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De Falco F, Cutarelli A, Fedele FL, Catoi C, Roperto S. Molecular findings and virological assessment of bladder papillomavirus infection in cattle. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-7. [PMID: 39097798 PMCID: PMC11299453 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2387072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine and ovine papillomaviruses (BPVs - OaPVs) are infectious agents that have an important role in bladder carcinogenesis of cattle. In an attempt to better understand territorial prevalence of papillomavirus genotypes and gain insights into their molecular pathway(s), a virological assessment of papillomavirus infection was performed on 52 bladder tumors in cattle using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), an improved version of conventional PCR. ddPCR detected and quantified BPV DNA and mRNAs in all tumor samples, showing that these viruses play a determinant role in bovine bladder carcinogenesis. OaPV DNA and mRNA were detected and quantified in 45 bladder tumors. BPV14, BPV13, BPV2, OaPV2, OaPV1, and OaPV3 were the genotypes most closely related to bladder tumors. ddPCR quantified BPV1 and OaPV4 DNA and their transcripts less frequently. Western blot analysis revealed a significant overexpression of the phosphorylated platelet derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) as well as the transcription factor E2F3, which modulate cell cycle progression in urothelial neoplasia. Furthermore, significant overexpression of calpain1, a Cys protease, was observed in bladder tumors related to BPVs alone and in BPV and OaPV coinfection. Calpain1 has been shown to play a role in producing free transcription factors of the E2F family, and molecular findings suggest that calpain family members work cooperatively to mutually regulate their protease activities in cattle bladder tumors. Altogether, these results showed territorial prevalence of BPV and OaPV genotypes and suggested that PDGFβR and the calpain system appeared to be molecular partners of both BPVs and OaPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Area Science Park, University of Salerno-Baronissi Campus, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Cornel Catoi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, România
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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2
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Weary TE, Mehta KPM, Goldberg TL. Novel Gammapapillomavirus type in the nasal cavity of a wild red colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles). Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000866.v3. [PMID: 39165252 PMCID: PMC11334581 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000866.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are double-stranded, circular, epitheliotropic DNA viruses causing benign warts (papillomas) or inducing dysplasia that can progress to cancer. Although they have been identified in all vertebrate taxa, most classified types are human PVs (HPVs); relatively little is known about PVs in other species. Here we characterize a novel Gammapapillomavirus type, PtepPV1, from a nasal swab of a wild red colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. The virus has a genome of 6576 bases, encoding the seven canonical early (E) ORFs (E6, E7, E1, E2, E4, E1^E4 and E8^E2) and two late (L) ORFs (L1 and L2) of the gammapapillomaviruses, and is 81.0% similar to HPV-mSK_118, detected in a cutaneous wart from an immunocompromised human patient, in the L1 gene at the amino acid level. Alphapapillomaviruses (genus Alphapapillomavirus) cause anogenital carcinomas such as cervical cancer and have been described previously in several nonhuman primates. However, the first gammapapillomavirus (genus Gammapapillomavirus), which cause transient cutaneous infections, was not described until 2019 in a healthy rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) genital swab. The new virus from red colobus, PtepPV1, has many genomic features encoded by high-risk oncogenic PVs, such as the E7 gene LXSXE and CXXC motifs, suggesting potential for pRb and zinc-finger binding, respectively. To our knowledge, PtepPV1 is also the first reported nonhuman primate PV found in the nasal cavity. PtepPV1 expands the known host range, geographical distribution, tissue tropism and biological characteristics of nonhuman primate PVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E. Weary
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kavi P. M. Mehta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Santos LABDO, Feitosa TDAL, Batista MVDA. Comparative structural studies on Bovine papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins: Novel insights into viral infection and cell transformation from homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 47:e20230346. [PMID: 39136577 PMCID: PMC11320664 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infects cattle cells worldwide, leading to hyperproliferative lesions and the potential development of cancer, driven by E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins along with other cofactors. E6 oncoprotein binds experimentally to various proteins, primarily paxillin and MAML1, as well as hMCM7 and CBP/p300. However, the molecular and structural mechanisms underlying BPV-induced malignant transformation remain unclear. Therefore, we have modeled the E6 oncoprotein structure from non-oncogenic BPV-5 and compared them with oncogenic BPV-1 to assess the relationship between structural features and oncogenic potential. Our analysis elucidated crucial structural aspects of E6, highlighting both conserved elements across genotypes and genotype-specific variations potentially implicated in the oncogenic process, particularly concerning primary target interactions. Additionally, we predicted the location of the hMCM7 binding site on the N-terminal of BPV-5 E6. This study enhances our understanding of the structural characteristics of BPV E6 oncoproteins and their interactions with host proteins, clarifying structural differences and similarities between high and low-risk BPVs. This is important to understand better the mechanisms involved in cell transformation in BPV infection, which could be used as a possible target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Alexandre Barbosa de Oliveira Santos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Biotecnologia (GMBio), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Tales de Albuquerque Leite Feitosa
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Biotecnologia (GMBio), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Biotecnologia (GMBio), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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4
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Buigues J, Viñals A, Martínez-Recio R, Monrós JS, Sanjuán R, Cuevas JM. Full-genome sequencing of dozens of new DNA viruses found in Spanish bat feces. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0067524. [PMID: 38990026 PMCID: PMC11323972 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00675-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural hosts of multiple viruses, many of which have clear zoonotic potential. The search for emerging viruses has been aided by the implementation of metagenomic tools, which have also enabled the detection of unprecedented viral diversity. Currently, this search is mainly focused on RNA viruses, which are largely over-represented in databases. To compensate for this research bias, we analyzed fecal samples from 189 Spanish bats belonging to 22 different species using viral metagenomics. This allowed us to identify 52 complete or near-complete viral genomes belonging to the families Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Genomoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Polyomaviridae and Smacoviridae. Of these, 30 could constitute new species, doubling the number of viruses currently described in Europe. These findings open the door to a more thorough analysis of bat DNA viruses and their zoonotic potential. IMPORTANCE Metagenomics has become a fundamental tool to characterize the global virosphere, allowing us not only to understand the existing viral diversity and its ecological implications but also to identify new and emerging viruses. RNA viruses have a higher zoonotic potential, but this risk is also present for some DNA virus families. In our study, we analyzed the DNA fraction of fecal samples from 22 Spanish bat species, identifying 52 complete or near-complete genomes of different viral families with zoonotic potential. This doubles the number of genomes currently described in Europe. Metagenomic data often produce partial genomes that can be difficult to analyze. Our work, however, has characterized a large number of complete genomes, thus facilitating their taxonomic classification and enabling different analyses to be carried out to evaluate their zoonotic potential. For example, recombination studies are relevant since this phenomenon could play a major role in cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Buigues
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| | - Adrià Viñals
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Raquel Martínez-Recio
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| | - Juan S. Monrós
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - José M. Cuevas
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, València, Spain
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5
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Hu X, Li Y, Cao Y, Shi F, Shang L. The role of nitric oxide synthase/ nitric oxide in infection-related cancers: Beyond antimicrobial activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189156. [PMID: 39032540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
As a free radical and endogenous effector molecule, mammalian endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is mainly derived from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) via L-arginine. NO participates in normal physiological reactions and provides immune responses to prevent the invasion of foreign bacteria. However, NO also has complex and contradictory biological effects. Abnormal NO signaling is involved in the progression of many diseases, such as cancer. In the past decades, cancer research has been closely linked with NOS/ NO, and many tumors with poor prognosis are associated with high expression of NOS. In this review, we give a overview of the biological effects of NOS/ NO. Then we focus on the oncogenic role of iNOS/ NO in HPV, HBV, EBV and H. pylori related tumors. In fact, there is growing evidence that iNOS could be used as a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. We emphasize that the pro-tumor effect of NOS/ NO is greater than the anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/ XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/ XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/ XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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6
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Cutarelli A, De Falco F, Brunetti R, Napoletano M, Fusco G, Roperto S. Molecular detection of transcriptionally active ovine papillomaviruses in commercial equine semen. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1427370. [PMID: 39021410 PMCID: PMC11253197 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1427370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Virological evaluation was performed on equine semen to detect the presence of papillomaviruses (PVs) using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) as the aim of this study was to investigate whether the sperm from asymptomatic stallions harbors ovine papillomaviruses (OaPVs). Twenty-seven semen samples were analyzed, 18 of which were commercially acquired. The remaining nine samples comprising semen and peripheral blood, were collected from nine stallions with no apparent signs of PV-related diseases during clinical examination at the Didactic Veterinary University Hospital (DVUH) of Naples. OaPV was detected in 26 semen samples. OaPV1 was the most prevalent virus infecting equine semen. OaPV1 infected 21 semen samples (~80.8%) and showed a high number of DNA and RNA copies per microliter. qPCR was used to detect OaPV1 DNA in the 18 semen samples. ddPCR was used to detect and quantify the expression of OaPV2, OaPV3, and OaPV4. qPCR failed to detect DNA for these genotypes. Additionally, ddPCR was used to detect the transcriptionally active OaPV1 in six blood and semen samples from the same stallion. ddPCR failed to detect any nucleic acids in OaPVs in peripheral blood samples from the three stallions. In one semen sample, ddPCR detected OaPV1 DNA but failed to detect any nucleic acid in the remaining two semen samples, and peripheral blood from the same animals of the remaining 18 semen samples was not available, OaPV1 and OaPV4 were responsible for nine and five single infections, respectively. No single infections with either OaPV3 or OaPV4 were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Area Science Park, Campus di Baronissi, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Brunetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Naples, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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7
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Sen S. HPV infection and its correlation with p53 and Bcl-2 among pregnant mothers and their infants. Virus Genes 2024; 60:263-274. [PMID: 38664293 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of perinatal transmission of HPV is vital for early screening of cervical/oral cancers. Here, transmission of HPV from the pregnant women to their infants was studied. p53 and Bcl-2 expressions and their correlations with HPV infection were examined. HPV infection was detected in the cervical and oral swabs of 135 mother-baby pairs employing both PCR and HC-II methods. 1 year follow-up with an interim visit at 3 months for mothers and 6 months for babies was performed. Immunocytochemistry of p53 and Bcl-2 using the streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method was performed. Prevalence of HPV infection in the mothers was 28.14%, (38/135) and 30.37% (41/135) determined by the PCR and HC-II methods respectively. HPV 16 and/or 18 was identified in 81.57% (31/38) and 82.92% (34/41) of the HPV + women estimated by PCR and HC-II methods respectively. Prevalence rate of HPV 16 among the HPV + pregnant women was 63.15% (24/38) and 65.85% (27/41) determined by PCR and HC-II methods respectively. The frequency of perinatal transmission was 21.05% (8/38) and 21.95% (9/41) determined by PCR and HC-II methods respectively at birth. The HPV + infants in the follow up study cleared the infection within 6 weeks. An abnormal nuclear expression of p53 and cytoplasmic expression of Bcl-2 were observed in the HPV + mother-baby pairs. Cesarean section did not protect the infants against perinatal HPV transmission. The detection of p53 and Bcl-2 proteins in the HPV + mother-baby pairs suggests that these biomarkers may be important in the early screening of oral/cervix cancers in positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrojit Sen
- Department of Viral Associated Human Cancer, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India.
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8
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Regney M, Kraberger S, Custer JM, Crane AE, Shero MR, Beltran RS, Kirkham AL, Van Doorslaer K, Stone AC, Goebel ME, Burns JM, Varsani A. Diverse papillomaviruses identified from Antarctic fur seals, leopard seals and Weddell seals from the Antarctic. Virology 2024; 594:110064. [PMID: 38522135 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (family Papillomaviridae) are non-enveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses known to infect squamous and mucosal epithelial cells. In the family Papillomaviridae there are 53 genera and 133 viral species whose members infect a variety of mammalian, avian, reptilian, and fish species. Within the Antarctic context, papillomaviruses (PVs) have been identified in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae, 2 PVs), Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii, 7 PVs), and emerald notothen (Trematomus bernacchii, 1 PV) in McMurdo Sound and Ross Island in eastern Antarctica. Here we identified 13 diverse PVs from buccal swabs of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella, 2 PVs) and leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx, 3 PVs) in western Antarctica (Antarctic Peninsula), and vaginal and nasal swabs of Weddell seals (8 PVs) in McMurdo Sound. These PV genomes group into four genera representing 11 new papillomavirus types, of which five are from two Antarctic fur seals and a leopard seal and six from Weddell seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Regney
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States; The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States; Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States
| | - Joy M Custer
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States; Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States
| | - Adele E Crane
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States
| | - Michelle R Shero
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Roxanne S Beltran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, United States
| | - Amy L Kirkham
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK, 99503, United States
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Department of Immunobiology, UA Cancer Center, The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, United States
| | - Anne C Stone
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States
| | - Michael E Goebel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, United States
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States; The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States; Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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9
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Costanzi JM, Stosic MS, Løvestad AH, Ambur OH, Rounge TB, Christiansen IK. Changes in intrahost genetic diversity according to lesion severity in longitudinal HPV16 samples. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29641. [PMID: 38708811 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is the most common cause of cervical cancer, but most infections are transient with lesions not progressing to cancer. There is a lack of specific biomarkers for early cancer risk stratification. This study aimed to explore the intrahost HPV16 genomic variation in longitudinal samples from HPV16-infected women with different cervical lesion severity (normal, low-grade, and high-grade). The TaME-seq deep sequencing protocol was used to generate whole genome HPV16 sequences of 102 samples collected over time from 40 individuals. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and intrahost SNVs (iSNVs) were identified in the viral genomes. A majority of individuals had a unique set of SNVs and these SNVs were stable over time. Overall, the number of iSNVs and APOBEC3-induced iSNVs were significantly lower in high-grade relative to normal and low-grade samples. A significant increase in the number of APOBEC3-induced iSNVs over time was observed for normal samples when compared to high-grade. Our results indicates that the lower incidence of iSNVs and APOBEC3-induced iSNVs in high-grade lesions may have implications for novel biomarkers discoveries, potentially aiding early stratification of HPV-induced cervical precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Costanzi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milan S Stosic
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander H Løvestad
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole H Ambur
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine B Rounge
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene K Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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10
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Xue S, Liu X, Liu Y, Lu C, Jia L, Yu Y, Liu H, Yang S, Zeng Z, Li H, Qin J, Wang Y, Sun J. Determination and Characterization of Novel Papillomavirus and Parvovirus Associated with Mass Mortality of Chinese Tongue Sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis) in China. Viruses 2024; 16:705. [PMID: 38793587 PMCID: PMC11125579 DOI: 10.3390/v16050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A massive mortality event concerning farmed Chinese tongue soles occurred in Tianjin, China, and the causative agent remains unknown. Here, a novel Cynoglossus semilaevis papillomavirus (CsPaV) and parvovirus (CsPV) were simultaneously isolated and identified from diseased fish via electron microscopy, virus isolation, genome sequencing, experimental challenges, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Electron microscopy showed large numbers of virus particles present in the tissues of diseased fish. Viruses that were isolated and propagated in flounder gill cells (FG) induced typical cytopathic effects (CPE). The cumulative mortality of fish given intraperitoneal injections reached 100% at 7 dpi. The complete genomes of CsPaV and CsPV comprised 5939 bp and 3663 bp, respectively, and the genomes shared no nucleotide sequence similarities with other viruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the L1 and NS1 protein sequences revealed that CsPaV and CsPV were novel members of the Papillomaviridae and Parvoviridae families. The FISH results showed positive signals in the spleen tissues of infected fish, and both viruses could co-infect single cells. This study represents the first report where novel papillomavirus and parvovirus are identified in farmed marine cultured fish, and it provides a basis for further studies on the prevention and treatment of emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuru Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lei Jia
- Tianjin Fishery Institute, Tianjin 300221, China; (L.J.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Yanguang Yu
- Tianjin Fishery Institute, Tianjin 300221, China; (L.J.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Houfu Liu
- Tianjin Fishery Institute, Tianjin 300221, China; (L.J.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Siyu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hui Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiatong Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
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11
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Zhao X, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Ferritin: Significance in viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2531. [PMID: 38502012 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
As an indispensable trace element, iron is essential for many biological processes. Increasing evidence has shown that virus infection can perturb iron metabolism and play a role in the occurrence and development of viral infection-related diseases. Ferritin plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's iron homoeostasis. It is an important protein to stabilise the iron balance in cells. Ferritin is a 24-mer hollow iron storage protein composed of two subunits: ferritin heavy chain and ferritin light chain. It was reported that ferritin is not only an intra-cellular iron storage protein, but also a pathogenic mediator that enhances the inflammatory process and stimulates the further inflammatory pathway, which is a key member of the vicious pathogenic cycle to perpetuate. Ferritin exerts immuno-suppressive and pro-inflammatory functions during viral infection. In this review, we describe in detail the basic information of ferritin in the first section, including its structural features, the regulation of ferritin. In the second part, we focus on the role of ferritin in viral infection-related diseases and the molecular mechanisms by which viral infection regulates ferritin. The last section briefly outlines the potential of ferritin in antiviral therapy. Given the importance of iron and viral infection, understanding the role of ferritin during viral infection helps us understand the relationship between iron metabolic dysfunction and viral infection, which provides a new direction for the development of antiviral therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuntao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
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12
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Romero CH, Tuomi P, Burek-Huntington KA, Gill VA. Novel lambdapapillomavirus in northern sea otters Enhydra lutris kenyoni, associated with oral hyperplastic nodules. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 157:73-80. [PMID: 38421009 DOI: 10.3354/dao03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A novel papillomavirus (PV) associated with hyperplastic nodules scattered over the muco-cutaneous border of the oral cavity of a dead, wild, subadult northern sea otter Enhydra lutris kenyoni (NSO) in 2004 in Homer, Alaska, USA, was genetically characterized. Primers for the amplification of 2 large overlapping DNA fragments that contained the complete genome of the NSO PV were designed. Sanger methodology generated sequences from which new specific primers were designed for the primer-walking approach. The NSO PV genome consists of 8085 nucleotides and contains an early region composed of E6, E7, E1, and E2 open reading frames (ORFs), an E4 ORF (contained within E2) lacking an in-frame proximal ATG start codon, an unusually long (907 nucleotide) stretch lacking any ORFs, a late region that contains the capsid genes L2 and L1, and a non-coding regulatory region (ncRR). This NSO PV has been tentatively named Enhydra lutris kenyoni PV2 (ElkPV2). Pairwise and multiple sequence alignments of the complete L1 ORF nucleotides and concatenated E1-E2-L1 amino acid sequences showed that the NSO PV is a novel PV, phylogenetically most closely related to southern sea otter PV1. The carboxy end of the E6 oncoprotein does not contain the PDZ-binding motif with a strong correlation with oncogenicity, suggesting a low-risk PV, which is in agreement with histopathological findings. However, the ElkPV2 E7 oncoprotein does contain the retinoblastoma (pRb) binding domain LXCXE (LQCYE in ElkPV2), associated with oncogenicity in some high-risk PVs. Further studies on the prevalence and clinical significance of ElkPV2 infections in NSO are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Romero
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Pam Tuomi
- Alaska Sealife Center, Veterinary Sciences, Seward, Alaska 99664, USA
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13
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Tillis SB, Ossiboff RJ, Wellehan JFX. Serpentoviruses Exhibit Diverse Organization and ORF Composition with Evidence of Recombination. Viruses 2024; 16:310. [PMID: 38400085 PMCID: PMC10892116 DOI: 10.3390/v16020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Serpentoviruses are a subfamily of positive sense RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales, family Tobaniviridae, associated with respiratory disease in multiple clades of reptiles. While the broadest viral diversity is reported from captive pythons, other reptiles, including colubrid snakes, turtles, and lizards of captive and free-ranging origin are also known hosts. To better define serpentoviral diversity, eleven novel serpentovirus genomes were sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq and, when necessary, completed with other Sanger sequencing methods. The novel serpentoviral genomes, along with 57 other previously published serpentovirus genomes, were analyzed alongside four outgroup genomes. Genomic analyses included identifying unique genome templates for each serpentovirus clade, as well as analysis of coded protein composition, potential protein function, protein glycosylation sites, differences in phylogenetic history between open-reading frames, and recombination. Serpentoviral genomes contained diverse protein compositions. In addition to the fundamental structural spike, matrix, and nucleoprotein proteins required for virion formation, serpentovirus genomes also included 20 previously uncharacterized proteins. The uncharacterized proteins were homologous to a number of previously characterized proteins, including enzymes, transcription factors, scaffolding, viral resistance, and apoptosis-related proteins. Evidence for recombination was detected in multiple instances in genomes from both captive and free-ranging snakes. These results show serpentovirus as a diverse clade of viruses with genomes that code for a wide diversity of proteins potentially enhanced by recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Tillis
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; (R.J.O.); (J.F.X.W.J.)
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14
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Fracella M, Oliveto G, Roberto P, Cinti L, Gentile M, Coratti E, D’Ettorre G, Cavallari EN, Romano F, Santinelli L, Maddaloni L, Frasca F, Scagnolari C, Antonelli G, Pierangeli A. The Epidemiology of Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women and Men: A Ten-Year Retrospective Observational Study in Rome (Italy). Pathogens 2024; 13:163. [PMID: 38392901 PMCID: PMC10892302 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) commonly infect the anogenital mucosa; most infections are transient, but a fraction of those caused by high-risk (HR) types persist and may lead to anogenital cancer. The epidemiology of HPV genotypes in anal infections in groups at different risk for anal cancer has not been well described in Italy. This retrospective study reports the results of HPV DNA testing and complete genotyping performed on anal swabs from 691 female and male patients attending proctology clinics in Rome during 2012-2021; one-third had repeated testing. Cumulative HPV positivity in 1212 anal swabs was approximately 60%, was not age related, and showed an increasing trend over the study period. HPV rates differed significantly by sex and HIV status: HIV-negative women had the lowest (43.6%) and HIV-positive men the highest (83.5%) HPV prevalence. HIV-positive men had more oncogenic HPV genotypes detected, more multiple infections, and the highest frequency of persistent infections. Two-thirds of all infections were vaccine-preventable. This study found that anal HPV infection rates are still elevated and even increasing in groups at low and high risk of developing anal cancer. Prevention programs need to be improved to reduce rates of anal infection in young women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fracella
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.); (M.G.); (E.C.); (F.F.); (C.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Oliveto
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.); (M.G.); (E.C.); (F.F.); (C.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Piergiorgio Roberto
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Sapienza University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I, 00186 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Lilia Cinti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Sapienza University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I, 00186 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.); (M.G.); (E.C.); (F.F.); (C.S.); (G.A.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Sapienza University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I, 00186 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Eleonora Coratti
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.); (M.G.); (E.C.); (F.F.); (C.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Gabriella D’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (E.N.C.); (F.R.); (L.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Eugenio Nelson Cavallari
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (E.N.C.); (F.R.); (L.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Romano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (E.N.C.); (F.R.); (L.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Letizia Santinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (E.N.C.); (F.R.); (L.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Luca Maddaloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (E.N.C.); (F.R.); (L.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Federica Frasca
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.); (M.G.); (E.C.); (F.F.); (C.S.); (G.A.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (E.N.C.); (F.R.); (L.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.); (M.G.); (E.C.); (F.F.); (C.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.); (M.G.); (E.C.); (F.F.); (C.S.); (G.A.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Sapienza University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I, 00186 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.O.); (M.G.); (E.C.); (F.F.); (C.S.); (G.A.)
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15
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Ikechukwu CK, Qin K, Zhang H, Pan J, Zhang W. Novel equid papillomavirus from domestic donkey. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:171-177. [PMID: 37246448 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillomaviruses can be of great medical importance as they infect humans and animals such as Equus species, other livestock and pets. They are responsible for several papillomas and benign tumours in their host. OBJECTIVES To describe a novel equid papillomavirus detected in oral swab samples collected from donkeys (Equus asinus) found on the Northwest plateau of China. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Swab samples collected from the oral mucosa of 32 donkeys in the Gansu Province of China, were subjected to viral metagenomic analysis to detect the presence of Papillomavirus. After de novo assembly, a novel papillomavirus genome designated as Equus asinus papillomavirus 3 (EaPV3) was identified in the studied samples. Additional bioinformatic analysis of the assembled genome was done using the Geneious prime software (version 2022.0.2). RESULTS The complete circular genome of EaPV3 is 7430 bp in length with a GC content of 50.8%. The genome was predicted to contain five ORFs coding for three early proteins (E7, E1, and E2) and two late proteins (L1 and L2). Phylogenic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the concatenated amino acid sequences of the E1E2L1L2 genes revealed that EaPV3 is most closely related to Equus asinus papillomavirus 1 (EaPV1). The genome analysis of EaPV3 revealed similar genome organisation with other equine papillomavirus and the presence of E7 papillomavirus oncoprotein. MAIN LIMITATIONS Since there were no warts in the oral cavity of the donkeys in this study, and no biopsy samples taken, we are unable to conclusively link the novel virus to any clinical condition in the donkeys. CONCLUSIONS The Comparative characterisation of EaPV3 and its closest relatives, as well as phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that it is a novel virus specie that clusters within the Dyochipapilloma PV genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwudozie Kingsley Ikechukwu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kailin Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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16
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CHAMBERS JK, ITO S, UCHIDA K. Feline papillomavirus-associated Merkel cell carcinoma: a comparative review with human Merkel cell carcinoma. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1195-1209. [PMID: 37743525 PMCID: PMC10686778 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare skin tumor that shares a similar immunophenotype with Merkel cells, although its origin is debatable. More than 80% of human MCC cases are associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infections and viral gene integration. Recent studies have shown that the clinical and pathological characteristics of feline MCC are comparable to those of human MCC, including its occurrence in aged individuals, aggressive behavior, histopathological findings, and the expression of Merkel cell markers. More than 90% of feline MCC are positive for the Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV2) gene. Molecular changes involved in papillomavirus-associated tumorigenesis, such as increased p16 and decreased retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 protein levels, were observed in FcaPV2-positive MCC, but not in FcaPV2-negative MCC cases. These features were also confirmed in FcaPV2-positive and -negative MCC cell lines. The expression of papillomavirus E6 and E7 genes, responsible for p53 degradation and Rb inhibition, respectively, was detected in tumor cells by in situ hybridization. Whole genome sequencing revealed the integration of FcaPV2 DNA into the host feline genome. MCC cases often develop concurrent skin lesions, such as viral plaque and squamous cell carcinoma, which are also associated with papillomavirus infection. These findings suggest that FcaPV2 infection and integration of viral genes are involved in the development of MCC in cats. This review provides an overview of the comparative pathology of feline and human MCC caused by different viruses and discusses their cell of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soma ITO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Okayama K, Kakinuma M, Tajima S, Nagasawa N, Ishii Y, Oda M, Kimura H, Okodo M. Optimal Papanicolaou Smear Conditions for Manual Microdissection of Single Target Cells. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2700. [PMID: 38004711 PMCID: PMC10672744 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the optimal conditions for Papanicolaou (Pap) smear to increase the success rate of target cell isolation through manual microdissection (MMD) and prevent cell spread. Pap smears were prepared using an HPV42-positive SurePath™ liquid-based cytology case, and 46 and 50 koilocytes were used in wet and dried Pap smears, respectively, to verify the success rate of target cell isolation using MMD based on the HPV detection rate. During MMD, the microscopic examination of both specimens revealed that cells in dried smears could be easily identified; however, cell debris remained in the surrounding area after MMD. Although it was difficult to observe cells in wet smears, there was no cell debris. When the needle tip was immersed in DNA lysate after cell isolation through MMD, a difference in cell solubility was found between dry and wet smears. HPV42 was detected in 94.7% and 97.4% of dried and wet Pap smears, respectively, via polymerase chain reaction genotyping using lysed cell solution; the detection rates were not significantly different. The isolation of target cells from wet Pap smears using MMD reduced the risk of contamination and increased the success rate of HPV detection. This study might facilitate the identification of new CIN-derived HPV-infected cells using MMD with wet Pap smears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Okayama
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mao Kakinuma
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan
| | - Saki Tajima
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan
| | - Norika Nagasawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ishii
- Genki Plaza Medical Center for Health Care, 3-6-5 Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0072, Japan
| | - Mizue Oda
- Genki Plaza Medical Center for Health Care, 3-6-5 Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0072, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Okodo
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8621, Japan
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Chaudhary P, Proulx J, Park IW. Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) mediation of viral infection and human diseases. Virus Res 2023; 335:199191. [PMID: 37541588 PMCID: PMC10430597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A, UBE3A, also known as E6-associated protein (E6-AP), is known to play an essential role in regulating the degradation of various proteins by transferring Ub from E2 Ub conjugating enzymes to the substrate proteins. Several studies indicate that UBE3A regulates the stabilities of key viral proteins in the virus-infected cells and, thereby, the infected virus-mediated diseases, even if it were reported that UBE3A participates in non-viral-related human diseases. Furthermore, mutations such as deletions and duplications in the maternally inherited gene in the brain cause human neurodevelopmental disorders such as Angelman syndrome (AS) and autism. It is also known that UBE3A functions as a transcriptional coactivator for the expression of steroid hormone receptors. These reports establish that UBE3A is distinguished by its multitudinous functions that are paramount to viral pathology and human diseases. This review is focused on molecular mechanisms for such intensive participation of UBE3A in disease formation and virus regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
| | - Jessica Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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19
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Clarke MA. HPV Testing and its Role in Cervical Cancer Screening. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2023; 66:448-469. [PMID: 37650662 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The recognition that persistent infection with carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical precancer and cancer has led to the introduction of HPV testing into cervical cancer screening, either as a primary screening test or in conjunction with cervical cytology (i.e., co-testing). HPV testing has much higher sensitivity for detection of cervical precancer and provides greater long-term reassurance if negative compared to cytology. However, most HPV infections are transient, and do not progress to invasive cancer, thus triage tests are required to identify individuals who should be referred to colposcopy for diagnostic evaluation. This chapter begins with a description of the biology, natural history, and epidemiology of HPV as a foundation for understanding the role of HPV in cervical carcinogenesis. This section is followed by a detailed discussion regarding the introduction of HPV-based testing and triage into cervical cancer screening and management. Summarized triage tests include cervical cytology, HPV genotyping, p16/Ki-67 dual stain, and HPV and cellular methylation markers. The final section of this chapter includes an important discussion on cervical cancer disparities, particularly within the United States, followed by concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Clarke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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20
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Desingu PA, Rubeni TP, Sundaresan NR. Deciphering the Origin of DNA Viruses (Replication-Associated Parvo-NS1) That Infect Vertebrates from Invertebrate-Infecting Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0457022. [PMID: 37347193 PMCID: PMC10433990 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04570-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is a standard and essential function among DNA viruses; however, this functional domain's common ancestor, origin, and evolutionary path in invertebrate- and vertebrate-infecting viruses are not yet fully understood. Here, we present evidence, using a combination of phylogenetic relationships, coevolution, and CLANS (cluster analysis of sequences) analysis, that the parvo-NS1 domain (nonstructural protein NS1, DNA helicase domain) of these DNA viruses that infect vertebrates potentially originated from the invertebrate (Platyhelminthes) parvo-NS1 domain of parvovirus-related sequences (PRSs). Our results suggest that papillomaviruses and the parvovirus subfamilies Densovirinae and Hamaparvovirinae DNA helicase evolved directly from the Platyhelminthes NS1 domain (PRSs). Similarly, the parvovirus subfamily Parvovirinae NS1 domain displayed evolutionary heritage from the PRSs through Hamaparvovirinae. Further, our analysis also clarified that herpesviruses and adenoviruses independently obtained the parvo-NS1 domain from Dependoparvovirus (Parvovirinae). Furthermore, virus-host coevolution analysis revealed that the parvovirus NS1 domain has coevolved with hosts, from flatworms to humans, and it appears that the papillomavirus may have obtained the DNA helicase during the early stages of parvovirus evolution and later led to the development of the DNA helicase of adomavirus and polyomavirus. Finally, herpesviruses and adenoviruses likely inherited the parvo-NS1 domain from Dependoparvovirus in the later stages of evolution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evolutionary evidence to suggest that the DNA helicase of viruses that infect vertebrates originated from the invertebrate PRSs. IMPORTANCE DNA replication of DNA viruses is an essential function. This allows DNA replication of viruses to form virus particles. The DNA helicase domain is responsible for this primary function. This domain is present in parvoviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, herpesviruses, and adenoviruses. But little is known about the common ancestor, origin, and evolutionary path of DNA helicase in invertebrate- and vertebrate-infecting viruses. Here, we report the possibility of the origin of DNA viruses (DNA helicase) infecting vertebrates from Platyhelminthes (invertebrate) PRSs. Our study established that the parvovirus subfamily Parvovirinae NS1 domain displayed evolutionary heritage from the Platyhelminthes PRSs through Hamaparvovirinae. Furthermore, our study suggests that the papillomavirus DNA helicase may have evolved in the early stages of parvovirus evolution and then led to the development of the adomavirus and polyomavirus. Our study suggests that the herpesviruses and adenoviruses likely inherited the parvo-NS1 domain through gene capture from Dependoparvovirus in the later stages of parvovirus evolution in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. P. Rubeni
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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21
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Zhao X, Dai C, Qian S, Tang Q, Li L, Hao Y, Zhou Z, Ge X, Gong C, Yuan J. Viral Diversity and Epidemiology in Critically Endangered Yangtze Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0081023. [PMID: 37265414 PMCID: PMC10434060 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00810-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is a critically endangered freshwater cetacean, with about 1,249 individuals thought to be left in the wild. However, viral entities and viral diseases of YFPs remain obscure. In this study, anal swabs for virome analysis were collected during the physical examination of YFPs in the Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow (TEO) ex situ reserve. A total of 19 eukaryotic viral species belonging to 9 families, including Papillomaviridae, Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Caliciviridae, Retroviridae, Parvoviridae, Virgaviridae, and Narnaviridae, and other unclassified viruses were identified based on metasequencing. Among these detected viruses, a novel herpesvirus (NaHV), two different kobuviruses (NaKV1-2), and six different papillomaviruses (NaPV1 to -6) were considered potential risks to YFPs and confirmed by PCR or reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Most YFPs sampled were found to harbor one or more kinds of detected viral genomes (52/58 [89.7%]). Surveillance results demonstrated that kobuvirus and herpesvirus displayed obvious age distribution and PVs showed significant gender difference in YFPs. According to species demarcation criteria in individual genera in Papillomaviridae, two novel species (referred to as Omikronpapillomavirus 2 and 3) and four novel isolates of PV were identified in YFPs. Further evolutionary analysis suggested that NaPVs would occupy the mucosal niche and that virus-host codivergence mixed with duplications and host-switching events drives the evolution of cetacean PVs. Divergence times of PVs in YFP and other cetacean reflect the incipient speciation of YFPs. In summary, our findings revealed the potential viral entities, their prevalence, and their evolutionary history in YFPs, which raises an important issue regarding effects of viral infection on the fitness of YFPs. IMPORTANCE The Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is the only cetacean species in freshwater following the functional extinction of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer). Health management, disease treatment, and other special measures are important for maintaining the existing YFP populations, especially in in situ and ex situ reserves. The discovery of potential viral entities and their prevalence in YFPs raises an important issue regarding the effects of viral infection on the fitness of YFPs and may contribute to the conservation of YFPs. The evolutionary history of papillomaviruses in YFP and other cetaceans reflects the phylogeny of their hosts and supports the status of incipient species, opening a window to investigate the evolutionary adaptation of cetaceans to freshwater as well as their phylogeny to remedy the deficiency of fossil evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caijiao Dai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Qian
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiang Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Zhou
- College of Biology & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Ge
- College of Biology & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Tian-e-zhou National Reserve for Lipotes Vexillifer, Shishou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Egawa N. Papillomaviruses and cancer: commonalities and differences in HPV carcinogenesis at different sites of the body. Int J Clin Oncol 2023; 28:956-964. [PMID: 37199886 PMCID: PMC10390352 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with 5% of all cancers globally at a range of body sites, including cervix, anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and oropharynx. These cancers claim > 400,000 lives annually. The persistent infection of HPV and the function of viral oncogenes are the primary causes of HPV-related cancers. However, only some HPV-infected persons or infected lesions will progress to cancer, and the burden of HPV-associated cancer varies widely according to gender and the part of the body infected. The dissimilarity in infection rates at different sites can explain only a small part of the differences observed. Much responsibility likely sits with contributions of specific epithelial cells and the cellular microenvironment at infected sites to the process of malignant transformation, both of which affect the regulation of viral gene expression and the viral life cycle. By understanding the biology of these epithelial sites, better diagnosis/treatment/management of HPV-associated cancer and/or pre-cancer lesions will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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Burk RD, Mirabello L, DeSalle R. Distinguishing Genetic Drift from Selection in Papillomavirus Evolution. Viruses 2023; 15:1631. [PMID: 37631973 PMCID: PMC10458755 DOI: 10.3390/v15081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pervasive purifying selection on non-synonymous substitutions is a hallmark of papillomavirus genome history, but the role of selection on and the drift of non-coding DNA motifs on HPV diversification is poorly understood. In this study, more than a thousand complete genomes representing Alphapapillomavirus types, lineages, and SNP variants were examined phylogenetically and interrogated for the number and position of non-coding DNA sequence motifs using Principal Components Analyses, Ancestral State Reconstructions, and Phylogenetic Independent Contrasts. For anciently diverged Alphapapillomavirus types, composition of the four nucleotides (A, C, G, T), codon usage, trimer usage, and 13 established non-coding DNA sequence motifs revealed phylogenetic clusters consistent with genetic drift. Ancestral state reconstruction and Phylogenetic Independent Contrasts revealed ancient genome alterations, particularly for the CpG and APOBEC3 motifs. Each evolutionary analytical method we performed supports the unanticipated conclusion that genetic drift and different evolutionary drivers have structured Alphapapillomavirus genomes in distinct ways during successive epochs, even extending to differences in more recently formed variant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Burk
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology & Immunology, Epidemiology & Population Health, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Woman’s Health, and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Robert DeSalle
- Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
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Li Z, Wu M, Chen Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhai X, Cao Y, Li X, Yang Y, Wu Y, Lin G. A time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for rapid and precise automatic quality control of human papillomavirus type 68 VLPs in human papillomavirus vaccine. J Immunol Methods 2023:113518. [PMID: 37385433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness and necessity of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to prevent HPV infection and cervical cancer are increasingly recognized by people. The 15-valent HPV vaccine, which protects against almost high-risk types of HPV viruses identified by WHO, has attracted much attention. However, as the valence of vaccines increases, quality control in the HPV vaccine production process is facing more challenges. The precise quality control of the HPV type 68 virus-like particles (VLPs), one of the unique components of the 15-valent HPV vaccine that distinguishes it from existing vaccines, is the new requirement for vaccine manufacturers. Here we developed a novel time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) for rapid and precise automatic quality control of HPV68 VLPs in HPV vaccine. Two murine monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting the HPV68 L1 protein were used to establish a classical sandwich assay. Except for pretreating the vaccine sample, the whole analysis process was performed by a fully automated machine, which saves detection time and gets rid of manual error. Multiple experiments established that the current novel TRFIA can efficiently and reliably analyses HPV68 VLPs. Present novel TRFIA has exhibited merits with speed, robustness, high sensitivity with a minimum detection value of 0.08 ng/mL, considerable accuracy, a wide detection range (up to 1000 ng/mL) and excellent specificity. It is also expected to provide a new detection method for quality control for each HPV type VLPs. To summarize, the novel TRFIA is of great interest for application in HPV vaccine quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Liaoning Cheng Da Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Li
- Liaoning Cheng Da Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Zhigao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xijiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guanfeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yang Z, Zhang C, Luo P, Sun F, Mei B. Genetic diversity and functional implication of the long control region in human papillomavirus types 52, 58, and 16 from Central China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:105447. [PMID: 37217029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a main reason for cervical cancer. The long control region (LCR) of the genome plays a variety of roles in the transcription of the virus. METHODS LCR sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by DNA sequencing. MEGA 11.0 software and NCBI blast were used to analyze the sequences and construct the Neighbor-Joining tree. In addition, the JASPAR database was used to predict the potential transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). RESULTS For HPV-52 LCR, 68 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 8 deletions, and 1 insertion were found, 17 of which were novel variations. Most of the variants were clustered in B2 sub-lineage (96.22%). For HPV-58 LCR, 25.43% of samples were prototype. 49 SNPs, 2 deletions, and 1 insertion were observed in the remaining samples. A1 sub-lineage was the most frequent (64.16%). For HPV-16 LCR, 75 SNPs and 2 deletions were identified, 13 of which were newly identified. A total of 55.68% of the variants were distributed in A4 sub-lineage. The JASPAR results suggested that multiple variations occurred in TFBSs, which might affect the function of transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS This study provides experimental data for further studies on the epidemiology and biological function of LCR. Various LCR mutational data may prove useful for exploring the carcinogenic mechanism of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiPing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Fenglan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China.
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De Falco F, Cuccaro B, De Tullio R, Alberti A, Cutarelli A, De Carlo E, Roperto S. Possible etiological association of ovine papillomaviruses with bladder tumors in cattle. Virus Res 2023; 328:199084. [PMID: 36878382 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder tumors of cattle are very uncommon accounting from 0.1% to 0.01% of all bovine malignancies. Bladder tumors are common in cattle grazing on bracken fern-infested pasturelands. Bovine papillomaviruses have a crucial role in tumors of bovine urinary bladder. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the potential association of ovine papillomavirus (OaPV) infection with bladder carcinogenesis of cattle. METHODS Droplet digital PCR was used to detect and quantify the nucleic acids of OaPVs in bladder tumors of cattle that were collected at public and private slaughterhouses. RESULTS OaPV DNA and RNA were detected and quantified in 10 bladder tumors of cattle that were tested negative for bovine papillomaviruses. The most prevalent genotypes were OaPV1 and OaPV2. OaPV4 was rarely observed. Furthermore, we detected a significant overexpression and hyperphosphorylation of pRb and a significant overexpression and activation of the calpain-1 as well as a significant overexpression of E2F3 and of phosphorylated (activated) PDGFβR in neoplastic bladders in comparison with healthy bladders, which suggests that E2F3 and PDGFβR may play an important role in OaPV-mediated molecular pathways that lead to bladder carcinogenesis. CONCLUSION In all tumors, OaPV RNA could explain the causality of the disease of the urinary bladder. Therefore, persistent infections by OaPVs could be involved in bladder carcinogenesis. Our data showed that there is a possible etiologic association of OaPVs with bladder tumors of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Cuccaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta De Tullio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale (DIMES), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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27
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Oh C, Buckley PM, Choi J, Hierro A, DiMaio D. Sequence independent activity of a predicted long disordered segment of the human papillomavirus L2 capsid protein during virus entry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533711. [PMID: 36993745 PMCID: PMC10055320 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The papillomavirus L2 capsid protein protrudes through the endosome membrane into the cytoplasm during virus entry to bind cellular factors required for intracellular virus trafficking. Cytoplasmic protrusion of HPV16 L2, virus trafficking, and infectivity are inhibited by large deletions in an ∼110 amino acid segment of L2 that is predicted to be disordered. The activity of these mutants can be restored by inserting protein segments with diverse compositions and chemical properties into this region, including scrambled sequences, a tandem array of a short sequence, and the intrinsically disordered region of a cellular protein. The infectivity of mutants with small in-frame insertions and deletions in this segment directly correlates with the size of the segment. These results indicate that the length of the disordered segment, not its sequence or its composition, determines its activity during virus entry. Sequence independent but length dependent activity has important implications for protein function and evolution.
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Lu X, Zhu R, Dai Z. Characterization of a novel papillomavirus identified from a whale (Delphinapterus leucas) pharyngeal metagenomic library. Virol J 2023; 20:48. [PMID: 36941650 PMCID: PMC10029273 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, using viral metagenomic method, a novel whale papillomavirus (temporarily named wPV, GenBank accession number OP856597) was discovered in a whale (Delphinapterus leucas) pharyngeal metagenomic library. The complete genome size of wPV is 7179 bp, with GC content of 54.4% and a nucleotide composition of 23.4% A, 22.3% T, 28.4% G, and 25.9% C. The viral genome has a typical papillomavirus organization pattern, and five ORFs were predicted, including two late genes encoding L1 and L2, and three early genes encoding E1, E2, and E6. Pairwise sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the L1 gene sequence indicated that wPV may be a novel species within genus Dyodeltapapillomavirus. In addition, the E2 region of wPV was predicted to have a potential recombination event. The discovery of this novel papillomavirus increases our understanding of the viral ecology of marine mammals, providing insights into possible future infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyuan Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital 6 of Nantong University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China.
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Genetic Characterization of a Novel Equus caballus Papillomavirus Isolated from a Thoroughbred Mare. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030650. [PMID: 36992359 PMCID: PMC10059215 DOI: 10.3390/v15030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small, non-enveloped viruses, ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. PVs induce diverse forms of infection, such as cutaneous papillomas, genital papillomatosis, and carcinomas. During a survey on the fertility status of a mare, a novel Equus caballus PV (EcPV) has been identified using Next Generation Sequencing, and it was further confirmed with genome-walking PCR and Sanger sequencing. The complete circular genome 7607 bp long shares 67% average percentage of identity with EcPV9, EcPV2, EcPV1, and EcPV6, justifying a new classification as Equus caballus PV 10 (EcPV10). All EcPV genes are conserved in EcPV10, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that EcPV10 is closely related to EcPV9 and EcPV2, genus Dyoiota 1. A preliminary EcPV10 genoprevalence study, carried out on 216 horses using Real Time PCRs, suggested a low incidence of this isolate (3.7%) compared to EcPVs of the same genus such as EcPV2 and EcPV9 in the same horse population. We hypothesize a transmission mechanism different from the one observed in the closely related EcPV9 and EcPV2 that particularly infect Thoroughbreds. This horse breed is usually submitted to natural mating, thus indicating a possible sexual diffusion. No differences were detected for breeds in terms of susceptibility to EcPV10. Further studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the host and EcPV10 infection to explain the reduced viral spread.
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Nelson CW, Mirabello L. Human papillomavirus genomics: Understanding carcinogenicity. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200258. [PMID: 36812987 PMCID: PMC10063409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers and many cancers at other anatomical sites in both men and women. However, only 12 of 448 known HPV types are currently classified as carcinogens, and even the most carcinogenic type - HPV16 - only rarely leads to cancer. HPV is therefore necessary but insufficient for cervical cancer, with other contributing factors including host and viral genetics. Over the last decade, HPV whole genome sequencing has established that even fine-scale within-type HPV variation influences precancer/cancer risks, and that these risks vary by histology and host race/ethnicity. In this review, we place these findings in the context of the HPV life cycle and evolution at various levels of viral diversity: between-type, within-type, and within-host. We also discuss key concepts necessary for interpreting HPV genomic data, including features of the viral genome; events leading to carcinogenesis; the role of APOBEC3 in HPV infection and evolution; and methodologies that use deep (high-coverage) sequencing to characterize within-host variation, as opposed to relying on a single representative (consensus) sequence. Given the continued high burden of HPV-associated cancers, understanding HPV carcinogenicity remains important for better understanding, preventing, and treating cancers attributable to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase W Nelson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA; Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA.
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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Vanmechelen B, Lahoreau J, Dendauw P, Nicolier A, Maes P. Co-infection of distinct papillomavirus types in a captive North American porcupine. Virol J 2023; 20:12. [PMID: 36658615 PMCID: PMC9850686 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only two cases of papillomavirus infections in North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) have been described thus far, and molecular investigation linked these cases to two distinct papillomavirus species. METHODS In this report, we present the clinical, histological and molecular investigation of a third case of a porcupine papillomavirus infection. Papillomatous lesions occurred on the upper and lower lip of an otherwise healthy three-year old female that was kept in captivity. Within one month, the lesions progressed into exophytic black nodules, followed by a temporary stabilization and ultimately spontaneous regression within seven months of their initial observation. PCR-based screening using specific primers for Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1 and 2 revealed the presence of both these virus types, after which nanopore sequencing was used to determine the complete sequences of the two virus genomes. RESULTS One of the genomes shares 99.9% similarity with the only known sequence for Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1, while the second represents a distinct lineage of Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 2, sharing only 93.3% similarity with the previously discovered strain. CONCLUSIONS This report marks the first observation of a papillomavirus co-infection in a North American porcupine, although the individual contribution of the two virus types to the clinical presentation was not assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Vanmechelen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1040, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Alexandra Nicolier
- VetDiagnostics, Avenue de la Victoire 3, 69260 Charbonnières-Les-Bains, France
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1040, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Neto BV, Tavares V, Santos JMO, Cerqueira F, Pereira D, Medeiros R. Map of thrombogenesis in viral infections and viral-driven tumours. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 36617364 PMCID: PMC9826626 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are pathogenic agents responsible for approximately 10% of all human cancers and significantly contribute to the global cancer burden. Until now, eight viruses have been associated with the development of a broad range of malignancies, including solid and haematological tumours. Besides triggering and promoting oncogenesis, viral infections often go hand-in-hand with haemostatic changes, representing a potential risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Conversely, VTE is a cardiovascular condition that is particularly common among oncological patients, with a detrimental impact on patient prognosis. Despite an association between viral infections and coagulopathies, it is unclear whether viral-driven tumours have a different incidence and prognosis pattern of thromboembolism compared to non-viral-induced tumours. Thus, this review aims to analyse the existing evidence concerning the association of viruses and viral tumours with the occurrence of VTE. Except for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which are associated with a high risk of VTE, little evidence exists concerning the thrombogenic potential associated with oncoviruses. As for tumours that can be induced by oncoviruses, four levels of VTE risk are observed, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gastric carcinoma (GC) associated with the highest risk and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) associated with the lowest risk. Unfortunately, the incidence of cancer-related VTE according to tumour aetiology is unknown. Given the negative impact of VTE in oncological patients, research is required to better understand the mechanisms underlying blood hypercoagulability in viral-driven tumours to improve VTE management and prognosis assessment in patients diagnosed with these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vieira Neto
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria Tavares
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana M O Santos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Cerqueira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- FP-I3ID, FP-ENAS, FP-BHS, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - Deolinda Pereira
- Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPOP), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- FP-I3ID, FP-ENAS, FP-BHS, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
- Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), 4200-172, Porto, Portugal.
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Zhou SG, Wu DF, Yao H, Zhang WY, Tian FJ, Chen G, Zhang CF. REBACIN ® inhibits E6/E7 oncogenes in clearance of human papillomavirus infection. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1047222. [PMID: 36561517 PMCID: PMC9763439 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1047222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that REBACIN® intervention eliminates persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection. The initial establishment and subsequent progression of cervical cancer mainly depends on two major oncogenes, E6/E7, and previous studies have proposed E6/E7 oncogenes as a target for therapeutic drug development. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo whether REBACIN® inhibits E6/E7 oncogenes for elucidating the mechanism of REBACIN® in the clearance of persistent hrHPV infection. In vitro, after REBACIN® treatment, the growth of both Ca Ski and HeLa cervical cancer cells containing the E6/E7 oncogenes was prevented. In line with this finding is that E6/E7 expression was inhibited, which can be counteracted by the co-application of anti-REBACIN® antibody. These studies demonstrated that REBACIN® can effectively inhibit the growth of cervical cancer cells via targeting HPV E6/E7 expression. To further verify this finding in clinic, 108 volunteer patients with persistent hrHPV infections were randomly divided into REBACIN®, recombinant human interferon alpha-2b (Immunological drug control), or no-treatment blank control groups, received intravaginal administration of REBACIN®, interferon or no-treatment every other day for three months, and then followed up for E6/E7 mRNA assay. In REBACIN® group, 68.57% of patients showed complete clearance of HPV E6/E7 mRNA, which was significantly higher compared to 25.00% in the interferon immunological drug control group and 20.00% in blank control group, confirming that REBACIN® is potently efficacious on clearing persistent hrHPV infections via inhibition of HPV E6/E7 oncogenes. Clinical trial registration http://www.chictr.org.cn/historyversionpuben.aspx?regno=ChiCTR2100045911, identifier ChiCTR2100045911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Guang Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dai-Fei Wu
- Division of Molecular Virology, SR Life Sciences Institute, Clarksburg, MD, United States
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Yu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Drug Development of Hainan, Haikou, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China,*Correspondence: Chun-Fa Zhang, ; Guo Chen,
| | - Chun-Fa Zhang
- Division of Molecular Virology, SR Life Sciences Institute, Clarksburg, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Chun-Fa Zhang, ; Guo Chen,
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King KM, Rajadhyaksha EV, Tobey IG, Van Doorslaer K. Synonymous nucleotide changes drive papillomavirus evolution. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200248. [PMID: 36265836 PMCID: PMC9589209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses have been evolving alongside their hosts for at least 450 million years. This review will discuss some of the insights gained into the evolution of this diverse family of viruses. Papillomavirus evolution is constrained by pervasive purifying selection to maximize viral fitness. Yet these viruses need to adapt to changes in their environment, e.g., the host immune system. It has long been known that these viruses evolved a codon usage that doesn't match the infected host. Here we discuss how papillomavirus genomes evolve by acquiring synonymous changes that allow the virus to avoid detection by the host innate immune system without changing the encoded proteins and associated fitness loss. We discuss the implications of studying viral evolution, lifecycle, and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M King
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Esha Vikram Rajadhyaksha
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Isabelle G Tobey
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The BIO5 Institute, The Department of Immunobiology, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Piña-Sánchez P. Human Papillomavirus: Challenges and Opportunities for the Control of Cervical Cancer. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:753-769. [PMID: 36462952 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and genetically diverse entities on the planet, infect all life forms and have evolved with their hosts. To date, 263 viral species have been identified that infect humans, of which only seven are considered type I oncogenic. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main virus associated with cancer and is responsible for practically all cases of cervical carcinoma. Screening tests for early detection have been available since the 1960s. Undoubtedly, the entailment between knowledge of HPV biology and the natural history of cervical cancer has contributed to the significant advances that have been made for its prevention since the 21st century, with the development of prophylactic vaccines and improved screening strategies. Therefore, it is possible to eradicate invasive cervical cancer as a worldwide public health problem, as proposed by the WHO with the 90-70-90 initiative based on vaccination coverage, screening, and treatment, respectively. In addition, the emerging knowledge of viral biology generates opportunities that will contribute to strengthening prevention and treatment strategies in HPV-associated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Piña-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Molecular de Oncología, Unidad de Investigación Oncológica, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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36
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De Falco F, Cutarelli A, Cuccaro B, Catoi C, De Carlo E, Roperto S. Evidence of a novel cross-species transmission by ovine papillomaviruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3850-3857. [PMID: 36335589 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ovine papillomavirus (OaPV) comprises four genotypes; OaPV1, OaPV2 and OaPV4 are fibropapillomaviruses within the genus Deltapapillomavirus, whereas OaPV3 is an epitheliotropic virus that belongs to the genus Dyokappapapillomavirus. To date, all of them have been known to infect sheep only. OaPV1, OaPV2 and OaPV4 have been associated with ovine cutaneous and mucosal fibropapillomas, whereas OaPV3 is a key factor in the squamous cell carcinoma pathway of the sheep skin. Whole blood samples obtained from 128 cattle at public slaughterhouses were investigated using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). ddPCR is a new-generation PCR technique that enables an accurate and absolute quantification of target molecules with high sensitivity and specificity. All OaPVs were detected by identification and quantification of nucleic acids using specific fluorescent probes. Of 128 blood samples, 100 (∼78%) showed OaPV infections. Further, 42, 35 and 23 blood samples showed single, double and triple OaPV infections, respectively. OaPV1 was responsible for 22 single infections, OaPV2 caused 16 single infections and OaPV3 and OaPV4 caused two single infections each. OaPV1 and OaPV2 were the most frequent ovine viruses in dual and triple infections. In many blood samples, both ovine deltapapillomavirus and dyokappapapillomavirus were found to be transcriptionally active, as shown by the detection and quantification of E5 oncogene transcripts for OaPV1, L1 transcripts for OaPV2, E6 and E7 transcripts for OaPV3 and E6 for OaPV4. OaPVs were found in the blood samples from cattle that shared grasslands rich in bracken ferns known to contain immunosuppressant substances. Furthermore, OaPVs were also found in cattle from intensive livestock farming without any contact with sheep. Because OaPV DNA was detected in both grass hay and corn silage, it is conceivable that these feed may be the viral sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Cuccaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cornel Catoi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Revisiting Papillomavirus Taxonomy: A Proposal for Updating the Current Classification in Line with Evolutionary Evidence. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102308. [PMID: 36298863 PMCID: PMC9612317 DOI: 10.3390/v14102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses infect a wide array of animal hosts and are responsible for roughly 5% of all human cancers. Comparative genomics between different virus types belonging to specific taxonomic groupings (e.g., species, and genera) has the potential to illuminate physiological differences between viruses with different biological outcomes. Likewise, extrapolation of features between related viruses can be very powerful but requires a solid foundation supporting the evolutionary relationships between viruses. The current papillomavirus classification system is based on pairwise sequence identity. However, with the advent of metagenomics as facilitated by high-throughput sequencing and molecular tools of enriching circular DNA molecules using rolling circle amplification, there has been a dramatic increase in the described diversity of this viral family. Not surprisingly, this resulted in a dramatic increase in absolute number of viral types (i.e., sequences sharing <90% L1 gene pairwise identity). Many of these novel viruses are the sole member of a novel species within a novel genus (i.e., singletons), highlighting that we have only scratched the surface of papillomavirus diversity. I will discuss how this increase in observed sequence diversity complicates papillomavirus classification. I will propose a potential solution to these issues by explicitly basing the species and genera classification on the evolutionary history of these viruses based on the core viral proteins (E1, E2, and L1) of papillomaviruses. This strategy means that it is possible that a virus identified as the closest neighbor based on the E1, E2, L1 phylogenetic tree, is not the closest neighbor based on L1 nucleotide identity. In this case, I propose that a virus would be considered a novel type if it shares less than 90% identity with its closest neighbors in the E1, E2, L1 phylogenetic tree.
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a causative agent of multiple human cancers, including cervical and head and neck cancers. In these HPV-positive tumors, somatic mutations are caused by aberrant activation of DNA mutators such as members of the apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) family of cytidine deaminases. APOBEC3 proteins are most notable for their restriction of various viruses, including anti-HPV activity. However, the potential role of APOBEC3 proteins in HPV-induced cancer progression has recently garnered significant attention. Ongoing research stems from the observations that elevated APOBEC3 expression is driven by HPV oncogene expression and that APOBEC3 activity is likely a significant contributor to somatic mutagenesis in HPV-positive cancers. This review focuses on recent advances in the study of APOBEC3 proteins and their roles in HPV infection and HPV-driven oncogenesis. Further, we discuss critical gaps and unanswered questions in our understanding of APOBEC3 in virus-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA;
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA;
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Amorrortu RP, Zhao Y, Fenske NA, Cherpelis BS, Messina JL, Giuliano AR, Sondak VK, Schell MJ, Mckay-Chopin S, Gheit T, Waterboer T, Tommasino M, Rollison DE. Natural History of Incident and Persistent Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus and Human Polyomavirus Infections. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1162-1174. [PMID: 35022780 PMCID: PMC9518839 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous human papillomaviruses (cuHPV) and polyomaviruses (HPyV) have been implicated in skin cancers; however, interpretation of findings across studies is complicated by limited understanding of the natural history of these infections across normal tissue types. METHODS In total, 675 eyebrow hair (EBH) and skin swab (SSW) samples were collected from 71 skin cancer screening patients every 6 months over 2 years and measured for presence of β-HPV, γ-HPV, and HPyV. Incidence, persistence, and clearance of cuHPV/HPyV were estimated, and risk factors associated with infection were examined. RESULTS Prevalence, incidence, and persistence of β-HPV, γ-HPV, and HPyV were consistently higher in SSW than in EBH, with types 5, 24, 49, 76 and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) having incidence rates greater than 20 per 1000 person-months. Prevalent γ-HPV EBH infections persisted more often in women (P = .024), incident β-HPV EBH infections persisted less often among individuals with history of blistering sunburn (P = .019), and prevalent MCPyV SSW infections persisted more often in those with a history of skin cancer (P = .033). CONCLUSIONS Incidence and persistence of cuHPV/HPyV were observed in SSW and EBH; however, none of the risk factors examined were commonly associated with cuHPV/HPyV infections across normal tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yayi Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Neil A Fenske
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Basil S Cherpelis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jane L Messina
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Michael J Schell
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sandrine Mckay-Chopin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Reis JDR, Batista MVDA. New insights into Canis familiaris papillomaviruses genetics and biology: Is the genetic characterization of CPV types and their variants an important clinical issue? Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210388. [PMID: 36095300 PMCID: PMC9469487 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canis familiaris papillomavirus (CPV) is a member of the Papillomaviridae family and is found in dogs. After infection, the host can remain asymtomatic or develop benign ephitelial neoplasms such as papillomas and pigmented viral plaques, which can progress to cancer, in the form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In humans, 227 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been described, with a well-established risk classification for cancer development. In addition, it is also known that variants of some high-risk HPV types may present different risks in respect of SCC development. In dogs, however, only a few types of CPV have been identified, despite the growing interest in this area, and knowledge on the genetic characterization of CPV variants is still scarce. Recent studies of CPV have shown that, as with HPV, benign neoplasia can develop into cancer, but it is believed that there are many more types and variants still to be described. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the genetics and biology of CPV, with the focus on what is known about lesions, geographic localization, virus types and variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Dantas Rodrigues Reis
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Biotecnologia (GMBio), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Biotecnologia (GMBio), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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Løvestad AH, Repesa A, Costanzi JM, Lagström S, Christiansen IK, Rounge TB, Ambur OH. Differences in integration frequencies and APOBEC3 profiles of five high-risk HPV types adheres to phylogeny. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200247. [PMID: 36100161 PMCID: PMC9485212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for almost all cases of cervical cancers, and HPV16 and HPV18 associated with the majority of these. These types differ in the proportion of viral minor nucleotide variants (MNVs) caused by APOBEC3 mutagenesis as well as integration frequencies. Whether these traits extend to other types remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate and compare genomic variability and chromosomal integration in the two phylogenetically distinct Alpha-7 and Alpha-9 clades of carcinogenic HPV types. The TaME-seq protocol was employed to sequence cervical cell samples positive for HPV31, HPV33 or HPV45 and combine these with data from a previous study on HPV16 and HPV18. APOBEC3 mutation signatures were found in Alpha-9 (HPV16/31/33) but not in Alpha-7 (HPV18/45). HPV45 had significantly more MNVs compared to the other types. Alpha-7 had higher integration frequency compared to Alpha-9. An increase in integration frequency with increased diagnostic severity was found for Alpha-7. The results highlight important differences and broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind cervical cancer induced by high-risk HPV types from the Alpha-7 and Alpha-9 clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hesselberg Løvestad
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adina Repesa
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Marc Costanzi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Sonja Lagström
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Kraus Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Trine B. Rounge
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding author. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Herman Ambur
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding authors.
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Kottaridi C, Resta P, Leventakou D, Gioti K, Zygouras I, Gouloumi AR, Sakagiannis G, Alzahrani KJ, Venetikou MS, Anthouli-Anagnostopoulou F, Beloukas A. The T350G Variation of Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 Gene Prevails in Oropharyngeal Cancer from a Small Cohort of Greek Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081724. [PMID: 36016346 PMCID: PMC9415711 DOI: 10.3390/v14081724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent trends have shown a dramatic rise in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma strongly associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) of type 16. The genetic variability of HPV16 has been extensively studied in cervical cancer but there are very limited published data concerning the genetic variations of this HPV type in oropharyngeal cancer. In the present study, the genetic variations of HPV16 E6 gene sequences originated from a small cohort of Greek patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer were assessed. The vast majority of the sequences clustered within the European variant branch. The T350G variation was found to be the predominant one. This finding may indicate the need for further studies that could explain the possible impact of this variant in the pathomechanisms of oropharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kottaridi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Panagiota Resta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Southern Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Leventakou
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University Hospital Attikon, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Gioti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zygouras
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alina-Roxani Gouloumi
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University Hospital Attikon, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria S. Venetikou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Southern Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, 115 21 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (A.B.)
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43
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Genomic Diversity of Torque Teno Virus in Blood Samples from Febrile Paediatric Outpatients in Tanzania: A Descriptive Cohort Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081612. [PMID: 35893678 PMCID: PMC9330782 DOI: 10.3390/v14081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is considered to be an ubiquitous member of the commensal human blood virome commonly reported in mixed genotype co-infections. This study investigates the genomic diversity of TTV in blood samples from 816 febrile Tanzanian children. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing was used to screen for TTV in individual blood samples from a cohort of 816 febrile Tanzanian paediatric outpatients. For positive samples, the number of TTV species and genotypes present were evaluated. We investigate the linear relationship between individual TTV diversity and the patient age by linear regression. TTV was detected in 97.2% of sera. ORF1 analysis revealed the presence of 149 genotypes from 38 species, suggesting the presence of 13 new species. These genotypes were mostly present as co-infections with a median of 11 genotypes/subject (range: 1−71). In terms of species, we found a median of nine species/subject (range: 1−29). We further show a significant association between the diversity of co-detected TTV and the age of the subjects (p value < 0.0001). This study shows that significant TTV genomic diversity is acquired by the age of five and that this diversity tends to increase with age, which indicates a repetitive TTV acquisition during the first months/years of life.
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Sanchez-Fernandez C, Bolatti EM, Culasso ACA, Chouhy D, Kowalewski MM, Stella EJ, Schurr TG, Rinas MA, Liotta DJ, Campos RH, Giri AA, Badano I. Identification and evolutionary analysis of papillomavirus sequences in New World monkeys (genera Sapajus and Alouatta) from Argentina. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1257-1268. [PMID: 35353206 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the occurrence of papillomavirus (PV) infection in non-human primates (NHPs) in northeastern Argentina. We also explored their evolutionary history and evaluated the co-speciation hypothesis in the context of primate evolution. METHODS We obtained DNA samples from 57 individuals belonging to wild and captive populations of Alouatta caraya, Sapajus nigritus, and Sapajus cay. We assessed PV infection by PCR amplification with the CUT primer system and sequencing of 337 bp (112 amino acids) of the L1 gene. The viral sequences were analyzed by phylogenetic and Bayesian coalescence methods to estimate the time to the most common recent ancestor (tMRCA) using BEAST, v1.4.8 software. We evaluated viral/host tree congruence with TreeMap v3.0. RESULTS We identified two novel putative PV sequences of the genus Gammapapillomavirus in Sapajus spp. and Alouatta caraya (SPV1 and AcPV1, respectively). The tMRCA of SPV1 was estimated to be 11,941,682 years before present (ybp), and that of AcPV1 was 46,638,071 ybp, both before the coalescence times of their hosts (6.4 million years ago [MYA] and 6.8 MYA, respectively). Based on the comparison of primate and viral phylogenies, we found that the PV tree was no more congruent with the host tree than a random tree would be (P > 0.05), thus allowing us to reject the model of virus-host coevolution. CONCLUSION This study presents the first evidence of PV infection in platyrrhine species from Argentina, expands the range of described hosts for these viruses, and suggests new scenarios for their origin and dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sanchez-Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - E M Bolatti
- Laboratorio de Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, CONICET/UNR, Rosario, Argentina.,Área Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - A C A Culasso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Chouhy
- Laboratorio de Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, CONICET/UNR, Rosario, Argentina.,Área Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - M M Kowalewski
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo-MACN-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - E J Stella
- Laboratorio de Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, CONICET/UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - T G Schurr
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - M A Rinas
- Ministerio de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - D J Liotta
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, ANLIS, Pto. Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - R H Campos
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A A Giri
- Laboratorio de Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, CONICET/UNR, Rosario, Argentina.,Área Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - I Badano
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Upon infection, DNA viruses can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of type I and III interferons to block infection. Therefore, viruses must inhibit these signaling pathways, avoid being detected, or both. Papillomavirus virions are trafficked from early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and wait for the onset of mitosis to complete nuclear entry. This unique subcellular trafficking strategy avoids detection by cytoplasmic PRRs, a property that may contribute to the establishment of infection. However, as the capsid uncoats within acidic endosomal compartments, the viral DNA may be exposed to detection by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). In this study, we characterized two new papillomaviruses from bats and used molecular archeology to demonstrate that their genomes altered their nucleotide compositions to avoid detection by TLR9, providing evidence that TLR9 acts as a PRR during papillomavirus infection. Furthermore, we showed that TLR9, like other components of the innate immune system, is under evolutionary selection in bats, providing the first direct evidence for coevolution between papillomaviruses and their hosts. Finally, we demonstrated that the cancer-associated human papillomaviruses show a reduction in CpG dinucleotides within a TLR9 recognition complex.
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Saunders-Wood T, Egawa N, Zheng K, Giaretta A, Griffin HM, Doorbar J. Role of E6 in Maintaining the Basal Cell Reservoir during Productive Papillomavirus Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0118121. [PMID: 35019722 PMCID: PMC8906426 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01181-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses exclusively infect stratified epithelial tissues and cause chronic infections. To achieve this, infected cells must remain in the epithelial basal layer alongside their uninfected neighbors for years or even decades. To examine how papillomaviruses achieve this, we used the in vivo MmuPV1 (Mus musculus papillomavirus 1) model of lesion formation and persistence. During early lesion formation, an increased cell density in the basal layer, as well as a delay in the infected cells' commitment to differentiation, was apparent in cells expressing MmuPV1 E6/E7 RNA. Using cell culture models, keratinocytes exogenously expressing MmuPV1 E6, but not E7, recapitulated this delay in differentiation postconfluence and also grew to a significantly higher density. Cell competition assays further showed that MmuPV1 E6 expression led to a preferential persistence of the cell in the first layer, with control cells accumulating almost exclusively in the second layer. Interestingly, the disruption of MmuPV1 E6 binding to MAML1 protein abrogated these phenotypes. This suggests that the interaction between MAML1 and E6 is necessary for the lower (basal)-layer persistence of MmuPV1 E6-expressing cells. Our results indicate a role for E6 in lesion establishment by facilitating the persistence of infected cells in the epithelial basal layer, a mechanism that is most likely shared by other papillomavirus types. Interruption of this interaction is predicted to impede persistent papillomavirus infection and consequently provides a novel treatment target. IMPORTANCE Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types can lead to development of HPV-associated cancers, and persistent low-risk HPV infection causes problematic diseases, such as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. The management and treatment of these conditions pose a considerable economic burden. Maintaining a reservoir of infected cells in the basal layer of the epithelium is critical for the persistence of infection in the host, and our studies using the mouse papillomavirus model suggest that E6 gene expression leads to the preferential persistence of epithelial cells in the lower layers during stratification. The E6 interaction with MAML1, a component of the Notch pathway, is required for this phenotype and is linked to E6 effects on cell density and differentiation. These observations are likely to reflect a common E6 role that is preserved among papillomaviruses and provide us with a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of recalcitrant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Giaretta
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Heather M. Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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47
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Rosenbaum CS, Wünschmann A, Armién AG, Schott R, Singh VK, Mor SK. Novel papillomavirus in a mallard duck with mesenchymal chondroid dermal tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:231-236. [PMID: 35090373 PMCID: PMC8921809 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221075607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses, which are epitheliotropic and may induce epithelial tumors, have been identified in several avian species, including ducks. An adult female mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) was admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center with 2 beige, well-demarcated, firm masses: one in the subcutis under a wing, and the other on a digit of the right foot. After euthanasia, the masses were fixed in formalin for histologic examination. Both tumors had a lobular organization with cartilage cores surrounded by densely cellular interlacing bundles of spindle cells. Neoplastic chondroblasts in both masses, particularly the digital mass, contained basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies, which consisted of assembly complexes of icosahedral virions of 44-nm diameter. Next-generation sequencing allowed whole genome assembly of a novel papillomavirus (Anas platyrhynchos papillomavirus 2) related most closely to Fulmarus glacialis papillomavirus 1 (59.49% nucleotide identity). Our case supports the observation that certain papillomaviruses can productively infect mesenchymal cells and induce neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Rosenbaum
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Arno Wünschmann
- Arno Wünschmann, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Aníbal G. Armién
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Renee Schott
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Minnesota, Roseville, MN, USA
| | - Vikash K. Singh
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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48
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Alfaro-Mora R, Zobba R, Antuofermo E, Pietro Burrai G, Solinas R, Dolz G, Pittau M, Alberti A. Genome typing, Histopathology, and Evolution of BPV30, a Novel Xipapillomavirus type isolated from Bovine Papilloma in Costa Rica. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 83:101768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Kraberger S, Austin C, Farkas K, Desvignes T, Postlethwait JH, Fontenele RS, Schmidlin K, Bradley RW, Warzybok P, Van Doorslaer K, Davison W, Buck CB, Varsani A. Discovery of novel fish papillomaviruses: From the Antarctic to the commercial fish market. Virology 2022; 565:65-72. [PMID: 34739918 PMCID: PMC8713439 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fish papillomaviruses form a newly discovered group broadly recognized as the Secondpapillomavirinae subfamily. This study expands the documented genomes of the fish papillomaviruses from six to 16, including one from the Antarctic emerald notothen, seven from commercial market fishes, one from data mining of sea bream sequence data, and one from a western gull cloacal swab that is likely diet derived. The genomes of secondpapillomaviruses are ∼6 kilobasepairs (kb), which is substantially smaller than the ∼8 kb of terrestrial vertebrate papillomaviruses. Each genome encodes a clear homolog of the four canonical papillomavirus genes, E1, E2, L1, and L2. In addition, we identified open reading frames (ORFs) with short linear peptide motifs reminiscent of E6/E7 oncoproteins. Fish papillomaviruses are extremely diverse and phylogenetically distant from other papillomaviruses suggesting a model in which terrestrial vertebrate-infecting papillomaviruses arose after an evolutionary bottleneck event, possibly during the water-to-land transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Charlotte Austin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Rafaela S. Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kara Schmidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Russell W. Bradley
- Santa Rosa Island Research Station, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo CA 93012, USA
| | - Pete Warzybok
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, CA 94954, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The BIO5 Institute; Department of Immunobiology; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program; UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - William Davison
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Christopher B. Buck
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,corresponding authors Christopher B. Buck, Arvind Varsani
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA,Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa,corresponding authors Christopher B. Buck, Arvind Varsani
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50
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Lagström S, Løvestad AH, Umu SU, Ambur OH, Nygård M, Rounge TB, Christiansen IK. HPV16 and HPV18 type-specific APOBEC3 and integration profiles in different diagnostic categories of cervical samples. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200221. [PMID: 34175494 PMCID: PMC8287217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 are the most predominant types in cervical cancer. Only a small fraction of HPV infections progress to cancer, indicating that additional factors and genomic events contribute to the carcinogenesis, such as minor nucleotide variation caused by APOBEC3 and chromosomal integration. We analysed intra-host minor nucleotide variants (MNVs) and integration in HPV16 and HPV18 positive cervical samples with different morphology. Samples were sequenced using an HPV whole genome sequencing protocol TaME-seq. A total of 80 HPV16 and 51 HPV18 positive samples passed the sequencing depth criteria of 300× reads, showing the following distribution: non-progressive disease (HPV16 n = 21, HPV18 n = 12); cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 (HPV16 n = 27, HPV18 n = 9); CIN3/adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) (HPV16 n = 27, HPV18 n = 30); cervical cancer (HPV16 n = 5). Similar numbers of MNVs in HPV16 and HPV18 samples were observed for most viral genes, with the exception of HPV18 E4 with higher numbers across clinical categories. APOBEC3 signatures were observed in HPV16 lesions, while similar mutation patterns were not detected for HPV18. The proportion of samples with integration was 13% for HPV16 and 59% for HPV18 positive samples, with a noticeable portion located within or close to cancer-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Lagström
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sinan Uğur Umu
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Herman Ambur
- Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Nygård
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine B Rounge
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Irene Kraus Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway.
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