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Wang H, Wang X, Cao Y, Chen Y, Zou Z, Lu X, Shan F, Tu J, Liu J, Liu J, Sa J, Zhou N, Peng SM, Zou JJ, Shen X, Zhai J, Chen Z, Holmes EC, Chen W, Shen Y. Identification of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Erysipelothrix sp. in Malayan pangolins-a potential threat to public health? mSphere 2024:e0055124. [PMID: 39345123 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00551-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-like and Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-like viruses in Malayan pangolins has raised concerns about their potential role in the spread of zoonotic diseases. Herein, we describe the isolation and whole-genome sequencing of potentially zoonotic two bacterial pathogens from diseased Malaysian pangolins (Manis javanica)-Corynebacterium ulcerans and Erysipelothrix sp. The newly identified species were designated as C. ulcerans P69 and Erysipelothrix sp. P66. C. ulcerans P69 exhibited 99.2% whole-genome nucleotide identity to human bacterial isolate 4940, suggesting that it might have zoonotic potential. Notably, C. ulcerans P69 lacked the diphtheria toxin (tox) gene that is widely used in vaccines to protect humans from corynebacterial infection, which suggests that the current vaccine may be of limited efficacy against this pangolin strain. C. ulcerans P69 also contains other known virulence-associated genes such as pld and exhibits resistance to several antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin G, gentamicin, tetracycline), which may affect its effective control. Erysipelothrix sp. P66 was closely related to Erysipelothrix sp. strain 2-related strains, exhibiting 98.8% whole-genome nucleotide identity. This bacterium is lethal in mice, and two commercial vaccines failed to protect its challenge, such that it could potentially pose a threat to the swine industry. Overall, this study highlights that, in addition to viruses, pangolins harbor bacteria that may pose a potential threat to humans and domestic animals, and which merit attention. IMPORTANCE This study firstly reports the presence of two potentially zoonotic bacteria, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Erysipelothrix sp., in diseased Malaysian pangolins collected in 2019. The pangolin C. ulcerans is lethal in mice and resists many antibiotics. It clustered with a lethal human strain but lacked the diphtheria toxin gene. Diphtheria toxin is widely used as a vaccine around the world to protect humans from the infection of corynebacteria. The lack of the tox gene suggests that the current vaccine may be of limited efficacy against this pangolin strain. The pangolin Erysipelothrix sp. is the sister clade of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. It is lethal in mice, and two commercial vaccines failed to protect the mice against challenge with the pangolin Erysipelothrix sp., such that this strain could potentially pose a threat to the swine industry. These findings emphasize the potential threat of pangolin bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zanjian Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingbang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Shan
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieying Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistant of Microorganisms in Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistant of Microorganisms in Animals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Sa
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Niu Zhou
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ming Peng
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Jian Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Wildlife Monitoring and Rescue Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zujin Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Ding J, Cui X, Wang X, Zhai F, Wang L, Zhu L. Multi-omics analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites reveals contrasting profiles in domestic pigs and wild boars across urban environments. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1450306. [PMID: 39193431 PMCID: PMC11347354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1450306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in host health and metabolism. This study explores the differences in gut microbiota and metabolites between domestic pigs (DP) and wild boars (WB) in urban environments. We analyzed gut microbial composition, metabolic profiles, virome composition, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) in both DP and WB. Our results revealed that DP exhibited a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and were enriched in bacterial genera associated with domestication and modern feeding practices. Metabolomic analysis showed distinct profiles, with WB significantly enriched in the Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway, highlighting dietary and environmental influences on host metabolism. Additionally, DP had a distinct gut virome composition, particularly enriched in lytic phages of the Chaseviridae family. ARG analysis indicated a higher abundance of tetracycline resistance genes in DP, likely due to antibiotic use in pig farms. Furthermore, variations in HPB composition underscored potential health risks associated with contact with pig feces. These findings provide valuable insights into the microbial ecology of domestic pigs and wild boars, emphasizing the importance of these comparisons in identifying zoonotic pathogen transmission pathways and managing antibiotic resistance. Continued research in this area is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate public health risks and promote sustainable livestock management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ding
- Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Yangzhou Urban Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Yangzhou Urban Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Zhai
- Jiangsu Wildlife Protection Station, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Yangzhou Urban Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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3
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Seru LV, Forde TL, Roberto-Charron A, Mavrot F, Niu YD, Kutz SJ. Genomic characterization and virulence gene profiling of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from widespread muskox mortalities in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:691. [PMID: 39004696 PMCID: PMC11247837 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muskoxen are important ecosystem components and provide food, economic opportunities, and cultural well-being for Indigenous communities in the Canadian Arctic. Between 2010 and 2021, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from carcasses of muskoxen, caribou, a seal, and an Arctic fox during multiple large scale mortality events in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. A single strain ('Arctic clone') of E. rhusiopathiae was associated with the mortalities on Banks, Victoria and Prince Patrick Islands, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada (2010-2017). The objectives of this study were to (i) characterize the genomes of E. rhusiopathiae isolates obtained from more recent muskox mortalities in the Canadian Arctic in 2019 and 2021; (ii) identify and compare common virulence traits associated with the core genome and mobile genetic elements (i.e. pathogenicity islands and prophages) among Arctic clone versus other E. rhusiopathiae genomes; and iii) use pan-genome wide association studies (GWAS) to determine unique genetic contents of the Arctic clone that may encode virulence traits and that could be used for diagnostic purposes. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the newly sequenced E. rhusiopathiae isolates from Ellesmere Island, Nunavut (2021) also belong to the Arctic clone. Of 17 virulence genes analysed among 28 Arctic clone isolates, four genes - adhesin, rhusiopathiae surface protein-A (rspA), choline binding protein-B (cbpB) and CDP-glycerol glycerophosphotransferase (tagF) - had amino acid sequence variants unique to this clone when compared to 31 other E. rhusiopathiae genomes. These genes encode proteins that facilitate E. rhusiopathiae to attach to the host endothelial cells and form biofilms. GWAS analyses using Scoary found several unique genes to be overrepresented in the Arctic clone. CONCLUSIONS The Arctic clone of E. rhusiopathiae was associated with multiple muskox mortalities spanning over a decade and multiple Arctic islands with distances over 1000 km, highlighting the extent of its spatiotemporal spread. This clone possesses unique gene content, as well as amino acid variants in multiple virulence genes that are distinct from the other closely related E. rhusiopathiae isolates. This study establishes an essential foundation on which to investigate whether these differences are correlated with the apparent virulence of this specific clone through in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taya L Forde
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Fabien Mavrot
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yan D Niu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan J Kutz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Javela HM, Lienemann T, Nordgren H, Malkamäki S, Sainmaa S, Kyyrö J, Airas N. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in a captive white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Finland. J Comp Pathol 2024; 212:16-19. [PMID: 38914039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that causes infections in several animal species, including erysipelas in swine, lambs and turkeys. In October 2022, a captive, 1-year-old white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), kept in a herd of five peccaries in a zoo in Finland, suddenly developed signs of inappetence and reluctance to move. Despite treatment, the peccary was found dead. At necropsy, the main gross finding was severe acute segmental necrotizing enteritis. Several other organs had lesions compatible with acute septicaemia, including petechiae and ecchymoses. Histopathology of the intestine revealed severe acute multifocal necrotizing enteritis with neutrophilic vasculitis, vascular fibrinoid microthrombi and myriad clusters of densely packed, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria on the tips of the intestinal villi. Bacterial culture was identified as E. rhusiopathiae by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a naturally occurring E. rhusiopathiae infection in a captive white-lipped peccary. Our findings suggest that regular vaccination of captive white-lipped peccaries should be taken into consideration in preventing infections due to E. rhusiopathiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Maaria Javela
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2 (PO Box 66), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taru Lienemann
- Animal Diagnostic Unit, Finnish Food Authority, PO Box 100, FI-00027, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Nordgren
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2 (PO Box 66), 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Halolantie 31 A, 71750 Maaninka, Finland
| | - Sanna Malkamäki
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2 (PO Box 66), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Sainmaa
- Helsinki Zoo, Mustikkamaanpolku 12, 00570 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Kyyrö
- Animal Diagnostic Unit, Finnish Food Authority, PO Box 100, FI-00027, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Airas
- Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2 (PO Box 66), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Wattrang E, Sørensen Dalgaard T, Eriksson H, Söderlund R. Erysipelothrix spp. and other Erysipelotrichales detected by 16S rRNA microbial community profiling in samples from healthy conventionally reared chickens and their environment. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000736.v3. [PMID: 39045252 PMCID: PMC11261693 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000736.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of erysipelas, a disease caused by infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER), is a re-emerging problem in cage-free laying hen flocks. The source of ER infection in hens is usually unknown and serological evidence has also indicated the presence of ER or other antigenically related bacteria in healthy flocks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate sample collection, culture methods and DNA-based methodology to detect ER and other Erysipelotrichales in samples from healthy chickens and their environment. We used samples from a research facility with conventionally reared chickens with no history of erysipelas outbreaks where hens with high titres of IgY recognising ER previously have been observed. Microbial DNA was extracted from samples either directly or after pre-culture in nonselective or ER-selective medium. Real-time PCR was used for detection of Erysipelothrix spp. and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA sequencing was used for detection of Erysipelotrichales. A pilot serological analysis of some Erysipelotrichales members with IgY from unvaccinated and ER-vaccinated high-biosecurity chickens, as well as conventionally reared chickens, was also performed. All samples were negative for ER, E. tonsillarum and E. piscisicarius by PCR analysis. However, 16S rRNA community profiling indicated the presence of several Erysipelotrichales genera in both environmental samples and chicken intestinal samples, including Erysipelothrix spp. that were detected in environmental samples. Sequences from Erysipelothrix spp. were most frequently detected in samples pre-cultured in ER-selective medium. At species level the presence of Erysipelothrix anatis and/or Erysipelothrix aquatica was indicated. Serological results indicated that IgY raised to ER showed some cross-reactivity with E. anatis. Hence, environmental samples pre-cultured in selective medium and analysis by 16S rRNA sequencing proved a useful method for detection of Erysipelotrichales, including Erysipelothrix spp., in chicken flocks. The observation of such bacteria in environmental samples offers a possible explanation for the observation of high antibody titres to ER in flocks without a history of clinical erysipelas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wattrang
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Helena Eriksson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Söderlund
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Martino L, Serrano B, Alomar J, Pérez L, Aragon V, Cobos A, Abarca ML, Yazdi Z, Soto E, Domingo M. Erysipelas with preferential brain and skin involvement in a Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 157:31-43. [PMID: 38299848 DOI: 10.3354/dao03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Infections by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae occur in domestic animals and cause the disease known as 'erysipelas'. The ubiquity of Erysipelothrix spp. makes infection possible in a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. Cetaceans are highly susceptible to erysipelas, especially those under human care. The number of cases documented in wild cetaceans is low, the pathogenesis is incompletely understood, and the full spectrum of lesions is not well defined. The possible serotypes and species of the genus that can cause disease are unknown. In October 2022, a common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus stranded in Vilassar de Mar (Catalonia) showing skin lesions consistent with 'diamond skin disease', a characteristic lesion of erysipelas shared by swine and cetaceans. Necropsy was performed following standardized procedures, and multiple samples were taken for histopathology and bacteriology. Erysipelothrix sp. grew in pure culture in many tissue samples. Genetic characterization by multi-locus sequence analysis identified the species as E. rhusiopathiae. Histologically, the main lesions were an intense suppurative vasculitis of leptomeningeal arteries and veins with abundant intramural Gram-positive bacilli and meningeal hemorrhages. Meningeal lesions were considered the cause of death. The affected skin showed moderate suppurative dermatitis. Herein we document a case of erysipelas in a Mediterranean common bottlenose dolphin with unusual lesions in the leptomeningeal vessels and marked skin tropism. To our knowledge, this is the first case of severe brain involvement in erysipelas in a cetacean. We also provide a review of available cases in wild cetaceans, to highlight the characteristics of the disease and improve future diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martino
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bárbara Serrano
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaume Alomar
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lola Pérez
- Facultat de Veterinària de Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alex Cobos
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Lourdes Abarca
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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7
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Chang RK, Miller MA, Tekedar HC, Rose D, García JC, LaFrentz BR, Older CE, Waldbieser GC, Pomaranski E, Shahin K, Camus AC, Batac F, Byrne BA, Murray MJ, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Pathology, microbiology, and genetic diversity associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and novel Erysipelothrix spp. infections in southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis). Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1303235. [PMID: 38361579 PMCID: PMC10867225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1303235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix spp., including E. rhusiopathiae, are zoonotic bacterial pathogens that can cause morbidity and mortality in mammals, fish, reptiles, birds, and humans. The southern sea otter (SSO; Enhydra lutris nereis) is a federally-listed threatened species for which infectious disease is a major cause of mortality. We estimated the frequency of detection of these opportunistic pathogens in dead SSOs, described pathology associated with Erysipelothrix infections in SSOs, characterized the genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of SSO isolates, and evaluated the virulence of two novel Erysipelothrix isolates from SSOs using an in vivo fish model. From 1998 to 2021 Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated from six of >500 necropsied SSOs. Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated in pure culture from three cases, while the other three were mixed cultures. Bacterial septicemia was a primary or contributing cause of death in five of the six cases. Other pathology observed included suppurative lymphadenopathy, fibrinosuppurative arteritis with thrombosis and infarction, bilateral uveitis and endophthalmitis, hypopyon, petechia and ecchymoses, mucosal infarction, and suppurative meningoencephalitis and ventriculitis. Short to long slender Gram-positive or Gram-variable bacterial rods were identified within lesions, alone or with other opportunistic bacteria. All six SSO isolates had the spaA genotype-four isolates clustered with spaA E. rhusiopathiae strains from various terrestrial and marine animal hosts. Two isolates did not cluster with any known Erysipelothrix spp.; whole genome sequencing revealed a novel Erysipelothrix species and a novel E. rhusiopathiae subspecies. We propose the names Erysipelothrix enhydrae sp. nov. and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ohloneorum ssp. nov. respectively. The type strains are E. enhydrae UCD-4322-04 and E. rhusiopathiae ohloneorum UCD-4724-06, respectively. Experimental injection of tiger barbs (Puntigrus tetrazona) resulted in infection and mortality from the two novel Erysipelothrix spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Erysipelothrix isolates from SSOs shows similar susceptibility profiles to isolates from other terrestrial and aquatic animals. This is the first description of the pathology, microbial characteristics, and genetic diversity of Erysipelothrix isolates recovered from diseased SSOs. Methods presented here can facilitate case recognition, aid characterization of Erysipelothrix isolates, and illustrate assessment of virulence using fish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri K. Chang
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A. Miller
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hasan C. Tekedar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Divya Rose
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Julio C. García
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin R. LaFrentz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Caitlin E. Older
- USDA-ARS, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | | | - Eric Pomaranski
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Francesca Batac
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Matt J. Griffin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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8
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Faccin M, Wiener DJ, Rech RR, Santoro D, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Common superficial and deep cutaneous bacterial infections in domestic animals: A review. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:796-811. [PMID: 37264789 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231176558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin covers the external surface of animals, and it is constantly exposed to and inhabited by different microorganisms, including bacteria. Alterations in the skin barrier allow commensal and/or pathogenic bacteria to proliferate and penetrate deep into the lower layers of the skin. Being the first barrier to the external environment, the skin is prone to injuries, allowing the penetration of microorganisms that may lead to severe deep infections. Companion animals, especially dogs, are prone to bacterial infections, often secondary to allergic dermatitis. When environmental conditions are unfavorable, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats can develop superficial infections, such as those caused by Dermatophilus congolensis. Deep inflammation is commonly caused by Mycobacterium spp., which results in granulomatous to pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis. Likewise, bacteria such as Nocardia spp. and Actinomyces spp. can cause deep pyogranulomatous inflammation. Bacteria that lead to deep necrotizing lesions (eg, necrotizing fasciitis/flesh-eating bacteria) can be severe and even result in death. This review includes an overview of the most common cutaneous bacterial infections of domestic animals, highlighting the main features and histologic morphology of the bacteria, cutaneous structures involved, and the type of inflammatory infiltrates.
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9
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Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. An Update in Knowledge of Pigs as the Source of Zoonotic Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3281. [PMID: 37894005 PMCID: PMC10603695 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The available data indicate that the human world population will constantly grow in the subsequent decades. This constant increase in the number of people on the Earth will lead to growth in food demand, especially in food of high nutritional value. Therefore, it is expected that the world livestock population will also increase. Such a phenomenon enhances the risk of transmitting pathogens to humans. As pig production is one of the most significant branches of the world's livestock production, zoonoses of porcine origins seem to be of particular importance. Therefore, in this review, we aim to introduce the latest data concerning, among other things, epidemiology and available preventive measures to control the most significant porcine zoonoses of viral, bacterial, and parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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10
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Canotilho J, Abrantes AC, Risco D, Fernández-Llario P, Aranha J, Vieira-Pinto M. First Serologic Survey of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Wild Boars Hunted for Private Consumption in Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2936. [PMID: 37760336 PMCID: PMC10525244 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a relevant zoonotic infectious agent causing swine erysipelas (SE) in wild boar. In Portugal, there is no information on its occurrence. For this reason, this study aims to perform a first serosurvey of SE in hunted wild boars in Portugal. During the 2019/2020 hunting season, 111 sera from hunted wild boar were collected and analysed serologically in the laboratory with a commercial ELISA kit. No animals were eviscerated and examined after the hunt. The hunters took it all for private consumption. The results identified 18 animals that were exposed to SE, corresponding to a seroprevalence of 16.2% (95% CI: 19.9-24.4%). No statistical significance was observed on the effect of gender and age on seropositivity. However, wild boar hunted in Pinhel County, had five times more likely to be seropositivity (p-value < 0.05; OD = 5.4). Apart from its potential debilitating capacity and chronicity in the wild boar population, SE is also a very serious occupational zoonosis. Thus, the result of this first serosurvey in Portugal should raise awareness and alert competent national veterinary authorities and those involved in the hunting sector, especially hunters who directly handle these carcasses. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the role of wild boar as a reservoir and spillover of this disease to other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Canotilho
- ReproVet, Av. Rainha Dona Amélia, 6300-749 Guarda, Portugal;
| | - Ana Carolina Abrantes
- CECAV-Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - David Risco
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Pedro Fernández-Llario
- INGULADOS—Innovación en Gestión y Conservación de Ungulados SL, C. Miguel Servet, 11, 10004 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - José Aranha
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro University, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- CECAV-Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Veterinary Science, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- CISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
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11
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Li Z, Lei Z, Cai Y, Cheng DB, Sun T. MicroRNA therapeutics and nucleic acid nano-delivery systems in bacterial infection: a review. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7804-7833. [PMID: 37539650 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00694h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that have worked with humans for thousands of years pose a major threat to human health even today, as drug resistance has become a prominent problem. Compared to conventional drug therapy, nucleic acid-based therapies are a promising and potential therapeutic strategy for diseases in which nucleic acids are delivered through a nucleic acid delivery system to regulate gene expression in specific cells, offering the possibility of curing intractable diseases that are difficult to treat at this stage. Among the many nucleic acid therapeutic ideas, microRNA, a class of small nucleic acids with special properties, has made great strides in biology and medicine in just over two decades, showing promise in preclinical drug development. In this review, we introduce recent advances in nucleic acid delivery systems and their clinical applications, highlighting the potential of nucleic acid therapies, especially miRNAs extracted from traditional herbs, in combination with the existing set of nucleic acid therapeutic systems, to potentially open up a new line of thought in the treatment of cancer, viruses, and especially bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yilun Cai
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dong-Bing Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
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12
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Rouse NM, Burek-Huntington K. Cook Inlet beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas with valvular endocarditis, encephalitis, rhabdomyolysis, heavy parasitism and fungal dermatitis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 155:1-6. [PMID: 37470355 DOI: 10.3354/dao03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
This is a case report of a Cook Inlet beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas found dead stranded on September 28, 2020 in Turnagain Arm, Alaska. This subadult male had valvular endocarditis, encephalitis, rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuric nephropathy, severe parasitism and fungal dermatitis. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was detected in the heart lesion, eye and external swabs. The level of infection and parasitism in this individual is markedly higher than what has been found in other Cook Inlet belugas, suggesting immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Rouse
- Alaska Veterinary Pathology Services, Eagle River, AK 99577, USA
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13
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Dec M, Łagowski D, Nowak T, Pietras-Ożga D, Herman K. Serotypes, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Genotypic Virulence Profiles and SpaA Variants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Strains Isolated from Pigs in Poland. Pathogens 2023; 12:409. [PMID: 36986331 PMCID: PMC10058941 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains isolated from diseased pigs in Poland and comparison of the SpaA (Surface protective antigen A) sequence of wild-type strains with the sequence of the R32E11 vaccine strain. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the broth microdilution method. Resistance genes, virulence genes, and serotype determinants were detected using PCR. The gyrA and spaA amplicons were sequenced to determine nonsynonymous mutations. The E. rhusiopathiae isolates (n = 14) represented serotypes 1b (42.8%), 2 (21.4%), 5 (14.3%), 6 (7.1%), 8 (7.1%), and N (7.1%). All strains were susceptible to β-lactams, macrolides and florfenicol. One isolate showed resistance to lincosamides and tiamulin, and most strains were resistant to tetracycline and enrofloxacin. High MIC values of gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim/sulfadiazine, and rifampicin were recorded for all isolates. Phenotypic resistance was correlated with the presence of the tetM, int-Tn, lasE, and lnuB genes. Resistance to enrofloxacin was due to a mutation in the gyrA gene. All strains contained the spaA gene and several other genes putatively involved in pathogenesis (nanH.1, nanH.2, intl, sub, hlyA, fbpA, ERH_1356, cpsA, algI, rspA and rspB) Seven variants of the SpaA protein were found in the tested strains, and a relationship between the structure of SpaA and the serotype was noted. E. rhusiopathiae strains occurring in pigs in Poland are diverse in terms of serotype and SpaA variant and differ antigenically from the R32E11 vaccine strain. Beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, or phenicols should be the first choice for treatment of swine erysipelas in Poland. However, due to the small number of tested strains, this conclusion should be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dec
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Diagnostic Veterinary Laboratory Vet-Lab Brudzew Dr. Piotr Kwieciński, Department of Molecular Biology, 62-720 Brudzew, Poland
| | - Dorota Pietras-Ożga
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Klaudia Herman
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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14
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van Muijlwijk GH, Rice TA, Flavell RA, Palm NW, de Zoete MR. Allobaculum mucilyticum sp. nov. and Allobaculum fili sp. nov., isolated from the human intestinal tract. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 36748696 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of a culturomics study to identify bacterial species associated with inflammatory bowel disease, a large collection of bacteria was isolated from patients with ulcerative colitis. Two of these isolates were tentatively identified as members of the family Erysipelotrichaceae. Following phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and genome sequences, both strain 128T and 539T were found to be most closely related to Allobaculum stercoricanis, with G+C contents of 48.6 and 50.5 mol%, respectively, and the genome sizes of 2 864 314 and 2 580 362 base pairs, respectively. Strains 128T and 539T were strict anaerobe rods that grew in long chains between 37 and 42 °C. Scanning electron microscopy did not reveal flagella, fimbriae or visible endospores. Biochemical analysis showed nearly identical results for both strains with enzymatic activity of C4 and C8 esterases, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, β-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and arginine arylamidase. In addition, both strains produced indole and reduced nitrate. Major fatty acids were identified as C18:1 ω9c (oleic acid, 64.06% in 128T and 74.35% in 539T), C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω9t/C18:1 ω12t/UN17.834 (16.18 % in 128T and 6.22% in 539T) and C16:0 (6.23% in 128T and 7.37% in 538T). Based on these analyses two novel species are proposed, Allobaculum mucilyticum sp. nov. with the type strain 128T (=NCTC 14626T=DSM 112815T) and Allobaculum fili sp. nov. with the type strain 539T (=NCTC 14627T=DSM 112814T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus H van Muijlwijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tyler A Rice
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Sacristán C, Ewbank AC, Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, Duarte-Benvenuto A, Borges JCG, Rebelo VA, Díaz-Delgado J, Borges Keid L, Catão-Dias JL. Erysipelas in a stranded common bottlenose dolphin: first report in a South American odontocete. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2199-2203. [PMID: 35962226 PMCID: PMC9679089 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas is a zoonotic disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. In cetaceans, this disease has two main clinical forms: a cutaneous one, grossly characterized by rhomboid lesions, and a septicemic and often fatal form. Erysipelas is considered an important cause of morbidity and mortality in captive cetaceans; however, information in free-ranging cetaceans is limited. An adult common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found dead and in advanced autolysis in Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil, on July 19th, 2020. Upon gross examination, 80% of the body surface presented disseminated rhomboid cutaneous lesions ranging from 4 to 6 cm-width, characterized by well-defined edges and occasional ulceration, consistent with erysipelas. Additionally, anthropic-made postmortem linear cuts and partial mechanical removal of the flank musculature were noted. Skin samples were collected for histopathologic and molecular analyses. Microscopically, it was possible to observe multifocal dermatitis with vasculitis. Erysipelothrix sp. was detected by PCR. Despite previous reports of human consumption of cetacean meat in northeastern Brazil, the observed marks and advanced carcass autolysis suggested that the animal was most likely used as bait for fishing instead of human intake. This case highlights the value of postmortem examination and PCR even in poorly preserved cadavers and contributes to the understanding of the epidemiology of cutaneous erysipelas in free-ranging cetaceans (first report in an odontocete from the Southern Hemisphere). Due to the zoonotic potential of certain Erysipelothrix species (i.e., E. rhusiopathiae), active public health policies are required to inform field professionals and the general public about the health threats associated with marine mammal manipulation and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130, Valdeolmos, Spain.
| | - Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angélica María Sánchez-Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aricia Duarte-Benvenuto
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Gomes Borges
- Fundação Mamíferos Aquáticos, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49.100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Araújo Rebelo
- Fundação Mamíferos Aquáticos, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49.100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lara Borges Keid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Vieira-Pinto M, Langkabel N, Santos S, Alban L, Laguna JG, Blagojevic B, Meemken D, Bonardi S, Antunović B, Ghidini S, Maurer P, Alvseike O, Laukkanen-Ninios R. A European survey on post-mortem inspection of finishing pigs: Total condemnation criteria to declare meat unfit for human consumption. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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de Cock M, Fonville M, de Vries A, Bossers A, van den Bogert B, Hakze-van der Honing R, Koets A, Sprong H, van der Poel W, Maas M. Screen the unforeseen: Microbiome-profiling for detection of zoonotic pathogens in wild rats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3881-3895. [PMID: 36404584 PMCID: PMC10099244 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wild rats can host various zoonotic pathogens. Detection of these pathogens is commonly performed using molecular techniques targeting one or a few specific pathogens. However, this specific way of surveillance could lead to (emerging) zoonotic pathogens staying unnoticed. This problem may be overcome by using broader microbiome-profiling techniques, which enable broad screening of a sample's bacterial or viral composition. In this study, we investigated if 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing would be a suitable tool for the detection of zoonotic bacteria in wild rats. Moreover, we used virome-enriched (VirCapSeq) sequencing to detect zoonotic viruses. DNA from kidney samples of 147 wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) and 42 black rats (Rattus rattus) was used for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region. Blocking primers were developed to reduce the amplification of rat host DNA. The kidney bacterial composition was studied using alpha- and beta-diversity metrics and statistically assessed using PERMANOVA and SIMPER analyses. From the sequencing data, 14 potentially zoonotic bacterial genera were identified from which the presence of zoonotic Leptospira spp. and Bartonella tribocorum was confirmed by (q)PCR or Sanger sequencing. In addition, more than 65% of all samples were dominated (>50% reads) by one of three bacterial taxa: Streptococcus (n = 59), Mycoplasma (n = 39) and Leptospira (n = 25). These taxa also showed the highest contribution to the observed differences in beta diversity. VirCapSeq sequencing in rat liver samples detected the potentially zoonotic rat hepatitis E virus in three rats. Although 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was limited in its capacity for species level identifications and can be more difficult to interpret due to the influence of contaminating sequences in these low microbial biomass samples, we believe it has potential to be a suitable pre-screening method in the future to get a better overview of potentially zoonotic bacteria that are circulating in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke de Cock
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Manoj Fonville
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ankje de Vries
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ad Koets
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Poel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Maas
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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18
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Zautner AE, Tersteegen A, Schiffner CJ, Ðilas M, Marquardt P, Riediger M, Delker AM, Mäde D, Kaasch AJ. Human Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection via bath water – case report and genome announcement. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:981477. [PMID: 36353709 PMCID: PMC9637936 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.981477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a facultative anaerobic, environmentally stable, Gram-positive rod that causes swine and avian erysipelas as a zoonotic pathogen. In humans, the main manifestations described are circumscribed erysipeloid, generalized erysipeloid, and endocarditis. Here, we report a 46-year-old female patient who presented to the physician because of redness and marked functio laesa of the hand, in terms of a pain-related restricted range of motion, and was treated surgically. E. rhusopathiae was detected in tissue biopsy. The source of infection was considered to be a pond in which both swine and, later, her dog bathed. The genome of the isolate was completely sequenced and especially the presumptive virulence associated factors as well as the presumptive antimicrobial resistance genes, in particular a predicted homologue to the multiple sugar metabolism regulator (MsmR), several predicted two-component signal transduction systems, three predicted hemolysins, two predicted neuraminidases, three predicted hyaluronate lyases, the surface protective antigen SpaA, a subset of predicted enzymes that potentially confer resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), several predicted phospholipases that could play a role in the escape from phagolysosomes into host cell cytoplasm as well as a predicted vancomycin resistance locus (vex23-vncRS) and three predicted MATE efflux transporters were investigated in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E. Zautner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas E. Zautner,
| | - Aljoscha Tersteegen
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Conrad-Jakob Schiffner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Milica Ðilas
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pauline Marquardt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Riediger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Delker
- Universitätsklinik für Plastische, Ästhetische und Handchirurgie Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Mäde
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Achim J. Kaasch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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19
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Boukthir S, Common H, Arvieux C, Cattoir V, Patrat-Delon S, Jolivet-Gougeon A. A recurrent prosthetic joint infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: case report and literature review. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36094891 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic knee joint infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is uncommon and only one case of recurrent infection has previously been described. Here, we describe the case of a 77-year-old male patient who was admitted to the teaching hospital of Rennes (France) with bilateral and nocturnal gonalgia evolving for 1 month. He had bilateral knee prosthesis 10 years ago, and a history of large B-cell lymphoma in remission. A diagnosis of infective endocarditis, with prosthetic knee infection, was made, with positive cultures of synovial fluids and blood; colonies of E. rhusiopathiae were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Initial treatment involved debridement, implant retention surgery and intravenous amoxicillin (12 g day-1) for 6 weeks with gentamicin 3 mg kg-1 day-1 added for the first 4 days. One year later, a second episode of E. rhusiopathiae infection occurred, suggesting a recurrence or reinfection due to the same bacterial species. The patient was finally cured after a two-stage exchange with a cemented articulated spacer and a 3 month course of amoxicillin (12 g day-1, iv). Different characteristics of E. rhusiopathiae infection were discussed, with a review of all cases of prosthetic joint infections caused by Erysipelothrix species. This case highlights the need for a long-term survey of patients, and a good knowledge of their environment to avoid any risk of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Boukthir
- Bacteriology and Hygiene Department, Teaching Hospital of Rennes, 2 rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Harold Common
- CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Teaching Hospital of Rennes, 2 rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 11 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Cédric Arvieux
- CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital of Rennes, Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Medicine, Rennes University Hospital, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Cattoir
- Bacteriology and Hygiene Department, Teaching Hospital of Rennes, 2 rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France.,CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Inserm U1230 BMR, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Solène Patrat-Delon
- CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital of Rennes, Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Medicine, Rennes University Hospital, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Bacteriology and Hygiene Department, Teaching Hospital of Rennes, 2 rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France.,CRIOGO Great West Reference Centers for Complex Bone and Joint Infections (CRIOGO), Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), U1241 Microbiology, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Aleuy OA, Anholt M, Orsel K, Mavrot F, Gagnon CA, Beckmen K, Côté SD, Cuyler C, Dobson A, Elkin B, Leclerc LM, Taillon J, Kutz S. Association of Environmental Factors with Seasonal Intensity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Seropositivity among Arctic Caribou. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1650-1658. [PMID: 35876625 PMCID: PMC9328914 DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.212144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations have been declining concurrently with increases in infectious diseases in the Arctic. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a zoonotic bacterium, was first described in 2015 as a notable cause of illness and death among several Arctic wildlife species. We investigated epidemiologic and environmental factors associated with the seroprevalence of E. rhusiopathiae in the Arctic and found that seropositivity was highest during warmer months, peaking in September, and was highest among adult males. Summer seroprevalence increases tracked with the oestrid index from the previous year, icing and snowing events, and precipitation from the same year but decreased with growing degree days in the same year. Seroprevalence of E. rhusiopathiae varied more during the later years of the study. Our findings provide key insights into the influence of environmental factors on disease prevalence that can be instrumental for anticipating and mitigating diseases associated with climate change among Arctic wildlife and human populations.
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21
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Guan LJ, Pei SX, Song JJ, Zhan PF, Han YN, Xue Y, Ding K, Zhao ZQ. Screening immune adjuvants for an inactivated vaccine against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:922867. [PMID: 35958306 PMCID: PMC9360596 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.922867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we screened adjuvants for an inactivated vaccine against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae). Inactivated cells of E. rhusiopathiae strain HG-1 were prepared as the antigen in five adjuvanted inactivated vaccines, including a mineral-oil-adjuvanted vaccine (Oli vaccine), aluminum-hydroxide-gel-adjuvanted vaccine (Alh vaccine), ISA201-biphasic-oil-emulsion-adjuvanted vaccine (ISA201 vaccine), GEL02-water-soluble-polymer-adjuvanted vaccine (GEL vaccine), and IMS1313-water-soluble-nanoparticle-adjuvanted vaccine (IMS1313 vaccine). The safety test results of subcutaneous inoculation in mice showed that Oli vaccine had the most severe side effects, with a combined score of 35, followed by the ISA201 vaccine (25 points), Alh vaccine (20 points), GEL vaccine (10 points), and IMS1313 vaccine (10 points). A dose of 1.5LD50 of strain HG-1 was used to challenge the mice intraperitoneally, 14 days after their second immunization. The protective efficacy of Oli vaccine and Alh vaccine was 100% (8/8), whereas that of the other three adjuvanted vaccines was 88% (7/8). Challenge with 2.5LD50 of strain HG-1 resulted in a 100% survival rate, demonstrating the 100% protective efficacy of the Oli vaccine, followed by the GEL vaccine (71%, 5/7), IMS1313 vaccine (57%, 4/7), ISA201 vaccine (43%, 3/7), and Alh vaccine (29%, 2/7). Challenge with 4LD50 of strain HG-1 showed 100% (7/7) protective efficacy of the Oli vaccine and 71% (5/7) protective efficacy of the GEL vaccine, whereas the protective efficacy of other three adjuvanted vaccine was 14% (1/7). The Alh and GEL vaccines were selected for comparative tests in piglets, and both caused minor side effects. A second immunization with these two adjuvanted vaccines conferred 60 and 100% protective efficacy, respectively, after the piglets were challenged via an ear vein with 8LD100 of strain HG-1. After challenge with 16LD100 of strain HG-1, the Alh and GEL vaccines showed 40% and 100% protective efficacy, respectively. Our results suggested that GEL is the optimal adjuvant for an inactivated vaccine against E. rhusiopathiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Guan
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Xuan Pei
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ji-Jian Song
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhan
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yi-Nong Han
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yun Xue
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhan-Qin Zhao
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan-Qin Zhao
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22
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Morimoto M, Kato A, Nogami K, Akaike Y, Furusawa T, Kojima H, Sasakawa C. The Swine Erysipelas Vaccine SER-ME Effectively Protects Pigs against Challenge with the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae M203/I257 SpaA-Type Variant. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080382. [PMID: 35893775 PMCID: PMC9332197 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Swine erysipelas caused by the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae occurred frequently among pigs in Japan mostly by the serovar 1a variant featured by two amino acids in the surface protective antigen A protein. To determine if current vaccines are effective against the variant infection in pigs, one inactivated vaccine, SER-ME containing serovar 2a as the immunogen, was representatively evaluated. All vaccinated pigs survived without any apparent clinical signs after lethal challenge with the Fujisawa reference strain or the variant. This indicates that the serovar 2a immunogen of SER-ME vaccine effectively protects pigs against the E. rhusiopathiae variant and was not related to the emergences of the variant. Abstract Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes swine erysipelas (SE). Sporadic SE outbreaks in Japan are mostly caused by the E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a variant featured by methionine (M) and isoleucine (I) at amino acid positions 203 and 257 of the surface protective antigen (Spa) A protein (M203/I257 SpaA-type). To determine if current vaccines are effective against infection with this variant in pigs, one representative inactivated vaccine, SER-ME (containing E. rhusiopathiae serovar 2a), was evaluated. All vaccinated pigs survived without any apparent clinical signs after lethal challenge with the Fujisawa reference strain or the variant. This indicates that the SER-ME vaccine effectively protects pigs against the infection of E. rhusiopathiae M203/I257 SpaA-type variant. Current vaccines in Japan, including SER-ME, suggest that outbreaks in Japan are unlikely caused by vaccine failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Morimoto
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Biomedical Science Association, 2-20-8-3F Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Kotoe Nogami
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Akaike
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furusawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kojima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
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23
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The C-Terminal Repeat Units of SpaA Mediate Adhesion of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae to Host Cells and Regulate Its Virulence. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071010. [PMID: 36101391 PMCID: PMC9311908 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is an important zoonotic pathogen, which poses a serious harm to the pig industry. We aimed to evaluate the genomic differences between virulent and avirulent strains to study the pathogenic mechanism of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The results showed that the spaA gene of avirulent strain lacked 120bp, encoding repeat units at the C-terminal of SpaA, the virulence of the virulent strain with this 120 bp deletion was attenuated, and the mutant strain decreased adhesion to porcine iliac artery endothelial cells. Abstract Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a causative agent of erysipelas in animals and erysipeloid in humans. However, current information regarding E. rhusiopathiae pathogenesis remains limited. Previously, we identified two E. rhusiopathiae strains, SE38 and G4T10, which were virulent and avirulent in pigs, respectively. Here, to further study the pathogenic mechanism of E. rhusiopathiae, we sequenced and assembled the genomes of strains SE38 and G4T10, and performed a comparative genomic analysis to identify differences or mutations in virulence-associated genes. Next, we comparatively analyzed 25 E. rhusiopathiae virulence-associated genes in SE38 and G4T10. Compared with that of SE38, the spaA gene of the G4T10 strain lacked 120 bp, encoding repeat units at the C-terminal of SpaA. To examine whether these deletions or splits influence E. rhusiopathiae virulence, these 120 bp were successfully deleted from the spaA gene in strain SE38 by homologous recombination. The mutant strain ΔspaA displayed attenuated virulence in mice and decreased adhesion to porcine iliac artery endothelial cells, which was also observed using the corresponding mutant protein SpaA’. Our results demonstrate that SpaA-mediated adhesion between E. rhusiopathiae and host cells is dependent on its C-terminal repeat units.
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Lee K, Park SY, Seo HW, Cho Y, Choi SG, Seo S, Han W, Lee NK, Kwon H, Han JE, Kim JH. Pathological and Genomic Findings of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Isolated From a Free-Ranging Rough-Toothed Dolphin Steno bredanensis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) Stranded in Korea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:774836. [PMID: 35601406 PMCID: PMC9120913 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.774836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas, caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, is considered one of the most serious infectious diseases of captive and free-ranging cetaceans worldwide, as these animals are known to be highly susceptible to the bacterial infections. The potential diversity between E. rhusiopathiae isolates from captive cetaceans has been previously described; however, the microbiological features of the free-ranging cetacean isolates remain unclear. Here, we describe a case of bacteremia in a rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) caused by E. rhusiopathiae. Additionally, we present the first genomic features of the bacteria from free-ranging cetacean individuals. Histopathological and microbial examinations revealed that E. rhusiopathiae caused bacteremia and systemic infection in the dolphin. The genome of the isolated E. rhusiopathiae strain KC-Sb-R1, which was classified as Clade 1 possessing SpaB gene, was clearly differentiated from the other swine-isolated E. rhusiopathiae, and the comparison of its serovar-defining chromosomal region revealed that our isolate was greatly similar to those of other previously reported serovar 2/15 isolates, including the captive-dolphin isolate. Moreover, most of the potential virulence factors in the strain KC-Sb-R1 were similar to those in the strain Fujisawa. Further, a potential cytotoxicity of the isolate was confirmed, suggesting that marine mammal-isolated E. rhusiopathiae could possess strong pathogenic potential in other animals, including humans. These results would further increase our understanding on the risk factors for controlling zoonotic pathogens of emerging infectious diseases in captive or free-ranging cetaceans, and also provide important insight into the diversity of E. rhusiopathiae in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunglee Lee
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Seon Young Park
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwi Won Seo
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yuna Cho
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Seok-Gwan Choi
- Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan, South Korea
| | | | | | - Nam-Kyung Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Kwon
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jee Eun Han
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
- Ji Hyung Kim
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25
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Rostamian M, Rahmati D, Akya A. Clinical manifestations, associated diseases, diagnosis, and treatment of human infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: a systematic review. Germs 2022; 12:16-31. [PMID: 35601944 PMCID: PMC9113682 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2022.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a bacillus that can cause cutaneous and systemic diseases in humans. Studies on the infection caused by this bacterium have been mostly done as case reports. This study aimed to systematically review E. rhusiopathiae infection cases published over the last 20 years. METHODS Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched using appropriate keywords to find relevant studies. After assessment of the studies, 57 case reports which surveyed 62 patients were included and their data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS The majority of cases were adult men living in high-income countries with an animal-related job and/or a history of animal contacts. The number of cases has increased in recent years. The main underlying diseases that were associated with E. rhusiopathiae infections include hypertension, diabetes, and alcoholism. The most frequent presentations were fever, pain, local skin lesions, and heart failure/endocarditis. Two patients died, while 60 patients were recovered following antibiotic therapy, mainly with penicillin and ceftriaxone. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the results indicated that E. rhusiopathiae usually infects people who come into contact with animals and causes mild to severe local or systemic infections, especially in those who have underlying diseases. Therefore, accurate and early diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae infections by setting up appropriate laboratory tests is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosayeb Rostamian
- PhD, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza Hospital, Parastar Blvd, Kermanshah, postal code 6714415333, Iran
| | - Donya Rahmati
- MD, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Shiroudi Blvd, Kermanshah, postal code 6714869914, Iran
| | - Alisha Akya
- PhD, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza Hospital, Parastar Blvd, Kermanshah, postal code 6714415333, Iran
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Tong C, Xiao D, Xie L, Yang J, Zhao R, Hao J, Huo Z, Zeng Z, Xiong W. Swine manure facilitates the spread of antibiotic resistome including tigecycline-resistant tet(X) variants to farm workers and receiving environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152157. [PMID: 34871697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock and poultry manure is a severe threat to human health. However, the comprehensive characterization of antibiotic resistance in swine, workers, and the receiving environment is still lacking in the actual breeding environment. Hence, the ARG profile and the potential bacterial hosts producing among swine manure (including sows, piglets, finishing pigs, and nursery pigs), worker feces, and the receiving environment (including sediment and vegetable soil) were comprehensively analyzed based on the metagenomic method. The results showed that swine manure exhibited the high levels of richness and diversity of ARGs. Inactivating tetracycline resistance genes such as tet(X), tet(X1), and tet(X10) were prevalent on swine farms. Workers and the environment were the primary recipients of ARGs, and shared ARGs accounted for at least 90% of their ARG abundances. Network analysis revealed that Escherichia, Acinetobacter, and Erysipelothrix were the most dominant genera co-occurring with specific shared ARGs. The abundance of coexisting ARGs in swine at different developmental stages accounted for 76.4% to 90.8% of the shared ARGs in swine, workers, and environmental samples. The Mantel test revealed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria had a significant correlation with the ARG profiles. In addition, variation partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that the joint effects of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities accounted for 24.7% of the resistome variation and played a significant role in the ARG profiles. These results improve our understanding of the transmission and persistence of ARGs in the actual breeding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Tong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Danyu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Longfei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jintao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruonan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhipeng Huo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wenguang Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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27
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Wattrang E, Sørensen Dalgaard T, Brødsgaard Kjaerup R, Naghizadeh M, Kabell S, Eriksson H, Söderlund R. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae-specific T-cell responses after experimental infection of chickens selectively bred for high and low serum levels of mannose-binding lectin. Vet Res 2022; 53:105. [PMID: 36510306 PMCID: PMC9743643 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas, caused by infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is an important emerging disease in laying hens. We have earlier observed prominent mannose-binding lectin (MBL) acute phase responses in experimentally ER infected chickens. The present study aimed to further examine immune responses to ER by using chickens selectively bred for high (L10H) and low (L10L) serum MBL levels. Chickens were infected with ER at 3 weeks of age and immune parameters and bacterial load were monitored in blood until day 18 after infection. Blood and spleen leukocytes collected on day 18 were stimulated in vitro with ER antigens and blast transformation of different T-cell populations was assessed. The ER infection gave a very varied outcome and no clear differences were observed between L10H and L10L chickens with respect to leukocyte counts, bacterial load or clinical outcome. Nonetheless, rapid innate responses, e.g., heterophilia and increased serum MBL levels were noted in bacteraemic chickens. All ER infected chickens also showed transient increased expression of mannose receptor MRC1L-B and decreased expression of major histocompatibility complex II on monocytes day 1 after infection indicating monocyte activation or relocation. In vitro ER stimulation showed antigen specific blast transformation of CD4+, TCRγ/δ-CD8αβ+ and TCRγ/δ+CD8αβ+ spleen cells from all infected chickens. For CD4+ and TCRγ/δ-CD8αβ+ cells the proportions of blast transformed cells were significantly higher for samples from L10L chickens than those for samples from L10H chickens. This is the first observation of ER-specific T-cells in chickens and interestingly a Th1-type response comprising cytotoxic T-cells was indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wattrang
- grid.419788.b0000 0001 2166 9211Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tina Sørensen Dalgaard
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Mohammad Naghizadeh
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XPresent Address: Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Helena Eriksson
- grid.419788.b0000 0001 2166 9211Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Söderlund
- grid.419788.b0000 0001 2166 9211Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mahon J, Phoenix E, Sundanum S, O'Rourke K, O'Sullivan CE, Merghani K. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Prosthetic Joint Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2021; 11:01709767-202112000-00077. [PMID: 34910716 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.21.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CASE We report the case of an immunosuppressed 65-year-old man with prosthetic joint infection (PJI) 23 years postoperatively because of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, through hematogenous seeding of cutaneous erysipeloid. Immunotherapy was discontinued, washout was performed, and antimicrobial therapy was guided by laboratory sensitivities. The patient was discharged on suppressive oral ciprofloxacin monotherapy. First-stage revision was performed at 5 months after presentation-subsequent aspiration at 1 year postoperatively demonstrated no organisms and no leucocytes. At 18-month follow-up, the patient continues to do well and has elected not to proceed with second-stage surgery. CONCLUSION E. rhusiopathiae is a rarely seen pathogen in PJI-it should be considered with immunosuppression and relevant exposure risks. The patient achieved good clinical outcome and has experienced no sequelae to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mahon
- Midlands Regional Hospital Tullamore, Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland
| | - Eimear Phoenix
- Midlands Regional Hospital Tullamore, Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sonia Sundanum
- Midlands Regional Hospital Tullamore, Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland
| | - Killian O'Rourke
- Midlands Regional Hospital Tullamore, Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland
| | | | - Khalid Merghani
- Midlands Regional Hospital Tullamore, Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland.,University of Limerick School of Medicine, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
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Winston LG, Winkler ML, Kheterpal A, Villalba JA. Case 36-2021: A 22-Year-Old Man with Pain and Erythema of the Left Hand. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:2078-2086. [PMID: 34818483 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc2107357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Winston
- From the Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco - both in San Francisco (L.G.W.); and the Departments of Medicine (M.L.W.), Radiology (A.K.), and Pathology (J.A.V.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (M.L.W.), Radiology (A.K.), and Pathology (J.A.V.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Marisa L Winkler
- From the Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco - both in San Francisco (L.G.W.); and the Departments of Medicine (M.L.W.), Radiology (A.K.), and Pathology (J.A.V.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (M.L.W.), Radiology (A.K.), and Pathology (J.A.V.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Arvin Kheterpal
- From the Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco - both in San Francisco (L.G.W.); and the Departments of Medicine (M.L.W.), Radiology (A.K.), and Pathology (J.A.V.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (M.L.W.), Radiology (A.K.), and Pathology (J.A.V.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Julian A Villalba
- From the Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco - both in San Francisco (L.G.W.); and the Departments of Medicine (M.L.W.), Radiology (A.K.), and Pathology (J.A.V.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (M.L.W.), Radiology (A.K.), and Pathology (J.A.V.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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Contagious Ecthyma Dermatitis as a Portal of Entry for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) of the Canadian Arctic. J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:228-231. [PMID: 34780597 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was detected immunohistochemically in contagious ecthyma (orf virus) dermatitis in two muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), harvested and found dead in 2014 and 2015, respectively, on Victoria Island, Canada. This may help target further research on E. rhusiopathiae epidemiology and mechanisms of infection in muskoxen, recently associated with widespread mortalities in Canada's Arctic.
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31
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Chang EK, Camus AC, Pomaranski E, Yazdi Z, Soto E. Pathogenesis of Erysipelothrix piscisicarius infection in tiger barbs (Puntigrus tetrazona). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1681-1688. [PMID: 34251051 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix piscisicarius is an emerging bacterial pathogen and the aetiologic agent of piscine erysipelosis, a recently recognized disease of ornamental fish. However, little is known regarding the dynamics of infection in fish. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of piscine erysipelosis in the tiger barb (Puntigrus tetrazona) by investigating tissue tropisms and responses to bacterial dissemination following immersion challenge with a virulent strain recovered from diseased fish. The challenge resulted in 83% mortality by day 16. Erysipelothrix piscisicarius DNA was first detected in the skin using quantitative PCR, and bacteria were visualized in association with microscopic lesions on day 4. By day 8, E. piscisicarius DNA was further detected in intestines, hearts, spleens, gills and skin; parenchymal organs were largely spared. The data suggest a primary cutaneous portal of entry and tropism for collagenous tissues, particularly those within vascular walls. Initial spread occurs directly from the dermis into interstitial areas of skeletal muscle, then centrally to the peritoneum and coelomic cavity following collagenous tissue pathways. Although histopathology revealed widespread bacterial dissemination over time, the severity of skin and muscle lesions with high levels of bacterial DNA identifies these tissues as primary targets of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K Chang
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric Pomaranski
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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32
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Maillard A, Wakim Y, Itani O, Ousser F, Bleibtreu A, Caumes E, Monsel G. Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: Case Report and Literature Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab461. [PMID: 34708142 PMCID: PMC8545653 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae spondylodiscitis in an otherwise healthy man, occurring 1 year after exposure. The patient was cured after 6 weeks of treatment with amoxicillin followed by ciprofloxacin without surgery. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can cause severe osteoarticular infections with a delayed presentation following exposure to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Maillard
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yara Wakim
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Oula Itani
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fateh Ousser
- Department of Bacteriology and Hygiene, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Bleibtreu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric Caumes
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Inserm Unité Mixte de Recheche-S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Gentiane Monsel
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Formenti N, Calò S, Vitale N, Eriksson H, Giovannini S, Salogni C, D'Incau M, Pacciarini ML, Zanoni M, Alborali GL, Chiari M. Influence of Anthropic Environmental-Related Factors on Erysipelas in Wild Boar. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:372-382. [PMID: 34606027 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is an old but still emerging zoonotic infection that is not yet completely understood. ER infects a wide range of species and wild boar is of significant interest because of their similarities to pigs, a known ER reservoir. Moreover, the increase of its densities and the limited data available about ER in this species should be considered. The need is to investigate whether wild boar could represent a risk of erysipelas at the wildlife-domestic-human interface. Here, 1067 sera and 149 tonsils of wild boar from five hunting districts in Northwest Italy were tested using ELISA and bacteriological culture, respectively. Using generalized linear models, we evaluated host and environmental factors influencing ER spread and dynamics. We found an ER seroprevalence of 69.4% among wild boar. Increased human density and pig farm density lead to an increase of ER seropositivity highlighting its association with anthropic environmental-related factors. The high ER percentage of isolation (34.2%) found in healthy wild boar suggests that this species can serve as a healthy carrier. This fact, together with the high seroprevalence, supports a role of wild boar as an ER reservoir. Potential zoonotic and economic risks should be considered in light of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Stefania Calò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario D'Incau
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zanoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Chiari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna ''Bruno Ubertini'', via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
- Regione Lombardia - D.G. Welfare U.O. Veterinaria, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124, Milano, Italy
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Predictivity of Antemortem Findings on Postmortem Inspection in Italian Heavy Pigs Slaughterhouses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082470. [PMID: 34438927 PMCID: PMC8388805 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Inspections of pigs before (antemortem) and after (postmortem) being slaughtered are part of the official controls carried out in European abattoirs. The ability of data obtained from the antemortem inspections to predict lesions eventually found during postmortem inspections has not been thoroughly investigated so far. In this study, data obtained from inspections performed both ante- and postmortem in heavy pigs slaughtered in Italy were analyzed, determining the prevalence of the most common lesions and conditions found during the ante- and postmortem inspections and exploring the correlation between these findings. The most common findings were the presence of manure on more than the 30% of the body and pleurisy for antemortem and postmortem inspections, respectively. Some conditions found during the antemortem inspections were predictive of lesions reported during postmortem inspections. For instance, respiratory and kidney lesions were more likely to occur in pigs presenting manure on more than the 30% of the body, whereas dermatitis and skin wounds were more likely to be present in pigs showing skin lesions during the antemortem inspections. The results of this study show that information obtained from the antemortem inspection of pigs can be useful to characterize farms using a risk-based approach and to address the organization of official controls in slaughterhouses. Abstract Pigs slaughtered in European abattoirs must be submitted to antemortem inspection (AMI) and postmortem inspection (PMI), as required by the current European legislation in the matter of official controls. AMI and PMI are equally essential to guarantee food safety and to monitor swine health and welfare. However, little is known about the ability of AMI to predict conditions that are possibly found during PMI. In this study, such a correlation was explored together with the assessment of conditions typically found during AMI and PMI in heavy pigs slaughtered in two Italian slaughterhouses. An assessment scheme containing 13 variables for AMI and 34 lesions for PMI was used for the scope. The herd size was also considered as a variable and included in the study. A total of 24,510 pigs and 30,961 pigs were assessed during AMI and PMI, respectively. The most common conditions found were manure on the body covering more than 30% of the body (dirt >30%) and pluck lesions (‘pleurisy’, ‘pericarditis’, and ‘pneumonia’) for AMI and PMI, respectively. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) between some antemortem (AM) findings and postmortem (PM) conditions was found. In particular, the AM conditions ‘dirt >30%’and ‘skin lesions’ were positively related with PM conditions ‘skin wounds’ and ‘dermatitis’, while the complexes of respiratory and kidney lesions were predicted only by the condition ‘dirt >30%’. The variable ‘standardized herd size’ was negatively associated with ‘milk spot liver’ and positively associated with ‘arthritis/bursitis’. The results of this study show that findings reported during AMI can potentially be used to predict certain conditions found in pigs at PMI. These data can be useful for the competent authorities in characterizing swine farms using a risk-based approach and in developing systems and specific plans for official controls.
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35
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Berg RPKD, Stensvold CR, Jokelainen P, Grønlund AK, Nielsen HV, Kutz S, Kapel CMO. Zoonotic pathogens in wild muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) from Greenland. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2290-2302. [PMID: 34390537 PMCID: PMC8604140 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Erysipelothrix in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and sheep (Ovis aries) from Greenland. In 2017 and 2018, faecal samples were collected from wild muskoxen from three distinct populations (Zackenberg, Kangerlussuaq, and Ivittuut) and from domestic sheep from southwest Greenland. Blood samples were collected from muskoxen from Kangerlussuaq and Ivittuut and from sheep. Faecal samples were tested for specific DNA of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., and blood samples were tested for antibodies against T. gondii and Erysipelothrix. The estimated prevalence of G. duodenalis was 0% (0/58), 17% (7/41) and 0% (0/55) in muskoxen from Zackenberg, Kangerlussuaq and Ivittuut, respectively, and 37% (16/43) in sheep. The estimated prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 0% (0/58), 2% (1/41), 7% (4/55) in muskoxen from Zackenberg, Kangerlussuaq, Ivittuut, respectively, and 2% (1/43) in sheep. Neither Giardia nor Cryptosporidium were detected in winter samples (0/78). Of the positive samples, Giardia from one muskox sample only was successfully typed as G. duodenalis assemblage A, and Cryptosporidium from two muskoxen was successfully typed as C. parvum, subtype IIdA20G1e. The estimated T. gondii seroprevalence was 2% (1/44) and 0% (0/8) in muskoxen from Kangerlussuaq and Ivittuut, respectively, and 1% (1/155) in sheep. The estimated Erysipelothrix seroprevalence was 2% (1/45) and 13% (1/8) in muskoxen from Kangerlussuaq and Ivittuut, respectively, and 7% (10/150) in sheep. The results of this study add to the scarce knowledge on zoonotic pathogens in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P K D Berg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Birds and Mammals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - C Rune Stensvold
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna K Grønlund
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik V Nielsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Christian M O Kapel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Ceccolini ME, Wessels M, Macgregor SK, Deaville R, Perkins M, Jepson PD, John SK, Guthrie A. Systemic Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in seven free-ranging delphinids stranded in England and Wales. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 145:173-184. [PMID: 34263732 DOI: 10.3354/dao03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbiology records for 1127 cetaceans stranded on English and Welsh beaches and examined at the Institute of Zoology between 1990 and 2019 were reviewed to identify cases of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, an uncommon but potentially fatal zoonotic pathogen. Once cases were identified, prevalence was calculated, corresponding postmortem reports were reviewed, common gross and histopathological findings were identified, and antibiotic susceptibilities were determined. Overall prevalence for E. rhusiopathiae was 0.62% (7/1127; 95% CI: 0.30-1.28%). It was isolated from 3 bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, 3 harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena, and 1 short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis, with a prevalence of 21.4% (3/14; 95% CI: 7.6-47.9%), 0.39% (3/779; 95% CI: 0.13-1.13%), and 0.47% (1/212; 95% CI: 0.08-2.62%) for each species, respectively. E. rhusiopathiae resulted in septicemia in all cases from which it was isolated. Gross necropsy findings included pulmonary edema (5/7), hemorrhage (5/7) and/or congestion of various organs (4/7), and serosanguineous effusion (3/7; pericardial: 3/7, pleural: 2/6, abdominal: 2/6). Congestion (5/5), bacterial emboli (4/5), and hemorrhage (4/5) were commonly observed on histopathology, and acute renal tubular injury (2/5) and pulmonary edema (2/5) were occasionally observed. Routine bacterial cultures were vital in identifying E. rhusiopathiae, since gross lesions were often subtle and nonspecific. The liver, kidney, and brain were key organs from which E. rhusiopathiae was consistently isolated. Antibiotic resistance was uncommon and was only observed for amikacin and trimethoprim sulfonamide. Penicillins were consistently effective, along with fluoroquinolones, macrolides, clindamycin, cephalexin, and oxytetracycline.
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37
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Rees EM, Minter A, Edmunds WJ, Lau CL, Kucharski AJ, Lowe R. Transmission modelling of environmentally persistent zoonotic diseases: a systematic review. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e466-e478. [PMID: 34245717 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of many infectious diseases depends on interactions between humans, animals, and the environment. Incorporating these complex processes in transmission dynamic models can help inform policy and disease control interventions. We identified 20 diseases involving environmentally persistent pathogens (ie, pathogens that survive for more than 48 h in the environment and can cause subsequent human infections), of which indirect transmission can occur from animals to humans via the environment. Using a systematic approach, we critically appraised dynamic transmission models for environmentally persistent zoonotic diseases to quantify traits of models across diseases. 210 transmission modelling studies were identified and most studies considered diseases of domestic animals or high-income settings, or both. We found that less than half of studies validated their models to real-world data, and environmental data on pathogen persistence was rarely incorporated. Model structures varied, with few studies considering the animal-human-environment interface of transmission in the context of a One Health framework. This Review highlights the need for more data-driven modelling of these diseases and a holistic One Health approach to model these pathogens to inform disease prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Rees
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Amanda Minter
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam J Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Saeb ATM, Al-Rubeaan KA, Mani B, Tayeb HT. Osteomyelitis infection caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in a diabetic patient: A first case report. IDCases 2021; 24:e01139. [PMID: 34026534 PMCID: PMC8122179 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum can cause deep infections, including osteomyelitis. In this study, an automated system misidentified this causal agent as Cellulomonas species but 16 s rRNA sequencing correctly identified it as A. haemolyticum. Recognizing the capability of A. haemolyticum to establish the disease is of great importance to enable accurate diagnosis and begin the suitable antibiotic therapy. Here we present the first case of successfully treated A. haemolyticum infective osteomyelitis in a 64-year-old Saudi patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 and review the characteristics of this seldom pathogenic agent.
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Key Words
- 16s rRNA
- AMR, anti microbial resistance
- AQ20, alignment quality
- Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
- CARD, the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database
- CDS, coding sequence
- Cellulitis
- Diabetic foot ulcer
- EUCAST, The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- ISPs, ion sphere particles
- Ion PGM, ion personal genome machine
- MUSCLE, multiple sequence comparison by log- expectation
- NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information
- NDARO, national database of antibiotic resistant organisms
- Osteomyelitis
- PATRIC, the Pathosystems Resource Integration Center
- Q20, base call quality
- RASTtk, rapid annotation using subsystem technology tool kit
- RAxML, randomized axelerated maximum likelihood
- Whole-genome sequencing and annotation
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr T M Saeb
- Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Al-Rubeaan
- Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hamsa T Tayeb
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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39
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Swartley OM, Jerry C, Howerth EW. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:925-928. [PMID: 33064611 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.9.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wattrang E, Eriksson H, Albihn A, Dalgaard TS. Quantification of IgY to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in serum from Swedish laying hens. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:111. [PMID: 33676514 PMCID: PMC7938349 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Erysipelas, caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER), is an important emerging disease in free-range and organic egg-production. The aim of the present study was to assess if quantification of ER specific IgY titers may aid the understanding of erysipelas in commercial laying hens. The methodology was validated with sequentially collected sera from experimentally ER infected SPF-chickens and subsequently applied on sera from Swedish commercial laying hens collected during and after outbreaks of erysipelas or collected at slaughter from healthy hens housed in furnished cages, barn production or in organic production (with outdoor access). Results In experimentally infected SPF-chickens, titers to ER were significantly increased approximately one week after infection while IgY to ER in uninfected age-matched controls remained low. Also chickens infected with low doses of ER, not displaying clinical signs of disease and with low recovery of ER in blood samples showed high titers of IgY to ER. For laying hens during and after erysipelas outbreaks the majority of samples were considered positive for antibodies to ER with a large variation in levels of IgY titers to ER between individuals. For healthy laying hens at slaughter all samples were deemed positive for antibodies to ER. An influence of flock on levels of IgY titers to ER was observed for both healthy hens and hens during erysipelas outbreaks. For healthy laying hens at slaughter no influence of the housing systems included in the study, history of erysipelas outbreaks at the farm or vaccination on levels of IgY titers to ER was noticed. Conclusions Taken together, these results show that high numbers of commercial laying hens showed high IgY titers to ER, comparable to those elicited by experimental ER infection, indicating that ER or bacteria that raises antibodies that cross-react with ER are common in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wattrang
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Helena Eriksson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Albihn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Comparative genomics of a novel clade shed light on the evolution of the genus Erysipelothrix and characterise an emerging species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3383. [PMID: 33564084 PMCID: PMC7873064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix sp. isolates obtained from a deadly outbreak in farmed turkeys were sequenced and compared to representatives of the genus. Phylogenetic trees—supported by digital DNA:DNA hybridization and Average Nucleotide Identity—revealed a novel monophyletic clade comprising isolates from pigs, turkeys, and fish, including isolates previously described as E. sp. Strain 2. Genes coding for the SpaC protein, typically found in E. sp. Strain 2, were detected in all isolates of the clade. Therefore, we confirm E. sp. Strain 2 represents a unique species, that despite its official name “Erysipelothrix piscisicarius” (meaning a killer of fish), may be isolated from a broad host range. Core genome analysis showed that the pathogenic species of this genus, E. rhusiopathiae and the clade E. sp. Strain 2, are enriched in core functionalities related to nutrient uptake and transport, but not necessarily homologous pathways. For instance, whereas the aerobic DctA transporter may uptake C4-dicarboxylates in both species, the anaerobic DcuC transporter is exclusive of the E. sp. Strain 2. Remarkably, the pan-genome analysis uncovered that genes related to transport and metabolism, recombination and repair, translation and transcription in the fish isolate, within the novel clade, have undergone a genomic reduction through pseudogenization. This reflects distinct selective pressures shaping the genome of species and strains within the genus Erysipelothrix while adapting to their respective niches.
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First Report of Genetic Variability of Erysipelothrix sp. Strain 2 in Turkeys Associated to Vero Cells Morphometric Alteration. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020141. [PMID: 33535396 PMCID: PMC7912226 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erysipelas is a disease caused by the Erysipelothrix genus, whose main species is the E. rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. We isolated Erysipelothrix sp. strain 2 (ES2) from turkey's organs during an outbreak in Brazilian commercial and breeder flocks with sepsis and high mortality levels. We studied 18 flocks, accounting for 182 samples, being eight flocks (84 samples) as ES2 positive with individuals demonstrating clinical symptoms and high mortality. We obtained the genetic variability of 19 samples with PFGE and found two clones, both from the same flock but different samples, and two clusters. Interestingly, we found 15 strains with high genetic variability among and within flocks. We have found a positive association between the proximity of ES2 positive turkey flocks and commercial swine sites through epidemiological analysis. We infected Vero cells with two different isolates and three distinct concentrations of ES2. After performing the morphometry, we recorded enlargement of the nucleus and nucleolus. Moreover, we performed fluorescence assays that resulted in apoptotic and necrotic cells. We demonstrated that ES2 could multiply in the extracellular medium and invade and survive inside Vero cells. For the first time, our finds show that ES2 may have similar behavior as E. rhusiopathiae as a facultative intracellular microorganism, which may represent a hazard for humans.
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Sauvé CC, Hernández-Ortiz A, Jenkins E, Mavrot F, Schneider A, Kutz S, Saliki JT, Daoust PY. Exposure of the Gulf of St. Lawrence grey seal Halichoerus grypus population to potentially zoonotic infectious agents. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 142:105-118. [PMID: 33269722 DOI: 10.3354/dao03536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The population of grey seals Halichoerus grypus in Canadian waters is currently used as a commercial source of meat for human consumption. As with domestic livestock, it is important to understand the occurrence in these seals of infectious agents that may be of public health significance and thus ensure appropriate measures are in place to avoid zoonotic transmission. This study examined the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans, and Toxoplasma gondii in 59 grey seals and determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the presence of these potentially zoonotic agents in specific organs and tissues of seropositive animals. The presence of encysted Trichinella spp. larvae was also investigated by digestion of tongue, diaphragm and other muscle samples, but none were detected. Seroprevalence against Brucella spp. and E. rhusiopathiae was low (5 and 3%, respectively). All 59 seals tested had antibodies against L. interrogans, but no carrier of this bacterium was detected by PCR. Seroprevalence against T. gondii was 53%, and DNA of this protozoan was detected by PCR in 11/30 (37%) seropositive animals. Standard sanitary measures mandatory for commercialization of meat products for human consumption should greatly reduce the potential for exposure to these infectious agents. However, special consideration should be given to freezing seal meat for at least 3 d to ensure destruction of tissue cysts of T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Sauvé
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Kovalchuk S, Babii A. Draft genome sequence data of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine strain VR-2. Data Brief 2020; 33:106352. [PMID: 33083506 PMCID: PMC7551983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the draft genome sequence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strain VR-2 is presented in this report. E. rhusiopathiae strain VR-2 is a commercial attenuated vaccine widely used in Russia and a number European countries for immunization of pigs against swine erysipelas. The draft genome sequence of 1,704,727 bp in length included 1415 protein sequences, 50 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes according NCBI Prokaryotic Genomes Automatic Annotation Pipeline results. The draft genome sequence data of E. rhusiopathiae strain VR-2 is available in GenBank under the accession nos. RJTK00000000.1, PRJNA504614 and SAMN10395786 for Genome, Bioproject and Biosample, respectively. The obtained sequence data may be helpful for searching genetic markers of VR-2, aimed to develop assays to discriminate between field isolates and this vaccine strain of E. rhusiopathiae.
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46
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Serovars and SpaA Types of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Isolated from Pigs in Japan from 2012 to 2019. Curr Microbiol 2020; 78:55-66. [PMID: 33145611 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes swine erysipelas (SE), which results in considerable economic loss on pig farms. During SE outbreaks that occurred sporadically from 2008 to 2011 in Japan, new E. rhusiopathiae strains were isolated with a specific surface protective antigen (Spa)A protein characterized by methionine at position 203 and isoleucine at position 257 (M203/I257 SpaA type). To determine whether strains with the M203/I257 SpaA type are still prevalent in Japan, we collected 79 strains of E. rhusiopathiae from pigs showing various SE symptoms from 2012 to 2019 and classified them based on serovar typing, spaA gene sequence analysis, and lineage typing. We found that the majority of recent E. rhusiopathiae strains (59/79) belonged to the serovar 1a strain, and that the M203/I257 SpaA type (56/59) was predominant continuing from 2008 to 2011. Furthermore, serovar 1a strains with IVb-1 and IVb-2 lineages that had been isolated in specific regions of Japan were no longer local but were found across Japan. The pathogenicity of recent isolates tested in mice was not significantly changed when compared to that of previously isolated strains. Our results suggest that recent SE outbreaks were not due to changes in the SpaA protein or to altered virulence of E. rhusiopathiae but were rather caused by the persistent presence of E. rhusiopathiae with the M203/I257 SpaA type.
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Guardone L, Vitali A, Fratini F, Pardini S, Cenci Goga BT, Nucera D, Armani A. A Retrospective Study after 10 Years (2010-2019) of Meat Inspection Activity in a Domestic Swine Abattoir in Tuscany: The Slaughterhouse as an Epidemiological Observatory. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101907. [PMID: 33080947 PMCID: PMC7603081 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Veterinarians belonging to the Health Authorities are responsible for the safety of food of animal origin. The control activities performed at the slaughterhouse comprise inspections before and after slaughtering to verify the health and welfare of the animals and the wholesomeness of the animal products. In this study, data deriving from ten years (2010–2019) of meat inspection activity in a pig slaughterhouse in Tuscany (Italy) were analyzed to investigate the frequencies of death during transport of whole carcass and partial condemnations and their causes. In total 1,246,309 pigs from 8 different regions of Central and Northern Italy were slaughtered. The mortality rate was found to be lower than the threshold internationally recommended to ensure animal welfare and in line with the mortality values reported at the European level. Overalls 372 carcasses were condemned mainly due to erysipelas, generalized jaundice, lipomatous pseudohypertrophy, generalized abscesses, acute or generalized enteritis, and peritonitis. As regards partial condemnations, liver, lungs, and kidney were the most frequently condemned organs. The results of this study describe a non-worrying situation as regards to the investigated aspects and confirm the slaughterhouse as a privileged observation point for monitoring the trend of the main diseases over time, the results of the efforts for their control, and also the compliance with animal welfare standards. Abstract The activities performed by the Official Veterinarian at the slaughterhouse represent a useful source of data for the control of issues affecting human and animal health and welfare. This study analyzed the data deriving from ten years (2010–2019) of meat inspection in a pig slaughterhouse in Tuscany (Italy) to investigate the transport mortality rate and the frequencies and main causes of whole carcass and partial condemnations. In total, 1,246,309 pigs were slaughtered from 8 different regions of Central and Northern Italy. Overall, 1153 pigs died during transport (mortality rate 0.09%). Whole carcass condemnation affected 372 carcasses (0.03%), mainly due to erysipelas, generalized jaundice, lipomatous pseudohypertrophy, generalized abscesses, acute or generalized enteritis, and peritonitis. As regards partial condemnations, the liver was the most frequently condemned (~30% of the pigs), followed by lungs (17.3%), heart (6.9%), and kidney (0.9%). The main causes were “milk spot liver” and perihepatitis for the liver; pneumonia and pleurisy for the lungs; pericarditis and polyserositis for the heart; and polycystic kidney and nephritis for kidneys. The results of this study describe a non-worrying situation as regards the investigated aspects and confirm the slaughterhouse as a valid epidemiological observatory for monitoring the trend of the main diseases over time, the results of the efforts for their control, and the compliance with animal welfare standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Guardone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Alessio Vitali
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.V.); (F.F.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute, Nutrafood, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Pardini
- Azienda USL Toscana Centro, zona Val di Nievole, via 1 Maggio Massa e Cozzile, 51010 Pistoia, Italy;
| | | | - Daniele Nucera
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy;
| | - Andrea Armani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.V.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
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48
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Zhang L, Cheng Y, Qian C, Lu W. Bacterial community evolution along full-scale municipal wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:665-680. [PMID: 33095191 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sewage pollution is a major threat to public health because sewage is always accompanied by pathogens. Generally, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receive and treat sewage to control pathogenic risks and improve environmental health. This study investigated the changes in the bacterial community over the course of treatment by a WWTP. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was performed to characterize the bacterial communities in the WWTP. This study found that potential pathogens in the WWTP, especially the genera Arcobacter and Acinetobacter, were greatly reduced. In addition, high chemical oxygen demand levels provided excessive growth substrates for the genera Hyphomicrobium and Rhodoplanes, the abundance of which could exceed autotrophic bacteria, increasing the ammonium removal. According to the network analysis, the bacterial assemblage was not randomly arranged in the WWTP, and various defined processes led to higher intra-phylum (such as Proteobacteria) coexistence than expected. Moreover, the metabolic functions of bacterial communities significantly improved in the WWTP compared with the influent. Together, the data in this study emphasize the need to understand the bacterial community of WWTPs better. When analyzing the risks of WWTP drainage systems to the environment and human health, these data should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China E-mail:
| | - Yanan Cheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China E-mail:
| | - Chang Qian
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China E-mail:
| | - Wenxuan Lu
- Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
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Wang H, Xu Y, Ouyang M, Gao L, Gao X, Li S, Gao H, Xiao J. Potential risk factors of swine erysipelas outbreak in Northeast Mainland China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1652-1662. [PMID: 32965781 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Swine erysipelas is a common infectious disease that affects the pig-breeding industry. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the risk factors and their role in the prevalence of swine erysipelas so that one may be able to better prevent and control the swine erysipelas outbreaks in Northeast China. Using spatial clusters, the study area was divided into two parts: South Central Mainland China (hot spots) and Northeast Mainland China (potential outbreak areas). We investigated a total of 31 environmental factors and used the lasso regression and k-fold cross-validation methods to determine the main factors involved. Seven risk factors were determined to have a major impact on swine erysipelas. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the contribution of these seven risk factors to the outbreak from 2008 to 2018, in the two research regions. In South Central Mainland China, where swine erysipelas was most prevalent, the extreme maximum temperature [OR = 1.143 (95%CI: 1.032-1.342)], total precipitation [OR = 2.298 (95%CI: 1.410-5.112)] and precipitation ≥0.1 mm [OR = 2.396 (95%CI: 1.329-5.941)] exhibited positive effects. The maximum wind speed [OR = 0.550 (95%CI: 0.303-0.775)] and concentration of O3-8H-90 per [OR = 0.876 (95%CI: 0.747-0.980)] exhibited negative effects. Summer was the main season for the erysipelas epidemic in South Central Mainland China. In Northeast China, only the total precipitation [OR = 1.048 (95%CI: 0.900-0.989)] was positively correlated with the prevalence of swine erysipelas, whereas the other factors were not significant. There was no obvious seasonal feature for the epidemic. Through the comparison and analysis of risk factors between the two research regions, more attention should be given to the impacts of high temperature and precipitation on the swine erysipelas epidemic in Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Maolin Ouyang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Sihan Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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50
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McDermott C, Palmeiro B. Updates on Selected Emerging Infectious Diseases of Ornamental Fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:413-428. [PMID: 32327045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of ornamental fish are discussed with special focus on clinical relevance, detection, and treatment, where applicable. Important emerging infectious diseases of fish include goldfish herpesvirus, koi herpesvirus, carp edema virus, Erysipelothrix, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Edwardseilla piscicida, and Francisella. Some diseases are more species or genus specific, but many emerging diseases do not seem to have a species preference and affect a variety of species worldwide. Proper husbandry and biosecurity with a disease detection plan for ornamental fish is essential to monitor and prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin McDermott
- Zodiac Pet and Exotic Hospital, Victoria Centre, Shop 101A, 1/F, 15 Watson Road, Fortress Hill, Hong Kong.
| | - Brian Palmeiro
- Lehigh Valley Veterinary Dermatology & Fish Hospital, Pet Fish Doctor, 4580 Crackersport Road, Allentown, PA 18104, USA
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