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de Assis Noman G, Lacerda de Moura BE, Vieira ML. Leptospiral LipL45 lipoprotein undergoes processing and shares structural similarities with bacterial sigma regulators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 717:150057. [PMID: 38718568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic infectious disease of human and veterinary concern caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. To date, little progress towards understanding leptospiral pathogenesis and identification of virulence factors has been made, which is the main bottleneck for developing effective measures against the disease. Some leptospiral proteins, including LipL32, Lig proteins, LipL45, and LipL21, are being considered as potential virulence factors or vaccine candidates. However, their function remains to be established. LipL45 is the most expressed membrane lipoprotein in leptospires, upregulated when the bacteria are transferred to temperatures resembling the host, expressed during infection, suppressed after culture attenuation, and known to suffer processing in vivo and in vitro, generating fragments. Based on body of evidence, we hypothesized that the LipL45 processing might occur by an auto-cleavage event, deriving two fragments. The results presented here, based on bioinformatics, structure modeling analysis, and experimental data, corroborate that LipL45 processing probably includes a self-catalyzed non-proteolytic event and suggest the participation of LipL45 in cell-surface signaling pathways, as the protein shares structural similarities with bacterial sigma regulators. Our data indicate that LipL45 might play an important role in response to environmental conditions, with possible function in the adaptation to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Assis Noman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | | | - Mônica Larucci Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Macchi MV, Suanes A, Salaberry X, Dearmas BE, Rivas E, Piaggio J, Gil AD. Leptospirosis as a cause of infertility in Uruguayan beef cattle. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106227. [PMID: 38772120 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira spp., is a globally significant zoonotic disease that affects humans and animals. In cattle, leptospirosis is associated not only with overt clinical manifestations but also with reproductive diseases, including infertility. This study assesses the potential correlation between leptospirosis and infertility in Uruguayan beef cattle. A case-control study involved 31 beef herds with no prior history of Leptospira vaccination. In each herd, veterinarians identified 10 non-pregnant (cases) and 25 pregnant cows (controls) using ultrasound, and blood and urine samples were collected from each cow. Serological diagnosis was performed using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to assess Leptospira excretion. Additionally, antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) were tested. The results demonstrated an association between seropositivity to the Sejroe serogroup (cut-off 1:200) and infertility in cattle (OR=1.31; p-value=0.06). Furthermore, the level of Leptospira excretion (qPCR) in urine was associated with increased infertility risk, with cows excreting over 100 copies per mL of urine having the highest odds of infertility (OR=2.34; p-value<0.01). This study suggests a potential association between leptospirosis and infertility in Uruguayan beef cattle, emphasizing the importance of both serological and molecular diagnostics for assessing reproductive health in cattle herds. Future research should explore the impact of Leptospira serogroups on other reproductive disorders in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Macchi
- División de laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Alejandra Suanes
- División de laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ximena Salaberry
- División de laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno E Dearmas
- Departamento de Bioestadística, Facultad de Veterinaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emiliano Rivas
- División de laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Piaggio
- Departamento de Bioestadística, Facultad de Veterinaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés D Gil
- Departamento de Bioestadística, Facultad de Veterinaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Silva-Caso W, Aguilar-Luis MA, Espinoza-Espíritu W, Vilcapoma-Balbin M, Del Valle LJ, Misaico-Revate E, Soto-Febres F, Pérez-Lazo G, Martins-Luna J, Perona-Fajardo F, Del Valle-Mendoza J. Leptospira spp. and Rickettsia spp. as pathogens with zoonotic potential causing acute undifferentiated febrile illness in a central-eastern region of Peru. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:171. [PMID: 38902784 PMCID: PMC11188165 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVE this study was to determine the relationship between acute febrile illness and bacterial pathogens with zoonotic potential that cause emerging and re-emerging diseases in a central-eastern region of Peru. RESULTS Out of the 279 samples analyzed, 23 (8.2%) tested positive for infection by Rickettsia spp., while a total of 15 (5.4%) tested positive for Leptospira spp. Women had a higher frequency of infection by Rickettsia spp., with 13 cases (53.3%), while men had a higher frequency of infection by Leptospira spp., with 10 cases (66.7%). The most frequently reported general symptom was headache, with 100.0% (n = 23) of patients with Rickettsia (+) and 86.7% (n = 13) of patients with Leptospira (+) experiencing it. Arthralgia was the second most frequent symptom, reported by 95.6% (n = 22) and 60% (n = 9) of patients with Rickettsia (+) and Leptospira (+), respectively. Myalgia was reported by 91.3% (n = 21) and 66.7% (n = 10) of patients with Rickettsia (+) and Leptospira (+), respectively. Retroocular pain, low back pain, and skin rash were also present, but less frequently. Among the positives, no manifestation of bleeding was recorded, although only one positive case for Leptospira spp. presented a decrease in the number of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmer Silva-Caso
- School of Medicine, Research Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Unidad de Post Grado, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru.
| | - Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis
- School of Medicine, Research Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Luis J Del Valle
- Centre d'Enginyeria Biotecnologica i Molecular (CEBIM), Departament d'Enginyeria Quıímica, ETSEIB, Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona Tech, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Soto-Febres
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital-EsSalud, Lima, 15033, Peru
| | - Giancarlo Pérez-Lazo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital-EsSalud, Lima, 15033, Peru
| | - Johanna Martins-Luna
- School of Medicine, Research Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Francisco Perona-Fajardo
- School of Medicine, Research Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Juana Del Valle-Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research Centre of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.
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Carvalho HGAC, Silva DM, Rodrigues GRD, Gameiro AH, Dos Santos RF, Raineri C, Lima AMC. Estimation of economic losses due to leptospirosis in dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2024; 229:106255. [PMID: 38889484 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
There are few studies that effectively quantify the economic losses resulting from problems caused by leptospirosis in naturally infected dairy cattle. Given this gap, the objective of this study was to propose and apply a method to quantify the economic losses resulting from productive and reproductive problems in a commercial dairy herd naturally infected by Leptospira spp. For this study, the zootechnical and economic indicators at a property with Jersey cattle were analyzed during the period from 2014 to 2017. The leptospirosis outbreak occurred in 2014, and the therapeutic approach was carried out between 2015 and 2017, with the latter considered the year of control of the outbreak. The adopted integrated control strategy consisted of dividing the herd according to the serological results obtained through the microscopic agglutination test, the treatment of reagents with streptomycin, and vaccination against leptospirosis of non-reagent heifers and cows. The method used to evaluate the economic indicators of the property was the calculation of the gross margin by taking into account the implicit and explicit cost parameters associated with the manifestation of leptospirosis. The prevalence rate of leptospirosis decreased from 49.4 % in 2015 to 21.6 % in 2017. There was a reduction in the abortion rate (from 40.00 % in 2014 to 9.00 % in 2017), in the stillborn rate (from 2.63 % in 2014 to 1.69 % in 2017) and an increase in the calving rate (from 65.00 % in 2014 to 86.00 % in 2017). In addition, there were increases in the number of lactating cows (from 38 in 2014-57 in 2017) and the mean times of lactation duration, which increased from 275 days in 2014-295 days in 2017. As a result, the average annual production of milk increased from 164,655 liters in 2014-248,521 liters in 2017. In 2014, when treatment hadn't yet started, the gross margin per liter of milk sold, considering implicit and explicit costs, was US$0.00. In 2015 and 2016, US$0.27 and US$0.30 were obtained, respectively, for this variable. In 2017, with the disease under control on the property, the gross margin per liter of milk reached US$0.36. The gross margin per liter of milk sold was higher in the period when the disease was controlled, showing losses of up to 84 % of the gross margin during the outbreak. Immediate treatment of positive cows and preventive measures had a significant impact on improving the productive and economic efficiency of the property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gabryella Andrade Costa Carvalho
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Danilo Mundim Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Roberto Dias Rodrigues
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Studies on Agribusiness, Federal University of Uberlândia, BR 050, km 78. 38410-337. Campus Glória, Bloco 1CCG, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Hauber Gameiro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, Laboratory of Socioeconomic Analyses and Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo 133635-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Ferreira Dos Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Camila Raineri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Studies on Agribusiness, Federal University of Uberlândia, BR 050, km 78. 38410-337. Campus Glória, Bloco 1CCG, Brazil
| | - Anna Monteiro Correia Lima
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315, Brazil
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Petakh P, Oksenych V, Khovpey Y, Kamyshnyi O. Comprehensive Analysis of Antiphage Defense Mechanisms: Serovar-Specific Patterns. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:522. [PMID: 38927188 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a major zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes in the genus Leptospira, affecting over a million people annually and causing approximately 60,000 deaths. Leptospira interrogans, a key causative agent, likely possesses defense systems against bacteriophages (leptophages), yet these systems are not well understood. We analyzed 402 genomes of L. interrogans using the DefenseFinder tool to identify and characterize the antiphage defense systems. We detected 24 unique systems, with CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins), PrrC, Borvo, and Restriction-Modification (R-M) being the most prevalent. Notably, Cas were identified in all strains, indicating their central role in phage defense. Furthermore, there were variations in the antiphage system distribution across different serovars, suggesting unique evolutionary adaptations. For instance, Retron was found exclusively in the Canicola serovar, while prokaryotic Argonaute proteins (pAgo) were only detected in the Grippotyphosa serovar. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of Leptospira's antiphage defense mechanisms. They reveal the potential for the development of serovar-specific phage-based therapies and underscore the importance of further exploring these defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Yevheniya Khovpey
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
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Maksimović Z, Babić S, Zahirović A, Rifatbegović M. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among stray dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:102171. [PMID: 38598876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a (re) emerging zoonosis that occurs worldwide. This study aimed to assess seroprevalence of leptospirosis and to identify the most common reactive serovars and risk factors for seropositivity in apparently healthy stray dogs of unknown vaccination status in the Sarajevo region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Positive microscopic agglutination test titres (≥ 1:25) were detected in 3.87% (156/4028) of samples and most of the sera reacted against one serovar (85.9%). Dogs were most commonly reactive to Canicola (40.4%) and Hardjo (33.3%), followed by Pomona (15.4%) Tarassovi (14.7%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (8.3%), Grippotyphosa (5.8%), Bratislava (1.3%) and Saxkoebing (0.6%). Dogs older than one year had higher odds of seropositivity compared to younger dogs. The seropositivity was higher in spring and autumn than in summer. These results advocate for the need of a control strategy for this zoonosis in the country, which should include sero-surveillance, monitoring, and the inclusion of additional serovars in the testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinka Maksimović
- Department of Pathobiology and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Senka Babić
- Department of Pathobiology and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Amir Zahirović
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maid Rifatbegović
- Department of Pathobiology and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Kędzierska-Mieszkowska S, Kędzierska B, Potrykus K. LIC_12757 from the pathogenic spirochaete Leptospira interrogans encodes an autoregulated ECF σ E-type factor. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110092. [PMID: 38615476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
ECF (extracytoplasmic function) σ factors, members of the σ70-family, are the largest class of alternative σ factors which are stimulated in the presence of specific signals and direct RNA polymerase to transcribe a defined subset of genes. Thanks to them, bacterial pathogens can effectively reprogram their gene expression and, consequently, survive in the host and establish infection in a relatively short time. The number of ECF σ factors encoded within bacterial genomes is different depending on a given species and it reflects the likelihood that these bacteria will encounter harsh environmental conditions. The genome of L. interrogans, a zoonotic pathogen responsible for leptospirosis, is predicted to encode 11 ECF σE-type factors, but none of them have been characterized biochemically to date and their functions are still unknown. Here, we focused on one of the leptospiral ECF σ factors, namely LIC_12757, which was previously found to be up-regulated at elevated temperatures and may be related to the expression of clpB encoding an important L. interrogans virulence factor. We report cloning of the coding sequence of the LIC_12757 gene, its expression with the pET system and biochemical characterization of LIC_12757. By performing EMSA and in vitro transcription assays, we provide strong evidence that LIC_12757 indeed functions as a transcriptional factor that enables RNA polymerase to bind to the specific σE-type promoter and to initiate transcription. Interestingly, we demonstrate that LIC_12757 is autoregulated at the transcriptional level. Our study is a first step towards determining key aspects of LIC_12757 function in pathogenic Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Kędzierska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-308, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Potrykus
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-308, Poland
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Ulsenheimer BC, Tonin AA, von Laer AE, Dos Santos HF, Sangioni LA, Fighera R, Dos Santos MY, Brayer DI, de Avila Botton S. Leptospira borgptersenii and Leptospira interrogans identified in wild mammals in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1941-1948. [PMID: 38691328 PMCID: PMC11153429 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospira spp. are bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease with considerable impacts on the economy, animal health, and public health. This disease has a global distribution and is particularly prevalent in Brazil. Both rural and urban environments are habitats for Leptospira spp., which are primarily transmitted through contact with the urine of infected animals. Consequently, domestic and wild species can harbor these prokaryotes and serve as infection sources for other hosts. In the context of wild animals, there is a dearth of molecular studies elucidating the roles of various animal and bacterial species in the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA in different species of free-living and captive wild animals and to assess the phylogenetic relationships of the identified microorganisms in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The samples were evaluated for the presence of the gene lipL32 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the amplified fragment after which phylogenetic analyzes were carried out. DNA from Leptospira spp. was extracted from kidney tissue from wild animals (Mammalia class). Pathogenic Leptospira spp. DNA was detected in 9.6% (11/114) of the samples, originating from nine species of wild animals, including the white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris), skunk (Conepatus chinga), geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi), margay (Leopardus wiedii), pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), neotropical river otter (Lontra longicaudis), and european hare (Lepus europaeus). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of Leptospira borgpetersenii and Leptospira interrogans in these animals. This research is the first study contributing to the epidemiology of leptospirosis by identifying L. borgpetersenii and L. interrogans in free-living and captive wild animals in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, potentially acting as bacterial reservoirs. Additionally, our findings can inform sanitary measures for controlling and preventing the disease, thereby safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carolina Ulsenheimer
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Laboratório de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Leptospirose (LabLepto), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Alberto Tonin
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Laboratório de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Leptospirose (LabLepto), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas (IFAM), Campus Manaus, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69083-000, Brasil
| | - Ana Eucares von Laer
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Laboratório de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Leptospirose (LabLepto), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Helton Fernandes Dos Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Rafael Fighera
- Departamento de Patologia. Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Matheus Yuri Dos Santos
- Departamento de Patologia. Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer
- Instituto de Biologia (IB), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96010-900, Brasil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia (DMIP), Laboratório de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Leptospirose (LabLepto), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Brasil.
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9
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Ca Ferreira L, de Fa Ferreira Filho L, V Cosate MR, Sakamoto T. Genetic structure and diversity of the rfb locus of pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302478. [PMID: 38514188 PMCID: PMC10958091 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic strains of the genus Leptospira and is considered the most widespread zoonotic bacterial disease. The genus is characterized by the large number of serology variants, which challenges developing effective serotyping methods and vaccines with a broad spectrum. Because knowledge on the genetic basis of the serological diversity among leptospires is still limited, we aimed to explore the genetic structure and patterns of the rfb locus, which is involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides, the major surface antigen that defines the serovar in leptospires. Here, we used genomic data of 722 pathogenic samples and compared the gene composition of their rfb locus by hierarchical clustering. Clustering analysis showed that the rfb locus gene composition is species-independent and strongly associated with the serological classification. The samples were grouped into four well-defined classes, which cluster together samples either belonging to the same serogroup or from different serogroups but sharing serological affinity. Our findings can assist in the development of new strategies based on molecular methods, which can lead to better tools for serological identification in this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ca Ferreira
- https://ror.org/04wn09761 Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Fa Ferreira Filho
- https://ror.org/04wn09761 Departamento de Engenharia de Computação e Automação (DCA), Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Maria Raquel V Cosate
- UMass Chain Medical School, Nonhuman Primates Reagent Resources, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tetsu Sakamoto
- https://ror.org/04wn09761 Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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10
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Wells T, Kiupel M, Mani R, Nofs SA, Thompson KA, Eustace R. THREE CASES OF CLINICAL LEPTOSPIROSIS IN PATAGONIAN MARAS ( DOLICHOTIS PATAGONUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:502-510. [PMID: 38875208 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rodents are typically viewed as asymptomatic reservoirs for leptospirosis infection, as clinical disease in rodents is rarely described. This report includes three separate cases of leptospirosis in Patagonian maras (Dolichotis patagonum) over a 3-yr period in multiple locations within a single zoo. All three cases presented with varying clinical signs including lethargy, conjunctival hyperemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and presumed renal azotemia. Infection with Leptospira spp. was diagnosed antemortem by PCR on whole blood (n = 1, Case 1) or urine (n = 2, Cases 2 and 3). Leptospira antibody titers measured by serum microagglutination testing (n = 3) were elevated or increased in all three animals over a 1-3-wk period for Leptospira serovars Bratislava and Hardjo (Case 1) and Grippotyphosa (Case 2 and 3). Two of the three animals responded to treatment with penicillin and doxycycline and supportive care, whereas one animal did not respond to treatment. Postmortem findings in this individual included conjunctivitis, chemosis, dehydration, icterus, tricavitary serosanguinous effusions, necrotizing hepatitis, diffuse pulmonary congestion, and edema. Immunohistochemical examination identified scattered Leptospira organisms within hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. A wild raccoon (Procyon lotor) at the institution tested positive by PCR on kidney tissue for the same Leptospira spp. serovar and was the suspected source of infection. This case series highlights the clinical importance of leptospirosis as a differential for Patagonian maras presenting with lethargy, ocular signs, acute hepatic disease, and azotemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylr Wells
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Rinosh Mani
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Sally A Nofs
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Potter Park Zoo, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
| | - Kimberly A Thompson
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Binder Park Zoo, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA
| | - Ronan Eustace
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA,
- Potter Park Zoo, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
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11
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Zečević I, Picardeau M, Vince S, Hađina S, Perharić M, Štritof Z, Stevanović V, Benvin I, Turk N, Lohman Janković I, Habuš J. Association between Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Abortion in Mares in Croatia. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1039. [PMID: 38930421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic infections and a major problem in terms of both veterinary medicine and public health. However, the disease is under-recognised and under-diagnosed worldwide, particularly in horses. Clinical leptospirosis in horses is mainly associated with recurrent uveitis (ERU), which has recently been studied more intensively, and reproductive disorders, the epidemiology of which is still relatively poorly understood. To enhance our comprehension of abortions caused by leptospirosis in horses and to identify the causative strains, a serological study was carried out with subsequent molecular characterisation of the isolate obtained. Using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), serum samples from mares that aborted and foetal fluids (when available) were tested for antibodies against Leptospira spp. Furthermore, bacteria isolation from kidney cultures was conducted. Of 97 mare serum samples, 21 (21.64%) tested positive, with Grippotyphosa and Pomona being the most frequently detected serogroups. A significantly higher seroprevalence was found in aborting mares compared to the healthy horse population from the same geographical area, as well as a pronounced seasonal variation. Leptospiral antibodies were not detected in any of the foetal fluids, but isolation was successful in 1 case out of 39 (2.56%). Genotyping by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) identified the obtained isolate as Leptospira kirschneri, serogroup Pomona, serovar Mozdok. Further surveillance and molecular typing of Leptospira strains causing abortion in horses would be invaluable in understanding the prevalence and impact of leptospirosis on equine reproductive health in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Zečević
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Silvijo Vince
- Reproduction and Obstetrics Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Hađina
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matko Perharić
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Štritof
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanović
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Benvin
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lohman Janković
- Ministry of Agriculture, Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Habuš
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Ulsenheimer BC, Dos Santos MY, Della Flora B, Matarrita DAR, de Avila Botton S, Von Laer AE, Pereira DIB, Fighera RA, Tonin AA. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in unconventional pets. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:102158. [PMID: 38513385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira spp. responsible for considerable impacts on the public and animal health. In the past two decades, non-domesticated species of pets (unconventional pets) have become popular. However, the role of these unconventional pets on maintaining diseases still unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to survey the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA in unconventional pets. Samples of kidney tissues from 29 animals belonging to the Mammalia class (including Orders Carnivora, Lagomorpha and Rodentia) were analyzed for the presence of the gene lipL32. As a result, DNA of pathogenic Leptospira spp. from specie L. interrogans was detected in four (13,80%) of the analyzed samples: three from Oryctolagus cuniculus and one from Mesocricetus auratus. This study highlights the importance of epidemiological surveillance of leptospirosis, as it identified in species of unconventional pets, that may possibly act as reservoirs of Leptospira spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carolina Ulsenheimer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa e Diagnóstico em Leptospirose (LABLEPTO), UFSM, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Yuri Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária - Serviço de Consultoria Diagnóstica Veterinária (SEDIVET), UFSM, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Della Flora
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Diagnóstico em Leptospirose (LABLEPTO), UFSM, Brazil.
| | | | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa e Diagnóstico em Leptospirose (LABLEPTO), UFSM, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Almeida Fighera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária - Serviço de Consultoria Diagnóstica Veterinária (SEDIVET), UFSM, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Alberto Tonin
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária - Serviço de Consultoria Diagnóstica Veterinária (SEDIVET), UFSM, Brazil.
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13
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Hsu SH, Yang HY, Chang CC, Tsai SK, Li C, Chang MY, Ko YC, Chou LF, Tsai CY, Tian YC, Yang CW. Blocking pathogenic Leptospira invasion with aptamer molecules targeting outer membrane LipL32 protein. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105299. [PMID: 38224944 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop aptamers targeting LipL32, a most abundant lipoprotein in pathogenic Leptospira, to hinder bacterial invasion. The objectives were to identify high-affinity aptamers through SELEX and evaluate their specificity and inhibitory effects. SELEX was employed to generate LipL32 aptamers (L32APs) over 15 rounds of selection. L32APs' binding affinity and specificity for pathogenic Leptospira were assessed. Their ability to inhibit LipL32-ECM interaction and Leptospira invasion was investigated. Animal studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of L32AP treatment on survival rates, Leptospira colonization, and kidney damage. Three L32APs with strong binding affinity were identified. They selectively detected pathogenic Leptospira, sparing non-pathogenic strains. L32APs inhibited LipL32-ECM interaction and Leptospira invasion. In animal studies, L32AP administration significantly improved survival rates, reduced Leptospira colonies, and mitigated kidney damage compared to infection alone. This pioneering research developed functional aptamers targeting pathogenic Leptospira. The identified L32APs exhibited high affinity, pathogen selectivity, and inhibition of invasion and ECM interaction. L32AP treatment showed promising results, enhancing survival rates and reducing Leptospira colonization and kidney damage. These findings demonstrate the potential of aptamers to impede pathogenic Leptospira invasion and aid in recovery from Leptospira-induced kidney injury (190 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hsing Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Huang-Yu Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chien Li
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Ko
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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14
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de Oliveira NR, Maia MAC, Santos FDS, Seixas Neto ACP, Oliveira Bohn TL, Dellagostin OA. Evaluation of protective efficacy, serological responses, and cytokine modulation induced by polyvalent Leptospira vaccines in hamsters. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:102159. [PMID: 38490118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Whole-cell inactivated vaccines (bacterins) are the only licensed vaccines available for leptospirosis prevention and control, especially in domestic and farm animals. However, despite their widespread use, inconsistencies in their efficacy have been reported. Because immunity induced by bacterins is mainly mediated by antibodies against leptospiral lipopolysaccharides, the involvement of cellular responses is not well-known. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and characterize the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by whole-cell inactivated leptospirosis bacterin formulations containing serovars Bratislava, Canicola, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Hardjoprajitno, and Pomona. For the potency test, hamsters were immunized with one dose of polyvalent bacterins (either commercial or experimental) and then challenged with a virulent Pomona strain. Serological (MAT and IgM and IgG-ELISA) and cellular (cytokine transcription in blood evaluated by RT-qPCR) analyses were performed. The results revealed that vaccination with either bacterin formulation was able to protect 90-100% of the hamsters infected with the Pomona serovar, although most of the surviving animals remained as renal carriers. Specific agglutinating antibodies and significant levels of IgM, IgG, and IgG2 (P < 0.05) that were able to react with the six serovars present in the vaccine formulations were produced, indicating that the vaccines can potentially provide immunity against all strains. The protective immunity of these vaccines was mainly mediated by balanced a Th1/Th2 response, characterized by increased IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-α transcription. These data support the importance of characterizing immunological responses involved in bacterin efficacy and investing in the improvement of these vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mara Andrade Colares Maia
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Denis Souza Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Larré Oliveira Bohn
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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15
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Petakh P, Kamyshnyi O. AMR mechanisms in L. interrogans serovars: a comprehensive study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1384427. [PMID: 38681225 PMCID: PMC11045430 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1384427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the global health challenges of the 21st century. Data regarding AMR mechanisms in Leptospira interrogans, the causative agents of leptospirosis, have been relatively limited. Therefore, our study aimed to identify resistance genes and explore potential resistance mechanisms specific to particular serovars. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of 98 Leptospira strains, representing 10 common serovars, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) FASTA files. Employing the PATRIC tool from the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC), we scrutinized the genomes for AMR genes. Our investigation revealed 32 genes associated with AMR, with 20 key genes consistently prevalent across most strains. Notably, we identified unique efflux pump systems in serovar Pomona, indicating distinctive resistance mechanisms in this serovar. In summary, our findings shed light on the genetic landscape of AMR in Leptospira, uncovering both common and serovar-specific resistance elements. The presence of unique efflux pump systems in serovar Pomona introduces a novel dimension to our understanding of resistance mechanisms. These insights underscore the importance of tailored intervention strategies and collaborative efforts between human and veterinary healthcare professionals, as well as environmental scientists, to address the complex dynamics of leptospirosis and its implications for antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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16
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Garcia-Lopez M, Lurier T, Bouilloud M, Pradel J, Tatard C, Sepulveda D, Anfray G, Dussert J, Bourhy P, Charbonnel N, Djelouadji Z. Prevalence, genetic diversity and eco-epidemiology of pathogenic Leptospira species in small mammal communities in urban parks Lyon city, France. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300523. [PMID: 38598501 PMCID: PMC11006123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rodents are recognized as the main reservoirs of Leptospira spp. Rats, in particular, serve as hosts for the widely predominant Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, found worldwide. Several studies have shown the importance of other reservoirs, such as mice or hedgehogs, which harbor other leptospires' serovars. Nevertheless, our knowledge of circulating Leptospira spp. in reservoirs other than rats remains limited. In this context, we proposed an eco-health approach to assess the health hazard associated with leptospires in urban green spaces, where contacts between human/small mammals and domestic animals are likely. We studied the prevalence, the diversity of circulating strains, and epidemiology of pathogenic Leptospira species in small terrestrial mammal communities (rodents and shrews), between 2020-2022, in two parks in Lyon metropolis, France. Our study showed a significant carriage of Leptospira spp. in small terrestrial mammals in these parks and unveiled a global prevalence rate of 11.4%. Significant variations of prevalence were observed among the small mammal species (from 0 to 26.1%), with Rattus norvegicus exhibiting the highest infection levels (26.1%). We also observed strong spatio-temporal variations in Leptospira spp. circulation in its reservoirs. Prevalence seems to be higher in the peri-urban park and in autumn in 2021 and 2022. This is potentially due to differences in landscape, abiotic conditions and small mammal communities' composition. Our study suggests an important public health relevance of rats and in a lesser extent of other rodents (Apodemus spp., Clethrionomys glareolus and Mus musculus) as reservoirs of L. interrogans, with rodent species carrying specific serogroups/serovars. We also emphasize the potential hazard associated between the shrew Crocidura russula and L. kirschneri. Altogether, these results improve our knowledge about the prevalence of leptospirosis in an urban environment, which is an essential prerequisite for the implementation of prevention of associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia-Lopez
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Lurier
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Marie Bouilloud
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Pradel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Tatard
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Sepulveda
- Department of Health, Health and Environment Service, City of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Pascale Bourhy
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Charbonnel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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17
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Beato-Benítez A, Cano-Terriza D, Gonzálvez M, Martínez R, Pérez-Cobo I, Ruano MJ, Guerra R, Mozos-Mora E, García-Bocanegra I. Fatal leptospirosis in endangered Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) kept in captivity: Assessing the role of sympatric rodents. Vet Microbiol 2024; 291:110028. [PMID: 38367538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Between December 2020 and January 2021, an outbreak of acute mortality in endangered Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) kept in captivity was detected in a zoo in Spain. The main findings observed in the two fatally affected animals at post-mortem evaluation were jaundice, renal tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis. Leptospira spp. infection was confirmed by real time PCR (qPCR) in different tissues in both individuals. Analyses of secY gene from a positive individual showed 100% homology with a previously published sequence corresponding to Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. Free-living sympatric brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the affected zoo were also analyzed, and showed a prevalence and seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. of 18.2% (4/22; 95% CI: 2.1-34.3) and 41.9% (26/62; 95% CI: 29.7-54.2), respectively. We detected seropositive sera to five different serovars of Leptospira spp. (Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Canicola and Hardjo) in the rodent population, with L. Copenhageni being the predominant one. This study describes for first time an outbreak of fatal leptospirosis in captive non-human primates in Europe. Our results show that Barbary macaques, an endangered species, are highly susceptible to Leptospira spp. infection, with sympatric wild rodents being the most likely reservoir animals involved in transmission in this outbreak. Our results suggest that rodent control could be an effective measure for minimizing exposure to Leptospira spp. in zoological collections. Given the potential implications for conservation, animal and public health, non-human primates and rodents should be included in surveillance programs for Leptospira spp. in zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Beato-Benítez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Moisés Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Remigio Martínez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Iratxe Pérez-Cobo
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 28110 Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Ruano
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 28110 Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Guerra
- Centro de Conservación Zoo Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Elena Mozos-Mora
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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18
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Xavier AM, Kumar AS. Acute kidney injury in the tropics. Trop Doct 2024; 54:98-107. [PMID: 38247316 DOI: 10.1177/00494755231222956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury in the Tropics is strikingly different from that in developed countries in terms of aetiology and presentation. Moreover, there are radical differences between the developed world and the economically poorer regions within the tropics. Infections are the number one cause leading to significant mortality. This article reviews the most common causes of acute kidney injury in the Tropics and describes its management briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Maria Xavier
- Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ag Sravan Kumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Chengalpet, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gajdov V, Jokic G, Savic S, Zekic M, Blazic T, Rajkovic M, Petrovic T. Genotyping of Leptospira spp. in wild rats leads to first time detection of L. kirshneri serovar Mozdok in Serbia. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1379021. [PMID: 38605707 PMCID: PMC11006980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1379021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of Leptospira species in Belgrade, Serbia, an area where this disease is underexplored. Specifically, the study sought to employ molecular and multilocus sequence typing analyses to fill the gap in understanding the diversity and distribution of Leptospira species within the region. Methods A comprehensive molecular analysis was conducted on kidney samples obtained from Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the urban environment. The study utilized molecular diagnostic techniques including real-time PCR targeting the lipL32 gene and performing sequence-based typing schemes utilizing adk, icdA, lipL32, lipL41, rrs2, and secY genes. These methodologies were applied to ascertain the presence and characterize different Leptospira species and serovars, respectively. Results The findings revealed the presence of two Leptospira species and three separate serovars in the Belgrade area. This study identified the presence of L. kirschneri serovar Mozdok in Serbia for the first time, a significant discovery previously undocumented in the region. This pioneering investigation sheds light on the molecular diversity and prevalence of Leptospira species in Serbia. Discussion The study underscores the importance of employing molecular typing methods to gain insights into the epidemiology and characterization of Leptospira species. These findings significantly contribute to both local and global perspectives on leptospirosis epidemiology, providing vital insights for the development of effective control strategies and interventions. Summary In our recent study, we explored the presence and performed molecular typing of the Leptospira species, the bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, in wild rats in Serbia. This was the first time such a study was conducted in the region. Leptospirosis is a serious disease that affects both animals and humans, often transmitted through contact with water contaminated by infected animals. Our focus was on understanding which types of Leptospira were present in these animals. Excitingly, we discovered a particular strain of Leptospira, known as L. kirshneri serovar Mozdok, for the first time in Serbia. This finding is significant because it sheds light on the presence and spread of different Leptospira serovars in Serbia. It also raises awareness about the potential health risks associated with this serovar, which was previously unknown in the area. Our work fits into a broader context of disease surveillance and public health. By identifying the types of Leptospira present in a specific region, we can better understand the risks to public health and take steps to prevent and control the spread of leptospirosis. This discovery is not just important for scientists studying infectious diseases; it has real implications for public health officials, veterinarians, and anyone concerned with preventing and treating leptospirosis. Our findings highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of Leptospira in wildlife and synanthropic fauna, to protect both animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gajdov
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goran Jokic
- Laboratory for Applied Zoology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sara Savic
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marina Zekic
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tanja Blazic
- Laboratory for Applied Zoology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamas Petrovic
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Matiz-González JM, Ballesteros-Ballesteros JA, Hernández M, Mejorano-Fonseca JA, Cuervo C, Faccini-Martínez ÁA, Hidalgo M, Pérez-Torres J, Silva-Ramos CR. Genetic diversity of P1/pathogenic Leptospira species hosted by bats worldwide. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 38509439 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bats are a diverse group of mammals that have unique features allowing them to act as reservoir hosts for several zoonotic pathogens such as Leptospira. Leptospires have been classified into pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic groups and more recently into clades P1, P2, S1, and S2, being all the most important pathogenic species related to leptospirosis included within the P1/pathogenic clade. Leptospira has been detected from bats in several regions worldwide; however, the diversity of leptospires harboured by bats is still unknown. AIM The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity of Leptospira spp. harboured by bats worldwide. METHODS A systematic review was conducted on four databases to retrieve studies in which Leptospira was detected from bats. All studies were screened to retrieve all available Leptospira spp. 16S rRNA sequences from the GenBank database and data regarding their origin. Sequences obtained were compared with each other and reference sequences of Leptospira species and analysed through phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS A total of 418 Leptospira spp. 16S rRNA sequences isolated from 55 bat species from 14 countries were retrieved from 15 selected manuscripts. From these, 417 sequences clustered within the P1/pathogenic group, and only one sequence clustered within the P2/intermediate group. Six major clades of P1/pathogenic Leptospira spp. were identified, three of them composed exclusively of sequences obtained from bats. CONCLUSION We identified that bats harbour a great genetic diversity of Leptospira spp. that form part of the P1/pathogenic clade, some of which are closely related to leptospirosis-associated species. This finding contributes to the knowledge of the diversity of leptospires hosted by bats worldwide and reinforces the role of bats as reservoirs of P1/pathogenic Leptospira spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Manuel Matiz-González
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jesús A Ballesteros-Ballesteros
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Hernández
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julián A Mejorano-Fonseca
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Cuervo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Álvaro A Faccini-Martínez
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
- Servicios y Asesorías en Infectología - SAI, Bogotá, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marylin Hidalgo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jairo Pérez-Torres
- Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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21
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Sayanthi Y, Susanna D. Pathogenic Leptospira contamination in the environment: a systematic review. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2024; 14:2324820. [PMID: 38511199 PMCID: PMC10953783 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2024.2324820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic Leptospira is maintained in renal tubules of certain animals, mostly rodents, and excreted in the urine which can contaminate the environment. It is necessary to detect pathogenic Leptospira in environmental samples. Knowing the survival of Leptospira in the environment (water and soil) can provide an overview of where and how they can be transmitted to humans. Objective Therefore, this study aimed to provide a systematic overview of pathogenic Leptospira presence in water and soil environment, the various species of pathogenic Leptospira that are harmful for human, and the ability to survive using a systematic review method. Methods The search process used four databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and ProQuest. Furthermore, the articles sought were published from 2000 to July 2021, and 38 were analysed. Results The pathogenic Leptospira contamination in water was higher in urban areas, while soil samples were higher in rural areas. Various pathogenic Leptospira detected in the environment were L. alstonii, L. kmetyi, L. noguchii, and L. interrogans. Those pathogenic Leptospira can survive in water at 4-30°C and at pH < 7; in soil, it can survive at a humidity of < 20% and a pH < 6. Conclusion Urban and rural areas have the same risk for leptospirosis disease because pathogenic Leptospira (P1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Sayanthi
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Department of Training-Services, PT. Immarez Solusi Utama Consultant - Training – Services, Serang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Susanna
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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22
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Hagedoorn NN, Maze MJ, Carugati M, Cash-Goldwasser S, Allan KJ, Chen K, Cossic B, Demeter E, Gallagher S, German R, Galloway RL, Habuš J, Rubach MP, Shiokawa K, Sulikhan N, Crump JA. Global distribution of Leptospira serovar isolations and detections from animal host species: A systematic review and online database. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:161-172. [PMID: 38351504 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leptospira, the spirochaete causing leptospirosis, can be classified into >250 antigenically distinct serovars. Although knowledge of the animal host species and geographic distribution of Leptospira serovars is critical to understand the human and animal epidemiology of leptospirosis, current data are fragmented. We aimed to systematically review, the literature on animal host species and geographic distribution of Leptospira serovars to examine associations between serovars with animal host species and regions and to identify geographic regions in need of study. METHODS Nine library databases were searched from inception through 9 March 2023 using keywords including Leptospira, animal, and a list of serovars. We sought reports of detection of Leptospira, from any animal, characterised by cross agglutinin absorption test, monoclonal antibody typing, serum factor analysis, or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to identify the serovar. RESULTS We included 409 reports, published from 1927 through 2022, yielding data on 154 Leptospira serovars. The reports included data from 66 (26.5%) of 249 countries. Detections were from 144 animal host species including 135 (93.8%) from the class Mammalia, 5 (3.5%) from Amphibia, 3 (2.1%) from Reptilia, and 1 (0.7%) from Arachnida. Across the animal host species, Leptospira serovars that were detected in the largest number of animal species included Grippotyphosa (n = 39), Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 29), Pomona (n = 28), Australis (n = 25), and Ballum (n = 25). Of serovars, 76 were detected in a single animal host species. We created an online database to identify animal host species for each serovar by country. CONCLUSIONS We found that many countries have few or no Leptospira serovars detected from animal host species and that many serovars were detected from a single animal species. Our study highlights the importance of efforts to identify animal host species of leptospirosis, especially in places with a high incidence of human leptospirosis. We provide an updated resource for leptospirosis researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke N Hagedoorn
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Maze
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Manuela Carugati
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kathryn J Allan
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin Chen
- Infectious Diseases Department, Te Whatu Ora Hauora a Toi Bay of Plenty, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Brieuc Cossic
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Elena Demeter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Gallagher
- Health Sciences Library, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard German
- Health Sciences Library, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Renee L Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Josipa Habuš
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matthew P Rubach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kanae Shiokawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - Nadezhda Sulikhan
- Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, FEB Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
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23
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Liu YH, Chen YH, Chen CM. Fulminant Leptospirosis Presenting with Rapidly Developing Acute Renal Failure and Multiorgan Failure. Biomedicines 2024; 12:435. [PMID: 38398036 PMCID: PMC10886720 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the Leptospira genus, is a common zoonosis in tropical and subtropical regions and can lead to an epidemic following heavy rainfall or flooding. The primary reservoirs of Leptospira include rodents, wild animals, dogs, cats, amphibians, and others, but the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) remains the main source of human Leptospirosis. Humans are often accidental hosts and they can be infected through cuts, abrasions, mucosa, conjunctiva, or by ingesting contaminated water. The clinical manifestation of leptospirosis can vary from mild, nonspecific symptoms to a fatal outcome involving liver and renal failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, meningitis, and septic shock. The severity of fatal outcomes is likely to be due to virulence factors, host susceptibility, and epidemiological conditions. L. interrogans are associated with high-risk individuals, particularly patients older than 60 years of age in clinical settings. The current case study showed a foreign worker who presented with rapidly deteriorating clinical signs of fever, jaundice, impaired consciousness, and oliguric acute renal failure. Drawing from our experience, it is advisable to consider the possibility of leptospirosis diagnosis in patients who show clinical symptoms such as fever, hepatic failure with jaundice, and acute renal failure. This is particularly important for those individuals with a prior history of pathogen exposure. This case study had a strong suspicion of leptospirosis, which was confirmed by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and, later, the patient's recovery following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jen-Ai Hospital, Dali Branch, Jen-Ai Medical Foundation and Chang Gung Medical Foundation Cooperation Alliance, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jen-Ai Hospital, Dali Branch, Jen-Ai Medical Foundation and Chang Gung Medical Foundation Cooperation Alliance, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Doctorial Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, The Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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24
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Comia IR, Manuel L, Miambo RD, Carimo AA, Manjate PDF, Maholela AE, Banze LR, Buene TP, Nhancupe N, Sousa IM, Benson CA, Schooley RT, Sacarlal J, Noormahomed EV. A Cross Sectional Study on the Bidirectional Interactions Between Leptospirosis and HIV Infection Among Patients from Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique. Res Rep Trop Med 2024; 15:1-11. [PMID: 38371361 PMCID: PMC10871144 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s445878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aims to determine the baseline seroprevalence of leptospirosis, a zoonotic and neglected disease, in people living with HIV (PWH) in Maputo, Mozambique, and to evaluate the relationship between selected HIV-related factors that might influence risk of coinfection with leptospirosis, such as degree of immunosuppression, as assessed by CD4 cell count, World Health Organization (WHO) HIV/AIDS clinical stage and antiretroviral therapy (ART) intake. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional analysis of 157 PWH, aged over 18 years old, admitted to the Maputo Central Hospital, in Maputo, Mozambique, between March 2020 and October 2021. The study participants were recruited as a convenience sample regardless of the reasons for their admission. We collected sociodemographic and clinical data, including ART and WHO HIV/AIDS clinical stage, and blood for CD4 cell count and detection of Leptospira IgG antibodies using a commercial Kit ab247199 Leptospira IgG ELISA (www.abcam.com/ab247199) with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 97.3%, respectively. Laboratory testing was performed at the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University and Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, in Maputo. Results Participants were aged 18 to 72 years (median age 39 years; SD ± 10.5), the majority were female 100 (63.7%), from urban areas 138 (87.9%), with secondary-level education 80 (51%). The overall seroprevalence of Leptospira IgG antibodies was 40.1%. The median CD4 cell count was 385 cells/µl (02 to 2297; SD ± 378.47). Higher seroprevalence of Leptospira antibodies was found among participants with CD4 cell counts <250 cells/µl (54.8%), WHO HIV/AIDS stage IV (70.2%) and those on ART (92%), though there were no statistically significant differences between groups with and without Leptospira antibodies. Conclusion Our study confirmed that Leptospira antibodies are highly prevalent in PWH in Maputo; however, Leptospira infection was not associated with the degree of immunosuppression, WHO HIV/AIDS clinical stage, or the use of ART. Our data support the need for routine screening for leptospirosis in PWH in Mozambique. Future studies are warranted to characterize the incidence and outcomes of symptomatic leptospirosis in this patient population and to identify circulating serovars and species in the country and region, as well as the implicated reservoirs.
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Grants
- research work and student fellowship
- the National Institutes of Health
- Fogarty International Center
- titled Enhanced Advanced Biomedical Training in Mozambique
- Additionally, RTS and EVN received support from the above-mentioned grant to support their efforts as PI and co-PI, respectively. RDM, IMS, LB, and TB received support from the above grant as mentors. NN, AC, PFM, AM, CAB, RTS, JS, and EVN received support from the grant number R25TW011216 also from NIH-FIC and PEPFAR. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders
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Affiliation(s)
- Isac Rodrigues Comia
- Department of Research and Extension, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Leonardo Manuel
- Department of Research and Extension, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Regina Daniel Miambo
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Para-Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Awa Abdul Carimo
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Percílio da Floca Manjate
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ana Edith Maholela
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lucas Raimundo Banze
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Titos Paulo Buene
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Noémia Nhancupe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Irina M Sousa
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Constance A Benson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Emília Virgínia Noormahomed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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25
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez V, Castro-Cordero A, Calderón-Rangel A, Martínez-Ibarra E, Yasnot M, Agudelo-Flórez P, Monroy FP. Acute human leptospirosis in a Caribbean region of Colombia: From classic to emerging risk factors. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:107-119. [PMID: 37924220 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide incidence, with a broad spectrum of health risk factors. AIM The objective was to determine risk factors associated with acute human leptospirosis and to explore predictive variables of risk to human leptospirosis. METHODS The study was carried out in the Department of Córdoba, in the north of Colombia. We conducted a longitudinal prospective descriptive study with non-probabilistic sampling, which included 339 patients suspected of leptospirosis. Positive cases were confirmed by MAT and PCR. The determination of social and environmental risk factors was done with a survey on epidemiological and environmental variables to establish an association between cases of leptospirosis and risk factors as well as predictive variables. RESULTS We found 19.8% (67/339) cases of acute leptospirosis, and the seroprevalence was 27.1% (92/339). The most frequent serogroups were Sejroe, Australis, Pomona, Batavie, Pyrogenes and Grippotyphosa. We identified the following risk factors: age between 10 and 19 years (OR = 2.571; 95% CI); pig ownership (OR = 2.019; 95% CI); bathing or recreational activities in lake/lagoon (OR = 3.85; 95% CI) and in dams (OR = 3.0; 95% CI); floodings 30 days before the onset of symptoms (OR = 2.019; 95% CI), and a mean temperature of 28°C (p 0.044; 95%CI). As significant predictor variables, we identified age (10-19 years), bathing or recreational activities in the lake/lagoon, and flooding 30 days before symptoms were again evidenced. This region presents classic risk factors (pig ownership) and emerging environmental risk factors (recreational practice or bathing in a lake/lagoon and flooding 30 days before the onset of symptoms), and demographic factors such as young age (10-19 years). CONCLUSIONS These factors are also predictors of human cases of acute leptospirosis and provide contextual information on environmental and public health that should be considered for epidemiological surveillance in this endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba (GIMBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Ana Castro-Cordero
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba (GIMBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Calderón-Rangel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico (IIBT), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Colombia
| | | | - Maria Yasnot
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba (GIMBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Piedad Agudelo-Flórez
- Ciencias de la Vida y la Salud, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fernando P Monroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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Panchal J, Patel A, Patel S, Goswami D. Understanding mastitis: Microbiome, control strategies, and prevalence - A comprehensive review. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106533. [PMID: 38171428 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis significantly affects the udder tissue in dairy cattle, leading to inflammation, discomfort, and a decline in both milk yield and quality. The condition can be attributed to an array of microbial agents that access the mammary gland through multiple pathways. The ramifications of this ailment are not merely confined to animal welfare but extend to the financial viability of the livestock industry. This review offers a historical lens on mastitis, tracing its documentation back to 1851, and examines its global distribution with a focus on regional differences in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. Specific microbial genes and communities implicated in both mastitis and AMR are explored, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae,Streptococcus dysagalactiae, Streptococcus uberis Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma bovis, Corynebacterium bovis, among others. These microorganisms have evolved diverse strategies to elude host immune responses and neutralize commonly administered antibiotics, complicating management efforts. The review aims a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and research gaps on mastitis and AMR, and to highlight the need for a One Health approach to address this global health issue. Such an approach entails multi-disciplinary cooperation to foster judicious antibiotic use, enhance preventive measures against mastitis, and bolster surveillance and monitoring of AMR in pathogens responsible for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Panchal
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Arun Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar, 385505, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar, 385505, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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Senavirathna I, Jayasundara D, Warnasekara J, Kappagoda C, Agampodi S. Levels of Cytokines in Leptospirosis Patients with Different Serovars and rfb Locus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024; 44:80-93. [PMID: 38377491 PMCID: PMC10880283 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe disease. The cytokine response is considered one of the key drivers for this varying manifestation. The different cytokine response observed in patients with leptospirosis could be due to the variation of infecting serovars. Since the rfb locus codes for the lipopolysaccharide synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, which also determines the serovar, this locus may play a role in driving a specific cytokine response in the host. We investigated 12 commonly used cytokine profiles in serum samples of culture, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive patients with leptospirosis. The sequences of the rfb locus in culture-positive samples were generated from whole genome sequencing and serovar status was drawn from original data published. Isolated cultures were subjected to whole genome sequencing using the PacBio RS II system, and the resulting data were used to determine the species. The recovered genomic data were annotated with the Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) subsystem, and the rfb locus was extracted. The cytokine analysis was carried out using the Qiagen human ELISA kit. Eighteen samples were found to be positive by culture, while the other 7 samples were positive by PCR or MAT. Infections from Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis (5), Pyrogens (3), Icterohaemorrhagiae (1) Leptospira borgpetersenii (all 7 samples clustered in same clonal group with serovar status not determined), Leptospira weilii (1 with serovar status not determined), and Leptospira kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa (1) were included in the analysis. Three patients [infected with Leptospira interrogansserovar Autumnalis (2) and Pyrogens (1)] and 2 MAT-positive patients (highest titer against serovar Bratislava of L.interrognas) were reported to have severe clinical manifestations, while the rest had mild to moderate symptoms. Although the serum cytokine concentration of patients with severe clinical manifestation was comparatively higher, a statistically significant difference was observed only for interleukin (IL)-1β (P < 0.05). IL-10/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ratio was high in patients with severe complications. In general, patients infected with L. interrogans showed higher concentration of cytokines compared to L. borgpetersenii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indika Senavirathna
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesha Jayasundara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Janith Warnasekara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Chamila Kappagoda
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Suneth Agampodi
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, California, USA
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Suwannin P, Jangpatarapongsa K, Polpanich D, Alhibshi A, Errachid A, Elaissari A. Enhancing leptospirosis control with nanosensing technology: A critical analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 104:102092. [PMID: 37992537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious health problem in tropical areas; thus, animals shed leptospires in the environment. Humans are accidental hosts infected through exposure to contaminating bacteria in the environment. One health strategy can be applied to protect and eliminate leptospirosis because this cooperates and coordinates activities between doctors, veterinarians, and ecologists. However, conventional methods still have limitations. Therefore, the main challenges of leptospirosis control are the high sensing of detection methods to screen and control the pathogens. Interestingly, nano sensing combined with a leptospirosis detection approach can increase the sensitivity and eliminate some limitations. This article reviews nanomaterial development for an advanced leptospirosis detection method, e.g., latex beads-based agglutination test, magnetic nanoparticles enrichment, and gold-nanoparticles-based immunochromatographic assay. Thus, nanomaterials can be functionalized with biomolecules or sensing molecules utilized in various mechanisms such as biosensors. Over the last decade, many biosensors have been developed for Leptospira spp. pathogen and others. The evolution of biosensors for leptospirosis detection was designed for high efficiency and might be an alternative tool. In addition, the high-sensing fabrications are useful for leptospires screening in very low levels, for example, soil or water from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharapan Suwannin
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Kulachart Jangpatarapongsa
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Polpanich
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Amani Alhibshi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Villeurbanne 69622, France.
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Suárez-Galaz A, Reyes-Novelo E, Hernández-Betancourt S, Panti-May A, Estrella E, Sánchez-Montes S, Noh-Pech H, Lugo-Caballero C, Colunga-Salas P, Peláez-Sánchez R, Sosa-Escalante J, Herrera-Flores BG, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Torres-Castro M. Study on the relation of the characteristics of the capture sites with the Leptospira spp. occurrence in bats and rodents from Yucatan, Mexico. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107072. [PMID: 38008370 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to describe the natural Leptospira occurrence in small mammals from Yucatan, Mexico, and to explore the relation between the characteristics of the capture sites and the Leptospira occurrence. Bats and rodents were captured in five sites of Yucatan state, and from them, a kidney fragment was collected that was used in the genomic DNA extraction. Leptospira DNA was identified by PCR targeting the 16S-rRNA and LipL32 genes. Additionally, a bioinformatic analysis was carried out to know the Leptospira species and was corroborated with a phylogenetic tree. The assemblage of small mammals was compound of 82 (51.2 %) bats and 78 (48.8 %) rodents. A global frequency (bats plus rodents) of Leptospira occurrence of 21.2 % (34/160) was observed; in bats, it was 21.9 % (18/82), and in rodents, 20.5 % (16/78). The phylogenetic trees based on LipL32 gene showed that the recovered sequences most closely resemble the species L. borgpetersenii and L. noguchii. The ordination of the capture sites with tropical deciduous forests as original vegetation is more related to the abundance of Leptospira-infected rodents. The ordination of the capture sites with tropical sub-deciduous forests as original vegetation is more related to the diversity of Leptospira-infected bat species. The canonical ordering of the capture sites is by the original vegetation type and the diversity and abundance of Leptospira-infected bat and rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Suárez-Galaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Enrique Reyes-Novelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Silvia Hernández-Betancourt
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Alonso Panti-May
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Erendira Estrella
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico; Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Henry Noh-Pech
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - César Lugo-Caballero
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Pablo Colunga-Salas
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ronald Peláez-Sánchez
- Escuela de Graduados, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias de la Vida y la Salud, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Belén G Herrera-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Roger I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Marco Torres-Castro
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.
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de Azevedo SS. Epidemiology of Leptospira sp. Infection: Current Status, Insights and Future Prospects. Microorganisms 2023; 12:22. [PMID: 38257849 PMCID: PMC10821098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the scientific community has been faced with an increased risk of emerging or re-emerging zoonotic diseases, such as leptospirosis, mainly originating from anthropic actions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Rural Health and Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos 58708-110, Brazil
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31
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Xu R, Prakoso D, Salvador LCM, Rajeev S. Leptospira transcriptome sequencing using long-read technology reveals unannotated transcripts and potential polyadenylation of RNA molecules. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0223423. [PMID: 37861327 PMCID: PMC10715090 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02234-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Leptospirosis, caused by the spirochete bacteria Leptospira, is a zoonotic disease of humans and animals, accounting for over 1 million annual human cases and over 60,000 deaths. We have characterized operon transcriptional units, identified novel RNA coding regions, and reported evidence of potential posttranscriptional polyadenylation in the Leptospira transcriptomes for the first time using Oxford Nanopore Technology RNA sequencing protocols. The newly identified RNA coding regions and operon transcriptional units were detected only in the pathogenic Leptospira transcriptomes, suggesting their significance in virulence-related functions. This article integrates bioinformatics, infectious diseases, microbiology, molecular biology, veterinary sciences, and public health. Given the current knowledge gap in the regulation of leptospiral pathogenicity, our findings offer valuable insights to researchers studying leptospiral pathogenicity and provide both a basis and a tool for researchers focusing on prokaryotic molecular studies for the understanding of RNA compositions and prokaryotic polyadenylation for their organisms of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dhani Prakoso
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Liliana C. M. Salvador
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sreekumari Rajeev
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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32
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Abe K, Koizumi N, Nakamura S. Machine learning-based motion tracking reveals an inverse correlation between adhesivity and surface motility of the leptospirosis spirochete. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7703. [PMID: 38052837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial motility is often a crucial virulence factor for pathogenic species. A common approach to study bacterial motility is fluorescent labeling, which allows detection of individual bacterial cells in a population or in host tissues. However, the use of fluorescent labeling can be hampered by protein expression stability and/or interference with bacterial physiology. Here, we apply machine learning to microscopic image analysis for label-free motion tracking of the zoonotic bacterium Leptospira interrogans on cultured animal cells. We use various leptospiral strains isolated from a human patient or animals, as well as mutant strains. Strains associated with severe disease, and mutant strains lacking outer membrane proteins (OMPs), tend to display fast mobility and reduced adherence on cultured kidney cells. Our method does not require fluorescent labeling or genetic manipulation, and thus could be applied to study motility of many other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Abe
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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33
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Dhivahar J, Parthasarathy A, Krishnan K, Kovi BS, Pandian GN. Bat-associated microbes: Opportunities and perils, an overview. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22351. [PMID: 38125540 PMCID: PMC10730444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential biotechnological uses of bat-associated bacteria are discussed briefly, indicating avenues for biotechnological applications of bat-associated microbes. The uniqueness of bats in terms of their lifestyle, genomes and molecular immunology may predispose bats to act as disease reservoirs. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown several instances of bats harbouring the ancestral lineages of bacterial (Bartonella), protozoal (Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi) and viral (SARS-CoV2) pathogens infecting humans. Along with the transmission of viruses from bats, we also discuss the potential roles of bat-associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites in emerging diseases. Current evidence suggests that environmental changes and interactions between wildlife, livestock, and humans contribute to the spill-over of infectious agents from bats to other hosts. Domestic animals including livestock may act as intermediate amplifying hosts for bat-origin pathogens to transmit to humans. An increasing number of studies investigating bat pathogen diversity and infection dynamics have been published. However, whether or how these infectious agents are transmitted both within bat populations and to other hosts, including humans, often remains unknown. Metagenomic approaches are uncovering the dynamics and distribution of potential pathogens in bat microbiomes, which might improve the understanding of disease emergence and transmission. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bat zoonoses of public health concern and flag the gaps in the knowledge to enable further research and allocation of resources for tackling future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dhivahar
- Research Department of Zoology, St. Johns College, Palayamkottai, 627002, India
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Building, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Kathiravan Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Basavaraj S. Kovi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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Schuler EJ, Patel DT, Marconi RT. The leptospiral OmpA-like protein (Loa22) is a surface-exposed antigen that elicits bactericidal antibody against heterologous Leptospira. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100382. [PMID: 37727366 PMCID: PMC10506094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis, affecting over 1 million humans each year, with more than 60,000 deaths worldwide. Leptospirosis poses a significant health threat to dogs, horses, cattle, and wildlife. The disease may be self-limiting or progress to a life-threatening multi-system disorder affecting the kidneys, liver, and lungs. Currently, bacterin vaccine formulations that consist of one or more laboratory-cultivated strains are used for prevention. However, the antibody response elicited by these vaccines is directed primarily at lipopolysaccharide and is generally serovar-specific. The development of broadly protective subunit vaccines for veterinary and human applications would be a significant step forward in efforts to combat this emerging and antigenically variable pathogen. This study assessed the properties and potential utility of the Leptospira Loa22 (Leptospira OmpA-like 22 kDa protein) protein as a vaccine antigen. Loa22 is a virulence factor that is predicted to transverse the outer membrane and present its N-terminal domain on the cell surface. This report demonstrates that diverse Leptospira strains express Loa22 in vitro and that the protein is antigenic during infection in dogs. Immunoblot and size exclusion chromatography revealed that Loa22 exists in monomeric and trimeric forms. Immunization of rats with recombinant Loa22 elicited bactericidal antibodies against diverse Leptospira strains. The immunodominant bactericidal epitopes were localized within the N-terminal domain using protein-blocking bactericidal assays. This study supports the utility of Loa22, or subfragments thereof, in developing a multivalent chimeric subunit vaccine to prevent leptospirosis and sheds new light on the cellular localization of Loa22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J.A. Schuler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, 1112 E Clay St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dhara T. Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, 1112 E Clay St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Richard T. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, 1112 E Clay St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Bunde TT, de Oliveira NR, Santos FDS, Pedra ACK, Maia MAC, Dellagostin OA, Oliveira Bohn TL. Characterization of cellular immune response in hamsters immunized with recombinant vaccines against leptospirosis based on LipL32:LemA:LigAni chimeric protein. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106378. [PMID: 37802158 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, various research groups have endeavored to develop recombinant vaccines against leptospirosis to overcome the limitations of commercially available bacterins. Numerous antigens and vaccine formulations have been tested thus far. However, the analysis of cellular response in these vaccine formulations is not commonly conducted, primarily due to the scarcity of supplies and kits for the hamster animal model. Our research group has already tested the Q1 antigen, a chimeric protein combining the immunogenic regions of LipL32, LemA, and LigANI, in recombinant subunit and BCG-vectored vaccines. In both strategies, 100 % of the hamsters were protected against clinical signs of leptospirosis. However, only the recombinant BCG-vectored vaccine provided protection against renal colonization. Thus, the objective of this study is to characterize the cellular immune response in hamsters immunized with different vaccine formulations based on the Q1 antigen through transcriptional analysis of cytokines. The hamsters were allocated into groups and vaccinated as follows: recombinant subunit (rQ1), recombinant BCG (rBCG:Q1), and saline and BCG Pasteur control vaccines. To assess the cellular response induced by the vaccines, we cultured and stimulated splenocytes, followed by RNA extraction from the cells and analysis of cytokines using real-time PCR. The results revealed that the recombinant subunit vaccine elicited a Th2-type response, characterized by the expression of cytokines IL-10, IL-1α, and TNF-α. This pattern closely resembles the cytokines expressed in severe cases of leptospirosis. On the other hand, the rBCG-vectored vaccine induced a Th1-type response with significant up-regulation of IFN-γ. These findings suggest the involvement of the cellular response and the IFN-γ mediated inflammatory response in the sterilizing immunity mediated by rBCG. Therefore, this study may assist future investigations in characterizing the cellular response in hamsters, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms of efficacy and establish potential correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Thurow Bunde
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Natasha Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Denis Souza Santos
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Kurz Pedra
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mara Andrade Colares Maia
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaís Larré Oliveira Bohn
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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36
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Krangvichian P, Techawiwattanaboon T, Palaga T, Ritprajak P, Kueanjinda P, Kaewraemruaen C, Patarakul K. Impaired functions of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and induction of regulatory T cells by pathogenic Leptospira. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011781. [PMID: 37983293 PMCID: PMC10695387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira. The disease outcome is influenced by the interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in shaping the adaptive immune response. A recent study revealed that pathogenic Leptospira limited the activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) compared to non-pathogenic Leptospira, but their impact on T-cell responses has not been investigated. Our study is the first to explore how viable pathogenic and non-pathogenic Leptospira affect the interaction between human MoDCs and T cells. We found that MoDCs infected with pathogenic leptospires (L. interrogans serovar Pomona and a clinical isolate, MoDCs-P) exhibited lower levels of CD80 and CD83 expression, suggesting partially impaired MoDC maturation, induced regulatory T cells (Tregs) while failing to induce CD4+ T cell proliferation, compared to MoDCs infected with non-pathogenic leptospires (L. biflexa serovar Patoc and L. meyeri serovar Ranarum, MoDCs-NP). In contrast, non-pathogenic leptospires enhanced MoDC maturation and induced higher T cell proliferation including IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells, indicative of a Th1-type response. Furthermore, pathogenic leptospires induced higher MoDC apoptosis through a cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease-3 (caspase-3)-dependent pathway and upregulated expression of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene. Notably, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a product of the PTGS2 pathway, was found at higher levels in the sera of patients with acute leptospirosis and in the supernatant of MoDCs-P, possibly contributing to Treg induction, compared to those of healthy donors and MoDCs-NP, respectively. In conclusion, this study reveals a novel immunosuppressive strategy employed by pathogenic Leptospira to evade host immunity by partially impairing MoDC maturation and inducing Tregs. These findings deepen our understanding of leptospirosis pathogenesis in humans and may provide a novel strategy to modulate DCs for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratomporn Krangvichian
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerasit Techawiwattanaboon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patipark Kueanjinda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chamraj Kaewraemruaen
- Department of Science and Bioinnovation, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kanitha Patarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Techawiwattanaboon T, Phanchamnan E, Iadsee N, Makjaroen J, Pisitkun T, Patarakul K. Proteomic profile of naturally released extracellular vesicles secreted from Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona in response to temperature and osmotic stresses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18601. [PMID: 37903905 PMCID: PMC10616267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generally formed by pinching off outer membrane leaflets while simultaneously releasing multiple active molecules into the external environment. In this study, we aimed to identify the protein cargo of leptospiral EVs released from intact leptospires grown under three different conditions: EMJH medium at 30 °C, temperature shifted to 37 °C, and physiologic osmolarity (EMJH medium with 120 mM NaCl). The naturally released EVs observed under transmission electron microscopy were spherical in shape with an approximate diameter of 80-100 nm. Quantitative proteomics and bioinformatic analysis indicated that the EVs were formed primarily from the outer membrane and the cytoplasm. The main functional COG categories of proteins carried in leptospiral EVs might be involved in cell growth, survival and adaptation, and pathogenicity. Relative to their abundance in EVs grown in EMJH medium at 30 °C, 39 and 69 proteins exhibited significant changes in response to the temperature shift and the osmotic change, respectively. During exposure to both stresses, Leptospira secreted several multifunctional proteins via EVs, while preserving certain virulence proteins within whole cells. Therefore, leptospiral EVs may serve as a decoy structure for host responses, whereas some virulence factors necessary for direct interaction with the host environment are reserved in leptospiral cells. This knowledge will be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of leptospirosis and developing as one of vaccine platforms against leptospirosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerasit Techawiwattanaboon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eakalak Phanchamnan
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nutta Iadsee
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiradej Makjaroen
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanitha Patarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Gangani D, Dissanayake W, de Silva R, Anuradha K, Karunanayake L, Fernando N, Rajapakse S, Premawansa S, Handunnetti S. Humoral immune response and changes in peritoneal cell populations in rats immunized against two Leptospira serovars; serovar patoc and serovar pyrogenes. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:39. [PMID: 37848809 PMCID: PMC10583450 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira species. Variations in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure in Leptospira are known to be associated with the serovar diversity and antigenicity. Development of immunodiagnostics for early detection of leptospirosis based on immune responses against different pathogenic antigens as well as development of vaccines are important. Hence, this study has assessed the immune response generated against leptospiral LPS and whole antigen preparations of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira and specific changes in peritoneal cells was also studied to elucidate the cellular responses associated with immune response of Wistar rats. METHODS During the study, immune response induced by two types of Leptospira antigen preparations of two selected serovars was compared. Changes in the specific peritoneal cell subpopulations following immunizations of rats were analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Of the two antigen preparations tested, the LPS extract induced a higher IgM immune response as opposed to the sonicated antigen preparation. Of the two serovars tested, L. interrogans serovar Pyrogenes had induced a higher IgM response compared to that by L. biflexa serovar Patoc. Considering the IgG titers, equivalent responses were observed with all four antigen preparations. Significant increases in lymphocytes were observed following immunization with LPS of both serovars. Interestingly, the B2 cell percentages increased significantly during the immunization period. Further, significant correlations were observed with both IgM and IgG responses and percentage of B2 cells in the peritoneal cavity (PC). CONCLUSION LPS extract of L. interrogans serovar Pyrogenes induced higher IgM response while the IgG response was equivalent among the four antigen preparations tested. Significant increase of B2 cell percentage in the peritoneal cavity during the immunization reflects the accumulation of B2 cells in the PC which may play considerable role in generating humoral response against Leptospira antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshika Gangani
- Institute of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Wathsala Dissanayake
- Institute of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Rajiva de Silva
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo 08, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Kaushalya Anuradha
- Institute of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Lilani Karunanayake
- Department of Bacteriology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo 08, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Narmada Fernando
- Institute of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Senaka Rajapakse
- Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sunil Premawansa
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Shiroma Handunnetti
- Institute of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Widawati M, Dhewantara PW, Anasi R, Wahono T, Marina R, Pertiwi IP, Wibowo AA, Ruliansyah A, Riandi MU, Widiastuti D, Astuti EP. An investigation of geographical clusters of leptospirosis during the outbreak in Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2023; 18. [PMID: 37795863 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2023.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is neglected in many tropical developing countries, including Indonesia. Our research on this zoonotic disease aimed to investigate epidemiological features and spatial clustering of recent leptospirosis outbreaks in Pangandaran, West Java. The study analysed data on leptospirosis notifications between September 2022 and May 2023. Global Moran I and local indicator for spatial association (LISA) were applied. Comparative analysis was performed to characterise the identified hotspots of leptospirosis relative to its neighbourhoods. A total of 172 reported leptospirosis in 40 villages from 9 sub-districts in Pangandaran District were analysed. Of these, 132 cases (76.7%) were male. The median age was 49 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 34-59 years). Severe outcomes including renal failure, lung failure, and hepatic necrosis were reported in up to 5% of the cases. A total of 30 patients died, resulting in the case fatality rate (CFR) of 17.4%. Moran's I analysis showed significant spatial autocorrelation (I=0.293; p=0.002) and LISA results identified 7 High-High clusters (hotspots) in the Southwest, with the total population at risk at 26,184 people. The hotspots had more cases among older individuals (median age: 51, IQR: 36-61 years; p<0.001), more farmers (79%, p=0.001) and more evidence of the presence of rats (p=0.02). A comprehensive One Health intervention should be targeted towards these high-risk areas to control the transmission of leptospirosis. More empirical evidence is needed to understand the role of climate, animals and sociodemographic characteristics on the transmission of leptospirosis in the area studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutiara Widawati
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java.
| | - Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java.
| | - Raras Anasi
- Health Development Policy Agency, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Jakarta.
| | - Tri Wahono
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java.
| | - Rina Marina
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java.
| | - Intan Pandu Pertiwi
- Environmental Health Technology and Disease Control Agency, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, East Jakarta, DKI Jakarta.
| | - Agus Ari Wibowo
- Environmental Health Technology and Disease Control Agency, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, East Jakarta, DKI Jakarta.
| | - Andri Ruliansyah
- Pangandaran Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Pangandaran, West Java.
| | - Muhammad Umar Riandi
- Pangandaran Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Pangandaran, West Java.
| | - Dyah Widiastuti
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java; School of Postgraduate Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.
| | - Endang Puji Astuti
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java.
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Du L, Wu Y, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Li J, Liu Y, Zhang H, He P. Lipopolysaccharide and Glycolipoprotein Coordinately Triggered Necroptosis Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Leptospira Infection in Mice. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:944-956. [PMID: 37166078 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a recurring but neglected zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira. The explicit underlying mechanism of necroptosis and its role in Leptospira infection have not yet been elucidated. Here we reported that leptospiral pathogen-associated molecular patterns, lipopolysaccharide, and glycolipoprotein activate the necroptotic RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL cascade through the TLR4 signaling pathway in mouse macrophages. Using the murine acute leptospirosis model, we reveal that abolition of necroptosis exhibited significantly improved outcomes in acute phases, with enhanced eradication of Leptospira from liver, mild clinical symptoms, and decreased cytokine production. RIPK3 was also found to exert a necroptosis-independent function in CXCL1 production and neutrophil recruitment, with the consequence of improved Leptospira control. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of Leptospira-macrophage interactions, indicating potential therapeutic values by targeting necroptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqiang Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Pan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya'nan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Hagedoorn NN, Maze MJ, Carugati M, Cash-Goldwasser S, Allan KJ, Chen K, Cossic B, Demeter E, Gallagher S, German R, Galloway RL, Habuš J, Rubach MP, Shiokawa K, Sulikhan N, Crump JA. Global distribution of Leptospira serovar isolations and detections from animal host species: a systematic review and online database. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.03.23296503. [PMID: 37873107 PMCID: PMC10593013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.23296503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Leptospira, the spirochaete causing leptospirosis, can be classified into >250 antigenically distinct serovars. Although knowledge of the animal host species and geographic distribution of Leptospira serovars is critical to understand the human and animal epidemiology of leptospirosis, currently data are fragmented. We aimed to systematically review the literature on animal host species and geographic distribution of Leptospira serovars to examine associations between serovars with animal host species and regions, and to identify geographic regions in need of study. Methods Nine library databases were searched from inception through 9 March 2023 using keywords including Leptospira, animal, and a list of serovars. We sought reports of detection of Leptospira, from any animal, characterized by cross agglutinin absorption test, monoclonal antibody typing, serum factor analysis, or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to identify the serovar. Results We included 409 reports, published from 1927 through 2022, yielding data on 154 Leptospira serovars. The reports included data from 66 (26.5%) of 249 countries. Detections were from 144 animal host species including 135 (93.8%) from the class Mammalia, 5 (3.5%) from Amphibia, 3 (2.1%) from Reptilia, and 1 (0.7%) from Arachnida. Across the animal host species, Leptospira serovars that were detected in the largest number of animal species included Grippotyphosa (n=39), Icterohaemorrhagiae (n=29), Pomona (n=28), Australis (n=25), and Ballum (n=25). Of serovars, 76 were detected in a single animal host species. We created an online database to identify animal host species for each serovar by country. Conclusions We found that many countries have few or no Leptospira serovars detected from animal host species and that many serovars were detected from a single animal species. Our study highlights the importance of efforts to identify animal host species of leptospirosis, especially in places with a high incidence of human leptospirosis. We provide an updated resource for leptospirosis researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Maze
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Manuela Carugati
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
| | | | - Kathryn J. Allan
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin Chen
- Infectious Diseases Department, Te Whatu Ora Hauora a Toi Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
| | - Brieuc Cossic
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Elena Demeter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Sarah Gallagher
- Health Sciences Library, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard German
- Health Sciences Library, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Renee L. Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Josipa Habuš
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb
| | - Matthew P. Rubach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kanae Shiokawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, St Kitts
| | - Nadezhda Sulikhan
- Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, FEB Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
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Díaz EA, Arroyo G, Sáenz C, Mena L, Barragán V. Leptospirosis in horses: Sentinels for a neglected zoonosis? A systematic review. Vet World 2023; 16:2110-2119. [PMID: 38023277 PMCID: PMC10668546 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2110-2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Leptospirosis is considered a neglected tropical zoonosis in low-income countries due to surveillance system limitations and non-specificity of symptoms. Humans become infected through direct contact with carrier animals or indirectly through Leptospira-contaminated environments. Conventionally, equines have been considered an uncommon source of leptospirosis, but recent publications in Latin America suggest that their role in the maintenance and dispersion of the bacteria could be more relevant than expected, as horses are susceptible to a wide variety of zoonotic Leptospira spp. from domestic and wild animals with which they share the environment. A systematic review of the published literature was conducted to compile the available information on Leptospira spp. in Ecuador, with a special focus on equine leptospirosis, to better understand the epidemiology of the bacterium and identify possible knowledge gaps. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the published literature was conducted in PubMed, SciELO and Web of Science databases to compile the available information on Leptospira spp. in Ecuador, with a special focus on equine leptospirosis, to better understand the epidemiology of the bacterium. We used a combination of the terms (Leptospira OR Leptospirosis) AND Ecuador, without restrictions on language or publication date. Results Our literature review reveals that published scientific information is very scarce. Eighteen full-text original scientific articles related to Leptospira or leptospirosis cases in Ecuador were included in the systematic review. Most of the studies reported data obtained from one of the four regions (Coast), and specifically from only one of the 24 Provinces of Ecuador (Manabí), which evidence a large information bias at the geographical level. Furthermore, only the studies focused on humans included clinical signs of leptospirosis and there is only one study that analyzes the presence of Leptospira spp. in water or soil as a risk factor for pathogen transmission. Finally, only one study investigated Leptospira in horses. Conclusion Since sentinel species can provide useful data on infectious diseases when epidemiologic al information is lacking, and horses could be considered excellent sentinel species to reveal circulating serovars, we propose developing a nationwide surveillance system using horses. This cost-effective epidemiological survey method provides a baseline for implementing specific prevention and control programs in Ecuador and neighboring developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. Díaz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego Robles, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Arroyo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego Robles, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Sáenz
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre Tueri, Instituto iBIOTROP, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego Robles, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Luis Mena
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo ESPOCH, Riobamba, 060155, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Barragán
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego Robles, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
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Kędzierska-Mieszkowska S. Sigma factors of RNA polymerase in the pathogenic spirochaete Leptospira interrogans, the causative agent of leptospirosis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23163. [PMID: 37688587 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300252rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of σ factors in a highly invasive spirochaete Leptospira interrogans responsible for leptospirosis that affects many mammals, including humans. This disease has a significant impact on public health and the economy worldwide. In bacteria, σ factors are the key regulators of gene expression at the transcriptional level and therefore play an important role in bacterial adaptative response to different environmental stimuli. These factors form a holoenzyme with the RNA polymerase core enzyme and then direct it to specific promoters, which results in turning on selected genes. Most bacteria possess several different σ factors that enable them to maintain basal gene expression, as well as to regulate gene expression in response to specific environmental signals. Recent comparative genomics and in silico genome-wide analyses have revealed that the L. interrogans genome, consisting of two circular chromosomes, encodes a total of 14 σ factors. Among them, there is one putative housekeeping σ70 -like factor, and three types of alternative σ factors, i.e., one σ54 , one σ28 and 11 putative ECF (extracytoplasmic function) σE -type factors. Here, characteristics of these putative σ factors and their possible role in the L. interrogans gene regulation (especially in this pathogen's adaptive response to various environmental conditions, an important determinant of leptospiral virulence), are presented.
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Petakh P, Rostoka L, Isevych V, Kamyshnyi A. Identifying risk factors and disease severity in leptospirosis: A meta-analysis of clinical predictors. Trop Doct 2023; 53:464-469. [PMID: 37501591 DOI: 10.1177/00494755231187673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. In order to identify potential risk factors and predictors of disease severity, a meta-analysis of the clinical features of severe and non-severe leptospirosis patients was conducted. PubMed was searched to collect studies on the difference in clinical characteristics of severe and nonsevere patients, and data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3 software. Results showed that patients with severe outcomes were more likely to have dyspnoea, oliguria, and hemorrhagic symptoms than nonsevere patients. Determining these predictors in the early stages of the disease could thus significantly reduce the development of severe cases and related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Rostoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliia Isevych
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Aleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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Romanowski TNDA, Dias RA, Heinemann MB, Carvalho SF, Silva TA, Martins ADS, Caetano GDDC, Ferreira Júnior Á, dos Santos JP, Borsanelli AC. Seroprevalence of Equine Leptospirosis in the State of Goiás, Brazil. Vet Sci 2023; 10:590. [PMID: 37888542 PMCID: PMC10610622 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira, is a zoonotic disease that, in horses, is linked to abortions, uveitis, and sporadic occurrences of liver and kidney disease, often resulting in significant economic losses for farmers. Research on the prevalence of leptospirosis in horses in the central-west region of Brazil has been relatively scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis in equine herds in the state of Goiás (Central Brazil). Blood samples were collected from 894 equids at 294 randomly selected farms divided into three different strata according to their herd characteristics. The microscopic agglutination test for the detection of anti-Leptospira agglutinins was carried out and the results showed that among the 294 sampled farms, 213 (72.9%; CI 95% 71.7-78.9) had one or more animals positive for leptospirosis, and of the 894 horses sampled, 513 (61.6%; CI 95% 54.3-69.0) were seropositive for leptospirosis. Djasiman, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Australis were the most prevalent serogroups. The results showed a high prevalence of seropositive animals and a widespread distribution of positive farms in the state of Goiás. Thus, environmental sanitation measures and health education to prevent and control equine leptospirosis in the state are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Nunes de Azevedo Romanowski
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (T.N.d.A.R.); (S.F.C.); (T.A.S.); (A.d.S.M.); (G.D.d.C.C.); (Á.F.J.)
| | - Ricardo Augusto Dias
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (R.A.D.); (M.B.H.)
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (R.A.D.); (M.B.H.)
| | - Stephani Félix Carvalho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (T.N.d.A.R.); (S.F.C.); (T.A.S.); (A.d.S.M.); (G.D.d.C.C.); (Á.F.J.)
| | - Tamires Ataides Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (T.N.d.A.R.); (S.F.C.); (T.A.S.); (A.d.S.M.); (G.D.d.C.C.); (Á.F.J.)
| | - Andressa da Silva Martins
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (T.N.d.A.R.); (S.F.C.); (T.A.S.); (A.d.S.M.); (G.D.d.C.C.); (Á.F.J.)
| | - Geovanna Domingues da Cunha Caetano
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (T.N.d.A.R.); (S.F.C.); (T.A.S.); (A.d.S.M.); (G.D.d.C.C.); (Á.F.J.)
| | - Álvaro Ferreira Júnior
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (T.N.d.A.R.); (S.F.C.); (T.A.S.); (A.d.S.M.); (G.D.d.C.C.); (Á.F.J.)
| | | | - Ana Carolina Borsanelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil; (T.N.d.A.R.); (S.F.C.); (T.A.S.); (A.d.S.M.); (G.D.d.C.C.); (Á.F.J.)
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Tian S, Jiang BG, Liu WS, Chen HR, Gao ZH, Pu EN, Li YQ, Chen JJ, Fang LQ, Wang GL, Du CH, Wei YH. Zoonotic pathogens identified in rodents and shrews from four provinces, China, 2015-2022. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e174. [PMID: 37675640 PMCID: PMC10600915 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents and shrews are major reservoirs of various pathogens that are related to zoonotic infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate co-infections of zoonotic pathogens in rodents and shrews trapped in four provinces of China. We sampled different rodent and shrew communities within and around human settlements in four provinces of China and characterised several important zoonotic viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens by PCR methods and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 864 rodents and shrews belonging to 24 and 13 species from RODENTIA and EULIPOTYPHLA orders were captured, respectively. For viral pathogens, two species of hantavirus (Hantaan orthohantavirus and Caobang orthohantavirus) were identified in 3.47% of rodents and shrews. The overall prevalence of Bartonella spp., Anaplasmataceae, Babesia spp., Leptospira spp., Spotted fever group Rickettsiae, Borrelia spp., and Coxiella burnetii were 31.25%, 8.91%, 4.17%, 3.94%, 3.59%, 3.47%, and 0.58%, respectively. Furthermore, the highest co-infection status of three pathogens was observed among Bartonella spp., Leptospira spp., and Anaplasmataceae with a co-infection rate of 0.46%. Our results suggested that species distribution and co-infections of zoonotic pathogens were prevalent in rodents and shrews, highlighting the necessity of active surveillance for zoonotic pathogens in wild mammals in wider regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Tian
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Hou Gao
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control technology, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - En-Nian Pu
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control technology, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qiong Li
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control technology, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Hong Du
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control technology, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hong Wei
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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47
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Hsu SH, Wu CT, Sun YJ, Chang MY, Li C, Ko YC, Chou LF, Yang CW. Crystal structure of Leptospira LSS_01692 reveals a dimeric structure and induces inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 2-dependent NF-κB and MAPK signal transduction pathways. FEBS J 2023; 290:4513-4532. [PMID: 37243454 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a commonly overlooked zoonotic disease that occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. Recent studies have divided the Leptospira spp. into three groups based on virulence, including pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic species. Pathogenic species express a protein family with leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which are less expressed or absent in nonpathogenic species, highlighting the importance of this protein family in leptospirosis. However, the role of LRR domain proteins in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis is still unknown and requires further investigation. In this study, the 3D structure of LSS_01692 (rLRR38) was obtained using X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 3.2 Å. The results showed that rLRR38 forms a typical horseshoe structure with 11 α-helices and 11 β-sheets and an antiparallel dimeric structure. The interactions of rLRR38 with extracellular matrix and cell surface receptors were evaluated using ELISA and single-molecule atomic force microscopy. The results showed that rLRR38 interacted with fibronectin, collagen IV, and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Incubating HK2 cells with rLRR38 induced two downstream inflammation responses (IL-6 and MCP-1) in the TLR2 signal transduction pathway. The TLR2-TLR1 complex showed the most significant upregulation effects under rLRR38 treatment. Inhibitors also significantly inhibited nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signals transduction under rLRR38 stimulation. In conclusion, rLRR38 was determined to be a novel LRR domain protein in 3D structure and demonstrated as a TLR2-binding protein that induces inflammatory responses. These structural and functional studies provide a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hsing Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ting Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ju Sun
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien Li
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Ko
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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48
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Helman SK, Tokuyama AFN, Mummah RO, Stone NE, Gamble MW, Snedden CE, Borremans B, Gomez ACR, Cox C, Nussbaum J, Tweedt I, Haake DA, Galloway RL, Monzón J, Riley SPD, Sikich JA, Brown J, Friscia A, Sahl JW, Wagner DM, Lynch JW, Prager KC, Lloyd-Smith JO. Pathogenic Leptospira are widespread in the urban wildlife of southern California. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14368. [PMID: 37658075 PMCID: PMC10474285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world, is broadly understudied in multi-host wildlife systems. Knowledge gaps regarding Leptospira circulation in wildlife, particularly in densely populated areas, contribute to frequent misdiagnoses in humans and domestic animals. We assessed Leptospira prevalence levels and risk factors in five target wildlife species across the greater Los Angeles region: striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), coyotes (Canis latrans), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). We sampled more than 960 individual animals, including over 700 from target species in the greater Los Angeles region, and an additional 266 sampled opportunistically from other California regions and species. In the five target species seroprevalences ranged from 5 to 60%, and infection prevalences ranged from 0.8 to 15.2% in all except fox squirrels (0%). Leptospira phylogenomics and patterns of serologic reactivity suggest that mainland terrestrial wildlife, particularly mesocarnivores, could be the source of repeated observed introductions of Leptospira into local marine and island ecosystems. Overall, we found evidence of widespread Leptospira exposure in wildlife across Los Angeles and surrounding regions. This indicates exposure risk for humans and domestic animals and highlights that this pathogen can circulate endemically in many wildlife species even in densely populated urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Helman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Amanda F N Tokuyama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Riley O Mummah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathan E Stone
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Mason W Gamble
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Celine E Snedden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benny Borremans
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Wildlife Health Ecology Research Organization, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ana C R Gomez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin Cox
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julianne Nussbaum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isobel Tweedt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A Haake
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Javier Monzón
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Seth P D Riley
- Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jeff A Sikich
- Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Justin Brown
- Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Friscia
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason W Sahl
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - David M Wagner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jessica W Lynch
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine C Prager
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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49
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Asoh T, Miyahara S, Villanueva SYAM, Kanemaru T, Takigawa T, Mori H, Gloriani NG, Yoshida SI, Saito M. Protective role of stratum corneum in percutaneous Leptospira infection in a hamster model. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106243. [PMID: 37422175 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Leptospira enters humans and animals through injured skin or mucous membranes by direct or indirect contact with urine excreted from infected reservoirs. Individuals with cut or scratched skin are at high risk of infection and are recommended to be protected from contact with Leptospira, but the risk of infection via skin without apparent wounds is unknown. We hypothesized that the stratum corneum of the epidermis might prevent percutaneous invasion of leptospires. We established a stratum corneum deficient model of hamsters using the tape stripping method. The mortality rate of hamsters lacking stratum corneum that were exposed to Leptospira was higher than that of controls with shaved skin, and was not significantly different from an epidermal wound group. These results indicated that the stratum corneum plays a critical role in protecting the host against leptospiral entry. We also examined the migration of leptospires through the monolayer of HaCaT cells (human keratinocyte cell line) using Transwell. The number of pathogenic leptospires penetrating the HaCaT cell monolayers was higher than that of non-pathogenic leptospires. Furthermore, scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations revealed that the bacteria penetrated the cell monolayers through both intracellular and intercellular routes. This suggested that pathogenic Leptospira can migrate easily through keratinocyte layers and is associated with virulence. Our study further highlights the importance of the stratum corneum as a critical barrier against the invasion of Leptospira found in contaminated soil and water. Hence, preventative measures against contact infection should be taken, even without visible skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Asoh
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan; Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyahara
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sharon Yvette Angelina M Villanueva
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Takaaki Kanemaru
- Department of Morphology Core Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takigawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nina G Gloriani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Department of Pathology, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Shin-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Saito
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan.
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50
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Browne ES, Pereira M, Barreto A, Zeppelini CG, de Oliveira D, Costa F. Prevalence of human leptospirosis in the Americas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2023; 47:e126. [PMID: 37609525 PMCID: PMC10441551 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2023.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the prevalence of leptospirosis in the Americas. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis, in the period 1930 to 2017, performed on a search of six platforms: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Embase, and Cochrane. Results The search found 77 publications of which 53 (68%) were from the period 2000-2017. Of the 77, 62 studies were included in the analysis, from North America (11, 17%), Central America (9, 14%), and South America (42, 67%), and 22 studies were from urban areas. Leptospirosis prevalence in the 62 studies analyzed corresponded to 28% (95% CI [23, 32]). Countries with higher prevalence were United States of America (41%), Colombia (29%), and Brazil (21%). The most frequent serovars found were Icterohaemorrhagiae (43 of 77 publications, 55%), Canicola (35, 45%), Pomona (28, 36%), and Grippotyphosa (26, 33%). Conclusions There is variability of Leptospira species and serovars with heterogenous distribution throughout the Americas, with high prevalence in some countries, highlighting the need for action to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Souza Browne
- Universidade Federal da BahiaCollective Health InstituteSalvadorBahiaBrazilUniversidade Federal da Bahia, Collective Health Institute, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pereira
- Universidade Federal da BahiaCollective Health InstituteSalvadorBahiaBrazilUniversidade Federal da Bahia, Collective Health Institute, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Barreto
- Universidade Federal da BahiaCollective Health InstituteSalvadorBahiaBrazilUniversidade Federal da Bahia, Collective Health Institute, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Universidade Federal da BahiaCollective Health InstituteSalvadorBahiaBrazilUniversidade Federal da Bahia, Collective Health Institute, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Oliveira
- Oswaldo Cruz FoundationSalvadorBahiaBrazilOswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Universidade Federal da BahiaCollective Health InstituteSalvadorBahiaBrazilUniversidade Federal da Bahia, Collective Health Institute, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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