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Reddy MK, CA J, Kandi V, Murthy PM, Harikrishna GV, Reddy S, GR M, Sam K, Challa ST. Exploring the Correlation Between Influenza A Virus (H3N2) Infections and Neurological Manifestations: A Scoping Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e36936. [PMID: 37139284 PMCID: PMC10151103 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), particularly the H3N2 variant, is known to cause respiratory manifestations, but it can also lead to neurological complications ranging from mild symptoms like headache and dizziness to severe conditions such as encephalitis and acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE). In this article, the correlation between the H3N2 variant of the IAV and neurological manifestations is discussed. Additionally, prompt recognition and treatment of influenza-associated neurological manifestations are highlighted to prevent infection-related long-term complications. This review briefly discusses various neurological complications linked to IAV infections, such as encephalitis, febrile convulsions, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and the potential mechanisms involved in the development of neurological complications.
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Antigua KJC, Baek YH, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Oh S, Yoon SW, Kim C, Kim EG, Choi SY, Hong SK, Choi YK, Song MS. Multiple HA substitutions in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses contributed to the change in the NA subtype preference. Virulence 2022; 13:990-1004. [PMID: 36560870 PMCID: PMC9176248 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses are predominantly circulating worldwide, with an increasing potential threat of an outbreak in humans. It remains largely unknown how the stably maintained HPAI H5N1 suddenly altered its neuraminidase (NA) to other NA subtypes, which resulted in the emergence and evolution of H5Nx viruses. Here, we found that a combination of four specific amino acid (AA) substitutions (S123P-T156A-D183N- S223 R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein consistently observed in the H5Nx markedly altered the NA preference of H5N1 viruses. These molecular changes in H5N1 impaired its fitness, particularly viral growth and the functional activities of the HA and NA proteins. Among the AA substitutions identified, the T156A substitution, which contributed to the NA shift, also dramatically altered the antigenicity of H5N1 viruses, suggesting an occurrence of antigenic drift triggered by selective pressure. Our study shows the importance of how HA and NA complement each other and that antigenic drift in HA can potentially cause a shift in the NA protein in influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kon Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Young Ki Choi
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Min Suk Song
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Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have posed a substantial pandemic threat through repeated human infection since their emergence in China in 1996. Nationwide control measures, including vaccination of poultry, were implemented in 2005, leading to a sharp reduction in H5N1 virus outbreaks. In 2008, novel non-N1 subtype (H5Nx) viruses emerged, gradually replacing the dominant H5N1 subtype and causing global outbreaks. The cause of this major shift in the ecology of HPAI H5 viruses remains unknown. Here, we show that major H5N1 virus lineages underwent population bottlenecks in 2006, followed by a recovery in virus populations between 2007 and 2009. Our analyses indicate that control measures, not competition from H5Nx viruses, were responsible for the H5N1 decline, with an H5N1 lineage capable of infecting poultry and wild birds experiencing a less severe population bottleneck due to circulation in unaffected wild birds. We show that H5Nx viruses emerged during the successful suppression of H5N1 virus populations in poultry, providing an opportunity for antigenically distinct H5Nx viruses to propagate. Avian influenza vaccination programs would benefit from universal vaccines targeting a wider diversity of influenza viruses to prevent the emergence of novel subtypes. IMPORTANCE A major shift in the ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses occurred from 2008 to 2014, when viruses with non-N1 neuraminidase genes (termed H5Nx viruses) emerged and caused global H5 virus outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate that nationwide control measures, including vaccination in China, successfully suppressed H5N1 populations in poultry, providing an opportunity for antigenically distinct H5Nx viruses to emerge. In particular, we show that the widespread use of H5N1 vaccines likely conferred a fitness advantage to H5Nx viruses due to the antigenic mismatch of the neuraminidase genes. These results indicate that avian influenza vaccination programs would benefit from universal vaccines that target a wider diversity of influenza viruses to prevent potential emergence of novel subtypes.
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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild-Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020212. [PMID: 33573231 PMCID: PMC7912471 DOI: 10.3390/v13020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.
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5
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Luczo JM, Prosser DJ, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Berlin AM, Spackman E. The pathogenesis of a North American H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 group A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:351. [PMID: 32967673 PMCID: PMC7513502 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquatic waterfowl, particularly those in the order Anseriformes and Charadriiformes, are the ecological reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Dabbling ducks play a recognized role in the maintenance and transmission of AIVs. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) in dabbling ducks is well characterized. In contrast, the role of diving ducks in HPAIV maintenance and transmission remains unclear. In this study, the pathogenesis of a North American A/Goose/1/Guangdong/96-lineage clade 2.3.4.4 group A H5N2 HPAIV, A/Northern pintail/Washington/40964/2014, in diving sea ducks (surf scoters, Melanitta perspicillata) was characterized. RESULTS Intrachoanal inoculation of surf scoters with A/Northern pintail/Washington/40964/2014 (H5N2) HPAIV induced mild transient clinical disease whilst concomitantly shedding high virus titers for up to 10 days post-inoculation (dpi), particularly from the oropharyngeal route. Virus shedding, albeit at low levels, continued to be detected up to 14 dpi. Two aged ducks that succumbed to HPAIV infection had pathological evidence for co-infection with duck enteritis virus, which was confirmed by molecular approaches. Abundant HPAIV antigen was observed in visceral and central nervous system organs and was associated with histopathological lesions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, surf scoters, are susceptible to HPAIV infection and excrete high titers of HPAIV from the respiratory and cloacal tracts whilst being asymptomatic. The susceptibility of diving sea ducks to H5 HPAIV highlights the need for additional research and surveillance to further understand the contribution of diving ducks to HPAIV ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina M Luczo
- Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S., 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Diann J Prosser
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S., 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Alicia M Berlin
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S., 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
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Abstract
In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50 million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding phylogenetic methods, we know much more about the origins, evolution and epidemiology of influenza epidemics. Here we review the history of avian influenza viruses through the lens of their genetic makeup: from their relationship to human pandemic viruses, starting with the 1918 H1N1 strain, through to the highly pathogenic epidemics in birds and zoonoses up to 2018. We describe the genesis of novel influenza A virus strains by reassortment and evolution in wild and domestic bird populations, as well as the role of wild bird migration in their long-range spread. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and the zoonotic incursions of avian H5 and H7 viruses into humans over the last couple of decades are also described. The threat of a new avian influenza virus causing a human pandemic is still present today, although control in domestic avian populations can minimize the risk to human health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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van der Kolk JH. Role for migratory domestic poultry and/or wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza? Vet Q 2019; 39:161-167. [PMID: 31752591 PMCID: PMC6913625 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1697013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. van der Kolk
- Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty,
University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Wu S, Zhang J, Huang J, Li W, Liu Z, He Z, Chen Z, He W, Zhao B, Qin Z, Jiao P, Liao M. Immune-Related Gene Expression in Ducks Infected With Waterfowl-Origin H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1782. [PMID: 31428075 PMCID: PMC6687855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are widely prevalent and of significant concern to the poultry industry and public health in China. Nowadays, the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus has become a dominant AIV subtype among domestic ducks in southern China. We found that waterfowl-origin clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses (A/goose/Guangdong/16568/2016, GS16568 and A/duck/Guangdong/16873/2016, DK16873) isolated from southern China in 2016 could replicate in multiple organs of inoculated ducks. DK16873 virus caused mild infections and killed 2/5 of inoculated ducks, and GS16568 virus did not kill inoculated ducks. In addition, the two viruses could be transmitted via direct contact between ducks. DK16873 and GS16568 viruses killed 2/5 and 1/5 of contact ducks, respectively. Furthermore, ducks inoculated with the two H5N6 viruses exhibited different expressions of immune-related genes in their lungs. The expression of RIG-I, TLR3 and IL6 was significantly upregulated at 12 h post-inoculation (HPI) and most of the tested immune-related genes were significantly upregulated at 3 days post-inoculation (DPI). Notably, the expression of RIG-I and IL-6 in response to DK16873 virus was significantly higher than for GS16568 virus at 12 HPI and 3 DPI. Our research have provided helpful information about the pathogenicity, transmission and immune-related genes expression in ducks infected with new H5N6 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Qin
- Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen X, Chen Y, Liu C, Li X, Liu H, Yin X, Bai X, Ge M, Chen H, Liu M, Du Y, Fan G, Zhang Y. Improved one-tube RT-PCR method for simultaneous detection and genotyping of duck hepatitis A virus subtypes 1 and 3. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219750. [PMID: 31369566 PMCID: PMC6675107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cocirculation of duck hepatitis A virus subtypes 1 (DHAV-1) and 3 (DHAV-3) in ducklings has resulted in significant economic losses. Ducklings with DHAV-1 or DHAV-3 infection show similar clinical signs and gross lesions; hence, it is important to identify the viral subtypes in infected ducklings as early as possible for better clinical management. Methods and results Based on multiple 5’ noncoding region (5’-NCR) sequences of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 strain alignments, universal and type-specific primers were designed and synthesized. With three primers in one-tube reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), reference DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 isolates ranging over 60 years and across many different countries were successfully amplified, indicating that the primer sequences were completely conserved. The sequence results and the sizes of amplicons from reference DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 isolates are completely correlated with their subtypes. Moreover, with this one-tube RT-PCR system, amplicon sizes from liver samples of reference DHAV-1- or DHAV-3-infected birds fit closely with their subtypes, which was determined by virus isolation and neutralization testing. No other duck-origin RNA viruses were detected. The sensitivity of viral RNA detection was 10 pg. With this system, 20% subtype 1, 45% subtype 3, and 9% coinfection of two subtypes were detected in 55 clinical samples. Conclusions and significance This novel approach could be used for rapidly typing DHAV-1 or DHAV-3 infection in routine clinical surveillance or epidemiological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Chungguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuchen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ML); (HC)
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ML); (HC)
| | - Yuanzhao Du
- State Key Lab of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccine, YeBio of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Gencheng Fan
- State Key Lab of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccine, YeBio of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ML); (HC)
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Antigua KJC, Choi WS, Baek YH, Song MS. The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060156. [PMID: 31146461 PMCID: PMC6616411 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage generated novel reassortants by introducing other neuraminidase (NA) subtypes reported to cause most outbreaks in poultry. With the extensive divergence of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of documented viruses, the WHO/FAO/OIE H5 Evolutionary Working Group clustered these viruses into a systematic and unified nomenclature of clade 2.3.4.4 currently known as “H5Nx” viruses. The rapid emergence and circulation of these viruses, namely, H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, H5N8, and the regenerated H5N1, are of great concern based on their pandemic potential. Knowing the evolution and emergence of these novel reassortants helps to better understand their complex nature. The eruption of reports of each H5Nx reassortant through time demonstrates that it could persist beyond its usual seasonal activity, intensifying the possibility of these emerging viruses’ pandemic potential. This review paper provides an overview of the emergence of each novel HPAI H5Nx virus as well as its current epidemiological distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C Antigua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
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11
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He J, Liu BY, Gong L, Chen Z, Chen XL, Hou S, Yu JL, Wu JB, Xia ZC, Latif A, Gao R, Su B, Liu Y. Genetic characterization of the first detected human case of avian influenza A (H5N6) in Anhui Province, East China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15282. [PMID: 30327485 PMCID: PMC6191424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared complete genome sequences of two strains of an avian influenza A (H5N6) virus isolated from a patient in Anhui Province with those of other strains from GenBank and Global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID). The HA gene of the isolated virus shared homology with that of A/chicken/Zhejiang/727155/2014 (H5N6) at the level of similarity of 98%. The six internal genes of the Anhui strains were close to those of H9N2 viruses from Zhejiang, Shandong, and Guangdong provinces, with a similarity of 99%. In addition, the similarity between the internal antigens (NP and MP) of the isolated H5N6 virus and H7N9 and H10N8 viruses was 99%. Based on the data of phylogenetic analysis, the H5N6 influenza virus isolated in Anhui Province belonged to clade 2.3.4.4. The virus was shown to have molecular characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including eight glycosylation sites and an amino acid sequence of the HA protein cleavage site, PLRERRRKKR/GLF, containing multiple basic amino acids. Additionally, the stalk domain of the NA protein was found to have a deletion in NA stalk region (11 amino acids in N6, positions 58-68). Our study demonstrated that the H5N6 virus from Anhui Province represented a triple-reassortant virus and could be highly pathogenic to humans. The prevalence of this virus should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Bo-Yu Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Long Chen
- Xuancheng City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuancheng, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yu
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Bin Wu
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Cai Xia
- Xuancheng City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuancheng, China
| | - Adams Latif
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rongbao Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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12
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Wang X, Zeng Z, Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Li B, Su G, Li H, Huang L, Qi W, Liao M. The Appropriate Combination of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Prompts the Predominant H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Birds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 29896169 PMCID: PMC5987672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two vital surface glycoproteins of influenza virus. The HA of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is divided into Major/H5 and Minor/H5, and its NA consists of short stalk NA and full-length stalk NA. The strain combined with Major/H5 and short stalk NA account for 76.8% of all strains, and the proportion was 23.0% matched by Minor/H5 and full-length stalk NA. Our objective was to investigate the influence of HA-NA matching on the biological characteristics and the effects of the epidemic trend of H5N6 on mice and chickens. Four different strains combined with two HAs and two NAs of the represented H5N6 viruses with the fixed six internal segments were rescued and analyzed. Plaque formation, NA activity of infectious particles, and virus growth curve assays, as well as a saliva acid receptor experiment, with mice and chickens were performed. We found that all the strains can replicate well on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) cells, simultaneously, mice and infection group chickens were complete lethal. However, the strain combined with Major/H5 and short stalk N6 formed smaller plaque on MDCK, showed a moderate replication ability in both MDCK and CEF, and exhibited a higher survival rate among the contact group of chickens. Conversely, strains with opposite biological characters which combined with Minor/H5 and short stalk N6 seldom exist in nature. Hence, we drew the conclusion that the appropriate combination of Major/H5 and short stalk N6 occur widely in nature with appropriate biological characteristics for the proliferation and transmission, whereas other combinations of HA and NA had a low proportion and even have not yet been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhui Wang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zeng
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaoyue Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanming Su
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanan Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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13
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van den Brand JMA, Verhagen JH, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, van de Bildt MWG, Bodewes R, Herfst S, Richard M, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Kuiken T. Wild ducks excrete highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 (2014-2015) without clinical or pathological evidence of disease. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:67. [PMID: 29670093 PMCID: PMC5906613 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is essentially a poultry disease. Wild birds have traditionally not been involved in its spread, but the epidemiology of HPAI has changed in recent years. After its emergence in southeastern Asia in 1996, H5 HPAI virus of the Goose/Guangdong lineage has evolved into several sub-lineages, some of which have spread over thousands of kilometers via long-distance migration of wild waterbirds. In order to determine whether the virus is adapting to wild waterbirds, we experimentally inoculated the HPAI H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 group A from 2014 into four key waterbird species—Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope), common teal (Anas crecca), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and common pochard (Aythya ferina)—and compared virus excretion and disease severity with historical data of the HPAI H5N1 virus infection from 2005 in the same four species. Our results showed that excretion was highest in Eurasian wigeons for the 2014 virus, whereas excretion was highest in common pochards and mallards for the 2005 virus. The 2014 virus infection was subclinical in all four waterbird species, while the 2005 virus caused clinical disease and pathological changes in over 50% of the common pochards. In chickens, the 2014 virus infection caused systemic disease and high mortality, similar to the 2005 virus. In conclusion, the evidence was strongest for Eurasian wigeons as long-distance vectors for HPAI H5N8 virus from 2014. The implications of the switch in species-specific virus excretion and decreased disease severity may be that the HPAI H5 virus more easily spreads in the wild-waterbird population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Postbus 80163, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Marco W G van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Postbus 80163, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Pathogenicity and transmissibility of three avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses isolated from wild birds. J Infect 2018; 76:286-294. [PMID: 29307740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have emerged in poultry and caused sporadic human infections in Asia. The recent discovery of three new avian H5N6 viruses - A/oriental magpie-robin/Guangdong/SW8/2014 (H5N6), A/common moorhen/Guangdong/GZ174/2014 (H5N6) and A/Pallas's sandgrouse/Guangdong/ZH283/2015 (H5N6) - isolated from apparently healthy wild birds in Southern China in 2014-2015 raises great concern for the spread of these highly pathogenic AIVs (HPAIVs) and their potential threat to human and animal health. In our study, we conducted animal experiments and tested their pathogenicity in ducks, chickens and mice. Ducks can carry and shed the H5N6 HPAIVs, but show no ill effects. On the other hand, these H5N6 HPAIVs can efficiently infect, transmit and cause death in chickens. Due to the overlap of habitats, domestic ducks play an important role in circulating AIVs between poultry and wild birds. Our results raise the possibility that wild birds disseminate these H5N6 HPAIVs to poultry along their flyways and thus pose a great threat to the poultry industry. These viruses are also highly pathogenic to mice, suggesting they pose a potential threat to mammals and, thus, public health. One virus isolated in 2015 replicates much more efficiently and is more lethal in these animals than the two other viruses isolated in 2014. It seems that the H5N6 viruses tend to be more lethal as time passes. Therefore, it is necessary to vigilantly monitor H5N6 HPAIVs in wild birds and poultry.
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15
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Takemae N, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Ito H, Soda K, Usui T, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Yamaguchi T, Mine J, Ito T, Saito T. Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016-2017. Virology 2017; 512:8-20. [PMID: 28892736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the evolutionary pathway, we sequenced the entire genomes of 89 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated in Japan during winter 2016-2017 and 117 AIV/HPAIVs isolated in Japan and Russia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least 5 distinct genotypes of H5N6 HPAIVs affected poultry and wild birds during that period. Japanese H5N6 isolates shared a common genetic ancestor in 6 of 8 genomic segments, and the PA and NS genes demonstrated 4 and 2 genetic origins, respectively. Six gene segments originated from a putative ancestral clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus that was a possible genetic reassortant among Chinese clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs. In addition, 2 NS clusters and a PA cluster in Japanese H5N6 HPAIVs originated from Chinese HPAIVs, whereas 3 distinct AIV-derived PA clusters were evident. These results suggest that migratory birds were important in the spread and genetic diversification of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2, Timakova street, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, Gifu 501-1112, Japan.
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16
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Kwon JH, Noh YK, Lee DH, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Noh JY, Hong WT, Jeong JH, Jeong S, Gwon GB, Song CS, Nahm SS. Experimental infection with highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses in the Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:95-102. [PMID: 28619174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). Sub-clinical infection with HPAI in resident wild birds could be a source of dissemination of HPAIV and continuous outbreaks. In this study, the pathogenicity and infectivity of two strains of H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 virus were evaluated in the Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). None of the birds experimentally infected with H5N8 viruses showed clinical signs or mortality. The H5N8 viruses efficiently replicated in the virus-inoculated Mandarin ducks and transmitted to co-housed Mandarin ducks. Although relatively high levels of viral shedding were noted in pigeons, viral shedding was not detected in some of the pigeons and the shedding period was relatively short. Furthermore, the infection was not transmitted to co-housed pigeons. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the presence of HPAIV in multiple organs of the infected birds. Histopathological evaluation showed the presence of inflammatory responses primarily in HPAIV-positive organs. Our results indicate that Mandarin ducks and pigeons can be infected with H5N8 HPAIV without exhibiting clinical signs; thus, they may be potential healthy reservoirs of the H5N8 HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Tack Hong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Bin Gwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Guo H, de Vries E, McBride R, Dekkers J, Peng W, Bouwman KM, Nycholat C, Verheije MH, Paulson JC, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM. Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5Nx) Viruses with Altered H5 Receptor-Binding Specificity. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:220-231. [PMID: 27869615 PMCID: PMC5324792 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence and intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus clade 2.3.4.4 is unprecedented. H5N8 and H5N2 viruses have caused major economic losses in the poultry industry in Europe and North America, and lethal human infections with H5N6 virus have occurred in Asia. Knowledge of the evolution of receptor-binding specificity of these viruses, which might affect host range, is urgently needed. We report that emergence of these viruses is accompanied by a change in receptor-binding specificity. In contrast to ancestral clade 2.3.4 H5 proteins, novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins bind to fucosylated sialosides because of substitutions K222Q and S227R, which are unique for highly pathogenic influenza virus H5 proteins. North American clade 2.3.4.4 virus isolates have retained only the K222Q substitution but still bind fucosylated sialosides. Altered receptor-binding specificity of virus clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins might have contributed to emergence and spread of H5Nx viruses.
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18
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Choi WS, Baek YH, Kwon JJ, Jeong JH, Park SJ, Kim YI, Yoon SW, Hwang J, Kim MH, Kim CJ, Webby RJ, Choi YK, Song MS. Rapid acquisition of polymorphic virulence markers during adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in the mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40667. [PMID: 28094780 PMCID: PMC5240553 DOI: 10.1038/srep40667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in Asia and its spread to Europe and North America has caused great concern for human health. Although the H5N8 virus has been only moderately pathogenic to mammalian hosts, virulence can still increase. We evaluated the pathogenic potential of several H5N8 strains via the mouse-adaptation method. Two H5N8 viruses were sequentially passaged in BALB/c mice and plaque-purified from lung samples. The viruses rapidly obtained high virulence (MLD50, up to 0.5 log10 PFU/mL) within 5 passages. Sequence analysis revealed the acquisition of several virulence markers, including the novel marker P708S in PB1 gene. Combinations of markers synergistically enhanced viral replication and polymerase activity in human cell lines and virulence and multiorgan dissemination in mice. These results suggest that H5N8 viruses can rapidly acquire virulence markers in mammalian hosts; thus, rapid spread as well as repeated viral introduction into the hosts may significantly increase the risk of human infection and elevate pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Jung Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Microbiomics and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Microbiomics and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Dae Jeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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19
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Shepherd E, DeJesus E, Smith D, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, Stallknecht DE, Swayne DE. Pathogenicity and Transmission of H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Mallards. J Virol 2016; 90:9967-9982. [PMID: 27558429 PMCID: PMC5068544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01165-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds have been associated with the intercontinental spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD) lineage during 2005, 2010, and 2014, but dispersion by wild waterfowl has not been implicated with spread of other HPAI viruses. To better understand why Gs/GD H5 HPAI viruses infect and transmit more efficiently in waterfowl than other HPAI viruses, groups of mallard ducks were challenged with one of 14 different H5 and H7 HPAI viruses, including a Gs/GD lineage H5N1 (clade 2.2) virus from Mongolia, part of the 2005 dispersion, and the H5N8 and H5N2 index HPAI viruses (clade 2.3.4.4) from the United States, part of the 2014 dispersion. All virus-inoculated ducks and contact exposed ducks became infected and shed moderate to high titers of the viruses, with the exception that mallards were resistant to Ck/Pennsylvania/83 and Ck/Queretaro/95 H5N2 HPAI virus infection. Clinical signs were only observed in ducks challenged with the H5N1 2005 virus, which all died, and with the H5N8 and H5N2 2014 viruses, which had decreased weight gain and fever. These three viruses were also shed in higher titers by the ducks, which could facilitate virus transmission and spread. This study highlights the possible role of wild waterfowl in the spread of HPAI viruses. IMPORTANCE The spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the Gs/GD lineage by migratory waterfowl is a serious concern for animal and public health. H5 and H7 HPAI viruses are considered to be adapted to gallinaceous species (chickens, turkeys, quail, etc.) and less likely to infect and transmit in wild ducks. In order to understand why this is different with certain Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses, we compared the pathogenicity and transmission of several H5 and H7 HPAI viruses from previous poultry outbreaks to Gs/GD lineage H5 viruses, including H5N1 (clade 2.2), H5N8 and H5N2 (clade 2.3.4.4) viruses, in mallards as a representative wild duck species. Surprisingly, most HPAI viruses examined in this study replicated well and transmitted among mallards; however, the three Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses replicated to higher titers, which could explain the transmission of these viruses in susceptible wild duck populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mar Costa-Hurtado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Shepherd
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric DeJesus
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Diane Smith
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
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20
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Anderson CS, DeDiego ML, Thakar J, Topham DJ. Novel Sequence-Based Mapping of Recently Emerging H5NX Influenza Viruses Reveals Pandemic Vaccine Candidates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160510. [PMID: 27494186 PMCID: PMC4975393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an avian influenza virus, H5NX subclade 2.3.4.4, emerged and spread to North America. This subclade has frequently reassorted, leading to multiple novel viruses capable of human infection. Four cases of human infections, three leading to death, have already occurred. Existing vaccine strains do not protect against these new viruses, raising a need to identify new vaccine candidate strains. We have developed a novel sequence-based mapping (SBM) tool capable of visualizing complex protein sequence data sets using a single intuitive map. We applied SBM on the complete set of avian H5 viruses in order to better understand hemagglutinin protein variance amongst H5 viruses and identify any patterns associated with this variation. The analysis successfully identified the original reassortments that lead to the emergence of this new subclade of H5 viruses, as well as their known unusual ability to re-assort among neuraminidase subtypes. In addition, our analysis revealed distinct clusters of 2.3.4.4 variants that would not be covered by existing strains in the H5 vaccine stockpile. The results suggest that our method may be useful for pandemic candidate vaccine virus selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Anderson
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Juilee Thakar
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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21
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Horm SV, Tarantola A, Rith S, Ly S, Gambaretti J, Duong V, Y P, Sorn S, Holl D, Allal L, Kalpravidh W, Dussart P, Horwood PF, Buchy P. Intense circulation of A/H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses in Cambodian live-bird markets with serological evidence of sub-clinical human infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e70. [PMID: 27436362 PMCID: PMC5141262 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in poultry and environmental samples was conducted in four live-bird markets in Cambodia from January through November 2013. Through real-time RT-PCR testing, AIVs were detected in 45% of 1048 samples collected throughout the year. Detection rates ranged from 32% and 18% in duck and chicken swabs, respectively, to 75% in carcass wash water samples. Influenza A/H5N1 virus was detected in 79% of samples positive for influenza A virus and 35% of all samples collected. Sequence analysis of full-length haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from A/H5N1 viruses, and full-genome analysis of six representative isolates, revealed that the clade 1.1.2 reassortant virus associated with Cambodian human cases during 2013 was the only A/H5N1 virus detected during the year. However, multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of HA and NA genes revealed co-circulation of at least nine low pathogenic AIVs from HA1, HA2, HA3, HA4, HA6, HA7, HA9, HA10 and HA11 subtypes. Four repeated serological surveys were conducted throughout the year in a cohort of 125 poultry workers. Serological testing found an overall prevalence of 4.5% and 1.8% for antibodies to A/H5N1 and A/H9N2, respectively. Seroconversion rates of 3.7 and 0.9 cases per 1000 person-months participation were detected for A/H5N1 and A/H9N2, respectively. Peak AIV circulation was associated with the Lunar New Year festival. Knowledge of periods of increased circulation of avian influenza in markets should inform intervention measures such as market cleaning and closures to reduce risk of human infections and emergence of novel AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srey Viseth Horm
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Arnaud Tarantola
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Sareth Rith
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Juliette Gambaretti
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Phalla Y
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - San Sorn
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Davun Holl
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Lotfi Allal
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | | | - Philippe Dussart
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Institute Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia.,GlaxoSmithKline Pte Ltd, Singapore 189720, Singapore
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22
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Smith GJD, Donis RO. Nomenclature updates resulting from the evolution of avian influenza A(H5) virus clades 2.1.3.2a, 2.2.1, and 2.3.4 during 2013-2014. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 9:271-6. [PMID: 25966311 PMCID: PMC4548997 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like hemagglutinin (HA) genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses have continued to rapidly evolve since the most recent update to the H5 clade nomenclature by the WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group. New clades diverging beyond established boundaries need to be identified and designated accordingly. Method Hemagglutinin sequences deposited in publicly accessible databases up to December 31, 2014, were analyzed by phylogenetic and average pairwise distance methods to identify new clades that merit nomenclature changes. Results Three new clade designations were recommended based on division of clade 2·1·3·2a (Indonesia), 2·2·1 (Egypt), and 2·3·4 (widespread detection in Asia, Europe, and North America) that includes newly emergent HPAI virus subtypes H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8. Conclusion Continued global surveillance for HPAI A(H5) viruses in all host species and timely reporting of sequence data will be critical to quickly identify new clades and assess their potential impact on human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J D Smith
- Program of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore city, Singapore
| | - Ruben O Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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de Vries E, Guo H, Dai M, Rottier PJM, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM. Rapid Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtypes from a Subtype H5N1 Hemagglutinin Variant. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:842-6. [PMID: 25897518 PMCID: PMC4412238 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8 viruses caused outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and North America. The H5 genes of these viruses form a monophyletic group that evolved from a clade 2.3.4 H5N1 variant. This rapid emergence of new H5Nx combinations is unprecedented in the H5N1 evolutionary history.
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24
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Characterization of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses in ducks and chickens. Vet Microbiol 2016; 182:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Núñez A, Brookes SM, Reid SM, Garcia-Rueda C, Hicks DJ, Seekings JM, Spencer YI, Brown IH. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 Virus: Equivocal Pathogenicity and Implications for Surveillance Following Natural Infection in Breeder Ducks in the United Kingdom. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:5-9. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Núñez
- Pathology Department; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - S. M. Brookes
- Avian Virology; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - S. M. Reid
- Avian Virology; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - C. Garcia-Rueda
- Pathology Department; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - D. J. Hicks
- Pathology Department; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - J. M. Seekings
- Avian Virology; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - Y. I. Spencer
- Pathology Department; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - I. H. Brown
- Avian Virology; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
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26
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Richard M, Herfst S, van den Brand JMA, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Koopmans M, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM. Low Virulence and Lack of Airborne Transmission of the Dutch Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N8 in Ferrets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129827. [PMID: 26090682 PMCID: PMC4474857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses that emerged in poultry in East Asia spread to Europe and North America by late 2014. Here we show that the European HPAI H5N8 viruses differ from the Korean and Japanese HPAI H5N8 viruses by several amino acids and that a Dutch HPAI H5N8 virus had low virulence and was not transmitted via the airborne route in ferrets. The virus did not cross-react with sera raised against pre-pandemic H5 vaccine strains. This data is useful for public health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M. A. van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density shape the epidemiology of highly pathogenic H5N8 influenza in the Republic of Korea. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:267-77. [PMID: 26079277 PMCID: PMC4539883 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeographic analyses of H5N8, including 49 new sequences from South Korea. H5N8 movement was mostly among areas dense in wild and domestic ducks. New viral introductions to South Korea occurred at time of wild bird migration. H5N8 epidemiology is shaped by wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density. H5N8 may have entered Europe at least twice, and Asia at least three times.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses threaten human and animal health yet their emergence is poorly understood, partly because sampling of the HPAI Asian-origin H5N1 lineage immediately after its identification in 1996 was comparatively sparse. The discovery of a novel H5N8 virus in 2013 provides a new opportunity to investigate HPAI emergence in greater detail. Here we investigate the origin and transmission of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea, the second country to report the new strain. We reconstruct viral spread using phylogeographic methods and interpret the results in the context of ecological data on poultry density, overwintering wild bird numbers, and bird migration patterns. Our results indicate that wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density were important to H5N8 epidemiology. Specifically, we infer that H5N8 entered the Republic of Korea via Jeonbuk province, then spread rapidly among western provinces where densities of overwintering waterfowl and domestic ducks are higher, yet rarely persisted in eastern regions. The common ancestor of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea was estimated to have arrived during the peak of inward migration of overwintering birds. Recent virus isolations likely represent re-introductions via bird migration from an as-yet unsampled reservoir. Based on the limited data from outside the Republic of Korea, our data suggest that H5N8 may have entered Europe at least twice, and Asia at least three times from this reservoir, most likely carried by wild migrating birds.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Josanne H Verhagen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Kang HM, Lee EK, Song BM, Jeong J, Choi JG, Jeong J, Moon OK, Yoon H, Cho Y, Kang YM, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Novel reassortant influenza A(H5N8) viruses among inoculated domestic and wild ducks, South Korea, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:298-304. [PMID: 25625281 PMCID: PMC4313655 DOI: 10.3201/eid2102.141268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, caused by a novel reassortant influenza A (H5N8) virus, occurred among poultry and wild birds in South Korea in 2014. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis in and mode of transmission of this virus among domestic and wild ducks. Three of the viruses had similar pathogenicity among infected domestic ducks: the H5N8 viruses were moderately pathogenic (0%-20% mortality rate); in wild mallard ducks, the H5N8 and H5N1 viruses did not cause severe illness or death; viral replication and shedding were greater in H5N8-infected mallards than in H5N1-infected mallards. Identification of H5N8 viruses in birds exposed to infected domestic ducks and mallards indicated that the viruses could spread by contact. We propose active surveillance to support prevention of the spread of this virus among wild birds and poultry, especially domestic ducks.
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30
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Li Q, Wang X, Gao Z, Sun Z, Cui Z, Duan Z, Li J, Gu M, Wang X, Hu J, Liu X, Liu X. Novel reassortant H5N5 viruses bind to a human-type receptor as a factor in pandemic risk. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:356-61. [PMID: 25575877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(HPAI) H5N1 viruses pose a serious pandemic threat due to their virulence and high mortality in humans, and their increasingly expanding host range and significant ongoing evolution could enhance their human-to-human transmissibility. Recently, various reassortant viruses were detected in different domestic poultry, with the HA gene derived from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD-like) lineage and the NA gene from influenza viruses of other subtypes. It is reported that some natural reassortant H5N5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses were isolated from poultry in China. And their HA genes were belonged to a new clade 2.3.4.4. We evaluated the receptor binding property and transmissibility in guinea pigs of these reassortant H5N5 HPAIVs. The results showed that these viruses bound to both avian-type (α-2,3) and human-type (α-2,6) receptors. In addition, we found that one of these viruses, 031, not only replicated but also transmitted efficiently in guinea pigs. Therefore, such reassortant influenza viruses may pose a pandemic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhui Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhongtao Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhu Cui
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Duan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Juan Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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31
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Jeong J, Kang HM, Lee EK, Song BM, Kwon YK, Kim HR, Choi KS, Kim JY, Lee HJ, Moon OK, Jeong W, Choi J, Baek JH, Joo YS, Park YH, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) in domestic poultry and its relationship with migratory birds in South Korea during 2014. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:249-57. [PMID: 25192767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were introduced into South Korea during 2014, thereby caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry farms. During the 2014 outbreak, H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated from 38 wild birds and 200 poultry farms (up to May 8, 2014). To better understand the introduction of these viruses and their relationships with wild birds and poultry farm, we analyzed the genetic sequences and available epidemiological data related to the viruses. Genetic analysis of 37 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry farms showed that all of the isolates belonged to clade 2.3.4.6 of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene, but comprised two distinct groups. During the initial stage of the outbreak, identical isolates from each group were found in wild birds and poultry farms near Donglim Reservoir, which is a resting site for migratory birds, thereby indicating that two types of H5N8 HPAIVs were introduced into the lake at the same time. Interestingly, the one group of H5N8 HPAIV predominated around Donglim Reservoir, and the predominant virus was dispersed by wild birds among the migratory bird habitats in the western region of South Korea as time passed, and it was also detected in nearby poultry farms. Furthermore, compared with the results of the annual AIV surveillance of captured wild birds, which has been performed since 2008, more HPAIVs were isolated and H5 sero-prevalence was also detected during the 2014 outbreak. Overall, our results strongly suggest that migratory birds played a key role in the introduction and spread of viruses during the initial stage of the 2014 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipseol Jeong
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Min Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Oun-Kyong Moon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseog Jeong
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jida Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Baek
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seok Joo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea.
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