1
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Ruedas-Torres I, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Salguero FJ, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Mateu E, Gómez-Laguna J, Rodríguez-Gómez IM. The scene of lung pathology during PRRSV-1 infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1330990. [PMID: 38566751 PMCID: PMC10985324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The disease was firstly reported in 1987 and became endemic in many countries. Since then, outbreaks caused by strains of high virulence have been reported several times in Asia, America and Europe. Interstitial pneumonia, microscopically characterised by thickened alveolar septa, is the hallmark lesion of PRRS. However, suppurative bronchopneumonia and proliferative and necrotising pneumonia are also observed, particularly when a virulent strain is involved. This raises the question of whether the infection by certain strains results in an overstimulation of the proinflammatory response and whether there is some degree of correlation between the strain involved and a particular pattern of lung injury. Thus, it is of interest to know how the inflammatory response is modulated in these cases due to the interplay between virus and host factors. This review provides an overview of the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular pathology of PRRSV-1 strains in the lung, emphasising the differences between strains of different virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ruedas-Torres
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA Porton Down), Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco José Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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2
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Fabros D, Charerntantanakul W. Type I and II interferons, transcription factors and major histocompatibility complexes were enhanced by knocking down the PRRSV-induced transforming growth factor beta in monocytes co-cultured with peripheral blood lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1308330. [PMID: 38510257 PMCID: PMC10950996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1308330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection are known to be poor. This study investigates the impact of PRRSV-induced transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) on the expressions of type I and II interferons (IFNs), transcription factors, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines in PRRSV-infected co-cultures of monocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Phosphorothioate-modified antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN) specific to the AUG region of porcine TGFβ1 mRNA was synthesized and successfully knocked down TGFβ1 mRNA expression and protein translation. Monocytes transfected with TGFβAS1 ODN, then simultaneously co-cultured with PBL and inoculated with either classical PRRSV-2 (cPRRSV-2) or highly pathogenic PRRSV-2 (HP-PRRSV-2) showed a significant reduction in TGFβ1 mRNA expression and a significant increase in the mRNA expressions of IFNα, IFNγ, MHC-I, MHC-II, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and STAT2. Additionally, transfection of TGFβAS1 ODN in the monocyte and PBL co-culture inoculated with cPRRSV-2 significantly increased the mRNA expression of interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40). PRRSV-2 RNA copy numbers were significantly reduced in monocytes and PBL co-culture transfected with TGFβAS1 ODN compared to the untransfected control. The yields of PRRSV-2 RNA copy numbers in PRRSV-2-inoculated monocytes and PBL co-culture were sustained and reduced by porcine TGFβ1 (rTGFβ1) and recombinant porcine IFNα (rIFNα), respectively. These findings highlight the strategy employed by PRRSV to suppress the innate immune response through the induction of TGFβ expression. The inclusion of TGFβ as a parameter for future PRRSV vaccine and vaccine adjuvant candidates is recommended.
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3
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Kick AR, Grete AF, Crisci E, Almond GW, Käser T. Testable Candidate Immune Correlates of Protection for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030594. [PMID: 36992179 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an on-going problem for the worldwide pig industry. Commercial and experimental vaccinations often demonstrate reduced pathology and improved growth performance; however, specific immune correlates of protection (CoP) for PRRSV vaccination have not been quantified or even definitively postulated: proposing CoP for evaluation during vaccination and challenge studies will benefit our collective efforts towards achieving protective immunity. Applying the breadth of work on human diseases and CoP to PRRSV research, we advocate four hypotheses for peer review and evaluation as appropriate testable CoP: (i) effective class-switching to systemic IgG and mucosal IgA neutralizing antibodies is required for protective immunity; (ii) vaccination should induce virus-specific peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production with central memory and effector memory phenotypes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) proliferation and IFN-γ production with a CCR7- phenotype that should migrate to the lung; (iii) nursery, finishing, and adult pigs will have different CoP; (iv) neutralizing antibodies provide protection and are rather strain specific; T cells confer disease prevention/reduction and possess greater heterologous recognition. We believe proposing these four CoP for PRRSV can direct future vaccine design and improve vaccine candidate evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Alicyn F Grete
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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4
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You X, Lei Y, Zhang P, Xu D, Ahmed Z, Yang Y. Role of transcription factors in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection: A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:924004. [PMID: 35928151 PMCID: PMC9344050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious disease caused by the PRRS virus that leads to reproductive disorders and severe dyspnoea in pigs, which has serious economic impacts. One of the reasons PRRSV cannot be effectively controlled is that it has developed countermeasures against the host immune response, allowing it to survive and replicate for long periods. Transcription Factors acts as a bridge in the interactions between the host and PRRSV. PRRSV can create an environment conducive to PRRSV replication through transcription factors acting on miRNAs, inflammatory factors, and immune cells. Conversely, some transcription factors also inhibit PRRSV proliferation in the host. In this review, we systematically described how PRRSV uses host transcription factors such as SP1, CEBPB, STATs, and AP-1 to escape the host immune system. Determining the role of transcription factors in immune evasion and understanding the pathogenesis of PRRSV will help to develop new treatments for PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin You
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, China
| | - Ying Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dequan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Youbing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Youbing Yang
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5
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Ruedas-Torres I, Gómez-Laguna J, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Larenas-Muñoz F, Barranco I, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Rodríguez-Gómez IM. Activation of T-bet, FOXP3, and EOMES in Target Organs From Piglets Infected With the Virulent PRRSV-1 Lena Strain. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773146. [PMID: 34956200 PMCID: PMC8697429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) modulate genes involved in cell-type-specific proliferative and migratory properties, metabolic features, and effector functions. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogen agents in the porcine industry; however, TFs have been poorly studied during the course of this disease. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the expressions of the TFs T-bet, GATA3, FOXP3, and Eomesodermin (EOMES) in target organs (the lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, and thymus) and those of different effector cytokines (IFNG, TNFA, and IL10) and the Fas ligand (FASL) during the early phase of infection with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Target organs from mock-, virulent Lena-, and low virulent 3249-infected animals humanely euthanized at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 13 days post-infection (dpi) were collected to analyze the PRRSV viral load, histopathological lesions, and relative quantification through reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of the TFs and cytokines. Animals belonging to both infected groups, but mainly those infected with the virulent Lena strain, showed upregulation of the TFs T-bet, EOMES, and FOXP3, together with an increase of the cytokine IFN-γ in target organs at the end of the study (approximately 2 weeks post-infection). These results are suggestive of a stronger polarization to Th1 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), but also CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), effector CD8+ T cells, and γδT cells in virulent PRRSV-1-infected animals; however, their biological functionality should be the object of further studies.
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6
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Gerner W, Mair KH, Schmidt S. Local and Systemic T Cell Immunity in Fighting Pig Viral and Bacterial Infections. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:349-372. [PMID: 34724393 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-044226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system. Over the last 15 years, a constantly growing toolbox with which to study T cell biology in pigs has allowed detailed investigations on these cells in various viral and bacterial infections. This review provides an overview on porcine CD4, CD8, and γδ T cells and the current knowledge on the differentiation of these cells following antigen encounter. Where available, the responses of these cells to viral infections like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, swine influenza A virus, and African swine fever virus are outlined. In addition, knowledge on the porcine T cell response to bacterial infections like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Salmonella Typhimurium is reviewed. For CD4 T cells, the response to the outlined infections is reflected toward the Th1/Th2/Th17/Tfh/Treg paradigm for functional differentiation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Gerner
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Schmidt
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; ,
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7
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He S, Zheng G, Zhou D, Huang L, Dong J, Cheng Z. High-frequency and activation of CD4 +CD25 + T cells maintain persistent immunotolerance induced by congenital ALV-J infection. Vet Res 2021; 52:119. [PMID: 34526112 PMCID: PMC8442411 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection can induce persistent immunotolerance in chicken, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that congenital ALV-J infection induces the production of high-frequency and activated CD4+CD25+ Tregs that maintain persistent immunotolerance. A model of congenital infection by ALV-J was established in fertilized eggs, and hatched chicks showed persistent immunotolerance characterized by persistent viremia, immune organ dysplasia, severe imbalance of the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in blood and immune organs, and significant decrease in CD3+ T cells and Bu-1+ B cells in the spleen. Concurrently, the mRNA levels of IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ showed significant fluctuations in immune organs. Moreover, the frequency of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in blood and immune organs significantly increased, and the frequency of CD4+CD25+ Tregs was positively correlated with changes in ALV-J load in immune organs. Interestingly, CD4+CD25+ Tregs increased in the marginal zone of splenic nodules in ALV-J-infected chickens and dispersed to the germinal center. In addition, the proliferation and activation of B cells in splenic nodules was inhibited, and the number of IgM+ and IgG+ cells in the marginal zone significantly decreased. We further found that the mRNA levels of TGF- β and CTLA-4 in CD4+CD25+ Tregs of ALV-J-infected chickens significantly increased. Together, high-frequency and activated CD4+CD25+ Tregs inhibited B cells functions by expressing the inhibitory cytokine TGF-β and inhibitory surface receptor CTLA-4, thereby maintaining persistent immunotolerance in congenital ALV-J-infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhai He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,College of Husbandry and Veterinary, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, No 1, North Ring Road, Xinyang, 464000, Henan, China
| | - Gaoying Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Husbandry and Veterinary, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, No 1, North Ring Road, Xinyang, 464000, Henan, China
| | - Jianguo Dong
- College of Husbandry and Veterinary, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, No 1, North Ring Road, Xinyang, 464000, Henan, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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8
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Hernández J, Li Y, Mateu E. Swine Dendritic Cell Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: An Update. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712109. [PMID: 34394113 PMCID: PMC8355811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, unique to initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response. In pigs, conventional DCs (cDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) have been described in blood and tissues. Different pathogens, such as viruses, could infect these cells, and in some cases, compromise their response. The understanding of the interaction between DCs and viruses is critical to comprehend viral immunopathological responses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most important respiratory pathogen in the global pig population. Different reports support the notion that PRRSV modulates pig immune response in addition to their genetic and antigenic variability. The interaction of PRRSV with DCs is a mostly unexplored area with conflicting results and lots of uncertainties. Among the scarce certainties, cDCs and pDCs are refractory to PRRSV infection in contrast to moDCs. Additionally, response of DCs to PRRSV can be different depending on the type of DCs and maybe is related to the virulence of the viral isolate. The precise impact of this virus-DC interaction upon the development of the specific immune response is not fully elucidated. The present review briefly summarizes and discusses the previous studies on the interaction of in vitro derived bone marrow (bm)- and moDCs, and in vivo isolated cDCs, pDCs, and moDCs with PRRSV1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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9
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Nazki S, Khatun A, Jeong CG, Mattoo SUS, Gu S, Lee SI, Kim SC, Park JH, Yang MS, Kim B, Park CK, Lee SM, Kim WI. Evaluation of local and systemic immune responses in pigs experimentally challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Res 2020; 51:66. [PMID: 32404209 PMCID: PMC7222343 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-associated defence system responsible for the clearance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from infected pigs is currently poorly understood. To better understand the dynamics of host–pathogen interactions, seventy-five of 100 pigs infected with PRRSV-JA142 and 25 control pigs were euthanized at 3, 10, 21, 28 and 35 days post-challenge (dpc). Blood, lung, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial lymph node (BLN) samples were collected to evaluate the cellular immune responses. The humoral responses were evaluated by measuring the levels of anti-PRRSV IgG and serum virus-neutralizing (SVN) antibodies. Consequently, the highest viral loads in the sera and lungs of the infected pigs were detected between 3 and 10 dpc, and these resulted in moderate to mild interstitial pneumonia, which resolved accompanied by the clearance of most of the virus by 28 dpc. At peak viremia, the frequencies of alveolar macrophages in infected pigs were significantly decreased, whereas the monocyte-derived DC/macrophage and conventional DC frequencies were increased, and these effects coincided with the early induction of local T-cell responses and the presence of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the lungs, BAL, and BLN as early as 10 dpc. Conversely, the systemic T-cell responses measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were delayed and significantly induced only after the peak viremic stage between 3 and 10 dpc. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of immune responses in the lung could be the key elements for restraining PRRSV through the early induction of T-cell responses at the sites of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sameer Ul Salam Mattoo
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Suna Gu
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Myoun-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.
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10
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Su F, Xu L, Xue Y, Li J, Fu Y, Yu B, Wang S, Yuan X. Th1-biased immunoadjuvant effect of the recombinant B subunit of an Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin on an inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigen via intranasal immunization in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1475-1484. [PMID: 31527353 PMCID: PMC6863725 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the major swine diseases
responsible for a significant challenge in the global swine industry. The current PRRS
inactivated vaccine only confers limited protection against PRRSV. Thus, using an
appropriate adjuvant via a suitable administration route may help improve vaccine
efficacy. In this study, the recombinant B subunit of the Escherichia
coli heat-labile enterotoxin rLTB, was highly expressed in Pichia
pastoris, through high-density fermentation. rLTB intranasal adjuvant
properties were evaluated on an inactivated PRRS antigen in mice. Compared to the group
immunized with solely PRRS antigen, a dose of 50 µg rLTB remarkably
raised antigen-specific IgA antibodies at mucosal sites, and increased serum IgG
antibodies, preferentially the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses. Further, rLTB induced increases
in Th1- (IFN-γ and IL-12) and Th17 (IL-6) cytokine profiles, but had little effect on Th2
cytokine profiles (IL-4 and IL-10). Moreover, there were no overt toxicities associated
with intranasal rLTB administration. Our data provide evidence that the rLTB produced by
P. pastoris fermentation portrays low toxicity, and its intranasal
adjuvant effect involves immune system modulation to a Th1 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Yin Xue
- Zhejiang Center of Animal Disease Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Junxing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Xiufang Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
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11
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The T-Cell Response to Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Viruses 2019; 11:v11090796. [PMID: 31470568 PMCID: PMC6784018 DOI: 10.3390/v11090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause severe reproductive and respiratory pathologies resulting in immense monetary and welfare costs for the swine industry. The vaccines against PRRSV are available; but they struggle with providing protection against the plethora of heterologous PRRSV strains. To improve PRRSV vaccine development, the aim of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the crucial heterologous T-cell response to type-2 PRRSV. Following PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection using one high- or one low-pathogenic PRRSV-strain, this nine-week study evaluated the T-cell response to different PRRSV strains. Our results demonstrate an important role for T cells in this homo- and heterologous response. Specifically, the T-helper cells were the main responders during viremia. Their peak response at 28 dpi correlated with a reduction in viremia, and their homing receptor expression indicated the additional importance for the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic and lung tissue. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was the strongest at the site of infection—the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage. The TCR-γδ T cells were the main responders post viremia and PRRSV induced their expression of the lymph node homing the chemokine receptor, CCR7: This indicates a crucial role for TCR-γδ T cells in the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic system.
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Nedumpun T, Techakriengkrai N, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S. Negative Immunomodulatory Effects of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Induced Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist on Porcine Innate and Adaptive Immune Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:579. [PMID: 30972072 PMCID: PMC6443931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired innate and adaptive immune responses are evidenced throughout the course of PRRSV infection. We previously reported that interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was involved in PRRSV-induced immunosuppression during an early phase of infection. However, the exact mechanism associated with PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra immunomodulation remains unknown. To explore the immunomodulatory properties of PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra on porcine immune functions, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) and leukocytes were cultured with type 2 PRRSV, and the immunological role of IL-1Ra was assessed by addition of anti-porcine IL-1Ra Ab. The results demonstrated that PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra reduced phagocytosis, surface expression of MHC II (SLA-DR) and CD86, as well as downregulation of IFNA and IL1 gene expression in the MoDC culture system. Interestingly, IL-1Ra secreted by the PRRSV-infected MoDC also inhibited T lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation, but not IFN-γ production. Although PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra was not directly linked to IL-10 production, it contributed to the differentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) within the culture system. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra downregulates innate immune functions, T lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation, and influences collectively with IL-10 in the Treg induction. The immunomodulatory roles of IL-1Ra elucidated in this study increase our understanding of the immunobiology of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerawut Nedumpun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Navapon Techakriengkrai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Charerntantanakul W, Pongjaroenkit S. Co-administration of saponin quil A and PRRSV-1 modified-live virus vaccine up-regulates gene expression of type I interferon-regulated gene, type I and II interferon, and inflammatory cytokines and reduces viremia in response to PRRSV-2 challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:24-34. [PMID: 30458999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a devastating virus which suppresses the expression of type I and II interferons (IFNs) as well as several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our previous study reported that saponin quil A had a potential to up-regulate the expression of type I IFN-regulated genes and type I and II IFNs in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) inoculated with PRRSV. The present study evaluated the immunostimulatory effect of quil A on potentiating cross protective immunity of PRRSV-1 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against PRRSV-2 challenge. Twenty-four 4-week-old PRRSV-seronegative pigs were divided into four groups of six pigs. Group 1 and group 2 pigs were vaccinated with PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine at 0 dpv (day post vaccination), and additionally group 2 pigs were injected intramuscularly with quil A at -1, 0, 1 dpv. Group 3 pigs were injected with PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine solvent at 0 dpv and served as challenge control, while group 4 pigs served as strict control. Group 1-3 pigs were challenged intranasally with PRRSV-2 at 28 dpv and immune and clinical parameters were observed from 0 until 49 dpv. Group 1 pigs showed significantly reduced PRRSV viremia, number of viremic pigs, and clinical scores, and significantly improved average daily weight gain (ADWG), compared to group 3 pigs. Group 2 pigs showed significantly increased mRNA expressions of interferon regulatory factor 3, 2'-5'-oligoadenylatesynthetase 1, osteopontin, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, compared to group 1 pigs. The animals demonstrated significantly reduced PRRSV viremia and number of viremic pigs, but did not demonstrate any further improved PRRSV-specific antibody levels, neutralizing antibody titers, rectal temperature, clinical scores, and ADWG as compared to group 1 pigs. Our findings suggest that quil A up-regulates type I IFN-regulated gene, type I and II IFNs, and inflammatory cytokine expressions which may contribute to further reducing PRRSV viremia and number of viremic pigs which were conferred by PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine. Our findings also suggest that quil A may serve as an effective immunostimulator for potentiating cell-mediated immune defense to PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasin Charerntantanakul
- Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand.
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14
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Nasal delivery of chitosan/alginate nanoparticle encapsulated bee (Apis mellifera) venom promotes antibody production and viral clearance during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by modulating T cell related responses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 200:40-51. [PMID: 29776611 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we administered specially developed chitosan/alginate nanoparticle encapsulated BV (CH/AL-BV) which has slow-releasing properties and mucosal adhesiveness to pig via nasal route and evaluate whether it can facilitate systemic immune response and improve clearance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The CH/AL-BV-administered group with PRRSV vaccination showed significantly enhanced Th1-related responses including a high population of CD4+ T lymphocyte and cytokine mRNA levels including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-12 and increased PRRSV-specific IgG levels. In the PRRSV challenge experiment, the CH/AL-BV group showed a significant decrease of viral burden in the sera and tissues (lung and bronchial lymph node) and mild interstitial pneumonia signs on both lung gross examination and microscopic evaluation with high levels of PRRSV-specific IgG and viral neutralizing antibody. CH/AL-BV also effectively induced not only Th1-related immune responses including increase in portion of CD4+ T lymphocyte, cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12), and transcriptional factors (STAT4 and T-bet), but also stimulated IFN-γ-secreting cell families such as CD4+ T lymphocytes and Th/memory cells. Interestingly, the CH/AL-BV group showed decrease in PRRSV-specific immune-suppressive actions, including the T regulatory cell population and its related cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and transcriptional factors (STAT5 and Foxp3). Therefore, nasal-delivered CH/AL-BV may effectively induce non-specific immune stimulating actions, particularly those related to Th1 responses and viral clearance activities against PRRSV infection. Based on these results, CH/AL-BV could be a promising strategy for overcoming the disadvantages of classical PRRSV vaccination and can be applied as a preventive agent against PRRSV and other viral diseases, particularly those with immune-suppressive characteristics.
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Ferrari L, Canelli E, De Angelis E, Catella A, Ferrarini G, Ogno G, Bonati L, Nardini R, Borghetti P, Martelli P. A highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) strongly modulates cellular innate and adaptive immune subsets upon experimental infection. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Nedumpun T, Sirisereewan C, Thanmuan C, Techapongtada P, Puntarotairung R, Naraprasertkul S, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S. Induction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-specific regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes of PRRSV-infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519507 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) residing within the tissues, are known to possess immunosuppressive properties which contribute to immunomodulation within the organs. PRRSV infection usually weakens lung defense mechanisms, leading to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Induction of circulatory Treg is one of the reported mechanisms involved in PRRSV-induced immunomodulation. However, whether PRRSV can induce tissue-infiltrating Treg in the lungs and lymph nodes is still unclear. To investigate the effect of PRRSV on induction of porcine Treg in the tissues, we isolated mononuclear cells from the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and identified the existence of Treg by flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that PRRSV could induce Treg proliferation in the cultured mononuclear cells derived from lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes, regardless of the pig's PRRSV infective status. Furthermore, PRRSV-infected pigs exhibited higher numbers of total tissue-infiltrating Treg and PRRSV-specific Treg in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes than the PRRSV-negative pigs. To determine if the lung Treg could produce an inhibitory cytokine, the numbers of IL-10-producing Treg were determined. Significantly higher numbers of IL-10-producing Treg in the lungs of PRRSV-infected pigs were observed. Altogether, our findings indicate the potent effect of PRRSV on induction of Treg in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes of the infected pigs. The findings expand our understanding in PRRSV immunopathogenesis within the target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerawut Nedumpun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanoknun Thanmuan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pong Techapongtada
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Sarun Naraprasertkul
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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17
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Charerntantanakul W, Fabros D. Saponin Quil A up-regulates type I interferon-regulated gene and type I and II interferon expressions which are suppressed by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 195:76-83. [PMID: 29249322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) suppresses innate immune response following infection of myeloid antigen-presenting cells. Poor innate immune response results in weak and delayed PRRSV-specific adaptive immunity, and facilitates PRRSV replication, pathogenesis, and persistent infection. Numerous efforts have been made to enhance the effective innate and adaptive immune defenses to PRRSV, however, only a few attempts have so far elicited satisfactory results. The present study aims to evaluate in vitro the potential of saponin quil A to enhance the expression of type I interferon (IFN)-regulated gene, type I and II IFNs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in PRRSV-inoculated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Naïve PBMC from four PRRSV-seronegative pigs were inoculated with PRRSV and subsequently stimulated with quil A in the absence or presence of either polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly IC) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mRNA expression levels of myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), IRF7, 2'-5'-oligoadenylatesynthetase 1 (OAS1), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), osteopontin (OPN), IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) were evaluated by real-time PCR. Compared with uninoculated PBMC, PRRSV significantly suppressed expression of all immune parameters except IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, and TGFβ. When compared with PRRSV-inoculated PBMC, stimulation with quil A significantly enhanced Mx1, IRF3, IRF7, OAS1, STING, IFNβ, and IFNγ mRNA expressions, and significantly reduced TGFβ mRNA expression. Our findings thus suggest that quil A has a potential to up-regulate the expression of type I IFN-regulated gene and type I and II IFNs which are suppressed by PRRSV. Therefore, it may serve as an effective immunostimulator for potentiating the innate immune defense to PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dante Fabros
- Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
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18
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Du T, Shi Y, Xiao S, Li N, Zhao Q, Zhang A, Nan Y, Mu Y, Sun Y, Wu C, Zhang H, Zhou EM. Curcumin is a promising inhibitor of genotype 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:298. [PMID: 29017487 PMCID: PMC5633875 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) could lead to pandemic diseases and huge financial losses to the swine industry worldwide. Curcumin, a natural compound, has been reported to serve as an entry inhibitor of hepatitis C virus, chikungunya virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. In this study, we investigated the potential effect of curcumin on early stages of PRRSV infection. Results Curcumin inhibited infection of Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) by four different genotype 2 PRRSV strains, but had no effect on the levels of major PRRSV receptor proteins on Marc-145 cells and PAMs or on PRRSV binding to Marc-145 cells. However, curcumin did block two steps of the PRRSV infection process: virus internalization and virus-mediated cell fusion. Conclusions Our results suggested that an inhibition of genotype 2 PRRSV infection by curcumin is virus strain-independent, and mainly inhibited by virus internalization and cell fusion mediated by virus. Collectively, these results demonstrate that curcumin holds promise as a new anti-PRRSV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Du
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Rahe MC, Murtaugh MP. Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060148. [PMID: 28608816 PMCID: PMC5490824 DOI: 10.3390/v9060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is necessary for the development of protective immunity against infectious diseases. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a genetically heterogeneous and rapidly evolving RNA virus, is the most burdensome pathogen of swine health and wellbeing worldwide. Viral infection induces antigen-specific immunity that ultimately clears the infection. However, the resulting immune memory, induced by virulent or attenuated vaccine viruses, is inconsistently protective against diverse viral strains. The immunological mechanisms by which primary and memory protection are generated and used are not well understood. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding cellular and humoral components of the adaptive immune response to PRRSV infection that mediate primary and memory immune protection against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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20
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Han J, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H. Pathogenesis and control of the Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:30-47. [PMID: 28292547 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has remained a major threat to the worldwide swine industry ever since its first discovery in the early 1990s. Under the selective pressures in the field, this positive-stranded RNA virus undergoes rapid genetic evolution that eventually leads to emergence in 2006 of the devastating Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV). The atypical nature of HP-PRRSV has caused colossal economic losses to the swine producers in China and the surrounding countries. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis, evolution and ongoing field practices on the control of this troubling virus in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
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21
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Nedumpun T, Wongyanin P, Sirisereewan C, Ritprajak P, Palaga T, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: an early immunomodulatory cytokine induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:77-88. [PMID: 27902420 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection poorly induces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) and type I IFN production during the early phase of infection. Our microarray analysis indicated strong upregulation of the IL1RA gene in type 2 PRRSV -infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an early inhibitory cytokine that suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines and T-lymphocyte responses. To investigate the induction of IL-1Ra by PRRSV, monocyte-derived dendritic cells were cultured with type 2 PRRSV or other swine viruses. PRRSV increased both IL1RA gene expression and IL-1Ra protein production in the culture. The enhanced production of IL-1Ra was further confirmed in PRRSV-cultured PBMC and PRRSV-exposed pigs by flow cytometry. Myeloid cell population appeared to be the major IL-1Ra producer both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to the type 2 PRRSV, the highly pathogenic (HP)- PRRSV did not upregulate IL1RA gene expression in vitro. To determine the kinetics of PRRSV-induced IL1RA gene expression in relation to other pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, PRRSV-negative pigs were vaccinated with a commercially available type 2 modified-live PRRS vaccine or intranasally inoculated with HP-PRRSV. In modified-live PRRS vaccine pigs, upregulation of IL1RA, but not IL1B and IFNA, gene expression was observed from 2 days post- vaccination. Consistent with the in vitro findings, upregulation of IL1RA gene expression was not observed in the HP-PRRSV-infected pigs throughout the experiment. This study identified IL-1Ra as an early immunomodulatory mediator that could be involved in the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerawut Nedumpun
- Interdisciplinary Program of Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piya Wongyanin
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Department of Microbiology, RU in Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Overend CC, Cui J, Grubman MJ, Garmendia AE. The activation of the IFNβ induction/signaling pathway in porcine alveolar macrophages by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is variable. Vet Res Commun 2016; 41:15-22. [PMID: 27896670 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been recognized that the expression of type I interferon (IFNα/β) may be suppressed during infection with porcine reproductive, respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). This causes profound negative effects on both the innate and adaptive immunity of the host resulting in persistence of infection. OBJECTIVE Test the effects of PRRSV infection of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the main target cell, on the expression of interferon beta (IFNβ) and downstream signaling events. METHODS In order to examine those effects, PAMs harvested from lungs of healthy PRRSV-free animals were infected with virulent, attenuated, infectious clone-derived chimeric viruses, or field PRRS virus strains. Culture supernatants from the infected PAMs were tested for IFNβ protein expression by means of indirect ELISA and for bioactivity by a vesicular stomatitis virus plaque reduction assay. The expression of the Mx protein was assayed to ascertain signaling events. RESULTS These experiments demonstrated that PRRSV does induce variably, the expression of bioactive IFNβ protein in the natural host cell. To further elucidate the effects of PRRSV infection on IFNβ signaling, Mx-1 an interferon stimulated gene (ISG), was also tested for expression. Interestingly, Mx-1 expression by infected PAMs generally correlated with IFNβ production. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that the induction of IFNβ and signaling in PAMs after PRRSV infection is variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Overend
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0913, USA
| | - Junru Cui
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | | | - Antonio E Garmendia
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Sirisereewan C, Nedumpun T, Kesdangsakonwut S, Woonwong Y, Kedkovid R, Arunorat J, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S. Positive immunomodulatory effects of heterologous DNA vaccine- modified live vaccine, prime-boost immunization, against the highly-pathogenic PRRSV infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 183:7-15. [PMID: 28063479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is one of the most important swine pathogens, and causes a major economic impact worldwide. Recently, a new variant type 2 PRRSV, highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) has emerged and continued to circulate in Southeast Asia region. Currently, commercially available PRRSV vaccines, modified live PRRS vaccines (MLV) are not able to provide complete protection against HP-PRRSV and been reported to induce negative immunomodulatory effects. Interestingly, a novel DNA vaccine was developed and successfully used to improve PRRSV-specific immune responses following MLV vaccination. To investigate the efficacy of a heterologous DNA-MLV prime-boost immunization against the HP-PRRSV infection, an experimental vaccinated-challenged study was conducted. Two-week-old, PRRSV-seronegative, crossbred pigs (5-8 pigs/group) were allocated into 5 groups. At day -14 (D-14), the treatment group (DNA-MLV) was immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding PRRSV-truncated nucleocapsid protein (pORF7t), followed by a commercial modified live type 2 PRRS vaccine (MLV) at D0. The other groups included the group that received PBS at D-14 followed by MLV at D0 (MLV), pORF7t at D-14 (DNA), PBS at D0 (PBS) and the negative control group. At D42, all groups, except the negative control group, were challenged with HP-PRRSV (strain 10PL1). The results demonstrated that pigs that received MLV, regardless of the DNA priming, exhibited less clinical signs and faster viral clearance. Following HP-PRRSV challenge, the DNA-MLV group exhibited improved PRRSV-specific immunity, as observed by increased neutralizing antibody titers and PRRSV-specific IFN-γ production, and reduced IL-10 and PRRSV-specific Treg productions. However, neither the prime-boost immunization nor the MLV was able to induce complete clinical protection against HP-PRRSV infection. In conclusion, improved immunological responses, but not clinical protection, were achieved by DNA-MLV prime-boost immunization. This study highlights the potential use of heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen, where DNA can be incorporated with other vaccine candidates, for improving anti-PRRSV immunity that may eventually lead induction of complete PRRSV protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerawut Nedumpun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sawang Kesdangsakonwut
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yonlayong Woonwong
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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25
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Zhang L, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. The Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection suppresses Th17 cells response in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2016; 189:75-85. [PMID: 27259830 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been shown to immunomodulate innate and adaptive immunity of pigs. The Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) infection causes severe bacterial secondary infection in pigs. However, the mechanism in relation to the bacterial secondary infection induced by HP-PRRSV remains unknown. In the present study, Th17 cells response in peripheral blood, lungs, spleens and lymph nodes of piglets were analyzed, and bacterial loads in lungs of piglets were examined upon HP-PRRSV infection. Meanwhile the changes of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood of the inoculated piglets were analyzed. The results showed that HP-PRRSV-inoculated piglets exhibited a suppressed Th17 cells response in peripheral blood and a reduced number of Th17 cells in lungs, and higher bacterial loads in lungs, compared with low pathogenic PRRSV. Moreover, HP-PRRSV obviously resulted in severe depletion of porcine T cells in peripheral blood at the early stage of infection. These findings indicate that HP-PRRSV infection suppresses the response of Th17 cells that play an important role in combating bacterial infections, suggesting a possible correlation between the suppression of Th17 cells response in vivo and bacterial secondary infection induced by HP-PRRSV. Our present study adds a novel insight into better understanding of the pathogenesis of the Chinese HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
In humans and mouse models, Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells are known to control all aspects of immune responses. However, only limited information exists on these cells' role in diseases of other animals. In this review, we cover the most important features and different types of regulatory T cells, which include those that are thymus-derived and peripherally induced, the mechanisms by which they control immune responses by targeting effector T cells and antigen-presenting cells, and most important, their role in animal health and diseases including cancer, infections, and other conditions such as hypersensitivities and autoimmunity. Although the literature regarding regulatory T cells in domestic animal species is still limited, multiple articles have recently emerged and are discussed. Moreover, we also discuss the evidence suggesting that regulatory T cells might limit the magnitude of effector responses, which can have either a positive or negative result, depending on the context of animal and human disease. In addition, the issue of plasticity is discussed because plasticity in regulatory T cells can result in the loss of their protective function in some microenvironments during disease. Lastly, the manipulation of regulatory T cells is discussed in assessing the possibility of their use as a treatment in the future.
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27
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Lunney JK, Fang Y, Ladinig A, Chen N, Li Y, Rowland B, Renukaradhya GJ. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Pathogenesis and Interaction with the Immune System. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 4:129-54. [PMID: 26646630 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses important issues of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection, immunity, pathogenesis, and control. Worldwide, PRRS is the most economically important infectious disease of pigs. We highlight the latest information on viral genome structure, pathogenic mechanisms, and host immunity, with a special focus on immune factors that modulate PRRSV infections during the acute and chronic/persistent disease phases. We address genetic control of host resistance and probe effects of PRRSV infection on reproductive traits. A major goal is to identify cellular/viral targets and pathways for designing more effective vaccines and therapeutics. Based on progress in viral reverse genetics, host transcriptomics and genomics, and vaccinology and adjuvant technologies, we have identified new areas for PRRS control and prevention. Finally, we highlight the gaps in our knowledge base and the need for advanced molecular and immune tools to stimulate PRRS research and field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC ARS USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705;
| | - Ying Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5600; , ,
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria;
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5600; , , .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China;
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5600; , ,
| | - Bob Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5600; , ,
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Li Z, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang X, Huang B, Li Q, Li L, Xue B, Ding P, Syed SF, Wang C, Cai X, Zhou EM. Rescue and evaluation of a recombinant PRRSV expressing porcine Interleukin-4. Virol J 2015; 12:185. [PMID: 26573719 PMCID: PMC4647277 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current vaccines for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have failed to provide broad protection against infection by various strains of PRRSV. Porcine Interleukin-4 (pIL-4) plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response and has been used previously as an immunological adjuvant. The objective of this study was to construct a recombinant PRRSV expressing pIL-4 and to evaluate the immune response of the recombinant virus in piglets. METHODS The pIL-4 gene was inserted in the PRRSV (CH-1R strain) infectious clone by overlap PCR. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting were used to confirm the recombinant virus. The stability of the recombinant virus was assessed by DNA sequencing and IFA after 15 passages in vitro. Recombinant virus was injected into pigs and efficacy of immune protection was evaluated in comparison with the parental virus. RESULTS The recombinant virus (CH-1R/pIL-4) was successfully rescued and shown to have similar growth kinetics as the parental virus. The recombinant virus was stable for 15 passages in cell culture. Pigs vaccinated with CH-1R/pIL-4 produced a similar humoral response to the response elicited by parental virus, but IL-4 level in the supernatant of PBMCs from pigs vaccinated with CH-1R/pIL-4 was significantly higher than the parent virus at 28 days post-immunization (DPI). Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis showed that the percentage of CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive T (DPT) cells in the CH-1R/pIL-4 vaccinated group was significantly higher than the parental virus at 3 and 7 Days Post-Challenge (DPC), and the IL-4 level in the blood significantly increased at 7 DPC. However, the viral load and histopathology did not show significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS A recombinant PRRSV expressing porcine IL-4 was rescued and it remained genetically stable in vitro. The recombinant virus induced higher DPT ratios and IL-4 levels in the blood after HP-PRRSV challenge compared to the parental virus in piglets. However, it did not significantly improve protection efficacy of PRRSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Baicheng Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Qiongyi Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Biyun Xue
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Peiyang Ding
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Shahid Faraz Syed
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Chengbao Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Ferrarini G, Borghetti P, De Angelis E, Ferrari L, Canelli E, Catella A, Di Lecce R, Martelli P. Immunoregulatory signal FoxP3, cytokine gene expression and IFN-γ cell responsiveness upon porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) natural infection. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:96-102. [PMID: 26679802 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aims at evaluating gene expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α), pro-immune (IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and of the immunoregulatory signal FoxP3 in association with PRRSV-specific IFN-γ secreting cell (SC) responsiveness upon PRRSV natural infection. Forty PRRSV-negative pigs were assigned to two groups: 20 pigs were vaccinated at 3 weeks of age (weaning) against PRRSV (V-PRRSV) with a modified live virus vaccine (MLV) and 20 pigs were kept non-vaccinated (NV) as controls. Blood samples were collected at 3 (vaccination), 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 weeks of age. Natural infection occurred from 8 weeks of age onward in both groups and viremia lasted 8 weeks. In the early phase of infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) showed a delayed increase concomitant with the peak of viremia in both groups. In both groups, IL-10 peaked at 12 weeks in association with the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, in vaccinated pigs (V-PRRSV), IFN-γ showed higher gene expression during the early phase of infection and a more intense secreting cell (SC) response in the late phase. Differently, gene expression of the transcription factor FoxP3, expressed by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs), increased significantly in controls only and was associated with the rise of the viral load. Moreover, FoxP3 levels remained significantly higher during the late phase of infection and paralleled with lower levels of IFN-γ SC detected by ELISPOT. The expression/production of immunoregulatory signals involved in Treg activation could be a promising marker to study the immunobiology of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessia Catella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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30
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Fan B, Liu X, Bai J, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang P. The 15N and 46R Residues of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Enhance Regulatory T Lymphocytes Proliferation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138772. [PMID: 26397116 PMCID: PMC4580451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) negatively modulates host immune responses, resulting in persistent infection and immunosuppression. PRRSV infection increases the number of PRRSV-specific regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) in infected pigs. However, the target antigens for Tregs proliferation in PRRSV infection have not been fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) induced more CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs than classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV) strain. Of the recombinant GP5, M and N proteins of HP-PRRSV expressed in baculovirus expression systems, only N protein induced Tregs proliferation. The Tregs assays showed that three amino-acid regions, 15–21, 42–48 and 88–94, in N protein played an important role in induction of Tregs proliferation with synthetic peptides covering the whole length of N protein. By using reverse genetic methods, it was firstly found that the 15N and 46R residues in PRRSV N protein were critical for induction of Tregs proliferation. The phenotype of induced Tregs closely resembled that of transforming-growth-factor-β-secreting T helper 3 Tregs in swine. These data should be useful for understanding the mechanism of immunity to PRRSV and development of infection control strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Lyoo YS. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine does not fit in classical vaccinology. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:159-65. [PMID: 26273574 PMCID: PMC4524900 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All vaccines are developed to elicit an effective immune response in vaccinated animals such as innate, humoral and cell mediated response to protect animal health. Quality and intensity of the immune responses are differing by characteristics of the vaccine formulation and nature of the infectious agent. Modified live virus vaccines showed advantages over killed vaccines in terms of rapid immune response, duration of the immunity and better cell mediated protection mechanism. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is relatively newly emerging (1986 in United States, 1990 in Europe) viral pathogen in pigs and tremendous effort has been made to protect pigs from this economically devastating disease such as developing killed, modified live, recombinant protein based and DNA vaccines. However, only cell culture attenuated virus vaccine is practiced with arguably limited efficacy. The PRRSV vaccine did not clear virus from infected pigs nor prevent re-infection of the virus. The vaccine showed very limited innate immune response, low anamnestic immune response and negligible cell mediated immune response. Despite of the current developed scientific technology, there still remain many questions to solve a most important pig disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Lyoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Loving CL, Osorio FA, Murtaugh MP, Zuckermann FA. Innate and adaptive immunity against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015. [PMID: 26209116 PMCID: PMC7112826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many highly effective vaccines have been produced against viruses whose virulent infection elicits strong and durable protective immunity. In these cases, characterization of immune effector mechanisms and identification of protective epitopes/immunogens has been informative for the development of successful vaccine programs. Diseases in which the immune system does not rapidly clear the acute infection and/or convalescent immunity does not provide highly effective protection against secondary challenge pose a major hurdle for clinicians and scientists. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) falls primarily into this category, though not entirely. PRRSV causes a prolonged infection, though the host eventually clears the virus. Neutralizing antibodies can provide passive protection when present prior to challenge, though infection can be controlled in the absence of detectable neutralizing antibodies. In addition, primed pigs (through natural exposure or vaccination with a modified-live vaccine) show some protection against secondary challenge. While peripheral PRRSV-specific T cell responses have been examined, their direct contribution to antibody-mediated immunity and viral clearance have not been fully elucidated. The innate immune response following PRRSV infection, particularly the antiviral type I interferon response, is meager, but when provided exogenously, IFN-α enhances PRRSV immunity and viral control. Overall, the quality of immunity induced by natural PRRSV infection is not ideal for informing vaccine development programs. The epitopes necessary for protection may be identified through natural exposure or modified-live vaccines and subsequently applied to vaccine delivery platforms to accelerate induction of protective immunity following vaccination. Collectively, further work to identify protective B and T cell epitopes and mechanisms by which PRRSV eludes innate immunity will enhance our ability to develop more effective methods to control and eliminate PRRS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Loving
- USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Fernando A Osorio
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Federico A Zuckermann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
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Suradhat S, Wongyanin P, Kesdangsakonwut S, Teankum K, Lumyai M, Triyarach S, Thanawongnuwech R. A novel DNA vaccine for reduction of PRRSV-induced negative immunomodulatory effects: A proof of concept. Vaccine 2015; 33:3997-4003. [PMID: 26079617 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral-induced interleukin (IL)-10 and regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) are believed to play a major role in shaping the immunological and clinical outcomes following Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Recently, it has been shown that PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein can induce IL-10 production which is essential for induction of PRRSV-specific Tregs. We hypothesized that immunity to N protein should reduce PRRSV-induced negative immunomodulatory effects which will be essential for establishing proper anti-PRRSV immunity in infected pigs. OBJECTIVES To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of DNA vaccine encoding a linearized, truncated form of PRRSV-N protein (pORF7t) which was designed to preferentially induce cell-mediated immunity against PRRSV N protein. METHOD Immunomodulatory effects of the novel DNA vaccine were investigated in an experimental vaccinated-challenged model. In addition, long-term immunomodulatory effects of the DNA vaccine were investigated in vaccinated pigs kept at the PRRSV-positive environment until the end of the fattening period. Pigs were vaccinated either prior to or following natural PRRSV infection. RESULT The results indicated that pORF7t could modulate the anti-PRRSV immune responses and promote the control of viral replication in the vaccinated-challenged pigs. Immunized pigs exhibited increased numbers of PRRSV-specific activated CD4(+)CD25(+) lymphocytes, reduced numbers of PRRSV-specific Tregs, and rapid viral clearance following infection. In a long-term study, regardless of the time of vaccination, DNA vaccine could modulate the host immune responses, resulted in enhanced PRRSV-specific IFN-γ producing cells, and reduced numbers of PRRSV-specific Tregs, without evidence of enhanced antibody responses. No vaccine adverse reaction was observed throughout the study. CONCLUSION This study revealed the novel concept that PRRSV-specific immunity can be modulated by induction of cell-mediated immunity against the nucleocapsid protein. This concept could potentially benefit the development of PRRSV management and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanipa Suradhat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Piya Wongyanin
- Inter-department of Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sawang Kesdangsakonwut
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Komkrich Teankum
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Lumyai
- Thai-Denmark Swine Breeder Public Company Limited, Bang-na, Bangkok 10260, Thailand
| | - Sittikorn Triyarach
- Thai-Denmark Swine Breeder Public Company Limited, Bang-na, Bangkok 10260, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Käser T, Gómez-Laguna J, Lamp B, Sinn L, Rümenapf T, Carrasco L, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. PRRSV-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells express high levels of SLA-DR and CD80/86 but do not stimulate PRRSV-naïve regulatory T cells to proliferate. Vet Res 2015; 46:54. [PMID: 25990845 PMCID: PMC4438515 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) have frequently been used to study the influence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection on antigen presenting cells. However, obtained results have often been conflicting in regard to expression of co-stimulatory molecules and interaction with T cells. In this study we performed a detailed phenotypic characterisation of PRRSV-infected moDCs and non-infected moDCs. For CD163 and CD169, which are involved in PRRSV-entry into host cells, our results show that prior to infection porcine moDCs express high levels of CD163 but only very low levels for CD169. Following infection with either PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 strains after 24 h, PRRSV-nucleoprotein (N-protein)+ and N-protein− moDCs derived from the same microculture were analyzed for expression of swine leukocyte antigen-DR (SLA-DR) and CD80/86. N-protein+ moDCs consistently expressed higher levels of SLA-DR and CD80/86 compared to N-protein− moDCs. We also investigated the influence of PRRSV-infected moDCs on proliferation and frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells present within CD4+ T cells in in vitro co-cultures. Neither CD3-stimulated nor unstimulated CD4+ T cells showed differences in regard to proliferation and frequency of Foxp3+ T cells following co-cultivation with either PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 infected moDCs. Our results suggest that a more detailed characterisation of PRRSV-infected moDCs will lead to more consistent results across different laboratories and PRRSV strains as indicated by the major differences in SLA-DR and CD80/86 expression between PRRSV-infected and non-infected moDCs present in the same microculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, "International Excellence Agrifood Campus - CeiA3", 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Tobias Käser
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria. .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | | | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Leonie Sinn
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, "International Excellence Agrifood Campus - CeiA3", 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome (PRRS) is a viral pandemic that especially affects neonates within the “critical window” of immunological development. PRRS was recognized in 1987 and within a few years became pandemic causing an estimated yearly $600,000 economic loss in the USA with comparative losses in most other countries. The causative agent is a single-stranded, positive-sense enveloped arterivirus (PRRSV) that infects macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Despite the discovery of PRRSV in 1991 and the publication of >2,000 articles, the control of PRRS is problematic. Despite the large volume of literature on this disease, the cellular and molecular mechanisms describing how PRRSV dysregulates the host immune system are poorly understood. We know that PRRSV suppresses innate immunity and causes abnormal B cell proliferation and repertoire development, often lymphopenia and thymic atrophy. The PRRSV genome is highly diverse, rapidly evolving but amenable to the generation of many mutants and chimeric viruses for experimental studies. PRRSV only replicates in swine which adds to the experimental difficulty since no inbred well-defined animal models are available. In this article, we summarize current knowledge and apply it toward developing a series of provocative and testable hypotheses to explain how PRRSV immunomodulates the porcine immune system with the goal of adding new perspectives on this disease.
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Yue F, Cheng A, Zhu Y, Li P, Zhang Y, Sun G, Wang M, Wang X. Overexpression of programmed death ligands in naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:101-6. [PMID: 25594677 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is regarded as an immunosuppressive disease in pigs caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Immune inhibitory receptors, particularly programmed death 1/programmed death-ligands (PD-1/PD-Ls) are presumably involved in the immunopathogenesis of PMWS. The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship of immune inhibitory receptors and immunocompromised by PMWS. Nine 45-day-old conventional pigs were selected from a farm where pigs exhibited typical signs of PMWS (wasting and respiratory disorders) and tested positive for PCV2 infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six pigs were selected as controls due to their notably healthy state and absence of PCV2 infection. Heparinized blood samples were taken from each pig for pathogen detection and isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), from which mRNA expression of immunomodulatory molecule (PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, PTEN, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and Foxp3) and cytokines (IL-10, IL-2, and IFN-γ) was determined. Proliferation of PBMCs was also assessed by flow cytometry utilizing cellular labeling dilutions for detection. The mRNA levels of PD-L1 (p<0.01), PD-L2 (p<0.05), and PTEN (p<0.01) were remarkably increased in the PBMCs of diseased pigs compared to healthy pigs, whereas no change was observed for PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and Foxp3 expression. Cytokine IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly elevated (p<0.01), while IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA levels tended to be only slightly increased in the PBMCs of affected pigs compared to healthy controls. The proliferation of PBMCs was also decreased in diseased pigs. These data suggest that overexpression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA is one mechanism by which immunosupression of PMWS pigs occurs, supporting a new therapeutic strategy focused on PD-Ls for pigs suffering from PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Wenjiang, Chengdu City, China
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Regulation and evasion of antiviral immune responses by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2014; 202:101-11. [PMID: 25529442 PMCID: PMC7132515 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Five PRRSV viral proteins are shown to inhibit type I IFN induction and signaling by targeting different intracellular signaling intermediates. PRRSV regulates the expression of IL-10 and TNFα. PRRSV modulates apoptosis during infection. MicroRNAs might play significant roles in subverting immunity for PRRSV. PRRSV escapes from adaptive immunity by impairing antigen presentation, activating Tregs, and ADE.
Virus infection of mammalian cells triggers host innate immune responses to restrict viral replication and induces adaptive immunity for viral elimination. In order to survive and propagate, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host defense system by encoding proteins that target key components of the immune signaling pathways. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a RNA virus, impairs several processes of host immune responses including interfering with interferon production and signaling, modulating cytokine expression, manipulating apoptotic responses and regulating adaptive immunity. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of how PRRSV interferes with the different steps of initial antiviral host responses to establish persistent infection in pigs. Dissection of the PRRSV–host interaction is the key in understanding PRRSV pathogenesis and will provide a basis for the rational design of vaccines.
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Palomares RA, Hurley DJ, Woolums AR, Parrish JE, Brock KV. Analysis of mRNA expression for genes associated with regulatory T lymphocytes (CD25, FoxP3, CTLA4, and IDO) after experimental infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus of low or high virulence in beef calves. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:331-8. [PMID: 25456194 PMCID: PMC7112516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been associated with lymphocyte depletion, leukopenia and impairment of leukocyte function; however, no work has been done on the relationship between BVDV and regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs). The objective of this study was to compare the mRNA expression of genes associated with Tregs (CD25, FoxP3, CTLA4, and IDO), after experimental infection of beef calves with low (LV) or high (HV) virulence BVDV. Thirty BVDV-naïve calves were randomly assigned to three groups. Calves were intra-nasally inoculated with LV (n=10, strain SD-1) or HV (n=10, strain 1373) BVDV or BVDV-free cell culture medium (control, n=10). Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of target genes in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes and spleen on day 5 post-infection. The mRNA expression of CD25 was up-regulated in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of LV (P<0.05), but not in HV compared to the control group. The expression of FoxP3 and CTLA4 was not increased in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of either of the BVDV-inoculated groups. A dramatic up-regulation of IDO mRNA was observed in tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes of LV (P<0.05), but not HV compared to the control calves. In conclusion, experimental infection with BVDV did not provide evidence of Treg activation based on expression of FoxP3 and CTL4. Differential expression of CD25 and IDO mRNA on day 5 post-infection with HV or LV BVDV might reflect temporal differences in transcription occurring during the immune response elicited by these viral strains, or differences in viral infectivity of the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Palomares
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| | - David J Hurley
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jacqueline E Parrish
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kenny V Brock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Go N, Bidot C, Belloc C, Touzeau S. Integrative model of the immune response to a pulmonary macrophage infection: what determines the infection duration? PLoS One 2014; 9:e107818. [PMID: 25233096 PMCID: PMC4169448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune mechanisms which determine the infection duration induced by pathogens targeting pulmonary macrophages are poorly known. To explore the impact of such pathogens, it is indispensable to integrate the various immune mechanisms and to take into account the variability in pathogen virulence and host susceptibility. In this context, mathematical models complement experimentation and are powerful tools to represent and explore the complex mechanisms involved in the infection and immune dynamics. We developed an original mathematical model in which we detailed the interactions between the macrophages and the pathogen, the orientation of the adaptive response and the cytokine regulations. We applied our model to the Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome virus (PRRSv), a major concern for the swine industry. We extracted value ranges for the model parameters from modelling and experimental studies on respiratory pathogens. We identified the most influential parameters through a sensitivity analysis. We defined a parameter set, the reference scenario, resulting in a realistic and representative immune response to PRRSv infection. We then defined scenarios corresponding to graduated levels of strain virulence and host susceptibility around the reference scenario. We observed that high levels of antiviral cytokines and a dominant cellular response were associated with either short, the usual assumption, or long infection durations, depending on the immune mechanisms involved. To identify these mechanisms, we need to combine the levels of antiviral cytokines, including , and . The latter is a good indicator of the infected macrophage level, both combined provide the adaptive response orientation. Available PRRSv vaccines lack efficiency. By integrating the main interactions between the complex immune mechanisms, this modelling framework could be used to help designing more efficient vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Go
- UR341 MIA, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA UMR 1300 BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Suzanne Touzeau
- UMR1355 ISA, INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
- BIOCORE, Inria, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Increased pathogenicity of European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is associated with enhanced adaptive responses and viral clearance. Vet Microbiol 2012; 163:13-22. [PMID: 23313323 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important diseases of swine worldwide. Since its first emergence in 1987 the PRRS virus (PRRSV) has become particularly divergent with highly pathogenic strains appearing in both Europe and Asia. However, the underlying mechanisms of PRRSV pathogenesis are still unclear. This study sets out to determine the differences in pathogenesis between subtype 1 and 3 strains of European PRRSV (PRRSV-I), and compare the immune responses mounted against these strains. Piglets were infected with 3 strains of PRRSV-I: Lelystad virus, 215-06 a British field strain and SU1-bel from Belarus. Post-mortem examinations were performed at 3 and 7 days post-infection (dpi), and half of the remaining animals in each group were inoculated with an Aujeszky's disease (ADV) vaccine to investigate possible immune suppression resulting from PRRSV infection. The subtype 3 SU1-bel strain displayed greater clinical signs and lung gross pathology scores compared with the subtype 1 strains. This difference did not appear to be caused by higher virus replication, as viraemia and viral load in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were lower in the SU1-bel group. Infection with SU1-bel induced an enhanced adaptive immune response with greater interferon (IFN)-γ responses and an earlier PRRSV-specific antibody response. Infection with PRRSV did not affect the response to vaccination against ADV. Our results indicate that the increased clinical and pathological effect of the SU1-bel strain is more likely to be caused by an enhanced inflammatory immune response rather than higher levels of virus replication.
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Manickam C, Dwivedi V, Patterson R, Papenfuss T, Renukaradhya GJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces pronounced immune modulatory responses at mucosal tissues in the parental vaccine strain VR2332 infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:68-77. [PMID: 22995873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a chronic viral disease of pigs caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). The PRRSV VR2332 is the prototype North American parental strain commonly used in the preparation of vaccines. Goal of this study was to understand missing information on VR2332 induced immune modulation at the lungs and lymphoid tissues, the sites of PRRSV replication. Pigs were infected intranasally and samples collected at post-infection day (PID) 15, 30, and 60. Microscopically, lungs had moderate interstitial pneumonia, and the virus was detected in all the tested tissues. Peak antibody response and the cytokine IFN-γ secretion were detected at PID 30, with increased TGF-β until PID 60. Population of CD8(+), CD4(+), and CD4(+)CD8(+)T cells, Natural killer (NK) cells, and γδ T cells in the lungs and lymphoid tissues were significantly modulated favoring PRRSV persistence. The NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly reduced in infected pigs. In addition, increased population of immunosuppressive T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and associated cytokines were also observed in VR2332 strain infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Käser T, Gerner W, Mair K, Hammer SE, Patzl M, Saalmüller A. Current knowledge on porcine regulatory T cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 148:136-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces CD4+CD8+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Virology 2012; 430:73-80. [PMID: 22609353 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the regulatory T cells (Tregs) induced by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pigs. Serum, blood, tonsil, and mediastinal lymph nodes' samples were obtained at different time post-infection (dpi). The frequencies of CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(+)Foxp3(+), CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+), or CD4(-)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) phenotypes were determined in PBMC and lymph node cells, and cells producing IL-10 or TGF-β were analyzed. PRRSV increased the number of CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells at 14 dpi, whereas CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) remained constant until 28 dpi. Positive correlation exists between viremia and induced regulatory cells. CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)-induced Treg cells were consistently observed in lymphoid tissues. Analysis of IL-10- and TGF-β-producing cell demonstrated that in response to PRRSV, CD4(+)CD8(-)Foxp3(low) and CD4(+)CD8(+)Foxp3(high) cells increase moderately the proportion of IL-10(+) cells. TGF-β was only observed in the CD4(+)CD8(+)Foxp3(high) population after PRRSV stimulation. In conclusion, PRRSV infection increases the frequency of Tregs with the phenotype CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(high) and produces TGF-β.
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Regulatory T cells in arterivirus and coronavirus infections: do they protect against disease or enhance it? Viruses 2012; 4:833-46. [PMID: 22754651 PMCID: PMC3386620 DOI: 10.3390/v4050833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that are responsible for maintaining peripheral immune tolerance and homeostasis. The hallmark of Tregs is the expression of the forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) transcription factor. Natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) are a distinct population of T cells that express CD4 and FoxP3. nTregs develop in the thymus and function in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. Other CD4+, CD4-CD8-, and CD8+CD28- T cells can be induced to acquire regulatory function by antigenic stimulation, depending on the cytokine milieu. Inducible (or adaptive) Tregs frequently express high levels of the interleukin 2 receptor (CD25). Atypical Tregs express FoxP3 and CD4 but have no surface expression of CD25. Type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells) produce IL-10, while T helper 3 cells (Th3) produce TGF-β. The function of inducible Tregs is presumably to maintain immune homeostasis, especially in the context of chronic inflammation or infection. Induction of Tregs in coronaviral infections protects against the more severe forms of the disease attributable to the host response. However, arteriviruses have exploited these T cell subsets as a means to dampen the immune response allowing for viral persistence. Treg induction or activation in the pathogenesis of disease has been described in both porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus, and mouse hepatitis virus. This review discusses the development and biology of regulatory T cells in the context of arteriviral and coronaviral infection.
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Cecere TE, Meng XJ, Pelzer K, Todd SM, Beach NM, Ni YY, Leroith T. Co-infection of porcine dendritic cells with porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) and genotype II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:233-9. [PMID: 22633482 PMCID: PMC3443269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) is currently one of the most economically important diseases in the global swine industry. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent, however co-infection with other swine pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is often required to induce the full spectrum of clinical PCVAD. While the specific mechanisms of viral co-infection that lead to clinical disease are not fully understood, immune modulation by the co-infecting viruses likely plays a critical role. We evaluated the ability of dendritic cells (DC) infected with PRRSV, PCV2, or both to induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. DCs infected with PCV2 significantly increased CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs (p < 0.05) and DCs co-infected with PRRSV and PCV2 induced significantly higher numbers of Tregs than with PCV2 alone (p < 0.05). Cytokine analysis indicated that the induction of Tregs by co-infected DCs may be dependent on TGF-β and not IL-10. Our data support the immunomodulatory role of PCV2/PRRSV co-infection in the pathogenesis of PCVAD, specifically via Treg-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Mucosal vaccines to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: a new perspective. Anim Health Res Rev 2012; 13:21-37. [PMID: 22717576 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252312000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important infectious disease of swine. Constant emergence of variant strains of PRRS virus (PPRSV) and virus-mediated immune evasion followed by viral persistence result in increased incidence and recurrence of PRRS in swine herds. Current live and killed PRRSV vaccines administered by a parenteral route are ineffective in inducing complete protection. Thus, new approaches in design and delivery of PRRSV vaccines are needed to reduce the disease burden of the swine industry. Induction of an effective mucosal immunity to several respiratory pathogens by direct delivery of a vaccine to mucosal sites has proven to be effective in a mouse model. However, there are challenges in eliciting mucosal immunity to PRRS due to our limited understanding of safe and potent mucosal adjuvants, which could potentiate the mucosal immune response to PRRSV. The purpose of this review is to discuss methods for induction of protective mucosal immune responses in the respiratory tract of pigs. The manuscript also discusses how PRRSV modulates innate, adaptive and immunoregulatory responses at both mucosal and systemic sites of infected and/or vaccinated pigs. This information may help in the design of innovative mucosal vaccines to elicit superior cross-protective immunity against divergent field strains of PRRSV.
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Lewis D, Chan D, Pinheiro D, Armitage‐Chan E, Garden O. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:457-82. [PMID: 22428780 PMCID: PMC7166777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been made, much remains to be elucidated. There is general agreement on the key interaction between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cells of the innate immune system, and the amplification of the host response generated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. More recently, the concept of immunoparalysis in sepsis has also been advanced, together with an increasing recognition of the interplay between regulatory T cells and the innate immune response. However, the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome and the difficulty of modeling it in vitro or in vivo has both frustrated the advancement of new therapies and emphasized the continuing importance of patient-based clinical research in this area of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Present address:
Langford Veterinary ServicesSmall Animal HospitalLangford HouseLangfordBristol, BS40 5DUUK
| | - D.L. Chan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
| | - D. Pinheiro
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
| | - E. Armitage‐Chan
- Davies Veterinary SpecialistsManor Farm Business ParkHertfordshireSG5 3HR, UK (Armitage‐Chan)
| | - O.A. Garden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
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Junginger J, Schwittlick U, Lemensieck F, Nolte I, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Immunohistochemical investigation of Foxp3 expression in the intestine in healthy and diseased dogs. Vet Res 2012; 43:23. [PMID: 22440243 PMCID: PMC3364872 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immune regulation including development of oral tolerance is of great importance for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Concerning this, regulatory T cells (Tregs) occupy a pivotal role in cell-mediated immunosuppression. Dysregulation of mucosal immunology leading to an abnormal interaction with commensal bacteria is suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in men and dogs. The aim of this study was to characterise the expression of Foxp3 in the normal canine gut of 18 dogs (mean age: 6.03 years), in 16 dogs suffering from IBD (mean age: 5.05 years), and of 6 dogs with intestinal nematode infection (mean age: 0.87 years) using immunohistochemistry. In the duodenum, Tregs in healthy dogs declined from villi (median: 10.67/62 500 μm2) to crypts (median: 1.89/62 500 μm2). Tregs were further increased in the villi of middle-aged dogs (median: 18.92/62 500 μm2) in contrast to juvenile (median: 3.50/62 500 μm2) and old (median: 9.56/62 500 μm2) individuals. Compared to healthy controls, animals suffering from IBD revealed reduced numbers of Tregs in duodenal villi (median: 4.13/62 500 μm2). Dogs with intestinal nematode infection displayed increased numbers of Tregs (median: 21.06/62 500 μm2) compared to healthy animals.Age-related changes indicate a progressive establishment of oral tolerance and immunosenescence in the canine elderly. The results further suggest that a defect in Treg homeostasis may be involved in the pathogenesis of canine IBD. In contrast, increased numbers of Tregs in the duodenum may be due to nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Junginger
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Wongyanin P, Buranapraditkul S, Yoo D, Thanawongnuwech R, Roth JA, Suradhat S. Role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein in induction of interleukin-10 and regulatory T-lymphocytes (Treg). J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1236-1246. [PMID: 22422061 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.040287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection induces interleukin (IL)-10 production and increased numbers of PRRSV-specific regulatory T-lymphocytes in infected pigs. In the present study, the roles of the nucleocapsid (N) protein in induction of IL-10 and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) lymphocytes (T(reg)) were investigated. Transfection of porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with a plasmid encoding N protein resulted in significant upregulation of IL-10 gene expression in the gene-transfected cells. Structural conformation, but not nuclear localization, of the expressed N protein was indicated to be essential for the ability to induce IL-10. Furthermore, the presence of recombinant N proteins in cultured PBMCs increased the number of IL-10-producing lymphocytes. Strong induction of IL-10-producing cells and T(reg) was observed when using N protein-pulsed MoDCs, suggesting an important role of MoDCs in induction of IL-10 and T(reg) by the N protein. Neutralization of IL-10 by addition of an anti-IL-10 antibody in the culture system resulted in marked reduction of PRRSV-induced T(reg) in the cultured PBMCs. Together, the data demonstrate the immunomodulatory properties of the PRRSV N protein and the linkage between IL-10 production and development of PRRSV-induced T(reg). Our results reveal an immunomodulatory function of the PRRSV N protein that may contribute to the unique immunological outcome observed following PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piya Wongyanin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Interdisciplinary Program of Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkul
- Interdisciplinary Program of Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | | | - James A Roth
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Binjawadagi B, Linhares D, Murtaugh MP, Renukaradhya GJ. Evaluation of immune responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs during early stage of infection under farm conditions. Virol J 2012; 9:45. [PMID: 22340040 PMCID: PMC3298799 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes chronic, economically devastating disease in pigs of all ages. Frequent mutations in the viral genome result in viruses with immune escape mutants. Irrespective of regular vaccination, control of PRRSV remains a challenge to swine farmers. In PRRSV-infected pigs, innate cytokine IFN-α is inhibited and the adaptive arm of the immunity is delayed. To elucidate both cellular and innate cytokine responses at very early stages of PRRSV infection, seven weeks old pigs maintained on a commercial pig farm were infected and analyzed. RESULTS One pig in a pen containing 25 pigs was PRRSV infected and responses from this pig and one penmate were assessed two days later. All the infected and a few of the contact neighbor pigs were viremic. At day 2 post-infection, approximately 50% of viremic pigs had greater than 50% reduction in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and nearly a 1-fold increase in IFN-α production was detected in blood of a few pigs. Enhanced secretion of IL-4 (in ~90%), IL-12 (in ~40%), and IL-10 (in ~20%) (but not IFN-γ) in PRRSV infected pigs was observed. In addition, reduced frequency of myeloid cells, CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells, and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells and upregulated frequency of lymphocytes bearing natural T regulatory cell phenotype were detected in viremic pigs. Interestingly, all viremic contact pigs also had comparable immune cell modulations. CONCLUSION Replicating PRRSV in both infected and contact pigs was found to be responsible for rapid modulation in NK cell-meditated cytotoxicity and alteration in the production of important immune cytokines. PRRSV-induced immunological changes observed simultaneously at both cellular and cytokine levels early post-infection appear to be responsible for the delay in generation of adaptive immunity. As the study was performed in pigs maintained under commercial environmental conditions, this study has practical implications in design of protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, 44691, USA
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