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Huang X, Hou J, Le X, Hou Y, Yang L, Li Q, Wang B, Xia X. Diversity of astroviruses in wild animals in Yunnan province, China. Virol J 2024; 21:51. [PMID: 38414022 PMCID: PMC10900740 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astroviruses (AstVs) are single-stranded RNA viruses that have been detected in a wide range of mammals and birds. They are associated with numerous interspecies transmissions and viral recombination events, posing a threat to human and animal health. METHODS We collected 1,333 samples from wild animals, including bats, rodents, wild boars, and birds, from various states and cities in the Yunnan Province, China, between 2020 and 2023 to investigate the presence of AstVs. AstVs were detected using a polymerase chain reaction targeting the RdRp gene. Finally, the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software was used to construct the phylogenetic tree. RESULTS The overall positivity rate for AstVs was 7.12% in four species, indicating their widespread occurrence in the region. High genetic diversity among AstVs was observed in different animal species, suggesting the potential for interspecies transmission, particularly among rodents and birds. Additionally, we identified a novel AstV strain and, for the first time, provided information on the presence of bastroviruses in Yunnan, China. CONCLUSIONS The widespread distribution and high genetic diversity of AstVs, along with the observed potential for interspecies transmission, highlight the importance of further investigation and surveillance in the region. The findings emphasize the need for increased attention to AstVs and their potential impact on human and animal health in Yunnan and other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Hou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Le
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yutong Hou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Lingsi Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Binghui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China.
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China.
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2
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Loh EH, Nava A, Murray KA, Olival KJ, Guimarães M, Shimabukuro J, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Fonseca FR, de Oliveira DBL, Campos ACDA, Durigon EL, Ferreira F, Struebig MJ, Daszak P. Prevalence of bat viruses associated with land-use change in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:921950. [PMID: 36569210 PMCID: PMC9780684 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.921950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bats are critical to maintaining healthy ecosystems and many species are threatened primarily due to global habitat loss. Bats are also important hosts of a range of viruses, several of which have had significant impacts on global public health. The emergence of these viruses has been associated with land-use change and decreased host species richness. Yet, few studies have assessed how bat communities and the viruses they host alter with land-use change, particularly in highly biodiverse sites. Methods In this study, we investigate the effects of deforestation on bat host species richness and diversity, and viral prevalence and richness across five forested sites and three nearby deforested sites in the interior Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. Nested-PCR and qPCR were used to amplify and detect viral genetic sequence from six viral families (corona-, adeno-, herpes-, hanta-, paramyxo-, and astro-viridae) in 944 blood, saliva and rectal samples collected from 335 bats. Results We found that deforested sites had a less diverse bat community than forested sites, but higher viral prevalence and richness after controlling for confounding factors. Viral detection was more likely in juvenile males located in deforested sites. Interestingly, we also found a significant effect of host bat species on viral prevalence indicating that viral taxa were detected more frequently in some species than others. In particular, viruses from the Coronaviridae family were detected more frequently in generalist species compared to specialist species. Discussion Our findings suggest that deforestation may drive changes in the ecosystem which reduce bat host diversity while increasing the abundance of generalist species which host a wider range of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H. Loh
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington, KY, United States,Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Elizabeth H. Loh, ; Alessandra Nava,
| | - Alessandra Nava
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil,*Correspondence: Elizabeth H. Loh, ; Alessandra Nava,
| | - Kris A. Murray
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | | | - Moisés Guimarães
- Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronomicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Juliana Shimabukuro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax VA, United States
| | - Fernanda R. Fonseca
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edison L. Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-II, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew J. Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Huang X, Zhou J, Hou Y, Wang R, Li Q, Wang Y, Yuan R, Chen P, Wang B, Xia X. Diversity and Genetic Characteristics of Astroviruses from Animals in Yunnan Province. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102234. [PMID: 36298789 PMCID: PMC9607396 DOI: 10.3390/v14102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) are single-stranded RNA viruses, including two main genera: Mamastroviruses (MAstVs) and Avastroviruses (AAstVs). AstVs have been detected in more than 80 different mammals and birds, with the characteristics of multiple cross-species transmission and gene recombination. All these have accelerated the process of virus mutation and posed a potential threat to human beings and animal husbandry. Yunnan province is a global hotspot with rich biodiversity and abundant animal resources and an important area with significance for public health and security because it neighbors a few Southeast Asian countries. This study collected 860 samples from 13 species of animals in Yunnan province for AstVs detection. The results showed that the positive rate of AstVs was 6.05%, and its extremely high genetic diversity was observed in different animal species. Potential cross-species transmission events were also detected from rodents to birds. Therefore, AstVs, which are widely distributed with highly diverse genes and the risk of cross-species transmission to people, deserve more attention in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jiuxuan Zhou
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yutong Hou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qian Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ruiling Yuan
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Binghui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (X.X.)
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BIOMARKERS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE IN CHEETAHS ( ACINONYX JUBATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:886-892. [PMID: 34687504 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease is a common clinical problem in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). It is reported that gastritis affects the vast majority of the captive population of cheetahs. Pancreatitis and acute and chronic enteritis have also been reported. These issues pose significant long-term health and welfare implications for cheetahs. Cobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid (MMA), gastrin, feline pancreatic-specific lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI), and feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) immunoassays are important biomarkers of gastrointestinal disease in domestic cats. The goal of this study was to determine if these immunoassays validated in domestic cats could be used clinically in cheetahs, by establishing reference intervals (RI) for these biomarkers in cheetahs. A cohort of 40 clinically healthy cheetahs was selected from three zoological institutions on the basis of being free of clinical gastrointestinal disease and extra-gastrointestinal disease that could affect biomarkers, as well as having banked frozen serum. Cheetah biomarker RI, with domestic cat RI for comparison in parentheses, are as follows: cobalamin 470-618 pg/ml (290-1500 pg/ml), folate 2.2-15.7 ng/ml (9.7-21.6 ng/ml), MMA 365-450 nM/L (139-897 nM/L), fPLI 0.5-1.2 µg/L (0-4 µg/L), and gastrin 30-50 pg/ml (<10-39.5 pg/ml). This study shows that RI for gastrointestinal biomarkers can be notably different, even between species that are as closely related as the domestic cat and the cheetah. Additionally, it was found that the fTLI assay does not cross-immunoreact with cheetahs. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of developing species-specific RI for biomarker assays and using caution when extrapolating RI from other species.
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5
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Three Novel Avastroviruses Identified in Dead Wild Crows. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1673-1677. [PMID: 34460065 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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6
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Molecular detection and characterization reveals circulation of multiple genotypes of porcine astrovirus in Haryana, India. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2847-2852. [PMID: 34363534 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) is distributed worldwide and has been reported to cause diarrhea in pigs. PAstV belongs to the family Astroviridae and genus Mamastrovirus. PAstVs are divided into five diverse genotypes (PAstV1-PAstV5) on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of a part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene and the capsid gene. However, knowledge regarding the clinical significance and molecular characteristics of PAstV in Haryana, India, is limited. In this study, we investigated the presence of PAstV by RT-PCR of the partial RdRp gene in 110 rectal swabs collected from diarrheic pigs in different parts of Haryana, India. Of these, 35 samples (31.8%) tested positive for PAstV, with the highest positivity observed among weaning piglets 3 to 9 weeks of age (47.7%, 21/44), followed by fattening pigs 9 to 24 weeks of age (28.5%, 8/28). Phylogenetic analysis of the partial RdRp gene revealed circulation of four different genotypes (PAstV1, PAstV2, PAstV4, and PAstV5) in Haryana, with PAstV1 being the predominant genotype. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of PAstV1 and PAstV5 in the pig population of India. The PAstV sequences revealed high genetic variability and genetic heterogeneity in a relatively confined area.
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Roach SN, Langlois RA. Intra- and Cross-Species Transmission of Astroviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061127. [PMID: 34208242 PMCID: PMC8230745 DOI: 10.3390/v13061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammalian and avian species. In humans, astrovirus infections are one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis in children. Infection has also been linked to serious neurological complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals. More extensive disease has also been characterized in non-human mammalian and avian species. To date, astroviruses have been detected in over 80 different avian and mammalian hosts. As the number of hosts continues to rise, the need to understand how astroviruses transmit within a given species as well as to new host species becomes increasingly important. Here, we review the current understanding of astrovirus transmission, the factors that influence viral spread, and the potential for cross-species transmission. Additionally, we highlight the current gaps in knowledge and areas of future research that will be key to understanding astrovirus transmission and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanley N. Roach
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Li Y, Gordon E, Idle A, Hui A, Chan R, Seguin MA, Delwart E. Astrovirus Outbreak in an Animal Shelter Associated With Feline Vomiting. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628082. [PMID: 33644152 PMCID: PMC7905307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of cat vomiting was observed in an animal shelter. Testing for known enteric feline pathogens did not identify a causative agent. Viral metagenomics on four mini pools of feces from cases and controls housed in the same area revealed the presence of feline astrovirus in all pools. Also found with fewer reads in one pool each were rotavirus I, carnivore bocaparvovirus 3, norovirus (NoV) GVI, and a novel dependovirus. The genome of the highly prevalent astrovirus was sequenced and classified into mamastrovirus species two, also known as feline astrovirus. Real-time RT-PCR on longitudinally acquired fecal samples from 11 sick cases showed 10 (91%) to be shedding astrovirus for as long as 19 days. Affected cats were sick for an average of 9.8 days, with a median of 2.5 days (range = 1–31 days). Unaffected control cats housed in the same areas during the outbreak showed five out of nine (56%) to also be shedding astrovirus. Feline fecal samples collected from the same animal shelter ~1 year before (n = 8) and after (n = 10) showed none to be shedding astrovirus, indicating that this virus was temporarily associated with the vomiting outbreak and is not part of the commensal virome for cats in this shelter. Together with the absence of highly prevalent known pathogens, our results support a role for feline astrovirus infection, as well as significant asymptomatic shedding, in an outbreak of contagious feline vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emilia Gordon
- The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda Idle
- The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Roxanne Chan
- IDEXX Reference Laboratories, Inc., Markham, ON, Canada
| | - M Alexis Seguin
- IDEXX Reference Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, United States
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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9
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Soma T, Ogata M, Ohta K, Yamashita R, Sasai K. Prevalence of astrovirus and parvovirus in Japanese domestic cats. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1243-1246. [PMID: 32759574 PMCID: PMC7538320 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Feces obtained from 204 domestic cats with gastrointestinal symptoms were genetically
examined for feline astrovirus (FeAstV) and feline parvovirus (FPV), both of which are
known feline gastroenteric viruses. FeAstV detection rates were significantly higher in
winter (44.4%) than in other seasons, and in cats under a year old (27.8%) than in a year
or older ones (12.4%) (P<0.05). In contrast, no significant seasonal
and age differences were obtained in FPV detection rates. Upon FeAstV ORF2 sequence
analysis, the 23 present isolates were classified into the same clade
(Mamastrovirus 2) as the 18 reference strains from other countries. Our
findings suggest that FeAstV is already circulating in Japan, and it is more prevalent in
juvenile cats in winter, unlike FPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co., Ltd., 103 Fushiocho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-0011, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Maiko Ogata
- Ogatama Animal Hospital, 1-2-5 Boshima, Minoh, Osaka 562-0013, Japan
| | - Kaisaku Ohta
- Hana Animal Hospital, 2-28-4 Umezato, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 166-0011, Japan
| | - Runa Yamashita
- Kimura Animal Hospital, 50 Babashitacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0045, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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El Taweel A, Kandeil A, Barakat A, Alfaroq Rabiee O, Kayali G, Ali MA. Diversity of Astroviruses Circulating in Humans, Bats, and Wild Birds in Egypt. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050485. [PMID: 32357556 PMCID: PMC7290939 DOI: 10.3390/v12050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses belong to Astroviridae family which includes two main genera: Mamastroviruses that infect mammals, and Avastroviruses that infect avian hosts. Bats and wild birds are considered among the natural reservoirs for astroviruses. Infections in humans are associated with severe gastroenteritis, especially among children. We conducted surveillance for astroviruses in bats, wild birds, and humans in Egypt. Our results indicated relatively high prevalence of astroviruses in those hosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diversity of these viruses within hosts. Detected human viruses showed similarity with classic and variant human astroviruses, as well as similarity with animal-origin viruses. Viruses in bats were dispersed, with similarities to other bat viruses as well as other mammalian, including human, viruses. Wild bird viruses varied and were related to other avastroviruses, as well as human astroviruses. Our results indicate that astroviruses are common in bats, wild birds, and humans in Egypt, with a wide gene pool. Potential cross-species transmission may be occurring but should be verified by further surveillance and molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Barakat
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.B.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Omar Alfaroq Rabiee
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.B.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Human Link, Hazmieh 1109, Lebanon
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (M.A.A.); Tel.: +961-545-4252 (G.K.); +20-100-191-6410 (M.A.A.); Fax: +961-545-8045 (G.K.); +20-237-481-483 (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.T.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (M.A.A.); Tel.: +961-545-4252 (G.K.); +20-100-191-6410 (M.A.A.); Fax: +961-545-8045 (G.K.); +20-237-481-483 (M.A.A.)
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11
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Collinet A, Garcia G, Wellehan J, Childress A, Carrera-Justiz S. Investigation of astrovirus and bornavirus in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs clinically diagnosed with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:232-236. [PMID: 31785029 PMCID: PMC6979266 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-suppurative encephalitides in a variety of species, including humans and dogs, have been linked to infection by astroviruses and bornaviruses. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine whether or not ribonucleic acid of astroviruses or bornaviruses was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with clinically diagnosed meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE). ANIMALS Twenty-five client-owned dogs evaluated by CSF analysis at a single university referral hospital. METHODS Prospective case-control study. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from clinically diagnosed MUE and control cases and evaluated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the presence of astrovirus and bornavirus. RESULTS Neither astrovirus nor bornavirus nucleic acids were identified in CSF collected from 20 clinically diagnosed MUE and 5 control cases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The negative results of this investigation suggest that astrovirus and bornavirus are not commonly detectable in CSF of dogs with MUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Collinet
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gabriel Garcia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jim Wellehan
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - April Childress
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sheila Carrera-Justiz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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12
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Onyuok SO, Hu B, Li B, Fan Y, Kering K, Ochola GO, Zheng XS, Obanda V, Ommeh S, Yang XL, Agwanda B, Shi ZL. Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Novel RNA Viruses in Wild and Synanthropic Rodents and Shrews in Kenya. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2696. [PMID: 31824465 PMCID: PMC6881279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of emerging and reemerging zoonotic viral pathogens are RNA viruses. Pathogen discovery programs of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in wildlife have implicated rodents and shrews as hosts of diverse human pathogens, such as hantaviruses, arenaviruses, paramyxoviruses, etc. Despite these threats, little is known about the diversity of viruses circulating among rodents and shrews in Kenya, meaning the risk of infectious disease outbreak from these small mammals could be oblivious. This study reports the first surveillance toward understanding the diversity of RNA viruses carried by rodents and shrews in areas of high-potential contact with humans in Kenya through molecular detection. A total of 617 samples comprising fecal, urine, and tissues from 138 rodents and 5 shrews were screened for eight different families of viruses using RT-PCR assays. The results highlight the presence of diverse astroviruses, paramyxoviruses, hepeviruses, and arenavirus, circulating in both wild and synanthropic Kenyan rodents and shrews. Most of the viruses detected in this study are novel strains and some belong to the families that contain important human viral pathogens. Notably, a novel arenavirus was detected in Grammomys macmillani, a rodent species newly identified to harbor arenavirus, and it potentially represent a novel arenavirus species. Our findings demonstrate the need for continued pathogen surveillance among these small mammals as well as among the vulnerable and exposed livestock and humans. This would help in development and implementation of effective preventive and control strategies on EIDs in countries with rich wildlife biodiversity like Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Omondi Onyuok
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Mammalogy Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kelvin Kering
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Griphin Ochieng Ochola
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Mammalogy Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sheila Ommeh
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Mammalogy Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Zhang HH, Qiu QG, Liu SJ, Hu WQ, Li JY, Liu TN, Peng YS, Ge XY, Xiao CT. Genomic characterization of a novel astrovirus identified in Amur tigers from a zoo in China. Arch Virol 2019; 164:3151-3155. [PMID: 31616994 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) have a very wide range of hosts and are associated with enteric and extra-enteric disease in mammals and birds. Cross-species transmission of AstVs has been observed frequently. In the present study, the genome of a novel astrovirus from Amur tigers (Panthera tigris) from a zoo in China was characterized and was found to have the typical genomic features of other mammal AstVs. It showed the highest nucleotide sequence similarity (46.1-87.3% identity) to AstVs from cats, indicating a close phylogenetic relationship and possible cross-species transmission between them. To our knowledge, this is the first identification and characterization of AstV from tigers, and this virus is the third astrovirus identified in hosts of the family Felidae. The results of this study will be helpful for understanding the origin, genetic diversity, and cross-species transmission of AstV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qi-Guan Qiu
- Changsha Ecological Zoo, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Shu-Jing Liu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wen-Qin Hu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jie-Yu Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Tian-Ning Liu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - You-Song Peng
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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14
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Pruvot M, Cappelle J, Furey N, Hul V, Heng HS, Duong V, Dussart P, Horwood P. Extreme temperature event and mass mortality of insectivorous bats. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019; 65:41. [PMID: 32214949 PMCID: PMC7088037 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A mass mortality event involving Chaerephon plicatus and Taphozous theobaldi bats occurred during a heat wave in April 2016 in Cambodia. This was investigated to clarify the causes of the die-off and assess the risk to public health. Field evidences, clinical signs, and gross pathology findings were consistent with a heat stress hypothesis. However, the detection of a novel bat paramyxovirus raises questions about its role as a contributing factor or a coincidental finding. Systematic documentation of bat die-offs related to extreme weather events is necessary to improve understanding of the effect of changing weather patterns on bat populations and the ecosystem services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474 USA
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Montpellier, France
| | - Neil Furey
- Fauna & Flora International Cambodia Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vibol Hul
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Paul Horwood
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Cairns, Australia
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15
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16
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Kattoor JJ, Malik YS, Saurabh S, Sircar S, Vinodhkumar OR, Bora DP, Dhama K, Ghosh S, Banyai K, Touil N, Abdel-Moneim AS, Vlasova AN, Kobayashi N, Singh RK. First report and genetic characterization of porcine astroviruses of lineage 4 and 2 in diarrhoeic pigs in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:47-53. [PMID: 30379411 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine astroviruses (PAstVs) have extended their distribution globally and have a high prevalence; however, their clinical significance is still under investigation. Thus far, information about their prevalence and diversity in the Indian pig population is unknown. This study is the first report on the prevalence and genetic characterization of PAstVs in diarrhoeic piglets in India. From January 2013 to December 2017, 757 samples were screened using an RT-PCR assay and PAstV infection was detected in 17.6% (133/757) pigs. Of the 133 positive samples, 79 (59.4%) were positive for PAstV alone, whereas 54 (40.6%) were found to be co-infected with porcine rotavirus A (PoRVA). Phylogenetic analysis of RdRp/capsid gene region revealed high genetic heterogeneity among PAstV sequences, with a predominance of PAstV lineage 4 and detection of lineage 2. The lineage 4 PAstVs exhibited 61.2%-94.5% sequence similarity at the nucleotide level to other reported sequences, whereas lineage 2 strain shared 66.0%-71.6% sequence identity with cognate sequences of the same lineage. This is the first report on PAstV and circulation of lineages 4 and 2 in India. Further, phylogenetic analysis indicates a multiphyletic origin of PAstV strains and suggests cross-border circulation of PAstVs with a similar genetic configuration in Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Jose Kattoor
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Saurabh
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Obli Rajendran Vinodhkumar
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Krisztian Banyai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nadia Touil
- Laboratoire de Biosécuritéet de Recherche, HôpitalMilitaired'Instruction Med V de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
| | | | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Mamastrovirus 5 detected in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous): Expanding wildlife host range of astroviruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 58:36-43. [PMID: 30245049 PMCID: PMC7112573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses are a common cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide and can also cause infection in a range of domestic and wild animal species. Canine astrovirus (formally named as Mamastrovirus 5, MAstV5) has been reported worldwide, and its role as an enteric pathogen is still controversial. Herein, we describe the genomic characterization of a MAstV5 (strain crab-eating fox/2016/BRA) identified in a wild canid (Cerdocyon thous) diagnosed with canine distemper virus (CDV) as causa mortis. The nearly complete genome comprised 6579 nt in length and displayed the archetypal organization of astroviruses. The present report is the first evidence of MAstV5 infection in an animal species other than the dog and highlights a possible natural astrovirus spillover between domestic and wild canids. Moreover, these results show the first evidence of extra-intestinal MAstV5, suggesting a virus systemic spread. This work is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the astroviruses biology and their interactions with the wildlife health.
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18
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Williams HG, Cook KA, Lawler PE, Archer LL, Schaedel K, Isaza N, Wellehan JFX. Development and validation of a probe hybridization reverse-transcription quantitative PCR for detection of mamastrovirus 2 in domestic cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:400-405. [PMID: 29405900 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717753963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are viral pathogens that have been associated with enteric and neurologic disease in a variety of species. The domestic cat is a prominent host, with reports of astroviral infection being both highly prevalent and widely distributed in the feline population. Despite the potential for inducing significant disease, especially within shelter environments, there is currently only one reliable method of detection: standard reverse-transcription PCR using pan-astrovirus degenerate primers (consensus RT-PCR) with product sequencing. Unfortunately, this process is relatively slow and costly. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) represents an efficient, economical alternative, with the added benefit of viral load quantification. We developed a RT-qPCR assay using probe hybridization technique to detect conserved regions of mamastrovirus 2 extracted from fecal samples of domestic cats. Known positive and negative samples were tested, and results were compared with gold standard consensus RT-PCR and sequencing. A standard curve was employed to determine limits of detection. In order to assess analytic specificity, we tested several additional samples that had been collected from non-felid species and were known to contain non-target astroviruses. Discrepant results between consensus RT-PCR and RT-qPCR testing were further analyzed with a validation RT-PCR assay, using mamastrovirus 2-specific primers. Our probe hybridization RT-qPCR assay is reliable and effective for the detection of mamastrovirus 2. This assay will allow rapid, affordable detection and facilitate further research on astroviral infection within domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Williams
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Williams, Cook, Lawler, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Kirstin A Cook
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Williams, Cook, Lawler, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Patricia E Lawler
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Williams, Cook, Lawler, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Linda L Archer
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Williams, Cook, Lawler, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Karen Schaedel
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Williams, Cook, Lawler, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Natalie Isaza
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Williams, Cook, Lawler, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Williams, Cook, Lawler, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
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19
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Terio KA, Mitchell E, Walzer C, Schmidt-Küntzel A, Marker L, Citino S. Diseases Impacting Captive and Free-Ranging Cheetahs. CHEETAHS: BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2018. [PMCID: PMC7148644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804088-1.00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Lawler PE, Cook KA, Williams HG, Archer LL, Schaedel KE, Isaza NM, Wellehan JFX. Determination of the diversity of astroviruses in feces from cats in Florida. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:275-279. [PMID: 29202674 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717747322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are small, nonenveloped RNA viruses that have been linked to numerous diseases in a variety of species, including enteric disease in humans and cheetahs. Species Mamastrovirus 2, previously known as feline astrovirus, has been isolated from the feces of domestic cats and cheetahs. A total of 122 cat fecal samples from Alachua County, FL Animal Services and the Veterinary Community Outreach Program at the University of Florida were analyzed, and 35 contained astroviral RNA that was amplified and identified using consensus RT-PCR and sequence analysis. Using phylogenetic analysis, 19 of the astroviral sequences were identified as Mamastrovirus 2, making it the most prevalent astrovirus in this population. Three samples were identified as an astrovirus similar to viruses previously identified in foxes in The Netherlands and a cat in California, and one was similar to a bat astrovirus. One astroviral sequence was identified as an Avastrovirus. Although a causative relationship between mamastroviruses and enteric disease in cats has yet to be established, it is clear that mamastroviruses are prevalent, and an understanding of prevalence of astroviral types may help direct future test development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Lawler
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lawler, Cook, Williams, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Kirstin A Cook
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lawler, Cook, Williams, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Hannah G Williams
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lawler, Cook, Williams, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Linda L Archer
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lawler, Cook, Williams, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Karen E Schaedel
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lawler, Cook, Williams, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - Natalie M Isaza
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lawler, Cook, Williams, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Lawler, Cook, Williams, Archer, Isaza, Wellehan).,Alachua County Animal Services, Gainesville, FL (Schaedel)
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21
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PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE GENOME OF AN ENTERITIS-ASSOCIATED BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN MASTADENOVIRUS SUPPORTS A CLADE INFECTING THE CETARTIODACTYLA. J Wildl Dis 2017; 54:112-121. [PMID: 29077545 DOI: 10.7589/2017-03-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
: Adenoviruses are nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses, known to infect members of all tetrapod classes, with a similarity between phylogenies of hosts and viruses observed. We characterized bottlenose dolphin adenovirus 2 (BdAdV-2) found in a bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus) with enteritis. Virions were seen by negative staining electron microscopy of feces. Initial sequences obtained using conserved PCR primers were expanded using primer walking techniques, and the complete coding sequence was obtained. Phylogenetic analyses were consistent with coevolution of this virus and its bottlenose dolphin host, placing BdAdV-2 into a monophyletic group with other mastadenoviruses of Cetartiodactyla. When considering the low guanine/cytosine (G/C) content of BdAdV-2 with the phylogenetic data, this virus may represent a host-jumping event from another member of Cetartiodactyla. Analysis of partial polymerase indicated that bottlenose dolphin adenovirus 1, previously identified in Spain, and BdAdV-2 are sister taxa with harbor porpoise adenovirus 1, forming a cetacean clade. Bottlenose dolphin adenovirus 2 includes a highly divergent fiber gene. Two genes homologous to the dUTPase superfamily are also present which could play a role in enabling viral replication in nondividing cells. We used sequence data to develop a probe hybridization quantitative PCR assay specific to BdAdV-2 with a limit of detection of 10 copies.
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22
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To KKW, Chan WM, Li KSM, Lam CSF, Chen Z, Tse H, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. High prevalence of four novel astrovirus genotype species identified from rodents in China. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1004-1015. [PMID: 28537544 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses cause gastrointestinal and neurological infections in humans and animals. Since astrovirus is genetically diverse and different astrovirus genotypes can be found in the same animal species, astrovirus is a potential zoonotic threat to humans. In this study, we screened for astroviruses in rodents from Hong Kong, Hunan and Guangxi. Astrovirus was detected in 11.9 % (67/562) of rectal swab specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the ORF1b region, which encodes the RdRp, showed that there were four distinct clusters (clusters A, B, C and D). Whole genome sequencing was performed for 11 representative strains from each of these four clusters. The mean amino acid genetic distances (p-dist) of full-length ORF2 were >0.634 between clusters A, B, C and other known astroviruses. The p-dist between clusters A and B, A and C, and B and C were 0.371-0.375, 0.517-0.549 and 0.524-0.555, respectively. Within cluster C, the p-dist between HN-014 and GX-006 was 0.372. Since strains with p-dist of ≥0.368 in ORF2 are now considered to be of separate genotypes species, cluster A, cluster B, cluster C-HN-014 and cluster C-GX-006 can be classified as novel genotype species. Cluster D was most closely related to the rodent astrovirus previously identified in Hong Kong. Since rodents live in close proximity to humans, interspecies jumping of these novel astroviruses may represent a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kenneth S M Li
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Carol S F Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Herman Tse
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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23
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Donato C, Vijaykrishna D. The Broad Host Range and Genetic Diversity of Mammalian and Avian Astroviruses. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050102. [PMID: 28489047 PMCID: PMC5454415 DOI: 10.3390/v9050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are a diverse family of viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian hosts. Here we describe the phylogenetic diversity and current classification methodology of astroviruses based on the ORF1b and ORF2 genes, highlighting the propensity of astroviruses to undergo interspecies transmission and genetic recombination which greatly increase diversity and complicate attempts at a unified and comprehensive classification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Donato
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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24
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Pathogens of Food Animals: Sources, Characteristics, Human Risk, and Methods of Detection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:277-365. [PMID: 28427535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens associated with food production (livestock) animals come in many forms causing a multitude of disease for humans. For the purpose of this review, these infectious agents can be divided into three broad categories: those that are associated with bacterial disease, those that are associated with viruses, and those that are parasitic in nature. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common pathogens that cause disease in humans through exposure via the food chain and the consequence of this exposure as well as risk and detection methods. We have also included a collection of unusual pathogens that although rare have still caused disease, and their recognition is warranted in light of emerging and reemerging diseases. These provide the reader an understanding of where the next big outbreak could occur. The influence of the global economy, the movement of people, and food makes understanding production animal-associated disease paramount to being able to address new diseases as they arise.
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25
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Johnson C, Hargest V, Cortez V, Meliopoulos VA, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus Pathogenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:E22. [PMID: 28117758 PMCID: PMC5294991 DOI: 10.3390/v9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are a major cause of diarrhea in the young, elderly, and the immunocompromised. Since the discovery of human astrovirus type 1 (HAstV-1) in 1975, the family Astroviridae has expanded to include two more human clades and numerous mammalian and avian-specific genotypes. Despite this, there is still little known about pathogenesis. The following review highlights the current knowledge of astrovirus pathogenesis, and outlines the critical steps needed to further astrovirus research, including the development of animal models of cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydney Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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The prevalence of enteric RNA viruses in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheic people in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Arch Virol 2016; 162:117-128. [PMID: 27686073 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Southwestern Alberta is a region of Canada that has high rates of enteritis as well as high densities of livestock. The presence of enteric RNA viruses, specifically norovirus (NoV) GI, GII, GIII, GIV; sapovirus (SaV); rotavirus (RV); and astrovirus (AstV), was evaluated in stools from diarrheic (n = 2281) and non-diarrheic (n = 173) people over a 1-year period in 2008 and 2009. Diarrheic individuals lived in rural (46.6 %) and urban (53.4 %) settings and ranged in age from less than 1 month to 102 years, and the highest prevalence of infection in these individuals was in November. In all, viruses were detected in diarrheic stools from 388 individuals (17.0 %). NoV GII was the most frequently detected virus (8.0 %; n = 182) followed by SaV (4.3 %; n = 97), RV (2.0 %; n = 46), AstV (1.8 %; n = 42), NoV GI (0.9 %; n = 20), and NoV GIV (0.1 %; n = 1). Animal NoV GIII was never detected. The prevalence of mixed viral infections in diarrheic individuals was 2.8 % (n = 11). Children from 1 to 5 years of age accounted for the highest prevalence of positive stools, followed by the elderly individuals (≥70 years). Only NoV GII (1.2 %; n = 2) and SaV (1.2 %; n = 2) were detected in stools from non-diarrheic people. Sequence analysis of a subset of stools revealed homology to NoV, SaV and RV sequences from humans but not to strains from non-human animals. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that viruses of animal origin have a significant impact on the occurrence of acute gastroenteritis caused by RNA enteric viruses in people living in southwestern Alberta.
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Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Teng JLL, Tsang AKL, Joseph S, Xie J, Jose S, Fan RYY, Wernery U, Yuen KY. A novel astrovirus from dromedaries in the Middle East. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2697-2707. [PMID: 26296576 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from the Middle East and its discovery from dromedary camels has boosted interest in the search for novel viruses in dromedaries. The existence of astroviruses (AstVs) in dromedaries was previously unknown. We describe the discovery of a novel dromedary camel AstV (DcAstV) from dromedaries in Dubai. Among 215 dromedaries, DcAstV was detected in faecal samples of four [three (1.5 %) adult dromedaries and one (8.3 %) dromedary calf] by reverse transcription-PCR. Sequencing of the four DcAstV genomes and phylogenetic analysis showed that the DcAstVs formed a distinct cluster. Although DcAstV was most closely related to a recently characterized porcine AstV 2, their capsid proteins only shared 60-66 % amino acid identity, with a mean amino acid genetic distance of 0.372. Notably, the N-terminal halves of the capsid proteins of DcAstV shared ≤ 85 % amino acid identity, but the C-terminal halves only shared ≤ 49 % amino acid identity compared with the corresponding proteins in other AstVs. A high variation of the genome sequences of DcAstV was also observed, with a mean amino acid genetic distance of 0.214 for ORF2 of the four strains. Recombination analysis revealed a possible recombination event in ORF2 of strain DcAstV-274. The low Ka/Ks ratios (number of non-synonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site to number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site) of the four ORFs in the DcAstV genomes supported the suggestion that dromedaries are the natural reservoir where AstV is stably evolving. These results suggest that AstV is a novel species of the genus Mamastrovirus in the family Astroviridae. Further studies are important to understand the pathogenic potential of DcAstV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jade L L Teng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Alan K L Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Shanty Jose
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rachel Y Y Fan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian, were identified and classified into the genera Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus. Through next-generation sequencing, many new astroviruses infecting different species, including humans, have been described, and the Astroviridae family shows a high diversity and zoonotic potential. Three divergent groups of HAstVs are recognized: the classic (MAstV 1), HAstV-MLB (MAstV 6), and HAstV-VA/HMO (MAstV 8 and MAstV 9) groups. Classic HAstVs contain 8 serotypes and account for 2 to 9% of all acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Infections are usually self-limiting but can also spread systemically and cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The other groups have also been identified in children with gastroenteritis, but extraintestinal pathologies have been suggested for them as well. Classic HAstVs may be grown in cells, allowing the study of their cell cycle, which is similar to that of caliciviruses. The continuous emergence of new astroviruses with a potential zoonotic transmission highlights the need to gain insights on their biology in order to prevent future health threats. This review focuses on the basic virology, pathogenesis, host response, epidemiology, diagnostic assays, and prevention strategies for HAstVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Cho YY, Lim SI, Kim YK, Song JY, Lee JB, An DJ. Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of feline astrovirus in Korean cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:679-83. [PMID: 24226753 PMCID: PMC11164166 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13511812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) are important pathogens associated with enteric diseases in humans and other animals. However, most animal AstVs, including feline astrovirus (FAstV), are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and association of FAstV with enteric diseases in cats, and to conduct a molecular analysis of FAstVs, in Korea. Eleven faecal samples from 62 hospitalised cats at animal hospitals in the Moran market in South Korea tested positive for FAstV. The prevalence of FAstV was higher in cats <2 months old (25%) than in cats >2 months old (14.3%) (P = 0.31). Diarrhoea and normal faeces were observed in 19% (8/42) and 15% (3/20) of cats with FAstV, respectively (P = 1.00). Amino acid sequences alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that FAstVs, including Korean strains, formed a single clade within the mamastroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Cho
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kwan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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30
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Oem JK, An DJ. Phylogenetic analysis of bovine astrovirus in Korean cattle. Virus Genes 2013; 48:372-5. [PMID: 24272699 PMCID: PMC7089511 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-1013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine astrovirus (BAstV) belongs to a genetically divergent lineage within the genus Mamastrovirus. The present study showed that BAstV was associated with the gastroenteric tracts of cattle in nine positive fecal samples from 115 cattle, whereas no positive samples were found in the brain tissues of 14 downer cattle. Interestingly, the positive diarrheal samples were obtained mainly from calves aged 14 days–3 months. Bayesian inference tree analysis of the partial ORF1ab and capsid (ORF2) gene sequences of BAstVs identified four divergent groups. Eleven BAstVs, four porcine astroviruses, and two deer astroviruses (DAstVs; CcAstV-1 and -2) belonged to group 1; group 2 contained two BAstVs (BAstK08–51 and BAstK10–96) with another two in group 3 (BAstK08–2 and BAstK08–53); and group 4 comprised the BAstV-NeuroS1 strain derived from a cattle brain tissue sample and an ovine astrovirus. The same divergent groups were obtained when the pairwise alignments were produced using both amino acid and nucleotide sequences. The Korean BAstVs isolated from infected cattle had a nationwide distribution and they belonged to groups 1, 2, and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ku Oem
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430-824 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430-824 Republic of Korea
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31
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Anthony SJ, Epstein JH, Murray KA, Navarrete-Macias I, Zambrana-Torrelio CM, Solovyov A, Ojeda-Flores R, Arrigo NC, Islam A, Ali Khan S, Hosseini P, Bogich TL, Olival KJ, Sanchez-Leon MD, Karesh WB, Goldstein T, Luby SP, Morse SS, Mazet JAK, Daszak P, Lipkin WI. A strategy to estimate unknown viral diversity in mammals. mBio 2013; 4:e00598-13. [PMID: 24003179 PMCID: PMC3760253 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00598-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The majority of emerging zoonoses originate in wildlife, and many are caused by viruses. However, there are no rigorous estimates of total viral diversity (here termed "virodiversity") for any wildlife species, despite the utility of this to future surveillance and control of emerging zoonoses. In this case study, we repeatedly sampled a mammalian wildlife host known to harbor emerging zoonotic pathogens (the Indian Flying Fox, Pteropus giganteus) and used PCR with degenerate viral family-level primers to discover and analyze the occurrence patterns of 55 viruses from nine viral families. We then adapted statistical techniques used to estimate biodiversity in vertebrates and plants and estimated the total viral richness of these nine families in P. giganteus to be 58 viruses. Our analyses demonstrate proof-of-concept of a strategy for estimating viral richness and provide the first statistically supported estimate of the number of undiscovered viruses in a mammalian host. We used a simple extrapolation to estimate that there are a minimum of 320,000 mammalian viruses awaiting discovery within these nine families, assuming all species harbor a similar number of viruses, with minimal turnover between host species. We estimate the cost of discovering these viruses to be ~$6.3 billion (or ~$1.4 billion for 85% of the total diversity), which if annualized over a 10-year study time frame would represent a small fraction of the cost of many pandemic zoonoses. IMPORTANCE Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in viral discovery efforts. However, most lack rigorous systematic design, which limits our ability to understand viral diversity and its ecological drivers and reduces their value to public health intervention. Here, we present a new framework for the discovery of novel viruses in wildlife and use it to make the first-ever estimate of the number of viruses that exist in a mammalian host. As pathogens continue to emerge from wildlife, this estimate allows us to put preliminary bounds around the potential size of the total zoonotic pool and facilitates a better understanding of where best to allocate resources for the subsequent discovery of global viral diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isamara Navarrete-Macias
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Alexander Solovyov
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rafael Ojeda-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria and Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Nicole C. Arrigo
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Shahneaz Ali Khan
- Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute & Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute & Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Yu JM, Li JS, Ao YY, Duan ZJ. Detection of novel viruses in porcine fecal samples from China. Virol J 2013; 10:39. [PMID: 23363449 PMCID: PMC3598965 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pigs are well known source of human infectious disease. To better understand the spectrum of viruses present in pigs, we utilized the 454 Life Sciences GS-FLX high-throughput sequencing platform to sequence stool samples from healthy pigs. Findings Total nucleic acid was extracted from stool samples of healthy piglets and randomly amplified. The amplified materials were pooled and processed using a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique. The raw sequences were deconvoluted on the basis of the barcode and then processed through a standardized bioinformatics pipeline. The unique reads (348, 70 and 13) had limited similarity to known astroviruses, bocaviruses and parechoviruses. Specific primers were synthesized to assess the prevalence of the viruses in healthy piglets. Our results indicate extremely high rates of positivity. Conclusions Several novel astroviruses, bocaviruses and Ljungan-like viruses were identified in stool samples from healthy pigs. The rates of isolation for the new viruses were high. The high detection rate, diverse sequences and categories indicate that pigs are well-established reservoirs for and likely sources of different enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-mei Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Astroviruses have been widely described in mammalian and avian species. Here, we report a complete genome sequence of a novel porcine astrovirus (PoAstV) isolated from a porcine fecal sample in China. The genome consists of 6,611 nucleotides, excluding the 3' poly(A) tail, and has two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 maps between nucleotide positions 19 and 4211 and encodes a 1,396-amino-acid (aa) polyprotein precursor consisting of nonstructural protein and putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and ORF2 maps between nucleotide positions 4202 and 6531 and encodes a 775-aa polyprotein which is a capsid precursor protein. The genome sequence of the virus was distinct enough from those of the known PoAstVs to be considered a novel sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on the predicted amino acid sequence of the complete capsid region showed that this strain may be a novel porcine astrovirus.
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Emerging trends in the epidemiology of human astrovirus infection among infants, children and adults hospitalized with acute watery diarrhea in Kolkata, India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1685-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stenglein MD, Velazquez E, Greenacre C, Wilkes RP, Ruby JG, Lankton JS, Ganem D, Kennedy MA, DeRisi JL. Complete genome sequence of an astrovirus identified in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with gastroenteritis. Virol J 2012; 9:216. [PMID: 22998755 PMCID: PMC3502403 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A colony of domestic rabbits in Tennessee, USA, experienced a high-mortality (~90%) outbreak of enterocolitis. The clinical characteristics were one to six days of lethargy, bloating, and diarrhea, followed by death. Heavy intestinal coccidial load was a consistent finding as was mucoid enteropathy with cecal impaction. Preliminary analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of virus-like particles in the stool of one of the affected rabbits. Analysis using the Virochip, a viral detection microarray, suggested the presence of an astrovirus, and follow-up PCR and sequence determination revealed a previously uncharacterized member of that family. Metagenomic sequencing enabled the recovery of the complete viral genome, which contains the characteristic attributes of astrovirus genomes. Attempts to propagate the virus in tissue culture have yet to succeed. Although astroviruses cause gastroenteric disease in other mammals, the pathogenicity of this virus and the relationship to this outbreak remains to be determined. This study therefore defines a viral species and a potential rabbit pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Phylogenetic analysis of porcine astrovirus in domestic pigs and wild boars in South Korea. Virus Genes 2012; 46:175-81. [PMID: 22965450 PMCID: PMC7089313 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) belongs to genetically divergent lineages within the genus Mamastrovirus. In this study, 25/129 (19.4 %) domestic pig and 1/146 (0.7 %) wild boar fecal samples tested in South Korea were positive for PAstV. Positive samples were mainly from pigs under 6 weeks old. Bayesian inference (BI) tree analysis for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid (ORF2) gene sequences, including Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus, revealed a relatively geographically divergent lineage. The PAstVs of Hungary and America belong to lineage PAstV 4; those of Japan belong to PAstV 1; and those of Canada belong to PAstV 1, 2, 3, and 5, but not to 4. This study revealed that the PAstVs of Korea belong predominantly to lineage PAstV 4 and secondarily to PAstV 2. It was also observed that PAstV infections are widespread in South Korea regardless of the disease state in domestic pigs and in wild boars as well.
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37
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Prevalence and risk factors of astrovirus infection in puppies from French breeding kennels. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Genetic characterization of astroviruses detected in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) reveals a distinct genotype and suggests cross-species transmission between turkey and guinea fowl. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1329-37. [PMID: 22527867 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses can infect mammalian and avian species and are often responsible for gastroenteric disease symptoms. In this study, the complete open reading frame (ORF) 2, the 3' end of ORF1b and the corresponding intergenic region of astroviruses identified in farmed guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) were sequenced and genetically analysed. Overall, the genetic sequence of guinea fowl astroviruses was related to turkey astrovirus type 2 (TastV2), although a marked genetic distance was revealed based on ORF2, which might indicate the circulation of a distinct virus genotype and serotype in guinea fowl. Furthermore, the genetic data presented herein suggest that either recombination between different astroviruses infecting distinct hosts or adaptation of a given astrovirus to a new host had occurred. In either case, direct or indirect interspecies transmission of astroviruses is likely to have occurred between turkey and guinea fowl, indicating the ability of viruses belonging to the family Astroviridae to cross species barriers.
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Moschidou P, Martella V, Lorusso E, Desario C, Pinto P, Losurdo M, Catella C, Parisi A, Bányai K, Buonavoglia C. Mixed infection by Feline astrovirus and Feline panleukopenia virus in a domestic cat with gastroenteritis and panleukopenia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:581-4. [PMID: 21908295 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711404149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are important pathogens of human beings and animals. Feline astroviruses have been identified by electron microscopy in the feces of either asymptomatic or symptomatic cats, and experimental infection with one isolate was shown to induce enteric clinical signs and virus excretion, thus suggesting a possible role as enteric pathogen. However, due to the lack of specific diagnostic assays, feline astroviruses are not included in the diagnostic algorithms of feline infectious diseases, and their role as feline pathogens remains unclear. The present report describes a dual infection by Feline astrovirus and Feline panleukopenia virus in a 4-month-old cat with severe gastroenteritis and panleukopenia. Upon sequence analysis, the Feline astrovirus strain was found to be genetically related to astroviruses identified in human beings and felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalina Moschidou
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 370010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
The first reports of astroviruses in animals date back to the end of the 1970s, when infections in mammals such as lambs and calves suffering from diarrhea were reported for the first time. Since then, several mammalian species have been shown to be susceptible to astroviruses which appear to be genetically diverse and to have acquired host-specificity. To date, astroviruses have been detected in 16 different orders or species of mammals in addition to humans, and signs of infection range from unapparent infection or very mild disease to diarrhea, lethargy, and anorexia, mainly observed in young individuals. This chapter describes those astroviruses detected in nonhuman mammalian species worldwide, as well as their molecular and phenotypic characteristics and their role in diseases. The capacity of these viruses to cross-species barriers and their subsequent adaptation to novel hosts is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- , Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, 38105 Tennessee USA
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41
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Detection and genetic characterization of a novel pig astrovirus: relationship to other astroviruses. Arch Virol 2011; 156:2095-9. [PMID: 21935627 PMCID: PMC7086720 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viruses represent a continuous threat to human health and to farmed animals, as evidenced on multiple occasions by outbreaks of influenza, henipavirus and SARS. Knowledge about the diversity of viromes present in reservoir species can lead to a better understanding of the origin of emerging pathogens. In this study, we extend the knowledge of astrovirus diversity in pigs by reporting the genetic characterization of an unknown astrovirus lineage. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that this porcine astrovirus lineage is unique and does not appear to share a recent common ancestor with any known mamastrovirus. The data reported in this study extend the number of porcine astrovirus lineages to a total of five, all of which most likely represent distinct species of different origins.
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De Benedictis P, Schultz-Cherry S, Burnham A, Cattoli G. Astrovirus infections in humans and animals - molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1529-44. [PMID: 21843659 PMCID: PMC7185765 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses first identified in 1975 in children suffering from diarrhea and then described in a wide variety of animals. To date, the list of animal species susceptible to astrovirus infection has expanded to 22 animal species or families, including domestic, synantropic and wild animals, avian, and mammalian species in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. Astrovirus infections are considered among the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, second only to rotavirus infections, but in animals their association with enteric diseases is not well documented, with the exception of turkey and mink astrovirus infection. Genetic variability has been described in almost all astrovirus species sufficiently examined infecting mammals and birds; however, antigenic variability has been demonstrated for human astroviruses but is far less investigated in animal viruses. Interestingly, there is an increasing evidence of recombination events occurring in astroviruses, which contributes to increase the genetic variability of this group of viruses. A wide variety of species infected, the evident virus genetic diversity and the occurrence of recombination events indicate or imply either cross-species transmission and subsequent virus adaptation to new hosts or the co-infection of the same host with different astroviruses. This can also favor the emergence of novel astroviruses infecting animals or with a zoonotic potential. After more than 30 years from their first description in humans, there are many exciting streams of research to be explored and intriguing questions that remain to be answered about the relatively under-studied Astroviridae family. In the present work, we will review the existing knowledge concerning astrovirus infections in humans and animals, with particular focus on the molecular biology, interspecies transmission and zoonotic potential of this group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Benedictis
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Research & Innovation Department, Division of Biomedical Science, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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43
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Zhao W, Hua XG, Yuan L, Cui L, Shan TL, Dai XQ, Zhu AL, Yu Y, Zhu CX, Yang ZB. Sequence analyses of the representative Chinese-prevalent strain of avian nephritis virus in healthy chicken flocks. Avian Dis 2011; 55:65-9. [PMID: 21500638 DOI: 10.1637/9506-081810-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian nephritis virus (ANV), which belongs to the Astroviridae family, has been associated with acute nephritis in chickens. Cases of ANV infection have been recorded in Japan and in several European countries. However, related studies have never been performed in China. Thus, this study isolated ANV in Chinese chicken flocks. ANV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in stool samples collected from healthy layer chickens in the Sichuan Province of China in 2009. Of the 192 stool specimens collected, 32.3% (62/192) were positive for ANV infection. The whole genome of ANV-Sichuan54, the first representative Chinese strain, was 6941 nucleotides in length, including the 5' untranslated region, three open reading frames (ORFs), a 3' UTR, and a poly-(A) tail. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses based on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (ORF1b) demonstrated that the majority of ANV investigations were more closely related to the U.S. ANV strain (DQ324827-324836) than to the G-4260 (AB033998).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
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44
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Tse H, Chan WM, Tsoi HW, Fan RYY, Lau CCY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Rediscovery and genomic characterization of bovine astroviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1888-1898. [PMID: 21508185 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.030817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Mamastrovirus belongs to the family Astroviridae and consists of at least six members infecting different mammalian hosts, including humans, cattle and pigs. In recent years, novel astroviruses have been identified in other mammalian species like roe deer, bats and sea lions. While the bovine astrovirus was one of the earliest astroviruses to have been studied, no further research has been performed recently and its genome sequence remains uncharacterized. In this report, we describe the detection and genomic characterization of astroviruses in bovine faecal specimens obtained in Hong Kong. Five of 209 specimens were found to be positive for astrovirus by RT-PCR. Two of the positive specimens were found to contain sequences from two different astrovirus strains. Complete genome sequences of approximately 6.3 kb in length were obtained for four strains, which showed similar organization of the genome compared to other astroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed their identities as members of the genus Mamastrovirus, and showed them to be most closely related to the Capreolus capreolus astrovirus. Based on the pairwise genetic distances among their full-length ORF2 sequences, these bovine astroviruses may be assigned into at least three different genotype species. Sequence analysis revealed evidence of potential recombination in ORF2. In summary, we report the first genome sequences of bovine astroviruses and clearly establish the species status of the virus. Additionally, our study is among the first to report co-infection by different astrovirus genotypes in the same host, which is an essential step for recombination to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Tse
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hoi-Wah Tsoi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Rachel Y Y Fan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Candy C Y Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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45
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Luo Z, Roi S, Dastor M, Gallice E, Laurin MA, L'homme Y. Multiple novel and prevalent astroviruses in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:316-23. [PMID: 21159453 PMCID: PMC7172684 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of porcine astrovirus diversity and epidemiology remains limited. We used a broad range PCR approach to investigate the presence and diversity of astroviruses in healthy pigs of different ages on 20 farms and in 3 slaughterhouses situated in the province of Quebec, Canada between 2005 and 2007. Our study unexpectedly revealed remarkable levels of genetic diversity and high prevalence of astroviruses in pigs of this province. Astroviruses were detected on every farm investigated and in all age groups of pigs, from suckling piglets to adults. In addition, we found that nearly 80% of healthy finisher pigs harbour astroviruses in their intestine at slaughter. Phylogenetic evidence based on partial polymerase and complete capsid sequences, suggests that porcine astroviruses do not form a monophyletic group but are rather found on separate branches across the mamastrovirus tree. In addition to type species strains, we found highly divergent strains that form two additional lineages, one of which falls outside existing taxonomic groups. The presence of diverse astroviruses in a majority of healthy pigs likely represents a continuous source of infection to piglets and possibly to other animal species including humans. Porcine astrovirus strains appeared phylogenetically related not only to prototypical human astroviruses, as was already known, but also to novel human strains recently discovered suggesting multiple cross species transmission events between these hosts and other animal species. Overall, the findings reported in this study suggest an active role of pigs in the evolution and ecology of the Astroviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Luo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe Laboratory, 3400 Blvd Casavant West, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Smits SL, van Leeuwen M, Kuiken T, Hammer AS, Simon JH, Osterhaus ADME. Identification and characterization of deer astroviruses. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2719-22. [PMID: 20668117 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of emerging infectious viruses in humans requires a more effective approach regarding virus surveillance. A thorough understanding of virus diversity in wildlife provides epidemiological baseline information about pathogens and may lead to the identification of newly emerging pathogens in the future. In this study, diarrhoea samples from an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness in a Danish population of European roe deer were gathered for which no aetiological agent could be identified. Large-scale molecular RNA virus screening, based on host nucleic acid depletion, sequence-independent amplification and sequencing of partially purified viral RNA, revealed the presence of novel astroviruses, CcAstV-1 and CcAstV-2, in two of ten diarrhoea samples. Whether these viruses were responsible for causing diarrhoea remains to be determined. Phylogenetic analyses on amplified sequences showed that these viruses were most closely related to each other, were a novel species in the genus Mamastrovirus and may represent two different serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Smits
- ViroClinics BioSciences BV, Erasmus Medical Center, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Chu DKW, Chin AWH, Smith GJ, Chan KH, Guan Y, Peiris JSM, Poon LLM. Detection of novel astroviruses in urban brown rats and previously known astroviruses in humans. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2457-62. [PMID: 20554799 PMCID: PMC3052596 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several novel astroviruses have been recently discovered in humans and in other animals. Here, we report results from our surveillance of astroviruses in human and rodent faecal samples in Hong Kong. Classical human astroviruses (n=9) and a human MLB1 astrovirus were detected in human faecal samples (n=622). Novel astroviruses were detected from 1.6 % of the faecal samples of urban brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) (n=441), indicating the prevalence of astrovirus infection in rats might be much lower than that recently observed in bats. These rat astroviruses were phylogenetically related to recently discovered human astroviruses MLB1 and MLB2, suggesting that the MLB viruses and these novel rat astroviruses may share a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K W Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Finkbeiner SR, Holtz LR, Jiang Y, Rajendran P, Franz CJ, Zhao G, Kang G, Wang D. Human stool contains a previously unrecognized diversity of novel astroviruses. Virol J 2009; 6:161. [PMID: 19814825 PMCID: PMC2765957 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses are a leading cause of gastrointestinal disease. Since their discovery in 1975, 8 closely related serotypes have been described in humans, and more recently, two new astrovirus species, astrovirus MLB1 and astrovirus VA1, were identified in diarrhea patients. In this study, we used consensus astrovirus primers targeting the RNA polymerase to define the diversity of astroviruses present in pediatric patients with diarrhea on two continents. From 416 stool specimens comprising two different cohorts from Vellore, India, 35 samples were positive. These positive samples were analyzed further by either sequencing of the approximately 400 bp amplicon generated by the consensus PCR or by performing additional RT-PCR specific for individual astroviruses. 19 samples contained the classic human astrovirus serotypes 1-8 while 7 samples were positive for the recently described astrovirus MLB1. Strikingly, from samples that were positive in the consensus PCR screen but negative in the specific PCR assays, five samples contained sequences that were highly divergent from all previously described astroviruses. Sequence analysis suggested that three novel astroviruses, tentatively named astroviruses VA2, MLB2 and VA3, were present in these five patient specimens (AstV-VA2 in 2 patients, AstV-MLB2 in 2 patients and AstV-VA3 in one patient). Using the same RT-PCR screening strategy, 13 samples out of 466 tested stool specimens collected in St. Louis, USA were positive. Nine samples were positive for the classic human astroviruses. One sample was positive for AstV-VA2, and 3 samples were positive for AstV-MLB2 demonstrating that these two viruses are globally widespread. Collectively, these findings underscore the tremendous diversity of astroviruses present in fecal specimens from diarrhea patients. Given that a significant fraction of diarrhea etiologies is currently unknown, it is plausible that these or other yet unrecognized astroviruses may be responsible for at least part of the undiagnosed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R Finkbeiner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Rivera R, Nollens HH, Venn-Watson S, Gulland FMD, Wellehan JFX. Characterization of phylogenetically diverse astroviruses of marine mammals. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:166-73. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.015222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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50
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Kapoor A, Li L, Victoria J, Oderinde B, Mason C, Pandey P, Zaidi SZ, Delwart E. Multiple novel astrovirus species in human stool. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2965-2972. [PMID: 19692544 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries where numerous cases remain without identified aetiology. Astroviruses are a recently identified cause of animal gastroenteritis which currently includes two species suspected of causing human diarrhoea. Using pan-astrovirus RT-PCR, we analysed human stool samples from different continents for astrovirus-related RNA sequences. We identified variants of the two known human astrovirus species plus, based on genetic distance criteria, three novel astrovirus species all distantly related to mink and ovine astroviruses, which we provisionally named HMOAstV species A-C. The complete genome of species A displayed all the conserved characteristics of mammalian astroviruses. Each of the now three groups of astroviruses found in human stool (HAstV, AstV-MLB and HMOAstV) were more closely related to animal astroviruses than to each other, indicating that human astroviruses may periodically emerge from zoonotic transmissions. Based on the pathogenic impact of their closest phylogenetic relatives in animals, further investigations of the role of HMOAstV, so far detected in Nigeria, Nepal and Pakistan, in human gastroenteritis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kapoor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, and Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, and Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Victoria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, and Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B Oderinde
- WHO National Polio Laboratory, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - C Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Pandey
- CIWEC Clinic Travel Medicine Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Z Zaidi
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - E Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, and Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
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