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Javid Moghadam M, Maktabi S, Zarei M, Mahmoodi P. Controlling Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on food contact surfaces: the efficacy of Oliveria decumbens essential oil and its implications on biofilm-related genes. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae187. [PMID: 39054303 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effect of Oliveria decumbens essential oil (Od-EO) on the phenotypic properties and gene expression of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on commonly used food contact surfaces. METHODS AND RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Od-EO on S. aureus ATCC25923 were determined to be 0.5 and 1 µl/ml, respectively. Crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), biofilm metabolic activity evaluation, and real-time PCR analysis were used to assess the anti-biofilm properties of Od-EO. The results demonstrated that Od-EO exhibited significant anti-biofilm properties against S. aureus and effectively reduced the metabolic activity of biofilm cells. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of Od-EO on biofilm formation were more pronounced on stainless steel (SS) compared to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that Od-EO downregulated the expression of biofilm-related genes (icaA, icaD, clfA, clfB, FnbA, FnbB, and hld) in S. aureus grown on SS, while the expression levels of all studied genes except hld in the biofilm formed on HDPE remained unchanged or increased. CONCLUSIONS One of the main anti-biofilm mechanisms of the Od-EO on the HDPE is related to the disturbance in the QS of the cells. These findings highlight the potential of Od-EO as an effective agent for controlling and inhibiting S. aureus biofilm in the food industry and its potential use in disinfectant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshad Javid Moghadam
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61355-145, Iran
| | - Siavash Maktabi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61355-145, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61355-145, Iran
| | - Pezhman Mahmoodi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan 6517658978, Iran
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Xu Z, Li Y, Xu A, Soteyome T, Yuan L, Ma Q, Seneviratne G, Li X, Liu J. Cell-wall-anchored proteins affect invasive host colonization and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127782. [PMID: 38833832 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
As a major human and animal pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus can attach to medical implants (abiotic surface) or host tissues (biotic surface), and further establish robust biofilms which enhances resistance and persistence to host immune system and antibiotics. Cell-wall-anchored proteins (CWAPs) covalently link to peptidoglycan, and largely facilitate the colonization of S. aureus on various surfaces (including adhesion and biofilm formation) and invasion into host cells (including adhesion, immune evasion, iron acquisition and biofilm formation). During biofilm formation, CWAPs function in adhesion, aggregation, collagen-like fiber network formation, and consortia formation. In this review, we firstly focus on the structural features of CWAPs, including their intracellular function and interactions with host cells, as well as the functions and ligand binding of CWAPs in different stages of S. aureus biofilm formation. Then, the roles of CWAPs in different biofilm processes with regards in development of therapeutic approaches are clarified, followed by the association between CWAPs genes and clonal lineages. By touching upon these aspects, we hope to provide comprehensive knowledge and clearer understanding on the CWAPs of S. aureus and their roles in biofilm formation, which may further aid in prevention and treatment infection and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yaqin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Aijuan Xu
- Guangzhou Hybribio Medical Laboratory, Guangzhou 510730, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lei Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Qin Ma
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture /Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Gamini Seneviratne
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana road, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Xuejie Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Junyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China.
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Yu J, Han W, Xu Y, Shen L, Zhao H, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Guo Y, Yu F. Biofilm-producing ability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinically isolated in China. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:241. [PMID: 38961344 PMCID: PMC11223284 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus, a commensal bacterium, colonizes the skin and mucous membranes of approximately 30% of the human population. Apart from conventional resistance mechanisms, one of the pathogenic features of S. aureus is its ability to survive in a biofilm state on both biotic and abiotic surfaces. Due to this characteristic, S. aureus is a major cause of human infections, with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) being a significant contributor to both community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections. RESULTS Analyzing non-repetitive clinical isolates of MRSA collected from seven provinces and cities in China between 2014 and 2020, it was observed that 53.2% of the MRSA isolates exhibited varying degrees of ability to produce biofilm. The biofilm positivity rate was notably high in MRSA isolates from Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Hubei. The predominant MRSA strains collected in this study were of sequence types ST59, ST5, and ST239, with the biofilm-producing capability mainly distributed among moderate and weak biofilm producers within these ST types. Notably, certain sequence types, such as ST88, exhibited a high prevalence of strong biofilm-producing strains. The study found that SCCmec IV was the predominant type among biofilm-positive MRSA, followed by SCCmec II. Comparing strains with weak and strong biofilm production capabilities, the positive rates of the sdrD and sdrE were higher in strong biofilm producers. The genetic determinants ebp, icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, icaR, and sdrE were associated with strong biofilm production in MRSA. Additionally, biofilm-negative MRSA isolates showed higher sensitivity rates to cefalotin (94.8%), daptomycin (94.5%), mupirocin (86.5%), teicoplanin (94.5%), fusidic acid (81.0%), and dalbavancin (94.5%) compared to biofilm-positive MRSA isolates. The biofilm positivity rate was consistently above 50% in all collected specimen types. CONCLUSIONS MRSA strains with biofilm production capability warrant increased vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanghua Xiao
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yinjuan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyou Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Sharifi A, Mahmoudi P, Sobhani K. The prevalence of adhesion and biofilm genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e31378. [PMID: 38358017 PMCID: PMC10867877 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis poses significant challenges to the dairy industry, resulting in economic losses and increased veterinary expenses. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of bovine mastitis, relying on efficient adhesion and biofilm formation for infection. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to employ meta-analysis to investigate the occurrence of adhesion and biofilm genes in S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis, as documented in previous studies. METHODS This meta-analysis was done according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, examined 22 eligible articles and revealed varying prevalence rates of adhesion and biofilm genes in S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. RESULTS Among the genes, clfB showed the highest prevalence (p-estimate = 0.905), followed by fnbA (p-estimate = 0.689) and fnbB (p-estimate = 0.502). The icaA and icaD genes also showed a relatively high prevalence (p-estimate = 0.694 and 0.814, respectively). Conversely, the biofilm-associated proteins gene had the lowest prevalence (p-estimate = 0.043). Subgroup analyses based on mastitis types and publication years revealed no significant differences in gene prevalence. Insufficient data hindered the analysis of fib, sasG , eno and bbp genes. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable insights for managing S. aureus-induced bovine mastitis. Additionally, larger-scale research, particularly on less-studied genes, is necessary to comprehend the molecular roles of adhesion and biofilm genes in S. aureus-induced bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Sharifi
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of KurdistanSanandajKurdistanIran
| | - Peyman Mahmoudi
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of KurdistanSanandajKurdistanIran
| | - Keyvan Sobhani
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of KurdistanSanandajKurdistanIran
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Zhang D, Lu X, Feng X, Shang X, Liu Q, Zhang N, Yang H. Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from subclinical mastitis of water buffaloes in Guangdong Province, China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177302. [PMID: 38026659 PMCID: PMC10663324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramammary infections (IMI) in animals reared for milk production can result in large economic losses and distress to the animals. Staphylococcus aureus is an important causative agent of IMI in dairy cows, but its prevalence in water buffaloes has not been determined. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in water buffaloes and the antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence genes and biofilm formation abilities of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from water buffaloes in Guangdong, China. Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from milk samples of water buffaloes with subclinical mastitis, and twofold microdilution, PCR and crystal violet staining methods were used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility, distributions of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes and biofilm formation ability, respectively. Our results indicated that 29.44% of water buffaloes were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, and the most prevalent pathogens were Escherichia coli (96.17%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (67.60%) and S. aureus (28.57%). Most S. aureus isolates showed resistance to bacitracin, doxycycline, penicillin, florfenicol, and tetracycline but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ceftizoxime, cefoquinoxime, and ofloxacin. Moreover, 63.72% of S. aureus isolates were positive for tetM, and the prevalence of msrB, blaZ, mecA, fexA, and tetK ranged from 21.24 to 6.19%. All S. aureus isolates harbored clfB and icaA genes, and the virulence genes hla (93.8%), hld (91.15%), clfA (90.27%), fnbA (86.73%), and hlb (83.19%), and tsst, icaD, sec, see, fnbB, and sea showed a varied prevalence ranging from 3.5 to 65.49%. All S. aureus isolates possessed the ability to form biofilms, and 30.09% of isolates showed strong biofilm formation abilities, while 19.47% of isolates were weak biofilm producers. Our results indicated that subclinical mastitis is prevalent in water buffaloes in Guangdong, China, and S. aureus is prevalent in samples from water buffaloes with subclinical mastitis. Most S. aureus isolates were susceptible to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones; thus, ceftizoxime and cefoquinoxime can be used to treat subclinical mastitis in water buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ximing Lu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiangyan Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xuzeng Shang
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Cheung GYC, Otto M. Virulence Mechanisms of Staphylococcal Animal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14587. [PMID: 37834035 PMCID: PMC10572719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are major causes of infections in mammals. Mammals are colonized by diverse staphylococcal species, often with moderate to strong host specificity, and colonization is a common source of infection. Staphylococcal infections of animals not only are of major importance for animal well-being but have considerable economic consequences, such as in the case of staphylococcal mastitis, which costs billions of dollars annually. Furthermore, pet animals can be temporary carriers of strains infectious to humans. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is a great concern in livestock infections, as there is considerable antibiotic overuse, and resistant strains can be transferred to humans. With the number of working antibiotics continuously becoming smaller due to the concomitant spread of resistant strains, alternative approaches, such as anti-virulence, are increasingly being investigated to treat staphylococcal infections. For this, understanding the virulence mechanisms of animal staphylococcal pathogens is crucial. While many virulence factors have similar functions in humans as animals, there are increasingly frequent reports of host-specific virulence factors and mechanisms. Furthermore, we are only beginning to understand virulence mechanisms in animal-specific staphylococcal pathogens. This review gives an overview of animal infections caused by staphylococci and our knowledge about the virulence mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
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Liu H, Ji X, Wang H, Hou X, Sun H, Billington C, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang R. Genomic epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk in Jiangsu, China: emerging broader host tropism strain clones ST59 and ST398. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266715. [PMID: 37808296 PMCID: PMC10556526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is highly pathogenic and can cause disease in both humans and domestic animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic epidemiology of S. aureus isolates from raw milk in Jiangsu Province, China, to identify predominant lineages and their associated genomic and phenotypic characteristics. In this study, we identified 117 S. aureus isolates collected from 1,062 samples in Jiangsu Province between 2021 and 2022. Based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 117 S. aureus isolates, molecular analyses indicated CC1-ST1 (26.50%, 31/117), CC97-ST97 (18.80%, 22/117), CC398-ST398 (10.26%, 12/117), CC8-ST630 (7.69%, 9/117) and CC59-ST59 (2.56%, 3/117) were the major lineages. The prevalence of mecA-positive strains was 11.11%. Four methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) lineages were found, including MRSA-ST59-t172 (n = 3), OS-MRSA-ST398-t011 (n = 1), MRSA-ST630-t2196 (n = 2) and OS-MRSA-ST630-t2196 (n = 7). Phenotypic resistance to penicillin (30.77%, 36/117), ciprofloxacin (17.09%, 20/117) and erythromycin (15.38%, 18/117) was observed which corresponded with resistance genotypes. All of the isolates could produce biofilms, and 38.46% (45/117) of isolates had invasion rates in mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) of greater than 1%. Interestingly, most biofilm-producing and invading isolates harbored ebp-icaA-icaB-icaC-icaR-clfA-clfB-fnbA-fnbB-sdrC-sdrD-sdrE-map-can (27.35%, 32/117) and ebp-icaA-icaB-icaC-icaD-icaR-clfA-clfB-fnbA-fnbB-sdrC-sdrD-sdrE-map (33.33%, 39/117) adherence-associated gene patterns and belonged to lineages CC1 and CC97, respectively. Virulence factor assays showed that 47.01% of the isolates contained at least enterotoxin genes. Isolates harboring the immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes (sea, sak, chp, and scn) were predominantly categorized as STs 464, 398, and 59. IEC-positive ST398 and ST59 isolates contained a very high proportion of virulence genes located on prophages, whereas most IEC-negative ST398 clade isolates carried broad-spectrum drug resistance genes. Meanwhile, the IEC-positive ST398 clade showed a close genetic relationship with isolates from the pork supply chain and hospital surgical site infections. MRSA-ST59 strains showed the closest genetic relationship with an isolate from quick-frozen products. High-risk livestock-associated strains ST398 and MRSA-ST59 were detected in raw milk, indicating a potential public health risk of S. aureus transmission between livestock and humans. Our study highlights the necessity for S. aureus surveillance in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Heye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Haichang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Silvestrini P, Beccaria C, Renna MS, Engler C, Simonutti V, Cellone I, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE, Baravalle C. In vitro evaluation of ginsenoside Rg1 immunostimulating effect in bovine mononuclear cells. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:1-12. [PMID: 36898322 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mammary secretion and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MSMC and PBMC, respectively). The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4 and selected cytokines were evaluated on MSMC after Rg1 treatment. Also, TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression was evaluated on MSMC and PBMC after Rg1 treatment. Phagocytic activity and capacity, ROS production and MHC-II expression were evaluated on MSMC and PBMC after Rg1 treatment and co-culture with Staphylococcus aureus strain 5011. Rg1 induced mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in groups treated with different concentrations and at different times in MSMC, and induced TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression in MSMC and PBMC. Rg1 increased phagocytic capacity and ROS production in MSMC and PBMC. Rg1 increased MHC-II expression by PBMC. However, Rg1 pre-treatment had no effect on cells co-cultured with S. aureus. In conclusion, Rg1 was able to stimulate several sensing and effector activities in these immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Silvestrini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Camila Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Carolina Engler
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Valeria Simonutti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ivana Cellone
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONCET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina.
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9
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Sabino YNV, Cotter PD, Mantovani HC. Anti-virulence compounds against Staphylococcus aureus associated with bovine mastitis: A new therapeutic option? Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127345. [PMID: 36889204 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis represents a major economic burden faced by the dairy industry. S. aureus is an important and prevalent bovine mastitis-associated pathogen in dairy farms worldwide. The pathogenicity and persistence of S. aureus in the bovine mammary gland are associated with the expression of a range of virulence factors involved in biofilm formation and the production of several toxins. The traditional therapeutic approach to treating bovine mastitis includes the use of antibiotics, but the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has caused therapeutic failure. New therapeutic approaches targeting virulence factors of S. aureus rather than cell viability can have several advantages including lower selective pressure towards the development of resistance and little impact on the host commensal microbiota. This review summarizes the potential of anti-virulence therapies to control S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis focusing on anti-toxin, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing compounds. It also points to potential sources of new anti-virulence inhibitors and presents screening strategies for identifying these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hilario C Mantovani
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Avila-Novoa MG, Solis-Velazquez OA, Guerrero-Medina PJ, González-Gómez JP, González-Torres B, Velázquez-Suárez NY, Martínez-Chávez L, Martínez-Gonzáles NE, De la Cruz-Color L, Ibarra-Velázquez LM, Cardona-López MA, Robles-García MÁ, Gutiérrez-Lomelí M. Genetic and compositional analysis of biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food contact surfaces. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1001700. [PMID: 36532477 PMCID: PMC9755592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that can form biofilms on food contact surfaces (FCS) in the dairy industry, posing a serious food safety, and quality concern. Biofilm is a complex system, influenced by nutritional-related factors that regulate the synthesis of the components of the biofilm matrix. This study determines the prevalence of biofilm-associated genes and evaluates the development under different growth conditions and compositions of biofilms produced by S. aureus. METHODS Biofilms were developed in TSB, TSBG, TSBNaCl, and TSBGNaCl on stainless-steel (SS), with enumeration at 24 and 192 h visualized by epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of biofilms was determined using enzymatic and chemical treatments and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 84 S. aureus (SA1-SA84) strains were collected from 293 dairy industry FCS (FCS-stainless steel [n = 183] and FCS-polypropylene [n = 110]) for this study. The isolates harbored the genes sigB (66%), sar (53%), agrD (52%), clfB/clfA (38%), fnbA/fnbB (20%), and bap (9.5%). 99. In particular, the biofilm formed by bap-positive S. aureus onto SS showed a high cell density in all culture media at 192 h in comparison with the biofilms formed at 24 h (p < 0.05). Epifluorescence microscopy and SEM revealed the metabolically active cells and the different stages of biofilm formation. CLSM analysis detected extracellular polymeric of S. aureus biofilms on SS, such as eDNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. Finally, the level of detachment on being treated with DNase I (44.7%) and NaIO 4(42.4%) was greater in the biofilms developed in TSB compared to culture medium supplemented with NaCl at 24 h; however, there was no significant difference when the culture medium was supplemented with glucose. In addition, after treatment with proteinase K, there was a lower level of biomass detachment (17.7%) of the biofilm developed in TSBNaCl (p < 0.05 at 24 h) compared to that in TSB, TSBG, and TSBGNaCl (33.6, 36.9, and 37.8%, respectively). These results represent a deep insight into the composition of S. aureus biofilms present in the dairy industry, which promotes the development of more efficient composition-specific disinfection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Avila-Novoa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oscar Alberto Solis-Velazquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pedro Javier Guerrero-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jean-Pierre González-Gómez
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Berenice González-Torres
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Noemí Yolanda Velázquez-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Liliana Martínez-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inocuidad de Alimentos, Departamento de Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nanci Edid Martínez-Gonzáles
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inocuidad de Alimentos, Departamento de Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lucia De la Cruz-Color
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luz María Ibarra-Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Cardona-López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Robles-García
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melesio Gutiérrez-Lomelí
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Microbiana y Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
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11
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Rodrigues RA, Pizauro LJL, Varani ADM, de Almeida CC, Silva SR, Cardozo MV, MacInnes JI, Kropinski AM, Melo PDC, Ávila FA. Comparative genomics study of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle and humans reveals virulence patterns exclusively associated with bovine clinical mastitis strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1033675. [PMID: 36419431 PMCID: PMC9676464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1033675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes nosocomial and intramammary infections in humans and cattle, respectively. A large number of virulence factors are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of this bacterium. Currently, genome-wide and data-analysis studies are being used to better understand its epidemiology. In this study, we conducted a genome wide comparison and phylogenomic analyses of S. aureus to find specific virulence patterns associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis strains in cattle and compare them with those of human origin. The presence/absence of key virulence factors such as adhesin, biofilm, antimicrobial resistance, and toxin genes, as well as the phylogeny and sequence type of the isolates were evaluated. A total of 248 genomes (27 clinical mastitis, 43 subclinical mastitis, 21 milk, 53 skin-related abscesses, 49 skin infections, and 55 pus from cellulitis) isolated from 32 countries were evaluated. We found that the cflA, fnbA, ebpS, spa, sdrC, coa, emp, vWF, atl, sasH, sasA, and sasF adhesion genes, as well as the aur, hglA, hglB, and hglC toxin genes were highly associated in clinical mastitis strains. The strains had diverse genetic origins (72 protein A and 48 sequence types with ST97, ST8 and ST152 being frequent in isolates from clinical mastitis, abscess, and skin infection, respectively). Further, our phylogenomic analyses suggested that zoonotic and/or zooanthroponotic transmission may have occurred. These findings contribute to a better understanding of S. aureus epidemiology and the relationships between adhesion mechanisms, biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and toxins and could aid in the development of improved vaccines and strain genotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romário Alves Rodrigues
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Mello Varani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Chioda de Almeida
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saura Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
- Laboratory of Microorganism Physiology, Minas Gerais State University, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janet I. MacInnes
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Poliana de Castro Melo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antonio Ávila
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Engler C, Renna MS, Beccaria C, Silvestrini P, Pirola SI, Pereyra EAL, Baravalle C, Camussone CM, Monecke S, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Differential immune response to two Staphylococcus aureus strains with distinct adaptation genotypes after experimental intramammary infection of dairy cows. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105789. [PMID: 36176246 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the ability of two S. aureus strains with different adaptation genotypes (low and high) to the bovine mammary gland (MG) to establish an intramammary infection (IMI) and induce an immune response after an experimental challenge in lactating cows. Two isolates (designated 806 and 5011) from bovine IMI with different genotypic profiles, harboring genes involved in adherence and biofilm production, belonging to different capsular polysaccharide (CP) type, accessory gene regulator (agr) group, pulsotype (PT) and sequence type/clonal complex (ST/CC) were selected. Strains 806 and 5011 were associated with low (nonpersistent-NP) and high (persistent-P) adaptation to the MG, respectively. Strain 806 (NP) was characterized as agr group II, cap5 positive and ST350; strain 5011 (P) agr group I, cap8 positive and CC188. Three groups of clinically healthy cows, 4 cows/treatment group, were inoculated by the intramammary route with strain 806 (NP), strain 5011 (P) and pyrogen-free saline solution. All mammary quarters challenged with strain 806 (NP) developed mild clinical mastitis between 1 and 7 d post inoculation (pi). Quarters challenged with strain 5011 (P) developed a persistent IMI; bacteria were recovered from milk from d 7 pi and up to d 56 pi. In quarters inoculated with strain 806 (NP) the inflammatory response induced was greater and earlier than the one induced by strain 5011 (P), since a somatic cell count (SCC) peak was observed at d 2 pi, while in quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) no variations in SCC were observed until d 4 pi reaching the maximum values at d 14 pi; indicating a lower and delayed initial inflammatory response. The highest levels of nitric oxide (NO) and lactoferrin (Lf) detected in milk from quarters inoculated with both S. aureus strains coincided with the highest SCC at the same time periods, indicating an association with the magnitude of inflammation. The high levels of IL-1β induced by strain 806 (NP) were associated with the highest SCC detected (d 2 pi); while quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) showed similar IL-1β levels to those found in control quarters. In quarters inoculated with strain 806 (NP) two peaks of IL-6 levels on d 2 and 14 pi were observed; while in quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) IL-6 levels were similar to those found in control quarters. The strain 806 (NP) induced a higher total IgG and IgG1 response; while strain 5011 (P) generated a higher IgG2 response (even against the heterologous strain). The present study demonstrated that S. aureus strains with different genotype and adaptability to bovine MG influence the local host immune response and the course and severity of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Engler
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Camila Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Paula Silvestrini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvana I Pirola
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Elizabet A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Cecilia M Camussone
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina.
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13
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Akhtar M, Naqvi SUAS, Liu Q, Pan H, Ma Z, Kong N, Chen Y, Shi D, Kulyar MFEA, Khan JA, Liu H. Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Are the Potential Immunomodulatory Metabolites in Controlling Staphylococcus aureus-Mediated Mastitis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183687. [PMID: 36145063 PMCID: PMC9503071 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an emerging health concern in animals. An increased incidence of mastitis in dairy cows has been reported in the last few years across the world. It is estimated that up to 20% of cows are suffering from mastitis, causing incompetency in the mucosal immunity and resulting in excessive global economic losses in the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been reported as the most common bacterial pathogen of mastitis at clinical and sub-clinical levels. Antibiotics, including penicillin, macrolides, lincomycin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and methicillin, were used to cure S. aureus-induced mastitis. However, S. aureus is resistant to most antibiotics, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) especially has emerged as a critical health concern. MRSA impairs immune homeostasis leaving the host more susceptible to other infections. Thus, exploring an alternative to antibiotics has become an immediate requirement of the current decade. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the potent bioactive metabolites produced by host gut microbiota through fermentation and play a crucial role in host/pathogen interaction and could be applied as a potential therapeutic agent against mastitis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the potential mechanism by which SCFAs alleviate mastitis, providing the theoretical reference for the usage of SCFAs in preventing or curing mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akhtar
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Qiyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Na Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jawaria Ali Khan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Liu J, Wang X, Bi C, Mehmood K, Ali F, Qin J, Han Z. Molecular characterization of multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in mastitis bovine milk from a dairy farm in Anhui, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:966533. [PMID: 36072389 PMCID: PMC9443526 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.966533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an economically important disease in the dairy industry, which is caused by various infectious pathogens. There is limited information known about the situation of drug resistance and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in mastitis bovine milk in Anhui. Therefore, a total of 125 fresh milk samples from clinically mastitis-positive bovine animals were collected. The bacteria pathogens were identified via bacterial culture, Gram staining, biochemical analysis, DNA extraction, 16s rRNA amplification, and phylogenetic analysis. Drug resistance analyses were performed through drug-resistant genes and virulence genes amplification. Results showed that a total of 24.8% (31/125) bacterial isolates were isolated and identified as S. aureus by Gram straining, biochemical reactions, and 16 s rRNA genes blasting. Multiple sequence alignment analysis found that the current isolates were highly similar (96.9-100.0%) to previous isolates. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that S. aureus was similar with MK809241.1 isolated from food in China and wCP030426.1 isolated from a person in the United States. The bacterial isolates were detected resistant to 11 antibiotics, such as Penicillin G, SXT, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Polymyxin B, Levofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, and Spectinomycin. Drug-resistant genes of blaZ, ermC, rpoB, and ant (4')-la were successfully amplified. Virulence genes of hla, nuc, clfa, and eta were found in S. aureus bacteria. The current study isolated S. aureus from milk samples and revealed its drug-resistant situation, drug-resistant genes, and virulence genes. Hence, regular monitoring of S. aureus in milk samples from dairy cows may contribute to the prevention and treatment of public health concerns causing bacteria in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi City, China
| | - Chongliang Bi
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi City, China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Farah Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jianhua Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaoqing Han
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi City, China
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15
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Filor V, Seeger B, de Buhr N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Kietzmann M, Oltmanns H, Meißner J. Investigation of the pathophysiology of bacterial mastitis using precision-cut bovine udder slices. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7705-7718. [PMID: 35879165 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis in cattle is a major health problem as well as incurring high costs for the dairy industry. To assess the suitability of precision-cut bovine udder slices (PCBUS) for bovine mastitis studies, we infected PCBUS with 2 different Staphylococcus aureus strains. Accordingly, we investigated both the tissue response to infection based on immune mediators at the mRNA and protein levels and the invasion of bacteria within the tissue. The studied proteins represent immune mediators of early inflammation [IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)] and showed a time-dependent increase in concentration. Infection of PCBUS with S. aureus resulted in increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, but not C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), or S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) at the mRNA level. To compare the data acquired with this model, we carried out investigations on primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Our results showed that the immune responses of both models-PCBUS and primary bovine mammary epithelial cells-were similar. In addition, investigations using PCBUS enabled us to demonstrate adherence of bacteria in the physiological cell network. These findings support the use of PCBUS in studies designed to further understand the complex pathophysiological processes of infection and inflammation in bovine mastitis and to investigate alternative therapies for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Filor
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - B Seeger
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Group Food Toxicology/Alternative/Complementary Methods to Animal Testing, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30273 Hannover, Germany
| | - N de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Oltmanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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16
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Rajan V, Sivaraman GK, Vijayan A, Elangovan R, Prendiville A, Bachmann TT. Genotypes and phenotypes of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from shrimp aquaculture farms. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:391-399. [PMID: 34344057 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The population of methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci in aquatic environment is rarely investigated. Here, we characterized a collection of MR staphylococci recovered from shrimp aquaculture farms (n = 37) in Kerala, India. A total of 261 samples yielded 47 MR isolates (16 S. aureus, 13 S. haemolyticus, 11 S. epidermidis, 3 S. saprophytics and 2 each of S.intermedius and S. kloosii). Multi-drug resistance was evident in 72.3% of the isolates, with resistance mainly towards erythromycin (78.7%), norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (53.2%), and gentamicin (34%). Major resistance genes identified included mecA (100%), ermC (38.3%), aacA-aphD (21.3%), tetK (14.9%) and tetM (21.3%). Almost 60% of the isolates carried type V SCCmec (Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec), and the remaining harboured untypeable SCCmec elements. Comprehensive genotyping of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed high prevalence of ST772-t345-V (sequence type-spa type-SCCmec type) (75%), followed by minor representations of ST6657-t345-V and ST3190-t12353. The isolates of S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis were genotypically diverse as shown by their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins were observed in 53.2% of the isolates. Various genes involved in adhesion and biofilm formation were also identified. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that shrimp aquaculture settings can act as reservoirs of methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Rajan
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Gopalan Krishnan Sivaraman
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Ardhra Vijayan
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Alison Prendiville
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Till T Bachmann
- London College of Communication, University of the Arts London, London, UK
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17
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Meroni G, Tsikopoulos A, Tsikopoulos K, Allemanno F, Martino PA, Soares Filipe JF. A Journey into Animal Models of Human Osteomyelitis: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1135. [PMID: 35744653 PMCID: PMC9228829 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone characterized by progressive inflammatory destruction and apposition of new bone that can spread via the hematogenous route (hematogenous osteomyelitis (HO)), contiguous spread (contiguous osteomyelitis (CO)), and direct inoculation (osteomyelitis associated with peripheral vascular insufficiency (PVI)). Given the significant financial burden posed by osteomyelitis patient management, the development of new preventive and treatment methods is warranted. To achieve this objective, implementing animal models (AMs) of infection such as rats, mice, rabbits, avians, dogs, sheep, goats, and pigs might be of the essence. This review provides a literature analysis of the AMs developed and used to study osteomyelitis. Historical relevance and clinical applicability were taken into account to choose the best AMs, and some study methods are briefly described. Furthermore, the most significant strengths and limitations of each species as AM are discussed, as no single model incorporates all features of osteomyelitis. HO's clinical manifestation results in extreme variability between patients due to multiple variables (e.g., age, sex, route of infection, anatomical location, and concomitant diseases) that could alter clinical studies. However, these variables can be controlled and tested through different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meroni
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Alexios Tsikopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Francesca Allemanno
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Joel Fernando Soares Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
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Diversity and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis: current understanding and future perspectives. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:115. [PMID: 35331225 PMCID: PMC8944054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. Despite some improved understanding of disease pathogenesis, progress towards new methods for the control of intramammary infections (IMI) has been limited, particularly in the field of vaccination. Although herd management programs have helped to reduce the number of clinical cases, S. aureus mastitis remains a major disease burden. This review summarizes the past 16 years of research on bovine S. aureus population genetics, and molecular pathogenesis that have been conducted worldwide. We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in different continents. We also describe studies investigating the evolution of bovine S. aureus and the importance of host-adaptation in its emergence as a mastitis pathogen. The available information on the prevalence of virulence determinants and their functional relevance during the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis are also discussed. Although traits such as biofilm formation and innate immune evasion are critical for the persistence of bacteria, the current understanding of the key host-pathogen interactions that determine the outcome of S. aureus IMI is very limited. We suggest that greater investment in research into the genetic and molecular basis of bovine S. aureus pathogenesis is essential for the identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets.
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19
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Luteolin attenuates the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus by interfering with the agr system. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Rocha GD, Nogueira JF, Gomes Dos Santos MV, Boaventura JA, Nunes Soares RA, José de Simoni Gouveia J, Matiuzzi da Costa M, Gouveia GV. Impact of polymorphisms in blaZ, blaR1 and blaI genes and their relationship with β-lactam resistance in S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105453. [PMID: 35217180 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is not a consensus between the presence of the genotypic resistance marker gene and the phenotypic resistance to β-lactams in Staphylococcus aureus, which means, positive S. aureus blaZ isolates demonstrating sensitivity to β-lactams. The present study aimed to characterize the blaZ, blaR1 and blaI genes, identify and evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their relationship with β-lactam resistance in samples of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from cases of bovine mastitis. Five isolates (two resistant and three sensitive to oxacillin) of Staphylococcus aureus with detected production of beta-lactamase, previously evaluated as containing the blaZ gene and negative for the mecA and mecC genes, had the bla operon completely sequenced. Impacts on the protein sequence due to the detected polymorphisms were evaluated by modeling the proteins encoded by the blaZ, blaR1 and blaI genes using a three-dimensional model structure obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) database. Fifteen SNPs were detected in the blaZ gene, 30 in the blaR1 gene and three in the blaI gene. These SNPs caused alterations in amino acid sites. Deleterious mutations were detected in the blaZ gene (E146G, P218S, Y221C) and the blaR1 gene (K481E). Molecular docking analysis revealed that polymorphisms in the blaZ gene may explain the phenotypic sensitivity in isolates that contain the resistance marker gene. Although sensitive and resistant isolates encode beta-lactamase, these proteins are functionally altered due to a change in the binding site with the antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dias Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho s/n, C1, Petrolina, PE, 56300-000, Brazil
| | - Joel Fonseca Nogueira
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho s/n, C1, Petrolina, PE, 56300-000, Brazil
| | - Marion Venâncio Gomes Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho s/n, C1, Petrolina, PE, 56300-000, Brazil
| | - Joanna Adrielly Boaventura
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho s/n, C1, Petrolina, PE, 56300-000, Brazil
| | - Riani Ananda Nunes Soares
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho s/n, C1, Petrolina, PE, 56300-000, Brazil
| | - João José de Simoni Gouveia
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho s/n, C1, Petrolina, PE, 56300-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho s/n, C1, Petrolina, PE, 56300-000, Brazil
| | - Gisele Veneroni Gouveia
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho s/n, C1, Petrolina, PE, 56300-000, Brazil.
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21
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Ibrahim ES, Arafa AA, Dorgam SM, Eid RH, Atta NS, El-Dabae WH, Gaber ES. Molecular characterization of genes responsible for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic cows. Vet World 2022; 15:205-212. [PMID: 35369599 PMCID: PMC8924378 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.205-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mastitis is considered a significant disease of lactating animals. There are new attitudes for recognizing genes responsible for causing this disease to overcome and change the manipulation of this problem. This study aimed to isolate and identify Staphylococcusaureus strains from mastitic bovine animals and detect some specific biofilm-forming genes (icaA, icaD, and biofilm-associated protein [bap] genes clfA, fnbA, agrI, agrII, agrIII, agrIV, and cna). Materials and Methods: A total of 121 mastitic milk samples were analyzed using biochemical tests (catalase test, oxidative-fermentative test, and coagulase test) and Gram stain. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was applied to characterize biofilm genes (icaA, icaD, bap, clfA, and fnbA) in addition to (agrI, agrII, agrIII, agrIV, and cna). Results: Among the 121 milk samples, 35 staphylococci isolates were derived with an incidence of 28.92% (35/121); among them, 19 are coagulase positive. Ninety percent of the isolates had ica genes (icaA and icaD) while bap gene was not recognized in any isolate. In addition, the incidence of fnbA, can, andclfA was 89.5% each. The prevalence of agr specific groups (agrI, agrII, agrIII, and agrIV) was 78.9%, 52.6%, 10.5%, and 15.8%, respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that S. aureus has variant mechanisms of pathogenicity to form biofilm devoid of carrying a specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Shafeek Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany Ahmed Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sohad Mohamed Dorgam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Hamdy Eid
- Udder Health and Neonatal Disease, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Sayed Atta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Eslam Sadek Gaber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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22
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Characterization of Virulence Factors in Enterotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus aureus from Bulk Tank Milk. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030301. [PMID: 35158625 PMCID: PMC8833733 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Staphylococcus aureus, apathogen that causes bovine mastitis, produces various virulence factors, and human consumption of milk contaminated with the S. aureus enterotoxin may pose a public health risk. This study analyzed the genetic characteristics of bovine-mastitis-related virulence factors to evaluate the potential pathogenesis of S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk. The results show that S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk, not from mastitis, had a high prevalence of virulence factors and that the high presence of enterotoxins may be due to poor hygiene. Therefore, developing a strong monitoring and sanitation program for dairy factories is important to ensure hygienic milk production. Abstract Staphylococcus aureus, a persistent mastitis-causing pathogen, produces various virulence factors, including enterotoxins. This study analyzed the genetic characteristics of bovine-mastitis-related virulence factors to evaluate the potential pathogenesis of S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk. Among 93 S. aureus isolates from 396 dairy farms operated by 3 dairy companies in Korea, 40 (43.0%) isolates carried one or more enterotoxin genes. Moreover, S. aureus carrying enterotoxin genes showed a higher prevalence in all virulence genes tested in this study except for pvl and lukM, which were not detected in any isolate, than in the isolates without enterotoxin genes. In particular, the prevalence of six genes (hla, hlb, lukED, fnbA, clfA, and clfB) was significantly higher in S. aureus carrying the enterotoxin genes than in the isolates without the enterotoxin genes (p < 0.05). The most common multilocus sequence type of enterotoxin-producing isolates was ST188, and all isolates of ST188 harbored the see gene. S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk, not from mastitis, had a high prevalence of virulence factors, posing a public health threat. Moreover, a high presence of enterotoxins in bulk tank milk is probably because of poor hygiene; therefore, it is important to develop strong monitoring and sanitation programs for dairy factories.
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23
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Prevalence and Characterization of PVL-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Cow’s Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020097. [PMID: 35202125 PMCID: PMC8876356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and some toxin genes of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in unpasteurized raw cow’s milk collected from retail outlets located at Mansoura, Dakahliya governorate, Egypt. In that context, a total of 700 raw cow’s milk samples were investigated for the presence of S. aureus, which was identified in 41.1% (288/700) of the samples. Among the S. aureus isolates, 113 PVL-positive S. aureus were identified and subjected for further analysis. The PVL-positive S. aureus were investigated for the existence of toxin-related genes, including hemolysin (hla), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst), and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, see, seg, sei, and selj). Genotypic resistance of PVL-positive strains was performed for the detection of blaZ and mecA genes. Among the PVL-positive S. aureus, sea, seb, and sec were detected in 44.2, 6.2%, and 0.9%, respectively, while the hla and tst genes were identified in 54.9% and 0.9%, respectively. The blaZ and mecA genes were successfully identified in 84.9 (96/113) and 32.7% (37/113) of the total evaluated S. aureus isolates, respectively. PVL-positive S. aureus displayed a high level of resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) was displayed by all methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 38.2% of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The obtained findings are raising the alarm of virulent PVL-positive MRSA clones in retail milk in Egypt, suggesting the requirement for limiting the use of β-lactam drugs in food-producing animals and the importance of implementing strong hygiene procedures in dairy farms and processing plants.
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Moliva MV, Campra N, Ibañez M, Cristofolini AL, Merkis CI, Reinoso EB. Capacity of adherence, invasion and intracellular survival of Streptococcus uberis biofilm-forming strains. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1751-1759. [PMID: 34800320 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Nine Streptococcus uberis strains with different biofilm-forming profiles in relation to their capacity of adherence and invasion to MAC-T cell lines were examined. Additionally, virulence genes were also linked to adherence and invasion. METHODS AND RESULTS All S. uberis were able to adhere and invade the cells at different levels. UB56 strain showed the highest percentage of internalization (3.65%) and presented a moderate level of adhesion (4.6 × 106 ). In contrast, UB152, the most adherent strain (8.7 × 106 ) showed a low capacity to internalize (0.65%). Eight strains were able to persist intracellularly over 96 h regardless of their adherence or invasion level. Statistical analysis between biofilm-forming ability and the adhesion capacity showed no significant differences. Presence of virulence genes involved in the adhesion process (gapC, hasABC, lbp, pauA and sua) showed that the strains harboured different genes and seven patterns could be observed. CONCLUSION Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the virulence gene patterns and the adhesion capacity or the percentage of internalization. Biofilm-forming ability did not influence the invasion capacity. Likewise, adherence and invasion capacity may be strain dependent. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Findings from this study provide new insights on biofilm and invasion capacity of S. uberis strains. Results could help to design adequate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina V Moliva
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), UNRC-CONICET, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - Noelia Campra
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), UNRC-CONICET, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - Mercedes Ibañez
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - Andrea L Cristofolini
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - Cecilia I Merkis
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - Elina B Reinoso
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), UNRC-CONICET, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
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25
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Englerová K, Bedlovičová Z, Nemcová R, Király J, Maďar M, Hajdučková V, Styková E, Mucha R, Reiffová K. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-Derived Lipopeptide Biosurfactants Inhibit Biofilm Formation and Expression of Biofilm-Related Genes of Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1252. [PMID: 34680832 PMCID: PMC8532693 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants (BSs) are surface-active compounds produced by diverse microorganisms, including the genus Bacillus. These bioactive compounds possess biological activities such as antiadhesive, antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects that can lead to important applications in combating many infections. Based on these findings, we decided to investigate the antibiofilm activity of BSs from the marine Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Staphylococcus aureus CCM 4223. Expression of biofilm-related genes was also evaluated using qRT-PCR. Isolated and partially purified BSs were identified and characterized by molecular tools and by UHPLC-DAD and MALDI-TOF/MS. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 3/22, that exhibited surfactant activity evaluated by oil spreading assay, was characterized using the 16S rRNA sequencing method. Screening by PCR detected the presence of the sfp, srfAA, fenD and ituD genes, suggesting production of the lipopeptides (LPs) surfactin, fengycin and iturin. The above findings were further supported by the results of UHPLC-DAD and MALDI-TOF/MS. As quantified by the crystal violet method, the LPs significantly (p < 0.001) reduced biofilm formation of S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner and decreased expression of biofilm-related genes fnbA, fnbB, sortaseA and icaADBC operon. Data from our investigation indicate a promising therapeutic application for LPs isolated from B. amyloliquefaciens toward prevention of S. aureus biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Englerová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (K.E.); (R.N.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Zdenka Bedlovičová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Radomíra Nemcová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (K.E.); (R.N.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Ján Király
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (K.E.); (R.N.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Marián Maďar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (K.E.); (R.N.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Vanda Hajdučková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (K.E.); (R.N.); (J.K.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Eva Styková
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Rastislav Mucha
- Institute of Neurobiology BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Katarína Reiffová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesová 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia;
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26
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Tamendjari S, Bouzebda FA, Chaib L, Aggad H, Ramdani M, Bouzebda Z. Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow and goat milk produced in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria. Vet World 2021; 14:1929-1934. [PMID: 34475719 PMCID: PMC8404117 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1929-1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infection in both humans and animals. Most livestock strains have shown antibiotic resistance to the many molecules used in veterinary therapeutics. This study aimed to assess the resistance patterns of these bacteria, we carried out our study in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria. Materials and Methods: We collected 116 samples of bovine and goat milk to detect S. aureus. We used a selective media to isolate the strains, followed by biochemically identifying the isolates. We determined the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotic molecules using the disk diffusion method and confirmed the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Our results showed that 26.72% of the samples were contaminated with S. aureus, and we recovered 31 isolates from the positive samples. We ascribed a high resistance profile to penicillin G (96.77%), fusidic acid (67.74%), and tobramycin (45.16%) and isolated 4MRSA strains. Conclusion: The presence of S. aureus, including MRSA strains in raw milk, can present a public health hazard, because these strains can cause widespread food poisoning. This finding will be useful to the veterinarians to choose an adequate treatment and to sensitize livestock breeders and milk producers to ensure the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Tamendjari
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria.,Laboratory of Animal Productions, Biotechnologies and Health, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Farida Afri Bouzebda
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria.,Laboratory of Animal Productions, Biotechnologies and Health, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Lina Chaib
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Hebib Aggad
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, University of Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Ramdani
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Scientific Institute, University Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zoubir Bouzebda
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria.,Laboratory of Animal Productions, Biotechnologies and Health, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria
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Nasaj M, Hosseini SM, Saeidi Z, Dehbashi S, Tahmasebi H, Arabestani MR. Analysis of phenotypic and genotypic methods for determining the biofilm-forming abilities of CoNS isolates: Association with hemolysin production and the bacterial insertion sequence elements IS256/257. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Kroning IS, Ramires T, Haubert L, Rizzi C, Fernandes MDS, Lopes GV, Dellagostin OA, Silva WPD. Biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus from milk and expression of the adhesion genes ebpS and cna at different temperatures. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:677-685. [PMID: 33945694 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk to form biofilm, through detection of adhesion genes, investigating exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and biofilm formation on polystyrene (PS) and stainless steel (SS) surfaces, and by quantifying the expression of ebpS and cna genes under different temperatures and culture media. Among the 31 isolates, the adhesion genes ebpS and cna were found in 81% and 61% of the isolates, respectively. The screening tests for phenotype revealed that 58% of the isolates were EPS producers, and 45% showed the ability to produce biofilm on PS. Nine of the 31 isolates were selected to verify their ability to form biofilm on SS, of which 3 were non-biofilm producers, 3 were poor biofilm producers, and 3 were moderate biofilm producers. However, all nine isolates produced biofilm on SS, regardless of their phenotypic profile on PS. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed no variation in the expression levels of ebpS and cna genes at different temperatures, except for isolate S24 at 10 °C, for both genes tested. Moreover, RT-qPCR assays revealed that the expression levels of the adhesion genes ebpS and cna are isolate- and temperature-dependent; however, they are independent of the phenotypic biofilm-formation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Schneid Kroning
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão s/nº, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Tassiana Ramires
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão s/nº, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Louise Haubert
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão s/nº, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Caroline Rizzi
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Meg da Silva Fernandes
- Adere Treinamentos, Rua Pioneiro Nilso Costa 475A, Maringá, Paraná, CEP 87075850, Brazil
| | - Graciela Volz Lopes
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão s/nº, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão s/nº, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000 Brazil.,Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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An R, Gao M, Meng Y, Tong X, Chen J, Wang J. Infective mastitis due to bovine-associated Streptococcus dysgalactiae contributes to clinical persistent presentation in a murine mastitis model. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1600-1610. [PMID: 33932957 PMCID: PMC8464300 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae (GCS) is a major pathology of dairy cows. The mechanisms by which GCS intramammary infection is established and maintained involve not only bacterial adherence and invasion but also modulation of the cytokines and TLR immune response. Objectives The study aimed to evaluate characteristics of persistent infection of GCS collected from bovine mastitis milk in a murine mastitis model whose mammary structure is similar to that of dairy cows; dairy cow mastitis can be well simulated by using mice as models. HLJ2019 was tested for its ability to persistently infected mice by intramammary inoculation. Methods As antibiotics tested, establish an intramammary infection model in murine, histopathology analyses, relative expression of inflammatory cytokines mRNA and adherence and invasion in mMECs. Results It induced a robust inflammatory reaction in the mammary gland, characterized by histopathological changes, increased myeloperoxidase activity and induced expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IFN‐γ, IL‐10, IL‐1α and IL‐1β) and TLR2/4, the exhibited strong LDH release, adhesion and invasive abilities in contact with mMECs. Conclusion These results contribute to increase the available information on host‐pathogen interaction and point out the need for further research to expand the knowledge about these interactions for developing new strategies to intervene in the intramammary persistent infection progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- Department of Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- Department of Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Meng
- Department of Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in Staphylococcus aureus chronically infected bovine mammary glands during active involution. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:30-39. [PMID: 33932820 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -- 9 and their inhibitors (TIMP-1 and -2) in mammary tissue of dairy cows with naturally occurring chronic S. aureus intramammary infections (IMI) during active involution. Moreover, the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary secretions was evaluated. Cows in late lactation that were either uninfected or with chronic naturally acquired S. aureus IMI were included in this study. Protein expression of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary tissues was significantly higher in S. aureus-infected than uninfected quarters at day 14 and 21 of involution. Protein expression of TIMP-1 and -2 was significantly higher in S. aureus-infected than uninfected quarters at day 7, 14 and 21 of involution. The MMP-2/TIMP-1, MMP-2/TIMP-2, MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratios were significantly higher in S. aureus-infected compared with uninfected quarters at day 14 of involution. The MMP-2 activity was significantly higher in mammary secretions from S. aureus-infected compared with uninfected quarters at day 1, 2, 7 and 14 of involution. The MMP-9 activity was significantly higher in mammary secretions from infected quarters compared with uninfected quarters at day 7, 14 and 21 of involution. The increased expression of MMP-2 and -9 in mammary tissue as well as the high levels of activity observed in mammary secretion from infected quarters compared with uninfected quarters during active involution, strongly suggests that these gelatinases could contribute to degradation of mammary tissue components during chronic S. aureus IMI. The MMPs/TIMPs imbalance could lead to greater proteolysis and potentially more damage to mammary tissue in S. aureus-infected quarters.
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Clinical and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Chinese children: association among the agr groups and genotypes, virulence genes and disease types. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:180-188. [PMID: 33660136 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed to investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from Chinese children and determine the possible relationship among the accessory gene regulator (agr) groups and genotypes, as well as among the virulence genes and disease types. METHODS S. aureus strains were isolated from Beijing Children's Hospital between October 2017 and October 2019. The isolates and 19 virulence genes were characterized using multi-locus sequence typing, staphylococcal protein A (spa), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, and agr typing. RESULTS A total of 191 non-repetitive S. aureus clinical isolates were divided into 33 sequence types (STs), 18 clonal complexes (CCs), and 59 spa types. ST59 (39.8%), t437 (37.7%), and agr I (84.8%) were the predominant types. CC59, CC25, CC22, CC951, CC8, and CC398 belonged to agr I. CC5 and CC15 were assigned to agr II, and CC30 was characterized as agr III. CC121 was classified under agr IV. The eta, etb, and bbp genes were more prevalent in agr IV (P < 0.001 for each), while tst was more prevalent in agr group III compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). Nearly all isolates that harbored lukS/F-PV belonged to agr I (P = 0.005). However, the correlation between disease types and agr groups was not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An association among the agr groups and genotypes, as well as specific toxin genes, was observed among the S. aureus strains isolated from Chinese children. However, a statistical correlation was not found among the agr groups and disease types.
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Liu K, Tao L, Li J, Fang L, Cui L, Li J, Meng X, Zhu G, Bi C, Wang H. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates From Cases of Clinical Bovine Mastitis on Large-Scale Chinese Dairy Farms. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:580129. [PMID: 33426015 PMCID: PMC7793989 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a prevalent disease that causes serious economic problems globally in the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen of bovine mastitis. This study was conducted to characterize S. aureus isolates from clinical bovine mastitis cases in large-scale dairy herds in China. S. aureus was isolated from 624 clinical mastitis cases and confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In total, 62 S. aureus isolates were obtained. Cluster analysis, genetic diversity, quantification of biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and detection of virulence genes were performed on these isolates of S. aureus. Eight isolates harbored the mecA gene and were sensitive to oxacillin. MALDI-TOF MS cluster analysis revealed that the 62 isolates were divided into three major clusters (I, II, III) and eight main groups (A–H) at the distance level of 700. The agr II was the most prevalent (56.5%). The 62 S. aureus isolates were assigned to seven spa types. The most common spa type was t529(58.1%), followed by t2196 (14.5%), t518 (14.5%), t571(6.5%), t034 (3.2%), t2734 (1.6%), and t730 (1.6%). Five STs were identified from seven representative isolates as follows: ST630/CC8, ST97/CC97, ST50, ST398, and ST705. All isolates had the ability to form biofilm. Antimicrobial resistance was most frequently observed to ciprofloxacin (29%), followed by penicillin (24.2%), and streptomycin (9.6%). All isolates harbored the fnbA, clfB (100%), icaA, and icaD genes. This study provides the basis for the development of bovine mastitis prevention program on large-scale dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luyao Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chongliang Bi
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
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Torres G, Vargas K, Cuesta-Astroz Y, Reyes-Vélez J, Olivera-Angel M. Phenotypic Characterization and Whole Genome Analysis of a Strong Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus Strain Associated With Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in Colombia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:530. [PMID: 33102540 PMCID: PMC7500091 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus represent a serious threat to public health due to food safety, antibiotic resistance, and the potential zoonotic transmission of strains between dairy cattle and humans. Biofilm formation by S. aureus results in chronicity of the infections which confers protection against the immune response and antibiotics. Likewise, biofilm allows the exchange of mobile genetic material among different strains through microbial interactions inside the matrix. In Colombia, where S. aureus continues to be one of the main pathogens isolated from bovine intramammary infections and where milking by hand is highly frequent, there are knowledge gaps on the zoonotic potential of the strains. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize genotypically and phenotypically the S. aureus Sa1FB strain with strong biofilm production and to perform genomic and phenotypic comparisons with other relevant S. aureus strains (native and references strains). These results show a highly productive strain of biofilm and a low ability of cell invasion compared to the other two native strains. In addition, high genomic similarity between S. aureus Sa1FB and the reference strains was observed, despite of the differences reported at the clinical level. However, Sa1FB exhibited special features in terms of mobile genetic elements, highlighting its ability to accept foreign genetic material. Indeed, this could increase mutation, pathogenesis, and adaptability to new hosts, representing a risk for people in contact with the milk obtained from animals infected with these strains. These results present the relevance of surveillance for early detection of emergent clones with zoonotic potential, which reduces the risk of occupational exposure and their spread in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Torres
- Biogenesis Research Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine-CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Karen Vargas
- Biogenesis Research Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Julián Reyes-Vélez
- Biogenesis Research Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Martha Olivera-Angel
- Biogenesis Research Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Qian Y, Xia L, Wei L, Li D, Jiang W. Artesunate inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation by reducing alpha-toxin synthesis. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:707-717. [PMID: 33040179 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens in bacterial biofilm infections. Antibiotic treatment for infection caused by S. aureus biofilms is challenging, and few effective strategies have been developed to combat these infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and possible mechanisms of artesunate on the biofilm formation of S. aureus. Bacterial growth curves were determined by a microtiter plate. Biofilm formation was determined by the crystal violet staining method and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bacterial adhesion was assayed by the colony-counting method. The expression of virulence and adhesion genes was determined by real-time PCR. The hemolytic activity and expression of ɑ-hemolysin were analyzed using rabbit erythrocytes and Western blotting. The results showed that artesunate could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner. Artesunate could also inhibit bacterial adhesion and the expression of hla, RNAIII and agrA as well as ɑ-hemolysin production. The effect of artesunate on adhesion genes (clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB) had strain specificity, but it did not affect the expression of ica genes. The results indicated that artesunate might inhibit ɑ-hemolysin synthesis by the agr system, which inhibits biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 76, Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Liver Disease, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 76, Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 76, Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 76, Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Guzmán-Rodríguez JJ, León-Galván MF, Barboza-Corona JE, Valencia-Posadas M, Loeza-Lara PD, Sánchez-Ceja M, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, López-Meza JE, Gutiérrez-Chávez AJ. Analysis of virulence traits of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in semi-intensive and family dairy farms. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e77. [PMID: 33016022 PMCID: PMC7533384 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main microorganisms that causes bovine mastitis, and its well-known virulence characteristics and interactions with the environment are used to aid the design of more efficient therapies. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the virulence traits, such as antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming and internalization abilities, of S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis are related to dairy production system types. METHODS The study was performed in the Mexican states of Guanajuato and Michoacan. Semi-intensive dairy farms (SIDFs) and family dairy farms (FDFs) (454 and 363 cows, respectively) were included. The 194 milk samples from mastitis affected quarters were collected and 92 strains of S. aureus were isolated and identified by biochemical and molecular tests. Antibiotic resistance, biofilm and internalization assays were performed on 30 randomly selected isolated strains to determine virulence traits, and these strains were equally allocated to the 2 dairy production systems. RESULTS All 30 selected strains displayed a high degree of resistance (50%-91.7%) to the antibiotics tested, but no significant difference was found between SIDF and FDF isolates. S. aureus strains from SIDFs had an average biofilm forming capacity of up to 36% (18.9%-53.1%), while S. aureus strains from FDFs registered an average of up to 53% (31.5%-77.8%) (p > 0.05). Internalization assays revealed a higher frequency of internalization capacity for strains isolated from FDFs (33.3%) than for those isolated from SIDFs (6.7%) (p > 0.05). fnbpA gen was detected in 46.6% of FDF strains and 33.3% of SIDF strains, and this difference was significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the virulence traits of S. aureus isolates analyzed in this study, depend significantly on several factors, such as phenotype, genotype, and environmental conditions, which are significantly related to dairy production system type and daily management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelina J Guzmán-Rodríguez
- Life Science Division, Postgraduate Program in Bioscience, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ma Fabiola León-Galván
- Life Science Division, Postgraduate Program in Bioscience, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Life Science Division, Department of Food, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Life Science Division, Postgraduate Program in Bioscience, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Life Science Division, Department of Food, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Valencia-Posadas
- Life Science Division, Postgraduate Program in Bioscience, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Life Science Division, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Pedro D Loeza-Lara
- Department of Food Genomics, University of La Cienega of the State of Michoacan de Ocampo, 59103 Sahuayo, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Ceja
- Department of Food Genomics, University of La Cienega of the State of Michoacan de Ocampo, 59103 Sahuayo, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, 58893 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Joel E López-Meza
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, 58893 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Abner J Gutiérrez-Chávez
- Life Science Division, Postgraduate Program in Bioscience, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Life Science Division, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Irapuato-Salamanca Campus, University of Guanajuato, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Gajewska J, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W. Biofilm Formation Ability and Presence of Adhesion Genes among Coagulase-Negative and Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci Isolates from Raw Cow's Milk. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080654. [PMID: 32823918 PMCID: PMC7460418 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for biofilm formation is one of the crucial factors of staphylococcal virulence. The occurrence of biofilm-forming staphylococci in raw milk may result in disturbances in technological processes in dairy factories as well as the contamination of finished food products. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of staphylococcal biofilm formation in raw milk samples and to explore the genetic background associated with biofilm formation in those isolates. The material subjected to testing included 30 cow’s milk samples acquired from farms in the central part of Poland. A total of 54 staphylococcal strains were isolated from the samples, of which 42 were classified as coagulase-negative (CoNS) staphylococci belonging to the following species: S. haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. warneri, S. chromogenes, S. hominis, S. sciuri, S. capitis, S. xylosus and S. saprophyticus, while 12 were classified as S. aureus. The study examined the isolates’ capacity for biofilm formation and the staphylococcal capacity for slime production and determined the presence of genetic determinants responsible for biofilm formation, i.e., the icaA, icaD, bap and eno and, additionally, among coagulase-negative staphylococci, i.e., the aap, bhp, fbe, embP and atlE. Each tested isolate exhibited the capacity for biofilm formation, of which most of them (79.6%) were capable of forming a strong biofilm, while 5.6% formed a moderate biofilm, and 14.8% a weak biofilm. A capacity for slime production was demonstrated in 51.9% isolates. Most of the tested staphylococcal strains (90.7%) had at least one of the tested genes. Nearly half (47.6%) of the CoNS had the eno gene, while for S. aureus, the eno gene was demonstrated in 58.3% isolates. The frequency of the bap gene occurrence was 23.8% and 25% in CoNS strains and S. aureus, respectively. The fbe gene was demonstrated in only three CoNS isolates. The presence of the icaA was only demonstrated in CoNS strains (24.1%), while the icaD was found in both CoNS strains (21.4%) and S. aureus (100%). Among the CoNS, the presence of the embP (16.7%), aap (28.6%) and atlE (23.8%) was demonstrated as well. The obtained study results indicate that bacteria of the Staphylococcus spp. genus have a strong potential to form a biofilm, which may pose a hazard to consumer health.
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Zaatout N, Ayachi A, Kecha M. Staphylococcus aureus persistence properties associated with bovine mastitis and alternative therapeutic modalities. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1102-1119. [PMID: 32416020 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important agent of contagious bovine intramammary infections in dairy cattle. Its ability to persist inside the udder is based on the presence of important mechanisms such as its ability to form biofilms, polysaccharide capsules small colony variants, and their ability to invade professional and nonprofessional cells, which will protect S. aureus from the innate and adaptive immune response of the cow, and from antibiotics that are no longer considered to be sufficient against S. aureus bovine mastitis. In this review, we present the recent research outlining S. aureus persistence properties inside the mammary gland, including its regulation mechanisms, and we highlight alternative therapeutic strategies that were tested against S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis such as the use of probiotic bacteria, bacteriocins and bacteriophages. Overall, the persistence of S. aureus inside the mammary gland remains a pressing veterinary problem. A thorough understanding of staphylococcal persistence mechanisms will elucidate novel ways that can help in the identification of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zaatout
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - A Ayachi
- Institute of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria
| | - M Kecha
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
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The antibiotics resistance mechanism and pathogenicity of cold stressed Staphylococcus aureus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Staphylococcus argenteus isolated from retail foods in China: Incidence, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and toxin gene profile. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103531. [PMID: 32539963 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus argenteus is a novel species of coagulase-positive staphylococci which was separated from Staphylococcus aureus in 2014. It can threaten human health like S. aureus but can not identify with conventional biochemical or other phenotypic testing. From 2011 to 2016, 1581 S. aureus strains were isolated from 4300 samples from retail foods covering most provincial capitals in China. According to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and PCR confirmation, 7.2% of isolates (114/1581) were confirmed as S. argenteus. The pathogen was distributed in 22 of 39 sampled cities and all food types. Interestingly, most S. argenteus positive samples were collected from coastal cities in South China. MLST detected 8 different sequence types (STs), including five new STs. CC2250 was the predominant lineage of S. argenteus, followed by CC1223. To further characterize the isolates, their antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, biofilm formation and biofilm-related genes were examined. The pvl gene was not detected in S. argenteus, and only 1 isolate (0.9%) was positive for the tsst-1 gene. For 18 enterotoxin genes, 16.7% (19/114) of isolates harboured more than three genes, whereas 70.2% (80/114) of isolates had none of the investigated genes. Penicillin and ampicillin were the major antibiotics to which the S. argenteus isolates were resistant, followed by tetracycline, kanamycin and fusidic acid. A total of 94.7% of isolates had the ability to produce biofilms and all isolates harboured icaA, fnbA, and fib genes. Other biofilm-related genes, such as eno, clfB, fnbB, and icaC, were also found in 99.1%, 92.1%, 88.6%, and 74.6% of isolates, respectively. This study is the first systematic investigation of the prevalence of S. argenteus in retail foods in China and shows their ubiquity in food. We also provide comprehensive surveillance of the incidence of S. argenteus in retail foods and information to enable more accurate and effective treatment of infections of this new species.
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Pacha PA, Munoz MA, Paredes-Osses E, Latorre AA. Short communication: Virulence profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk and adherences on milking equipment on Chilean dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4732-4737. [PMID: 32113752 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important intramammary pathogen for dairy cows that also is remarkably important for public health. Multiple virulence factors can be involved simultaneously during the pathogenesis of a staphylococcal disease, including adhesion proteins, extracellular enzymes, and toxins. The main objective of this study was to assess virulence factors that are associated with cow intramammary infection (IMI) and of human health concern among Staph. aureus isolates obtained from bulk tank milk (BTM) and adherences on milking equipment surfaces. A total of 166 Staph. aureus isolates from 23 dairy farms were characterized according to their virulence profiles. For virulence factors of importance in IMI, the presence of the virulence markers thermonuclease (nuc) and coagulase (coa) and virulence genes such as fibronectin (fnbA) and intercellular adhesion (icaA, icaD) were assessed. For virulence factors of public health concern, presence of antimicrobial resistance (mecA and mecC) and enterotoxin (sea and seb) genes were analyzed. Among all Staph. aureus isolates, 5 virulence profiles were found; the profile nuc(+)coa(+)fnbA(+)icaA(+)icaD(+)mecA(-)mecC(-)sea(-)seb(-) was the most frequently observed (21 out of 23 dairy farms). No differences were found between the virulence profile frequencies of Staph. aureus from BTM and adherences on milking equipment surfaces. The virulence profiles most frequently observed included genes involved in the adherence and biofilm-forming ability of Staph. aureus, which could represent a potential advantage for the bacterium during the early stages of IMI colonization and for persistence on surfaces. Our results indicate a greater frequency of virulence factors of importance for IMI pathogenesis than virulence factors of public health concern, consistent with the dairy origin of isolates. The mecA, mecC, and seb genes were not observed among Staph. aureus isolates analyzed in this study. However, the sea gene was detected in 3 Staph. aureus isolated from BTM, thus posing a potential public health threat. Our results emphasize the importance of understanding the epidemiology and dynamics of Staph. aureus on dairy farms as a tool for the improvement of udder health and milk safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pacha
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, 3812120, Chile
| | - M A Munoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, 3812120, Chile
| | - E Paredes-Osses
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Department of Environmental Health, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - A A Latorre
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, 3812120, Chile.
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Cheng J, Zhang J, Han B, Barkema HW, Cobo ER, Kastelic JP, Zhou M, Shi Y, Wang J, Yang R, Gao J. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from bovine mastitis is cytopathogenic for bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3493-3504. [PMID: 32037181 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae, a common cause of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows, can cause severe clinical symptoms. However, its pathogenicity in the bovine mammary gland is not well understood. Our objectives were to establish an in vitro infection model of K. pneumoniae on bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) to assess (1) cytopathogenicity (adhesive and invasive ability, damage and apoptosis, pro-inflammatory effects) of K. pneumoniae on bMEC and (2) the role of hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype on cytopathogenicity. Two K. pneumoniae isolates from CM cows, 1 HMV and 1 non-HMV, were used to infect bMEC. Adhesion and invasion ability, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ultrastructural morphology, apoptosis, transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory genes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were characterized at various intervals. Both K. pneumoniae isolates rapidly adhered to and invaded bMEC within 1 h post infection (pi), causing ultrastructural damage (swelling of mitochondria and vesicle formation on cell surface) after 3 h pi and apoptotic death after 9 h pi. In addition, K. pneumoniae promoted transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory genes IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and production of IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α cytokines. Compared with non-HMV K. pneumoniae, the HMV isolate had lower adhesive and invasive abilities but caused more serious cellular damage. In conclusion, K. pneumoniae was cytopathogenic on bMEC and induced a pro-inflammatory response; however, the HMV phenotype did not have a key role in pathogenicity. Therefore, more attention should be paid to milk loss, and targeted prevention and treatment strategies should be implemented in Klebsiella mastitis episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cheng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jv Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, 056038, P.R. China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
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Risk factors of S. aureus intramammary infection in pre partum dairy heifers under grazing conditions and molecular characterization of isolates from heifers and cows. J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:82-88. [PMID: 32008583 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the research reported here were to identify potential risk factors associated with the presence of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection (IMI) in pre partum dairy heifers on 17 dairy farms from three provinces of Argentina and to characterize, at molecular level, isolates from those heifers and lactating cows from two selected herds. A total of 1474 heifers and 4878 lactating cows were studied. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus IMI in the heifers, heifers at quarter level and lactating cow mammary quarters was 14.41, 4.82, and 14.65%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed the key variables associated with S. aureus IMI presence in the heifers were: S. aureus IMI prevalence in cows of the lactating herd, the time calves stayed with their dam after birth, the calf rearing system, the place of rearing (own farm or other dairy farm) and fly control on the farm. None of the variables included in the multivariable analysis was associated with the presence of S. aureus IMI in the pre partum heifers, probably due to low variability among management practices used by the farms for rearing the heifer calves. At the molecular level, S. aureus isolates were grouped into three main PFGE clusters and several genotypes within the clusters. Isolates from mammary secretion of pre partum heifers and milk of lactating cows comprised different PFGE clusters in both herds, although two exceptions occurred. The absence of gene fnbpB, which codifies for a virulence factor protein involved in cell invasion by S. aureus, was significantly more frequent in pre partum heifer secretion isolates than in isolates from lactating cow milk. These results suggest that, under these management conditions, isolates from mammary secretions of pre partum heifers do not originate from the milk of lactating cows, but rather other sources to which the heifer is exposed.
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Ren Q, Liao G, Wu Z, Lv J, Chen W. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from subclinical bovine mastitis in southern Xinjiang, China. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3368-3380. [PMID: 32008777 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens causing mastitis in dairy herds. The colonization of dairy cows and subsequent contamination of raw milk by S. aureus, especially strains exhibiting multidrug resistance and biofilm-forming and toxin-producing abilities, remains an important issue for both dairy farmers and public health. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, and genetic diversity of S. aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis in dairy farms located in southern Xinjiang, China. Sixty-five isolates from 84 subclinical mastitic milk samples were identified as S. aureus. The resistance rates to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, linezolid, rifampicin, quinupudin-dafupudin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and chloramphenicol were 58.5, 44.6, 40.0, 18.5, 12.3, 10.8, 9.2, 6.2, 4.6, 4.6, and 1.5%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and vancomycin. Isolates from farm A showed a significantly higher resistance rate to tetracycline (16.9%) than those from farm B (1.5%). The most frequently detected virulence factors were hla (96.9%, 63/65) and hlb (100.0%, 65/65). The percentage rates of the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, and sej in S. aureus isolates were 4.6, 33.8, 27.7, 3.1, 41.5, 41.5, and 7.7%, respectively. The percentage rate of the sec gene in isolates from farm B (30.8%) was significantly higher than that of farm A (3.1%). The percentage rates of the tsst and pvl genes in S. aureus isolates were 26.2 and 40.0%. The percentage rate of the pvl gene in isolates from farm B (32.3%) was significantly higher than that of farm A (7.7%). The adhesion molecules fnbA, fnbB, clfA, clfB, and cna were detected in 21 (32.3%), 23 (35.4%), 65 (100.0%), 65 (100.0%), and 65 (100.0%) isolates, respectively. The percentage rates of the icaA, sarA, tcaR, ccp, luxS, and sigB genes in S. aureus isolates were 69.2, 100.0, 86.2, 95.4, 84.6, and 100.0%, respectively. The fnbB and icaA genes were more frequently detected in isolates from farm A (29.2 and 40.0%, respectively) than those from farm B (6.2 and 29.2%, respectively). The luxS gene was more often found in isolates from farm B (50.8%) than those from farm A (33.8%). Using the microplate method, 61.5, 26.2, and 10.8% of the isolates showed weak, moderate, and strong biofilm-forming abilities, respectively. Different clonal complex (CC) and spa-types were identified, including CC81, CC398, CC88, CC5405, and CC5406. Importantly, in this study we report for the first time 41 new sequence types (ST) among 44 distinct ST. These results indicated high genetic diversity of S. aureus involved in subclinical bovine mastitis in southern Xinjiang, China. The results also showed that S. aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in southern Xinjiang, China, were mainly resistant to β-lactams, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Also, biofilm- and adhesion-related genes, which are increasingly known as important virulence factors in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections, were detected at a high rate. This study could help identify predominant clones and provide surveillance measures to decrease or eliminate S. aureus contamination in raw milk of dairy cows with subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China
| | - Guanghua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China
| | - Zihao Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandy and Science Technology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China
| | - Junfan Lv
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandy and Science Technology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China; College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandy and Science Technology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China.
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Sacco SC, Velázquez NS, Renna MS, Beccaria C, Baravalle C, Pereyra EAL, Monecke S, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Capacity of two Staphylococcus aureus strains with different adaptation genotypes to persist and induce damage in bovine mammary epithelial cells and to activate macrophages. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104017. [PMID: 32006636 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the ability to adhere/internalize, persist, and induce damage in mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) of two Staphylococcus aureus strains with different adaptation genotypes (low and high) to the bovine mammary gland (MG). Also, the phagocytic and bactericidal capacity induced after the interaction between macrophages, isolated from mammary secretion, of both S. aureus strains was evaluated. Two isolates (designated 806 and 5011) from bovine intramammary infection (IMI) harboring genes involved in adherence and biofilm production, belonging to different capsular polysaccharide (CP) type, accessory gene regulator (agr) group, pulsotype (PT) and sequence type/clonal complex (ST/CC). Strains 806 and 5011 were associated with low (nonpersistent-NP) and high (persistent-P) adaptation to the MG, respectively. Strain 5011 (P), agr group I, cap8 positive and strong biofilm producer showed higher capacity to adhere/internalize in MAC-T compared with strain 806 (NP), characterized as agr group II, cap5 positive and weak biofilm producer. Strain 5011(P) could be recovered from MAC-T lysates up to 72 h pi; while strain 806 (NP) could be recovered only at 4 h pi. Strain 5011 (P) showed greater capacity to induce apoptosis compared with strain 806 (NP) at 4, 24 and 48 h pi. Macrophages infected with strain 5011 (P) showed a greater phagocytic capacity and higher percentage of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production than strain 806 (NP). No viable bacteria were isolated from macrophages lysates stimulated with any of the S. aureus strains at 2, 4, 8 and 24 h pi. The knowledge of the molecular profile of the S. aureus strains causing bovine mastitis in a herd could become a tool to expose the most prevalent virulence gene patterns and advance in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of chronic mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía C Sacco
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Camila Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Elizabet A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), C.C. 22 (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Cellular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Prototheca zopfii genotype II induces mitochondrial apoptosis in models of bovine mastitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:698. [PMID: 31959834 PMCID: PMC6971270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii is an alga increasingly isolated from bovine mastitis. Of the two genotypes of P. zopfii (genotype I and II (GT-I and -II)), P. zopfii GT-II is the genotype associated with acute mastitis and decreased milk production, although its pathogenesis is not well known. The objective was to determine inflammatory and apoptotic roles of P. zopfii GT-II in cultured mammary epithelial cells (from cattle and mice) and murine macrophages and using a murine model of mastitis. Prototheca zopfii GT-II (but not GT-I) invaded bovine and murine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and induced apoptosis, as determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. This P. zopfii GT-II driven apoptosis corresponded to mitochondrial pathways; mitochondrial transmembrane resistance (ΔΨm) was altered and modulation of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis regulating genes changed (increased transcriptional Bax, cytochrome-c and Apaf-1 and downregulated Bcl-2), whereas caspase-9 and -3 expression increased. Apoptotic effects by P. zopfii GT-II were more pronounced in macrophages compared to MECs. In a murine mammary infection model, P. zopfii GT-II replicated in the mammary gland and caused severe inflammation with infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and Cxcl-1) and also apoptosis of epithelial cells. Thus, we concluded P. zopfii GT-II is a mastitis-causing pathogen that triggers severe inflammation and also mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Torres G, Vargas K, Cuesta-Astroz Y, Reyes-Vélez J, Olivera-Angel M. Phenotypic Characterization and Whole Genome Analysis of a Strong Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus Strain Associated With Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in Colombia. Front Vet Sci 2020. [PMID: 33102540 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00530/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus represent a serious threat to public health due to food safety, antibiotic resistance, and the potential zoonotic transmission of strains between dairy cattle and humans. Biofilm formation by S. aureus results in chronicity of the infections which confers protection against the immune response and antibiotics. Likewise, biofilm allows the exchange of mobile genetic material among different strains through microbial interactions inside the matrix. In Colombia, where S. aureus continues to be one of the main pathogens isolated from bovine intramammary infections and where milking by hand is highly frequent, there are knowledge gaps on the zoonotic potential of the strains. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize genotypically and phenotypically the S. aureus Sa1FB strain with strong biofilm production and to perform genomic and phenotypic comparisons with other relevant S. aureus strains (native and references strains). These results show a highly productive strain of biofilm and a low ability of cell invasion compared to the other two native strains. In addition, high genomic similarity between S. aureus Sa1FB and the reference strains was observed, despite of the differences reported at the clinical level. However, Sa1FB exhibited special features in terms of mobile genetic elements, highlighting its ability to accept foreign genetic material. Indeed, this could increase mutation, pathogenesis, and adaptability to new hosts, representing a risk for people in contact with the milk obtained from animals infected with these strains. These results present the relevance of surveillance for early detection of emergent clones with zoonotic potential, which reduces the risk of occupational exposure and their spread in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Torres
- Biogenesis Research Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine-CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Karen Vargas
- Biogenesis Research Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Julián Reyes-Vélez
- Biogenesis Research Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Martha Olivera-Angel
- Biogenesis Research Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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BHATI TARUNA, KATARIA AK. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from mastitic milk, udder surfaces and milkers' hands from arid and semi arid regions of India for capsular (cap5K and cap8K) and collagen adhesin (cna) genes. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i11.95856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important cause of bovine mastitis. The antiphagocytic capsule of bacteria promotes colonization and persistence on mucosal surfaces while the presence of collagen adhesin (cna gene) is associated with bacterial adhesion in mammary tissues; hence both are regarded as important determinants of virulence. In the present study, 197 samples consisting of mastitic milk, milkers' hand swabs and udder surface swabs were collected which yielded 107 S. aureus isolates. These S. aureus isolates (107) from different sources of sampling were characterized for their capsular types targeting cap5K and cap8K genes in a duplex PCR along with amplification of cna gene. Majority of the isolates (67.6%) possessed cap5K gene with a lower percentage (22.9%) of isolates carrying cap8K gene and 9.5% carrying both the genes. Moreover, cap5K gene was predominant in isolates from milkers’ hands (85.7%) while cap8K gene was more common in bovine udder isolates (41.2%). cna gene was observed in 27.6% isolates with highest occurrence in milk isolates (44.8%) compared to udder (37.9%) and milkers' hand (17.2%). cna positive isolates carried cap8K gene (66.7%) and were significantly associated with both cap5k and cap8k genes. In conclusion, the majority of the S. aureus isolates of mastitis obtained from arid and semi arid zones of India possessed the genes for capsule production, and cap5K was the predominant gene. The cna gene for collagen adhesion was observed in fewer isolates with significant association with cap8K gene.
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Chen Q, Xie S, Lou X, Cheng S, Liu X, Zheng W, Zheng Z, Wang H. Biofilm formation and prevalence of adhesion genes among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different food sources. Microbiologyopen 2019; 9:e00946. [PMID: 31769202 PMCID: PMC6957440 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess biofilm formation ability and identify differences in the prevalence of genes involved in biofilm formation among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different food samples, the ability of biofilm formation among 97 S. aureus strains was evaluated using a colorimetric microtiter plate assay. Thirteen genes encoding microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules, and the intracellular adhesion genes were detected by PCR using specific primers. Approximately 72% of the isolates produced biofilms. Among these isolates, 54.64% were weak biofilm producers, while 14.43% and 3.09% produced moderate and strong biofilms, respectively. The icaADBC, clfA/B, cidA, and fib genes were detected in all the S. aureus strains, whereas the bap gene was not present in any of the strains. The occurrence of other adhesin genes varied greatly between biofilm‐producing and nonbiofilm‐producing strains. However, a significant difference was observed between these two groups with respect to the fnbpB, cna, ebps, and sdrC genes. No obvious evidence was found to support the link between PFGE strain typing and the capacity for biofilm formation. Considerable variation in biofilm formation ability was observed among S. aureus strains isolated from food samples. The prevalence of adhesin‐encoding genes also varied greatly within strains. This study highlights the importance of biofilm formation and the adhesins of S. aureus strains in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sangma Xie
- College of Life Information Science and Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Lou
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Cheng
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhibei Zheng
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoqiu Wang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Torres G, Vargas K, Sánchez-Jiménez M, Reyes-Velez J, Olivera-Angel M. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine intramammary infections in Colombian dairy farms. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02535. [PMID: 31667388 PMCID: PMC6812232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilms is an important virulence factor because this has been associated with persistent bovine intramammary infections. Different mechanisms of biofilm formation have been described in S. aureus; however, the process has been found to be mainly driven by the ica and bap genes. The presence of the ica and bap genes, as well as the biofilm formation in vitro were evaluated in 229 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine milk collected from different regions of Department of Antioquia, Colombia. Three different genotypes grouped into three separate clusters were identified from in vitro assays. Genotype 1 (ica positive and bap negative) was the most prevalent (78.17%), followed by genotype 2 (ica and bap positive) (12.66%) and genotype 0 (ica and bap negative) (9.17%). Biofilm formation was observed in 81.26% of the strains from which 100% of genotype 2 isolates showed biofilm formation. The biofilms formed by genotype 2 isolates were also found to have the highest optical density (>2.4). These results showed that most of the S. aureus strains were capable of biofilm formation, suggesting the virulence potential particularly in bap-positive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Torres
- Tropical Medicine Colombian Institute, CES University, Cra. 43A No. 52 sur-99 Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
- Biogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Cra 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - K. Vargas
- Biogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Cra 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - M. Sánchez-Jiménez
- Tropical Medicine Colombian Institute, CES University, Cra. 43A No. 52 sur-99 Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - J. Reyes-Velez
- Biogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Cra 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - M. Olivera-Angel
- Biogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Cra 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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