly detailed results for the further, nearly 300, thus far resolved SARS-CoV-2-related protein structures in the PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf A Römer
- CY Advanced Studies and LPTM (UMR8089 of CNRS), CY Cergy-Paris Université, 95302, Cergy-Pontoise, France.
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Navodya S Römer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - A Katrine Wallis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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45
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COVID-19: Reasons for Guarded Optimism. Pharmaceut Med 2021; 35:67-69. [PMID: 33594604 PMCID: PMC7885747 DOI: 10.1007/s40290-021-00381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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46
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Intestinal Viral Loads and Inactivation Kinetics of Livestock Viruses Relevant for Natural Casing Production: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020173. [PMID: 33557372 PMCID: PMC7915499 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal intestines are the source of edible sausage casings, which are traded worldwide and may come from areas where notifiable infectious animal diseases are prevalent. To estimate the risks of virus contamination, knowledge about the quantity of virus and decimal reduction values of the standard preservation method by salting is of great importance. A literature search, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed in search engine CAB Abstracts to determine the viral load of 14 relevant animal viruses in natural casings or intestines. Only a very limited number of scientific publications per virus were found and viral loads in the intestines varied from high for ASFV (five publications), BVDV (3), CSFV (6), PPRV (3), RPV (2) and TGEV (3) to moderate for PEDV (2) and SVDV (3), low for HEV (2) and FMDV (5), very low for VESV (1) and negative for PrV (2) and VSV (1). PRRSV was found in intestines, however, viral titers were not published. Three viruses (BVDV, CSFV and PPRV) with high viral loads were selected to search for their inactivation kinetics. For casings, no inactivation data were found, however, thermal inactivation data of these viruses were available, but differed in quantity, quality and matrices. In conclusion, important data gaps still exist when it comes to the quantitative inactivation of viruses in sausage casings or livestock intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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47
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Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to help the return to pre-pandemic normalcy. A great many vaccine candidates are being developed, several of which have completed late-stage clinical trials and are reporting positive results. In this Progress article, we discuss which viral elements are used in COVID-19 vaccine candidates, why they might act as good targets for the immune system and the implications for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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48
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Hong J, Jhun H, Choi YO, Taitt AS, Bae S, Lee Y, Song CS, Yeom SC, Kim S. Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein for Therapeutic and Preventive Target. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e8. [PMID: 33728101 PMCID: PMC7937506 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to the most significant economic loss and human deaths after World War II. The pathogen causing this disease is a novel virus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of December 2020, there have been 80.2 million confirmed patients, and the mortality rate is known as 2.16% globally. A strategy to protect a host from SARS-CoV-2 is by suppressing intracellular viral replication or preventing viral entry. We focused on the spike glycoprotein that is responsible for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration/EU Medicines Agency authorized a vaccine and antibody to treat COVID-19 patients by emergency use approval in the absence of long-term clinical trials. Both commercial and academic efforts to develop preventive and therapeutic agents continue all over the world. In this review, we present a perspective on current reports about the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Hong
- Department of Physiology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunjhung Jhun
- Technical Assistance Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Yeo-Ok Choi
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Afeisha S. Taitt
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Suyoung Bae
- Department of Bioequivalence Division for Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Youngmin Lee
- Department of Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Chang-seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Su Cheong Yeom
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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49
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COVID-19 Pandemic Is a Call to Search for Alternative Protein Sources as Food and Feed: A Review of Possibilities. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010150. [PMID: 33466241 PMCID: PMC7830574 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health challenge with substantial adverse effects on the world economy. It is beyond any doubt that it is, again, a call-to-action to minimize the risk of future zoonoses caused by emerging human pathogens. The primary response to contain zoonotic diseases is to call for more strict regulations on wildlife trade and hunting. This is because the origins of coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), as well as other viral pathogens (e.g., Ebola, HIV) are traceable to wild animals. Although COVID-19 is not related to livestock animals, the pandemic increased general attention given to zoonotic viral infections—the risk of which can also be associated with livestock. Therefore, this paper discusses the potential transformation of industrial livestock farming and the production of animal products, particularly meat, to decrease the risks for transmission of novel human pathogens. Plant-based diets have a number of advantages, but it is unrealistic to consider them as the only solution offered to the problem. Therefore, a search for alternative protein sources in insect-based foods and cultured meat, important technologies enabling safer meat production. Although both of these strategies offer a number of potential advantages, they are also subject to the number of challenges that are discussed in this paper. Importantly, insect-based foods and cultured meat can provide additional benefits in the context of ecological footprint, an aspect important in light of predicted climate changes. Furthermore, cultured meat can be regarded as ethically superior and supports better food security. There is a need to further support the implementation and expansion of all three approaches discussed in this paper, plant-based diets, insect-based foods, and cultured meat, to decrease the epidemiological risks and ensure a sustainable future. Furthermore, cultured meat also offers a number of additional benefits in the context of environmental impact, ethical issues, and food security.
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Wensman JJ, Stokstad M. Could Naturally Occurring Coronaviral Diseases in Animals Serve as Models for COVID-19? A Review Focusing on the Bovine Model. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120991. [PMID: 33256111 PMCID: PMC7760055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of basic studies on coronaviruses (CoVs) in general, and severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in particular. CoVs have for long been studied in veterinary medicine, due to their impact on animal health and welfare, production, and economy. Several animal models using coronaviral disease in the natural host have been suggested. In this review, different animal models are discussed, with the main focus on bovine CoV (BCoV). BCoV is endemic in the cattle population worldwide and has been known and studied for several decades. SARS-CoV-2 and BCoV are both betacoronaviruses, where BCoV is highly similar to human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, encompassing the same virus species (Betacoronavirus 1). BCoV causes respiratory and gastrointestinal disease in young and adult cattle. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the similarities and dissimilarities between BCoV and SARS-CoV-2, as well as discussing the usage of BCoV as a model for human CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-671446
| | - Maria Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0102 Oslo, Norway;
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