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Ruedas-Torres I, Thi to Nga B, Salguero FJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine fever virus. Virulence 2024; 15:2375550. [PMID: 38973077 PMCID: PMC11232652 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2375550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease with a high impact on the pork industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) is a very complex pathogen, the sole member of the family Asfaviridae, which induces a state of immune suppression in the host through infection of myeloid cells and apoptosis of lymphocytes. Moreover, haemorrhages are the other main pathogenic effect of ASFV infection in pigs, related to the infection of endothelial cells, as well as the activation and structural changes of this cell population by proinflammatory cytokine upregulation within bystander monocytes and macrophages. There are still many gaps in the knowledge of the role of proteins produced by the ASFV, which is related to the difficulty in producing a safe and effective vaccine to combat the disease, although few candidates have been approved for use in Southeast Asia in the past couple of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ruedas-Torres
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Bui Thi to Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Chu X, Ge S, Zuo Y, Cui J, Sha Z, Han N, Wu B, Ni B, Zhang H, Lv Y, Wang Z, Xiao Y. Thoughts on the research of African swine fever live-attenuated vaccines. Vaccine 2024; 42:126052. [PMID: 38906762 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious and fatal disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can infect pigs of all breeds and ages. Most infected pigs have poor prognosis, leading to substantial economic losses for the global pig industry. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a safe and efficient commercial vaccine against ASF. The development of ASF vaccine can be traced back to 1960. However, because of its large genome, numerous encoded proteins, and complex virus particle structure, currently, no effective commercial vaccine is available. Several strategies have been applied in vaccine design, some of which are potential candidates for vaccine development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis on the safety and effectiveness, suboptimal immunization effects at high doses, absence of standardized evaluation criteria, notable variations among strains of the same genotype, and the substantial impact of animal health on the protective efficacy against viral challenge. All the information will be helpful to the ASF vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Shengqiang Ge
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Bioengineering and Animal Disease Research, Qingdao 266032, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Warning Prevention and Control (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zuo
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Jin Cui
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Naijun Han
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Bingrong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Bo Ni
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Yan Lv
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China.
| | - Yihong Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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Wu P, McDaniel AJ, Rodríguez YY, Blakemore L, Schumann KR, Chung CJ, Jia W. Evaluation of an in-house indirect immunoperoxidase test for detection of antibodies against African swine fever virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:870-873. [PMID: 39243119 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241267883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a high-consequence transboundary animal disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Given that vaccines are not widely available, ASFV detection, including by molecular and serologic assays, is paramount to efficacious control and mitigation of ASF. ASFV-specific antibodies can be detected as early as 7-10 d postinfection in infected animals and may persist for several months or longer. Accurate detection of ASFV-specific antibody is critical for the identification of chronically infected, subclinically infected, or recovered animals. ELISAs are commonly used for the rapid screening of large numbers of animals for ASFV antibodies. The World Organisation for Animal Health recommends that ELISA-positive results should be confirmed with a second serologic method, such as an indirect immunofluorescent assay, indirect immunoperoxidase test (IPT), or immunoblot test. Commercial kits are not available for those tests. We developed and validated an in-house IPT by using a currently circulating genotype II ASFV strain as antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of the in-house IPT are comparable to the reference IPT developed by an international ASFV reference laboratory and superior to a commercial blocking ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Aric J McDaniel
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Yelitza Y Rodríguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Leslie Blakemore
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Kate R Schumann
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Chungwon J Chung
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
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Obanda V, Akinyi M, King'ori E, Nyakundi R, Ochola G, Oreng P, Mugambi K, Waiguchu GM, Chege M, Rosenbaum W, Ylitalo EB, Bäck AT, Pettersson L, Mukunzi OS, Agwanda B, Stenberg-Lewerin S, Lwande OW. Epidemiology and ecology of the sylvatic cycle of African Swine Fever Virus in Kenya. Virus Res 2024; 348:199434. [PMID: 39004284 PMCID: PMC11325071 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is caused by a DNA virus (AFSV) maintained and transmitted by the Argasid ticks. The re-emergence of the disease in Africa coupled with its rapid spread globally is a threat to the pig industry, food security and livelihoods. The ecology and epidemiology of the ASFV sylvatic cycle, especially in the face of changing land use and land cover, further compounds the menace and impacts of this disease in Kenya. The study aimed to determine the occurrence and distribution of ASFV seroprevalence in warthog populations, the tick vectors and extent of tick infestation of warthog burrows, and the genotypes of ASFV in soft ticks in Kenya. Warthogs from different parts of Kenya were captured and venous blood was centrifuged to harvest sera. Warthog burrows were examined for their conditions and to extract ticks. Sera were analyzed for antibodies against ASFV using a commercial ELISA kit coated with p32 ASFV recombinant protein. Ticks were pooled, DNA extracted and the p72 gene of the ASFV was amplified by qPCR and conventional PCR. The overall seroprevalence of ASFV in warthogs was 87.5 %. A total of 228 warthog burrows were examined and 2154 argasid ticks were extracted from the burrows. Tick pools from Kigio Farm and Lewa Wildlife Conservancies were ASFV-positive by qPCR and conventional PCR. ASFV was further confirmed by the Twist Comprehensive Viral Research Panel (TCVRP), which also identified the argasid ticks as Ornithodoros porcinus. The ticks were infected with virus genotype IX, and their occurrence overlaps with regions of previous ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs. Further, Viruses that could be tick endosymbionts/commensals or due to bloodmeal were detected in ticks by TCVRP; Porcine type-C oncovirus; Pandoravirus neocaledonia; Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus; Enterobacteria phage p7; Leporid herpesvirus 4 isolate; 5; Human Lymphotropic virus; Human herpesvirus 5. In conclusion, our results suggest that infected Ornithodoros spp. seems to have a rich virome, which has not been explored but could be exploited to inform ASF control in Kenya. Further, the ecology of Ornithodoros spp. and burrow-use dynamics are complex and more studies are needed to understand these dynamics, specifically in the spread of ASFV at the interface of wild and domestic pigs. Further, our results provide evidence of genotype IX ASFV sylvatic cycle which through O. porcinus tick transmission has resulted in high exposure of adult common warthogs. Finally, the co-circulation of ASFV genotype IX in the same location with past ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs and presently in ticks brings to focus the role of the interface and ticks on virus transmission to pigs and warthogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Science and Laboratories Department, Wildlife Research and Training Institute, P.O Box 842-20117, Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Mercy Akinyi
- Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481 Karen 00502, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward King'ori
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 54582 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth Nyakundi
- Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481 Karen 00502, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Griphin Ochola
- Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481 Karen 00502, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Purity Oreng
- Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481 Karen 00502, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Mugambi
- Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481 Karen 00502, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace Mwihaki Waiguchu
- Center for Savannah, Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems, Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Tsavo, P.O Box 842-20117, Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Mary Chege
- Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481 Karen 00502, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - William Rosenbaum
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Genomics, 901 87, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lisa Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Opanda Silvanos Mukunzi
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Training Institute, P.O. BOX 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. BOX 40658- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susanna Stenberg-Lewerin
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O Box 7023 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olivia Wesula Lwande
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbiology Research, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Mahanta K, Jabeen B, Chatterjee R, Amin RM, Bayan J, Sulabh S. Navigating the threat of African swine fever: a comprehensive review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:278. [PMID: 39316231 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is caused by Asfivirus and has become one of the most important diseases of swine in recent years. ASF was an endemic disease of the sub-Saharan Africa but later spread to various parts of the world. The infection in ticks and wild swine, alongside global pork trade, drives its spread and persistence. Once introduced to an area, the disease is difficult to eliminate due to sylvatic, domestic, and tick-swine transmission cycles. Because of the existence of various modes of transmission of the ASF virus, biosecurity measures have not been very successful. The line of treatment is not of much use and the outcome of this disease is usually fatal. The prognosis or the recovery of the animal depends on the virulence of the strain involved. Development of vaccines has been attempted but to date has not been very successful. This review focuses on the basic context of ASF, the challenges associated with it, and the options that might be available to prevent its occurrence which includes the different vaccine development strategies tried and tested till now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Mahanta
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Bushra Jabeen
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjita Chatterjee
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Rafiqul M Amin
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotishree Bayan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, 781022, Khanapara, Assam, India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, West Bengal, India.
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Gao C, Huang Z, You J, Zhang W, Tang S, Gong L, Zhang G. Identification of a novel B cell epitope of ASFV pCP312R recognized using a monoclonal antibody. Vet Microbiol 2024; 298:110247. [PMID: 39241537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and devastating infectious disease that has caused significant economic losses to the global pig industry since it was first discovered and reported. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has a large genome encoding more than 160 proteins. The biological characteristics and functions of its various proteins still remain unclear; therefore, the efficacy of specific drugs and vaccines against ASFV remains limited. ASFV pCP312R is an important ASFV protein that exhibits good immunogenicity. In this study, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting pCP312R were successfully prepared. Confocal microscopy observations showed that pCP312R was located in the viral factory at the late stage of ASFV infection, and was co-located with p30 and pK205R. These results suggested that pCP312R might be involved in ASFV assembly. Neutralization tests revealed that pCP312R mAb could not neutralize ASFV. Next, we identified the B cell epitopes of one of the most immunogenic mAbs and found a novel epitope of pCP312R, 72TIPPSTDEEVIR83, which was conserved in different pCP312R strains. Overall, five ASFV pCP312R monoclonal antibodies were prepared, and the antigenic epitope of one strain was identified in this study, laying a foundation for further studies on ASFV pCP312R function and facilitating serological diagnosis vaccine development for ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in the Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyi You
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - WenBo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqiu Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in the Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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Cafariello C, Goonewardene K, Chung CJ, Ambagala A. Spleen Swabs for Sensitive and High-Throughput Detection of African Swine Fever Virus by Real-Time PCR. Viruses 2024; 16:1316. [PMID: 39205290 PMCID: PMC11359817 DOI: 10.3390/v16081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) continues to spread in Africa, Europe, Asia and the island of Hispaniola, increasing the need to develop more streamlined and highly efficient surveillance and diagnostic capabilities. One way to achieve this is by further optimization of already established standard operating procedures to remove bottlenecks for high-throughput screening. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) is the most sensitive and specific assay available for the early detection of the ASF virus (ASFV) genome, but it requires high-quality nucleic acid extracted from the samples. Whole blood from live pigs and spleen tissue from dead pigs are the preferred samples for real-time PCR. Whole blood can be used as is in nucleic acid extractions, but spleen tissues require an additional homogenization step. In this study, we compared the homogenates and swabs prepared from 52 spleen samples collected from pigs experimentally inoculated with highly and moderately virulent ASF virus strains. The results show that not only are the spleen swabs more sensitive when executed with a low-cell-count nucleic acid extraction procedure followed by real-time PCR assays but they also increase the ability to isolate ASFV from positive spleen samples. Swabbing is a convenient, simpler and less time-consuming alternative to tissue homogenization. Hence, we recommend spleen swabs over tissue homogenates for high-throughput detection of ASFV by real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cafariello
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Chungwon J Chung
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Porras N, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Barasona JÁ, Gómez-Buendía A, Cadenas-Fernández E, Rodríguez-Bertos A. Histopathologic evaluation system of African swine fever in wild boar infected with high (Arm07) and low virulence (Lv17/WB/Riel) isolates. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241266944. [PMID: 39078034 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241266944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
To understand the clinicopathological forms of African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar, it is crucial to possess a basic knowledge of the biological characteristics of the currently circulating ASF virus isolates. The aim of this work is to establish an accurate and comprehensive histopathologic grading system to standardize the assessment of the ASF lesions in wild boar. The study evaluated the differences between animals infected with a high virulence genotype II isolate (Arm07) (HVI) through intramuscular (IM) (n = 6) and contact-infected (n = 12) routes, alongside those orally infected with a low virulence isolate (Lv17/WB/Riel) (LVI) (n = 6). The assessment included clinical (CS), macroscopic (MS), and histopathologic (HS) scores, as well as viral loads in blood and tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Tissues examined included skin, lymph nodes, bone marrow, palatine tonsil, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, thymus, heart, adrenal glands, pancreas, urinary bladder, brain, and gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. The HVI group exhibited a 100% mortality rate with elevated CS, MS, and HS values. Animals infected by contact (CS = 12; MS = 58.5; HS = 112) and those intramuscularly infected (CS = 14.8; MS = 47; HS = 104) demonstrated similar values, indicating that the route of infection does not decisively influence the severity of clinical and pathological signs. The LVI group showed a 0% mortality rate, an inconspicuous clinical form, minimal lesions (CS = 0; MS = 12; HS = 29), and a lower viral load. Histopathologic evaluation has proven valuable in advancing our comprehension of ASF pathogenesis in wild boar and paves the groundwork for further research investigating protective mechanisms in vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Porras
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Á Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Wu Y, Wang C, Yu J, Ma F, Liu J, Tan J, Qu G. Development of a quantum dots based immunochromatographic strip for rapid and on-site detection of African swine fever virus. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106669. [PMID: 38697231 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease caused by ASF virus (ASFV), severely impacting the global swine industry. Though nuclear acid-based detection methods are reliable, they are laboratory-dependent. In this study, we developed a device-independent, user friendly and cost-effective quantum dots based immunochromatographic strip (QDs-ICS) with high specificity and sensitivity for the rapid and on-site detection of ASFV antigen. For the preparation of the QDs-ICS, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) mAb-8G8 and polyclonal antibody (pAb) against ASFV-p72 protein. The pAb was labelled with QDs to be used as the detection probe and the mAb-8G8 was coated on the nitrocellulose membrane as the test line. Our results proved that the strip displayed no cross-reactivity with other swine viruses and detection limit of the QDs-ICS was down to 1 ng/mL for the ASFV-p72 protein with great reproducibility. The strip also exhibited high stability with a storage period up to 12 months under room temperature. Twenty blind samples and one hundred clinical samples were examined by the QDs-ICS, conventional PCR and real-time PCR method, respectively. Results showed that the agreement rate between the QDs-ICS and PCR method was 100%, and the agreement rate between the strip and real-time PCR was 94%. The novel QDs-ICS developed here would be an effective tool for on-site detection of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Jinzhi Yu
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-science & Technology Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Fengyun Ma
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-science & Technology Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-science & Technology Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-science & Technology Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Guanggang Qu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China.
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Noll JCG, Rani R, Butt SL, Fernandes MHV, do Nascimento GM, Martins M, Caserta LC, Covaleda L, Diel DG. Identification of an Immunodominant B-Cell Epitope in African Swine Fever Virus p30 Protein and Evidence of p30 Antibody-Mediated Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Viruses 2024; 16:758. [PMID: 38793639 PMCID: PMC11125664 DOI: 10.3390/v16050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a large dsDNA virus that encodes at least 150 proteins. The complexity of ASFV and lack of knowledge of effector immune functions and protective antigens have hindered the development of safe and effective ASF vaccines. In this study, we constructed four Orf virus recombinant vectors expressing individual ASFV genes B602L, -CP204L, E184L, and -I73R (ORFVΔ121-ASFV-B602L, -CP204L, -E184L, and -I73R). All recombinant viruses expressed the heterologous ASFV proteins in vitro. We then evaluated the immunogenicity of the recombinants by immunizing four-week-old piglets. In two independent animal studies, we observed high antibody titers against ASFV p30, encoded by CP204L gene. Using Pepscan ELISA, we identified a linear B-cell epitope of 12 amino acids in length (Peptide 15) located in an exposed loop region of p30 as an immunodominant ASFV epitope. Additionally, antibodies elicited against ASFV p30 presented antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. These results underscore the role of p30 on antibody responses elicited against ASFV and highlight an important functional epitope that contributes to p30-specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA (S.L.B.); (M.H.V.F.); (M.M.); (L.C.C.); (L.C.)
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11
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Marín-Moraleda D, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Tort-Miró A, Navas MJ, Muñoz M, Vidal E, Cobos À, Martín-Mur B, Meas S, Motuzova V, Chang CY, Gut M, Accensi F, Pina-Pedrero S, Núñez JI, Esteve-Codina A, Gavrilov B, Rodriguez F, Liu L, Argilaguet J. Elucidating the Onset of Cross-Protective Immunity after Intranasal Vaccination with the Attenuated African Swine Fever Vaccine Candidate BA71ΔCD2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:517. [PMID: 38793768 PMCID: PMC11125603 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a deadly disease of swine currently causing a worldwide pandemic, leading to severe economic consequences for the porcine industry. The control of disease spread is hampered by the limitation of available effective vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently the most advanced vaccine prototypes, providing strong protection against ASF. However, the significant advances achieved using LAVs must be complemented with further studies to analyze vaccine-induced immunity. Here, we characterized the onset of cross-protective immunity triggered by the LAV candidate BA71ΔCD2. Intranasally vaccinated pigs were challenged with the virulent Georgia 2007/1 strain at days 3, 7 and 12 postvaccination. Only the animals vaccinated 12 days before the challenge had effectively controlled infection progression, showing low virus loads, minor clinical signs and a lack of the unbalanced inflammatory response characteristic of severe disease. Contrarily, the animals vaccinated 3 or 7 days before the challenge just showed a minor delay in disease progression. An analysis of the humoral response and whole blood transcriptome signatures demonstrated that the control of infection was associated with the presence of virus-specific IgG and a cytotoxic response before the challenge. These results contribute to our understanding of protective immunity induced by LAV-based vaccines, encouraging their use in emergency responses in ASF-affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marín-Moraleda
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordana Muñoz-Basagoiti
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aida Tort-Miró
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María Jesús Navas
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Àlex Cobos
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Mur
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sochanwattey Meas
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Veronika Motuzova
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Accensi
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sonia Pina-Pedrero
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Núñez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Boris Gavrilov
- Biologics Development, Huvepharma, 3A Nikolay Haytov Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lihong Liu
- Swedish Veterinary Agency (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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Pedrera M, Soler A, Simón A, Casado N, Pérez C, García-Casado MA, Fernández-Pacheco P, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Arias M, Gallardo C. Characterization of the Protective Cellular Immune Response in Pigs Immunized Intradermally with the Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Lv17/WB/Rie1. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:443. [PMID: 38675825 PMCID: PMC11054368 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Candidate vaccines against African swine fever virus (ASFV) based on naturally attenuated or genetically modified viruses have the potential to generate protective immune responses, although there is no consensus on what defines a protective immune response against ASFV. Studies, especially in sensitive host species and focused on unravelling protective mechanisms, will contribute to the development of safer and more effective vaccines. The present study provides a detailed analysis of phenotypic and functional data on cellular responses induced by intradermal immunization and subsequent boosting of domestic pigs with the naturally attenuated field strain Lv17/WB/Rie1, as well as the mechanisms underlying protection against intramuscular challenge with the virulent genotype II Armenia/07 strain. The transient increase in IL-8 and IL-10 in serum observed after immunization might be correlated with survival. Protection was also associated with a robust ASFV-specific polyfunctional memory T-cell response, where CD4CD8 and CD8 T cells were identified as the main cellular sources of virus-specific IFNγ and TNFα. In parallel with the cytokine response, these T-cell subsets also showed specific cytotoxic activity as evidenced by the increased expression of the CD107a degranulation marker. Along with virus-specific multifunctional CD4CD8 and CD8 T-cell responses, the increased levels of antigen experienced in cytotoxic CD4 T cells observed after the challenge in immunized pigs might also contribute to controlling virulent infection by killing mechanisms targeting infected antigen-presenting cells. Future studies should elucidate whether the memory T-cell responses evidenced in the present study persist and provide long-term protection against further ASFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pedrera
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Simón
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Casado
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Pérez
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. García-Casado
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Wang A, Chen Z, Zhou J, Chen Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Liang C, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Xin C, Wei J, Zhang B, Tang X, Lu M, Qi Y, Zhang G. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against p37 protein of African swine fever virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130689. [PMID: 38458287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious pathogen posing a serious threat to the global swine industry. Despite this, there is currently no effective vaccine against this virus. Within ASFV's core shell structure, p37, a product of polyprotein pp220, shares sequence similarity with SUMO-1 proteases. Localization studies show p37 in various nuclear regions during early infection, shifting to the cytoplasm later on. Research indicates active export of p37 from the nucleus, mediated by CRM1-dependent and -independent pathways. Hydrophobic amino acids in p37 are crucial for these pathways, highlighting their importance throughout the ASFV replication cycle. Additionally, p37 serves as the first nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein encoded by ASFV, participating in the intranuclear material transport process during ASFV infection of host cells. In this study, we successfully screened five murine monoclonal antibodies targeting p37. Through the truncated expression method, we identified four dominant antigenic epitopes of p37 for the first time. Furthermore, utilizing alanine scanning technology, we determined the key amino acid residues for each epitope. This research not only provides essential information for a deeper understanding of the protein's function but also establishes a significant theoretical foundation for the design and development of ASFV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhuting Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cheng Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bingxue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xueyuan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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14
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Thompson L, Cayol C, Awada L, Muset S, Shetty D, Wang J, Tizzani P. Role of the World Organisation for Animal Health in global wildlife disease surveillance. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1269530. [PMID: 38577545 PMCID: PMC10993013 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1269530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper examines the role of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in the global surveillance and management of pathogens. Since the creation of WOAH, one of its missions has been to ensure transparency of the global animal health situation. WOAH established a Working Group on Wildlife in 1994 to inform and advise WOAH Members, leadership, and technical teams on issues relating to wildlife health. In 2020 it conducted a consultation with its Members before developing a Wildlife Health Framework to improve global health and wildlife conservation. WOAH Members report diseases in wildlife, but detections are dependent on the surveillance systems in place. As an example of data collected in the most recent years (2019-2023), 154 countries have reported 68,862,973 cases, through alert messages and weekly updates, for 84 diseases. One-hundred and fifty countries have reported 68,672,115 cases in domestic animals and 95 countries have reported 190,858 cases in wild animals. These figures illustrate the performance of the organization in collecting data on wildlife, and provide an indication of the difference in completeness of data collected in domestic animals and wildlife. There are several challenges to wildlife disease surveillance and real figures remain unknown; they depend on the existence, quality and sensitivity of national surveillance. A WOAH-led One Health approach with cross-sectoral collaboration is needed to improve surveillance sensitivity, address the challenges and help safeguard wildlife population health and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa Thompson
- Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific, World Organisation for Animal Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claire Cayol
- Preparedness & Resilience Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Lina Awada
- Data Integration Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Muset
- Preparedness & Resilience Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Dharmaveer Shetty
- Preparedness & Resilience Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Jingwen Wang
- World Animal Health Information and Analysis Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- Data Integration Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
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15
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Zhu Z, Mao R, Liu B, Liu H, Shi Z, Zhang K, Liu H, Zhang D, Liu J, Zhao Z, Li K, Yang F, Cao W, Zhang X, Shen C, Sun D, Wang L, Tian H, Ru Y, Feng T, He J, Guo J, Zhang K, Tang Z, Zhang S, Ding C, Han J, Zheng H. Single-cell profiling of African swine fever virus disease in the pig spleen reveals viral and host dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312150121. [PMID: 38412127 PMCID: PMC10927503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312150121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever, one of the major viral diseases of swine, poses an imminent threat to the global pig industry. The high-efficient replication of the causative agent African swine fever virus (ASFV) in various organs in pigs greatly contributes to the disease. However, how ASFV manipulates the cell population to drive high-efficient replication of the virus in vivo remains unclear. Here, we found that the spleen reveals the most severe pathological manifestation with the highest viral loads among various organs in pigs during ASFV infection. By using single-cell-RNA-sequencing technology and multiple methods, we determined that macrophages and monocytes are the major cell types infected by ASFV in the spleen, showing high viral-load heterogeneity. A rare subpopulation of immature monocytes represents the major population infected at late infection stage. ASFV causes massive death of macrophages, but shifts its infection into these monocytes which significantly arise after the infection. The apoptosis, interferon response, and antigen-presentation capacity are inhibited in these monocytes which benefits prolonged infection of ASFV in vivo. Until now, the role of immature monocytes as an important target by ASFV has been overlooked due to that they do not express classical monocyte marker CD14. The present study indicates that the shift of viral infection from macrophages to the immature monocytes is critical for maintaining prolonged ASFV infection in vivo. This study sheds light on ASFV tropism, replication, and infection dynamics, and elicited immune response, which may instruct future research on antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Zhengwang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Dehui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518124, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Zhonglin Tang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen518124, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou730046, China
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16
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Chandana MS, Nair SS, Chaturvedi VK, Abhishek, Pal S, Charan MSS, Balaji S, Saini S, Vasavi K, Deepa P. Recent progress and major gaps in the vaccine development for African swine fever. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:997-1010. [PMID: 38311710 PMCID: PMC10920543 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The swine industry across the globe is recently facing a devastating situation imparted by a highly contagious and deadly viral disease, African swine fever. The disease is caused by a DNA virus, the African swine fever virus (ASFV) of the genus Asfivirus. ASFV affects both wild boars and domestic pigs resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever. Since the first report in 1921, the disease remains endemic in some of the African countries. However, the recent occurrence of ASF outbreaks in Asia led to a fresh and formidable challenge to the global swine production industry. Culling of the infected animals along with the implementation of strict sanitary measures remains the only options to control this devastating disease. Efforts to develop an effective and safe vaccine against ASF began as early as in the mid-1960s. Different approaches have been employed for the development of effective ASF vaccines including inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Inactivated vaccines are a non-feasible strategy against ASF due to their inability to generate a complete cellular immune response. However genetically engineered vaccines, such as subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and virus vector vaccines, represent tailored approaches with minimal adverse effects and enhanced safety profiles. As per the available data, gene deleted LAVs appear to be the most potential vaccine candidates. Currently, a gene deleted LAV (ASFV-G-∆I177L), developed in Vietnam, stands as the sole commercially available vaccine against ASF. The major barrier to the goal of developing an effective vaccine is the critical gaps in the knowledge of ASFV biology and the immune response induced by ASFV infection. The precise contribution of various hosts, vectors, and environmental factors in the virus transmission must also be investigated in depth to unravel the disease epidemiology. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress in vaccine development against ASF and the major gaps associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chandana
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India.
| | - Sonu S Nair
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India.
| | - V K Chaturvedi
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Santanu Pal
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | | | - Shilpa Balaji
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Muktheswhar 263138, Utharakand, India
| | - Shubham Saini
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Koppu Vasavi
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Poloju Deepa
- Division of CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Lamberga K, Viltrop A, Nurmoja I, Masiulis M, Bušauskas P, Oļševskis E, Seržants M, Laddomada A, Ardelean F, Depner K. The Effectiveness of Protection and Surveillance Zones in Detecting Further African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Domestic Pigs-Experience of the Baltic States. Viruses 2024; 16:334. [PMID: 38543702 PMCID: PMC10974020 DOI: 10.3390/v16030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the event of an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in pig farms, the European Union (EU) legislation requires the establishment of a restricted zone, consisting of a protection zone with a radius of at least 3 km and a surveillance zone with a radius of at least 10 km around the outbreak. The main purpose of the restricted zone is to stop the spread of the disease by detecting further outbreaks. We evaluated the effectiveness and necessity of the restricted zone in the Baltic States by looking at how many secondary outbreaks were detected inside and outside the protection and surveillance zones and by what means. Secondary outbreaks are outbreaks with an epidemiological link to a primary outbreak while a primary outbreak is an outbreak that is not epidemiologically linked to any previous outbreak. From 2014 to 2023, a total of 272 outbreaks in domestic pigs were confirmed, where 263 (96.7%) were primary outbreaks and 9 (3.3%) were secondary outbreaks. Eight of the secondary outbreaks were detected by epidemiological enquiry and one by passive surveillance. Epidemiological enquiries are legally required investigations on an outbreak farm to find out when and how the virus entered the farm and to obtain information on contact farms where the ASF virus may have been spread. Of the eight secondary outbreaks detected by epidemiological investigations, six were within the protection zone, one was within the surveillance zone and one outside the restricted zone. Epidemiological investigations were therefore the most effective means of detecting secondary outbreaks, whether inside or outside the restricted zones, while active surveillance was not effective. Active surveillance are legally prescribed activities carried out by the competent authorities in the restricted zones. Furthermore, as ASF is no longer a rare and exotic disease in the EU, it could be listed as a "Category B" disease, which in turn would allow for more flexibility and "tailor-made" control measures, e.g., regarding the size of the restricted zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristīne Lamberga
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV 1050 Riga, Latvia; (K.L.); (E.O.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, LV 1076 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV 3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Arvo Viltrop
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Marius Masiulis
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- State Food and Veterinary Service, LT 07170 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | | | - Edvīns Oļševskis
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV 1050 Riga, Latvia; (K.L.); (E.O.); (M.S.)
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mārtiņš Seržants
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV 1050 Riga, Latvia; (K.L.); (E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Alberto Laddomada
- Coordinator of the Better Training for Safer Food Courses on the EU Animal Health Law, 07021 Sardinia, Italy;
| | - Felix Ardelean
- County Sanitary Veterinary Health and Food Safety Directorate, 4400067 Satu Mare, Romania;
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Riems, Germany
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18
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Li Y, Huang L, Li H, Zhu Y, Yu Z, Zheng X, Weng C, Feng WH. ASFV pA151R negatively regulates type I IFN production via degrading E3 ligase TRAF6. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339510. [PMID: 38449860 PMCID: PMC10914938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly mortal and hemorrhagic infectious disease in pigs. Previous studies have indicated that ASFV modulates interferon (IFN) production. In this study, we demonstrated that ASFV pA151R negatively regulated type I IFN production. Ectopic expression of pA151R dramatically inhibited K63-linked polyubiquitination and Ser172 phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Mechanically, we demonstrated that E3 ligase TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) participated in the ubiquitination of TBK1 in cGAS-STING signaling pathway. We showed that pA151R interacted with TRAF6 and degraded it through apoptosis pathway, leading to the disruption of TBK1 and TRAF6 interaction. Moreover, we clarified that the amino acids H102, C109, C132, and C135 in pA151R were crucial for pA151R to inhibit type I interferon production. In addition, we verified that overexpression of pA151R facilitated DNA virus Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication by inhibiting IFN-β production. Importantly, knockdown of pA151R inhibited ASFV replication and enhanced IFN-β production in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Our findings will help understand how ASFV escapes host antiviral immune responses and develop effective ASFV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zilong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wen Y, Duan X, Ren J, Zhang J, Guan G, Ru Y, Li D, Zheng H. African Swine Fever Virus I267L Is a Hemorrhage-Related Gene Based on Transcriptome Analysis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:400. [PMID: 38399804 PMCID: PMC10892147 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe disease transmitted among domestic pigs and wild boars. This disease is notorious for its high mortality rate and has caused great losses to the world's pig industry in the past few years. After infection, pigs can develop symptoms such as high fever, inflammation, and acute hemorrhage, finally leading to death. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causal agent of ASF; it is a large DNA virus with 150-200 genes. Elucidating the functions of each gene could provide insightful information for developing prevention and control methods. Herein, to investigate the function of I267L, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with an I267L-deleted ASFV strain (named ∆I267L) and wild-type ASFV for 18 h and 36 h were taken for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). The most distinct different gene that appeared at both 18 hpi (hours post-infection) and 36 hpi was F3; it is the key link between inflammation and coagulation cascades. KEGG analysis (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis) revealed the complement and coagulation cascades were also significantly affected at 18 hpi. Genes associated with the immune response were also highly enriched with the deletion of I267L. RNA-seq results were validated through RT-qPCR. Further experiments confirmed that ASFV infection could suppress the induction of F3 through TNF-α, while I267L deletion partially impaired this suppression. These results suggest that I267L is a pathogenicity-associated gene that modulates the hemorrhages of ASF by suppressing F3 expression. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of ASFV pathogenicity and potential targets for ASFV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianghan Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
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20
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Gervasi V, Masiulis M, Bušauskas P, Bellini S, Guberti V. Optimizing Vaccination Strategies against African Swine Fever Using Spatial Data from Wild Boars in Lithuania. Viruses 2024; 16:153. [PMID: 38275963 PMCID: PMC10820490 DOI: 10.3390/v16010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most severe suid diseases, impacting the pig industry and wild suid populations. Once an ASF vaccine is available, identifying a sufficient density of vaccination fields will be crucial to achieve eradication success. In 2020-2023, we live-trapped and monitored 27 wild boars in different areas of Lithuania, in which the wild boars were fed at artificial stations. We built a simulation study to estimate the probability of a successful ASF vaccination as a function of different eco-epidemiological factors. The average 32-day home range size across all individuals was 16.2 km2 (SD = 16.9). The wild boars made frequent visits of short durations to the feeding sites rather than long visits interposed by long periods of absence. A feeding site density of 0.5/km2 corresponded to an expected vaccination rate of only 20%. The vaccination probability increased to about 75% when the feeding site density was 1.0/km2. Our results suggest that at least one vaccination field/km2 should be used when planning an ASF vaccination campaign to ensure that everyone in the population has at least 5-10 vaccination sites available inside the home range. Similar studies should be conducted in the other ecological contexts in which ASF is present today or will be present in the future, with the objective being to estimate a context-specific relationship between wild boar movement patterns and an optimal vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Gervasi
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via V. Brancati 60, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Marius Masiulis
- State Food and Veterinary Service of the Republic of Lithuania, Siesiku 19, 07170 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.M.); (P.B.)
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Bušauskas
- State Food and Veterinary Service of the Republic of Lithuania, Siesiku 19, 07170 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Guberti
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Cà Fornacetta 9, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy;
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21
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Coradduzza E, Loi F, Porcu F, Mandas D, Secci F, Pisanu ME, Pasini C, Zuddas C, Cherchi M, Denurra D, Bandino E, Pintore A, Guberti V, Cappai S. Passive Surveillance as a Key Tool for African Swine Fever Eradication in Wild Boar: A Protocol to Find Carcasses Tested and Validated in the Mediterranean Island of Sardinia. Viruses 2024; 16:136. [PMID: 38257836 PMCID: PMC10820949 DOI: 10.3390/v16010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important and serious contagious hemorrhagic viral diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boar and is associated with high mortality rates while also having an extensive sanitary and socioeconomic impact on the international trade of animal and swine products. The early detection of the disease is often hampered by inadequate surveillance. Among the surveillance strategies used, passive surveillance of wild boars is considered the most effective method for controlling the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Otherwise, the design of a sufficiently sensitive ASF surveillance system requires a solid understanding of the epidemiology related to the local eco-social context, especially in the absence of virus detection. Even if the number of carcasses needed to demonstrate ASF eradication has been established, the scientific context lacks detail compared to protocols applied in the active search for wild boar carcasses. The aim of this study was to describe the protocol applied in the active search for carcasses, providing detailed information on the number of people and dogs as well as the amount of time and space used within the Mediterranean area. Using a specific tool developed to record, trace, and share field data (the GAIA observer app), a total of 33 active searches for wild boar carcasses were organized during 2021-2023. Most of these searches were planned to find carcasses that had previously been reported by hunters. A total of 24 carcasses were found, with only 2 carcasses not previously reported. The final protocol applied involved four people, with an average speed of 1.5 km/h. When a carcass had been previously reported, about 2 km of distance had to be covered in about 1.5 h to find the carcass, and even less time was spent when a dog (untrained) was present. In conclusion, it can be stated that, when searching for carcasses, solid collaboration with local hunters or other forest visitors is necessary to ensure carcasses are reported. The process involves small groups of experts actively searching for carcasses, possibly with the use of hunting dogs without special training. The data presented could be of valid support for those countries characterized by Mediterranean vegetation that are faced with the need to plan active carcass searches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Loi
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Porcu
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Mandas
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio Secci
- Local Sanitary Agency of Sulcis Iglesiente, 09013 Carbonia, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Pasini
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo Zuddas
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcella Cherchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Denurra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Ennio Bandino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Pintore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Guberti
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Cappai
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
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22
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Mehinagic K, Liniger M, Samoilenko M, Soltermann N, Gerber M, Ruggli N. A sensitive luciferase reporter assay for the detection of infectious African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2024; 323:114854. [PMID: 37989458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex DNA virus causing severe hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. The disease has spread worldwide, with important socio-economic consequences. Early virus detection and control measures are crucial as there are no effective vaccines nor antivirals on the market. While the diagnosis of ASFV is fast and based primarily on qPCR, the detection of infectious ASFV is a labor-intensive process requiring susceptible macrophages and subsequent antibody-based staining or hemadsorption. The latter cannot detect ASFV isolates devoid of functional CD2v (EP402R) expression. Here, we report the development of a plasmid-based reporter assay (RA) for the sensitive detection and titration of infectious ASFV. To this end, we constructed a plasmid for secreted NanoLuc luciferase (secNluc) expression driven by the ASFV DNA polymerase gene G1211R promoter. Infection of plasmid-transfected immortalized porcine kidney macrophages (IPKM) followed by measurement of secNluc from cell culture supernatants allowed reliable automated quantification of infectious ASFV. The RA-based titers matched the titers determined by conventional p72-staining or hemadsorption protocols. The novel assay is specific for ASFV as it does not detect classical swine fever virus nor porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. It is applicable to ASFV of different genotypes, virulence, and sources, including ASFV from sera and whole blood from infected pigs as well as non-hemadsorbing ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Mehinagic
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maksym Samoilenko
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nick Soltermann
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern and Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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23
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Hu B, Zhong G, Ding S, Xu K, Peng X, Dong W, Zhou J. African swine fever virus protein p17 promotes mitophagy by facilitating the interaction of SQSTM1 with TOMM70. Virulence 2023; 14:2232707. [PMID: 37442088 PMCID: PMC10348029 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2232707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have developed different strategies to hijack mitophagy to facilitate their replication. However, whether and how African swine fever virus (ASFV) regulates mitophagy are largely unknown. Here, we found that the ASFV-encoded p17 induced mitophagy. Coimmunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry assays identified translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 (TOMM70) as the protein that interacted with p17. The binding of TOMM70 to p17 promoted the binding of the mitophagy receptor SQSTM1 to TOMM70, led to engulfment of mitochondria by autophagosomes, and consequently decreased the number of mitochondria. Consistently, the levels of TOMM70 and TOMM20 decreased substantially after p17 expression or ASFV infection. Furthermore, p17-mediated mitophagy resulted in the degradation of mitochondrial antiviral signalling proteins and inhibited the production of IFN-α, IL-6 and TNFα. Overall, our findings suggest that ASFV p17 regulates innate immunity by inducing mitophagy via the interaction of SQSTM1 with TOMM70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boli Hu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Guifang Zhong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Shuxiang Ding
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Kang Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Xiran Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, PR, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, PR, China
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24
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Forth JH, Calvelage S, Fischer M, Hellert J, Sehl-Ewert J, Roszyk H, Deutschmann P, Reichold A, Lange M, Thulke HH, Sauter-Louis C, Höper D, Mandyhra S, Sapachova M, Beer M, Blome S. African swine fever virus - variants on the rise. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2146537. [PMID: 36356059 PMCID: PMC9793911 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2146537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large and complex DNA-virus circulating between soft ticks and indigenous suids in sub-Saharan Africa, has made its way into swine populations from Europe to Asia. This virus, causing a severe haemorrhagic disease (African swine fever) with very high lethality rates in wild boar and domestic pigs, has demonstrated a remarkably high genetic stability for over 10 years. Consequently, analyses into virus evolution and molecular epidemiology often struggled to provide the genetic basis to trace outbreaks while few resources have been dedicated to genomic surveillance on whole-genome level. During its recent incursion into Germany in 2020, ASFV has unexpectedly diverged into five clearly distinguishable linages with at least ten different variants characterized by high-impact mutations never identified before. Noticeably, all new variants share a frameshift mutation in the 3' end of the DNA polymerase PolX gene O174L, suggesting a causative role as possible mutator gene. Although epidemiological modelling supported the influence of increased mutation rates, it remains unknown how fast virus evolution might progress under these circumstances. Moreover, a tailored Sanger sequencing approach allowed us, for the first time, to trace variants with genomic epidemiology to regional clusters. In conclusion, our findings suggest that this new factor has the potential to dramatically influence the course of the ASFV pandemic with unknown outcome. Therefore, our work highlights the importance of genomic surveillance of ASFV on whole-genome level, the need for high-quality sequences and calls for a closer monitoring of future phenotypic changes of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H. Forth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melina Fischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Hellert
- Centre for Structural System Biology (CSSB), Leibnitz-Institut für Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanna Roszyk
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paul Deutschmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Adam Reichold
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Lange
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Thulke
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Svitlana Mandyhra
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Maryna Sapachova
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany, Sandra Blome Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
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25
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Walczak M, Szymankiewicz K, Rodriguez F, Argilaguet J, Gavrilov B, Żmudzki J, Kochanowski M, Juszkiewicz M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Molecular contamination of an animal facility during and after African swine fever virus infection. J Vet Res 2023; 67:503-508. [PMID: 38130453 PMCID: PMC10730545 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The molecular contamination of an animal facility was investigated during and after an infection with highly pathogenic African swine fever virus (ASFV) among domestic pigs. The investigation evaluated the risk of indirect transmission of the disease and indicated points that may facilitate cleaning and disinfection processes. Material and Methods Six domestic pigs were infected oronasally with the highly pathogenic Georgia 2007 strain. Environmental samples from the floors, walls, rubber floor mats, feeders, drinkers, high-efficiency particulate-absorbing filter covers and doors were collected 7 days post infection (dpi), 7 days later and 24 h after disinfection of the facility. The samples were investigated by real-time PCR and in vitro assays to find genetic traces of ASFV and infectious virus. Results Typical clinical outcomes for ASF (i.e. fever, apathy, recumbency and bloody diarrhoea) were observed, and all animals died or required euthanasia before or at 9 dpi. No infectious virus was found in environmental samples at the sampling time points. Genetic traces of ASFV were found in all locations except the doors. The initial virus load was calculated using real-time PCR threshold cycle values and was the highest at the drain. A statistically significant decrease of virus load over time was found on non-porous surfaces mechanically cleaned by water (the floor and drain). Conclusion The gathered data confirmed different routes of virus excretion (oral and nasal, faeces and urine, and aerosol) and showed virus locations and different initial concentrations in the animal facility. Maintaining the facility with mechanical cleaning and using personal protection (gloves) and hand disinfection may efficiently minimise the risk of further virus spread. Together with the results of previously published studies, the present investigations' failure to isolate infectious virus may suggest that if stable environmental conditions are assured, the time needed before the introduction of new herds into previously ASF-affected farm facilities could be shortened and in this way the economic losses caused by the disease outbreak mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, 08193Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, 08193Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Juszkiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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26
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Ko C, Ko DW, Cho W. Predicting Disparity between ASF-Managed Areas and Wild Boar Habitats: A Case of South Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3482. [PMID: 38003100 PMCID: PMC10668782 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting both domestic and wild boars. Since its first outbreak in South Korea in 2019, substantial efforts have been made to prevent ASF transmission by reducing the wild boar population and eliminating infected carcasses; however, the persistence of ASF transmission has posed challenges to these efforts. To improve ASF management strategies, the limitations of current management strategies must be identified by considering disparities between wild boar habitats and ASF-managed areas with environmental and anthropogenic characteristics of wild boars and their management strategies. Here, ensemble species distribution models were used to estimate wild boar habitats and potential ASF-managed areas, with elevation, distance to urban areas, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index as important variables. Binary maps of wild boar habitats and potential ASF-managed areas were generated using the maxSSS as the threshold criterion. Disparity areas of ASF management were identified by overlying regions evaluated as wild boar habitats with those not classified as ASF-managed areas. Dense forests near urban regions like Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do were evaluated as disparity areas having high risk of ASF transmission. These findings hold significant potential for refining ASF management strategies and establishing proactive control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwoo Ko
- Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongwook W. Ko
- Department of Forest, Environment, and Systems, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Wonhee Cho
- Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
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27
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Reis AL, Rathakrishnan A, Goulding LV, Barber C, Goatley LC, Dixon LK. Deletion of the gene for the African swine fever virus BCL-2 family member A179L increases virus uptake and apoptosis but decreases virus spread in macrophages and reduces virulence in pigs. J Virol 2023; 97:e0110623. [PMID: 37796125 PMCID: PMC10617521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01106-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal disease of pigs with high economic impact in affected countries in Africa, Europe, and Asia. The virus encodes proteins that inhibit host antiviral defenses, including the type I interferon response. Host cells also activate cell death through a process called apoptosis to limit virus replication. We showed that the ASFV A179L protein, a BCL-2 family apoptosis inhibitor, is important in reducing apoptosis in infected cells since deletion of this gene increased cell death and reduced virus replication in cells infected with the A179L gene-deleted virus. Pigs immunized with the BeninΔA179L virus showed no clinical signs and a weak immune response but were not protected from infection with the deadly parental virus. The results show an important role for the A179L protein in virus replication in macrophages and virulence in pigs and suggest manipulation of apoptosis as a possible route to control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claire Barber
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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28
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Lim JW, Vu TTH, Le VP, Yeom M, Song D, Jeong DG, Park SK. Advanced Strategies for Developing Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for African Swine Fever. Viruses 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 38005846 PMCID: PMC10674204 DOI: 10.3390/v15112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam;
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
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29
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Olesen AS, Lohse L, Johnston CM, Rasmussen TB, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ. Increased Presence of Circulating Cell-Free, Fragmented, Host DNA in Pigs Infected with Virulent African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:2133. [PMID: 37896910 PMCID: PMC10612093 DOI: 10.3390/v15102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes severe hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar, often with high case fatality rates. The virus replicates in the circulating cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and within lymphoid tissues. The infection leads to high fever and a variety of clinical signs. In this study, it was observed that ASFV infection in pigs resulted in a >1000-fold increase in the level of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), derived from the nuclei of host cells in the serum. This change occurred in parallel with the increase in circulating ASFV DNA. In addition, elevated levels (about 30-fold higher) of host mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were detected in the serum from ASFV-infected pigs. For comparison, the release of the cellular enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a commonly used marker of cellular damage, was also found to be elevated during ASFV infection, but later and less consistently. The sera from pigs infected with classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which causes a clinically similar disease to ASFV, were also tested but, surprisingly, this infection did not result in the release of cfDNA, mtDNA, or LDH. It was concluded that the level of cfDNA in the serum is a sensitive host marker of virulent ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Louise Lohse
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Camille Melissa Johnston
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
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30
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Matsumoto N, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Halasa T, Young JR, Ward MP, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Khounsy S, Toribio JALML, Bush RD, Blacksell SD. Retrospective investigation of the 2019 African swine fever epidemic within smallholder pig farms in Oudomxay province, Lao PDR. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1277660. [PMID: 37841473 PMCID: PMC10576527 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1277660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2019 African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR or Laos) represented a major epidemiologic event where a transitioning lower-middle income nation (LMIC) experienced a viral epidemic in a naïve pig population. The diversity of pig management styles creates challenges for local and regional policymakers when formulating recommendations to control an ASF outbreak. The aim of this study were to investigate the management of pigs in villages of Oudomxay province that were affected by ASF in 2019, as a case study in a smallholder pig-rasing system in northern Laos. The frequencies of well known risk factors were measured in the affected villages and the timelines and household level stock losses due to the outbreak were investigated. These findings were compared to data available from a similar outbreak in the southern province of Savannakhet. Disease control implications of these findings are discussed. Mean losses were 3.0-23.3 pigs per household, with a mean lost herd value of USD 349, 95% CI (294-415). These pig losses reflect those estimated in Savannakhet (6.7 pigs per household). However, the financial loss estimated per household was higher, USD 349 versus USD 215, possibly due to higher pig values and a higher input/output management approach in Oudomxay. The investigation revealed the presence of numerous ASF risk factors, such as swill-feeding and free-ranging. In addition, poor biosecurity practices - such as inappropriate garbage disposal and slaughtering - that could contaminate the environment were present. ASF cases occurred across all villages between June and December 2019, with outbreak periods ranging from 22-103 days. These values are consistent with the outbreak in Savannakhet; however, notable differences in management styles were observed. These findings demonstrate the need for more disease control resources from the village to the Governmental level. Villages need support in enacting context appropriate biosecurity measures, whilst the ongoing surveillance and investigation of ASF require investment in logistical and veterinary resources at the Governmental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James R. Young
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - Russell D. Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
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Pannhorst K, Carlson J, Hölper JE, Grey F, Baillie JK, Höper D, Wöhnke E, Franzke K, Karger A, Fuchs W, Mettenleiter TC. The non-classical major histocompatibility complex II protein SLA-DM is crucial for African swine fever virus replication. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10342. [PMID: 37604847 PMCID: PMC10442341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a lethal animal pathogen that enters its host cells through endocytosis. So far, host factors specifically required for ASFV replication have been barely identified. In this study a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen in porcine cells indicated that the genes RFXANK, RFXAP, SLA-DMA, SLA-DMB, and CIITA are important for productive ASFV infection. The proteins encoded by these genes belong to the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), or swine leucocyte antigen complex II (SLA II). RFXAP and CIITA are MHC II-specific transcription factors, whereas SLA-DMA/B are subunits of the non-classical MHC II molecule SLA-DM. Targeted knockout of either of these genes led to severe replication defects of different ASFV isolates, reflected by substantially reduced plating efficiency, cell-to-cell spread, progeny virus titers and viral DNA replication. Transgene-based reconstitution of SLA-DMA/B fully restored the replication capacity demonstrating that SLA-DM, which resides in late endosomes, plays a crucial role during early steps of ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Pannhorst
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jolene Carlson
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Ceva Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia E Hölper
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Finn Grey
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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32
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Franzoni G, Petrini S, Mészáros I, Dei Giudici S, Righi C, Olasz F, Zinellu S, Tamás V, Pela M, Gallardo C, Zádori Z, Oggiano A, Feliziani F. Evaluation of Haematological and Immunological Parameters of the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 Strain and Its Derived Mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L against ASFV Challenge Infection in Domestic Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1277. [PMID: 37515092 PMCID: PMC10383595 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a haemorrhagic disease that threatens the global pig industry. There is an urgency to develop a safe and efficient vaccine, but the knowledge of the immune-pathogenetic mechanisms behind ASFV infection is still very limited. In this paper, we evaluated the haematological and immunological parameters of domestic pigs vaccinated with the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 strain or its derived mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L and then challenged with virulent Armenia/07 ASFV. Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), 13 key cytokines and 11 haematological parameters were evaluated throughout the study. Lv17/WB/Rie1 triggered an inflammatory response, with increased levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induced lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and a decline in red blood cell (RBC) parameters, although this was transitory. Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L triggered only transitory thrombocytopenia and a mild inflammatory reaction, with no increase in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but it raised IL-1Ra levels. Both strains counteracted several adverse reactions elicited by virulent challenge, like thrombocytopenia, a decline in RBC parameters, and inflammation. Within this paper, we provided a deep portrayal of the impact of diverse ASFV strains on the domestic pig's immune system. A better understanding of these immune-pathological mechanisms would help to design suitable vaccines against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Vivien Tamás
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michela Pela
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Oh SI, Bui NA, Bui VN, Dao DT, Cho A, Lee HG, Jung YH, Do YJ, Kim E, Bok EY, Hur TY, Lee HS. Pathobiological analysis of african swine fever virus contact-exposed pigs and estimation of the basic reproduction number of the virus in Vietnam. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:30. [PMID: 37386526 PMCID: PMC10311738 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a fatal disease affecting wild and domestic pigs. Since China reported the first ASF outbreak in August 2018, ASFV has swept over the neighbouring Asian countries. However, studies involving experimental pig-to-pig ASFV transmission in Vietnam are lacking. The main objective of this experimental study was to demonstrate the pathobiological characteristics of ASFV contact-exposed pigs and estimate their basic reproduction number (R0) in Vietnam. Fifteen pigs were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n = 10) and negative control (n = 5) groups. One pig in the experimental group was intramuscularly inoculated with ASFV strain from Vietnam in 2020 and housed with the uninoculated pigs during the study period (28 days). RESULTS The inoculated pig died 6 days post-inoculation, and the final survival rate was 90.0%. We started observing viremia and excretion of ASFV 10 days post-exposure in contact-exposed pigs. Unlike the surviving and negative control pigs, all necropsied pigs showed severe congestive splenomegaly and moderate-to-severe haemorrhagic lesions in the lymph nodes. The surviving pig presented with mild haemorrhagic lesions in the spleen and kidneys. We used Susceptible-Infectious-Removed models for estimating R0. The R0 values for exponential growth (EG) and maximum likelihood (ML) were calculated to be 2.916 and 4.015, respectively. In addition, the transmission rates (β) were estimated to be 0.729 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.379-1.765) for EG and 1.004 (95% CI: 0.283-2.450) for ML. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed pathobiological and epidemiological information in about pig-to-pig ASFV transmission. Our findings suggested that culling infected herds within a brief period of time may mitigate the spread of ASF outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Anh Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tung Dao
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ara Cho
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyu Lee
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hun Jung
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Do
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Bok
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Bezymennyi M, Tarasov O, Kyivska GV, Mezhenska NA, Mandyhra S, Kovalenko G, Sushko M, Hudz N, Skorokhod SV, Datsenko R, Muzykina L, Milton E, Sapachova MA, Nychyk S, Halka I, Frant M, Huettmann F, Drown DM, Gerilovych A, Mezhenskyi AA, Bortz E, Lange CE. Epidemiological Characterization of African Swine Fever Dynamics in Ukraine, 2012-2023. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1145. [PMID: 37514961 PMCID: PMC10384127 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease, endemic to Africa, that causes high mortality when introduced into domestic pig populations. Since the emergence of p72-genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Georgia in 2007, an ASF epidemic has been spreading across Europe and many countries in Asia. The epidemic first reached Ukraine in 2012. To better understand the dynamics of spread of ASF in Ukraine, we analyzed spatial and temporal outbreak data reported in Ukraine between 2012 and mid-2023. The highest numbers of outbreaks were reported in 2017 (N = 163) and 2018 (N = 145), with overall peak numbers of ASF outbreaks reported in August (domestic pigs) and January (wild boars). While cases were reported from most of Ukraine, we found a directional spread from the eastern and northern borders towards the western and southern regions of Ukraine. Many of the early outbreaks (before 2016) were adjacent to the border, which is again true for more recent outbreaks in wild boar, but not for recent outbreaks in domestic pigs. Outbreaks prior to 2016 also occurred predominantly in areas with a below average domestic pig density. This new analysis suggests that wild boars may have played an important role in the introduction and early spread of ASF in Ukraine. However, in later years, the dynamic suggests human activity as the predominant driver of spread and a separation of ASF epizootics between domestic pigs and in wild boars. The decline in outbreaks since 2019 suggests that the implemented mitigation strategies are effective, even though long-term control or eradication remain challenging and will require continued intensive surveillance of ASF outbreak patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Bezymennyi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Tarasov
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ganna V Kyivska
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia A Mezhenska
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Mandyhra
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ganna Kovalenko
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Mykola Sushko
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Hudz
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Serhii V Skorokhod
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Datsenko
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Muzykina
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elaina Milton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Maryna A Sapachova
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Nychyk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Halka
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maciej Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Falk Huettmann
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Devin M Drown
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Anton Gerilovych
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii A Mezhenskyi
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eric Bortz
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Christian E Lange
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
- Labyrinth Global Health, Saint Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
- Department of Biology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC V3W 2MB, Canada
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Gervasi V, Sordilli M, Loi F, Guberti V. Estimating the Directional Spread of Epidemics in Their Early Stages Using a Simple Regression Approach: A Study on African Swine Fever in Northern Italy. Pathogens 2023; 12:812. [PMID: 37375502 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The early identification of the spreading patterns of an epidemic infectious disease is an important first step towards the adoption of effective interventions. We developed a simple regression-based method to estimate the directional speed of a disease's spread, which can be easily applied with a limited dataset. We tested the method using simulation tools, then applied it on a real case study of an African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreak identified in late 2021 in northwestern Italy. Simulations showed that, when carcass detection rates were <0.1, the model produced negatively biased estimates of the ASF-affected area, with the average bias being about -10%. When detection rates were >0.1, the model produced asymptotically unbiased and progressively more predictable estimates. The model produced rather different estimates of ASF's spreading speed in different directions of northern Italy, with the average speed ranging from 33 to 90 m/day. The resulting ASF-infected areas of the outbreak were estimated to be 2216 km2, about 80% bigger than the ones identified only thorough field-collected carcasses. Additionally, we estimated that the actual initial date of the ASF outbreak was 145 days earlier than the day of first notification. We recommend the use of this or similar inferential tools as a quick, initial way to assess an epidemic's patterns in its early stages and inform quick and timely management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Gervasi
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Ca' Fornacetta, 9, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Sordilli
- Direzione Generale Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Via Giorgio Ribotta, 5, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Loi
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Guberti
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Ca' Fornacetta, 9, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Klein L, Hessling-Zeinen S, Adler F, Gerdes U, Blome S, Beilage EG, Campe A. Exploring pig farmers' decision-making concerning biosecurity measures against African Swine Fever. Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105949. [PMID: 37285701 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a growing threat to the German pig production sector. Rigorous biosecurity measures can prevent the introduction of ASF in domestic pig farms. Increased efforts have been made to inform pig farmers and other stakeholders in the industry regarding disease prevention measures for ASF. As part of quality management in animal disease prevention, we investigated the extent to which these efforts were successful and how knowledge transfer needs to be improved. Applying a qualitative study design with open, structured face-to-face interviews, this study aimed at assessing pig farmers' decision-making processes concerning the implementation of biosecurity measures against ASF and deducing the best-fitted pathways to improve the dissemination of information among pig farmers. We developed a modified theoretical model using the Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory, and Theory of Planned Behaviour as the basis for our interview questionnaire and analysis. We showed that despite the steady spread of ASF into and within Germany, most pig farmers did not perceive an increased threat to their farms. However, many pig farmers communicated their uncertainty on how to correctly implement biosecurity measures according to the law. This study identified the importance of veterinary officials and farm veterinarians as referents on the topic of biosecurity and the need for clear standards concerning biosecurity regulations. Further, it suggests the need for closer cooperation between pig farmers and these referents, and a focus on joint decision-making, taking into account the individual circumstances of the farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Klein
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Hessling-Zeinen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Friedemann Adler
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ursula Gerdes
- Niedersaechsische Tierseuchenkasse (Animal Disease Fund), Bruehlstrasse 9, 30169 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sandra Blome
- Department of Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University for Veterinary Medicine, Buescheler Strasse 9, Bakum, 49456 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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37
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Watanabe M, Kitamura T, Nagata K, Ikezawa M, Kameyama KI, Masujin K, Kokuho T. Development of a Novel Indirect ELISA for the Serological Diagnosis of African Swine Fever Using p11.5 Protein as a Target Antigen. Pathogens 2023; 12:774. [PMID: 37375464 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a hemorrhagic viral disease with a mortality rate of nearly 100% in pigs. Hence, it is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. Because no field-available vaccine exists, African swine fever virus (ASFV) control and eradication solely depend on good farm biosecurity management and rapid and accurate diagnosis. In this study, we developed a new indirect serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant p11.5 protein from ASFV as a solid-phase target antigen. The cutoffs were determined by receiver operating curve analysis performed with serum samples obtained from naïve and infected pigs. Based on the results of a commercially available serological ELISA, the relative sensitivity and specificity of our assay were 93.4% and 94.4% (N = 166; area under the curve = 0.991; 95% confidence interval = 0.982-0.999), respectively. Furthermore, to compare the performance of the serological ELISAs, we conducted the assays on a panel of sera collected from pigs and boars experimentally infected with different ASFV isolates. The results indicated the greater sensitivity of the newly developed assay and its ability to detect anti-ASFV antibodies earlier after virus inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Watanabe
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitamura
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Koji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ikezawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kameyama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kokuho
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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Jiao P, Wang S, Fan W, Zhang H, Yin H, Shang Y, Zhu H, Liu W, Hu R, Sun L. Recombinant porcine interferon cocktail delays the onset and lessens the severity of African swine fever. Antiviral Res 2023; 215:105644. [PMID: 37244381 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and deadly disease that affects domestic and wild pigs. No commercial vaccine or antiviral is currently available against ASF. The control of ASF primarily relies on implementing effective biosecurity measures during the breeding process. Here, we evaluated the preventive and therapeutic potential of the interferon (IFN) cocktail (a mixture of recombinant porcine IFN α and γ) on ASF. The IFN cocktail treatment delayed the onset of ASF symptoms and ASF virus (ASFV) replication for approximately one week. However, IFN cocktail treatment could not prevent the death of the pigs. Further analysis showed that IFN cocktail treatment increased the expression of multiple IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, IFN cocktail modulated the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduced tissue injury in the ASFV-infected pigs. Collectively, the results suggest that the IFN cocktail restricts the progression of acute ASF by inducing high levels of ISGs, contributing to the pre-establishment of antiviral status, and modulating the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators to lessen cytokine storm-mediated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - He Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangdong, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Sereda AD, Kazakova AS, Namsrayn SG, Vlasov ME, Sindryakova IP, Kolbasov DV. Subsequent Immunization of Pigs with African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Seroimmunotype IV Vaccine Strain FK-32/135 and by Recombinant Plasmid DNA Containing the CD2v Derived from MK-200 ASFV Seroimmunotype III Strain Does Not Protect from Challenge with ASFV Seroimmunotype III. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11051007. [PMID: 37243111 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11051007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immunological mechanisms of protection and the viral proteins involved in the induction of a protective immune response to the African swine fever virus (ASFV) is still limited. In the last years, the CD2v protein (gp110-140) of the ASFV has been proven to be a serotype-specific protein. Current work is devoted to the investigation of the possibility of creating protection against virulent ASFV strain Mozambique-78 (seroimmunotype III) in pigs previously vaccinated with vaccine strain FK-32/135 (seroimmunotype IV) and then immunized with the pUBB76A_CD2v plasmid, containing a chimeric nucleotide sequence from the CD2v protein gene (EP402R, nucleotides from 49 to 651) from the MK-200 strain (seroimmunotype III). Vaccination with the ASFV vaccine strain FK-32/135 protects pigs from the disease caused by the strain with homologous seroimmunotype-France-32 (seroimmunotype IV). Our attempt to create balanced protection against virulent strain Mozambique-78 (seroimmunotype III) by induction of both humoral factors of immunity (by vaccination with strain FK-32/135 of seroimmunotype IV) and serotype-specific cellular immunity (by immunization with the plasmid pUBB76A_CD2v of seroimmunotype III) was unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey D Sereda
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Petushki Area, Vladimir Region, Russia
| | - Anna S Kazakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Petushki Area, Vladimir Region, Russia
| | - Sanzhi G Namsrayn
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Petushki Area, Vladimir Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail E Vlasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Petushki Area, Vladimir Region, Russia
| | - Irina P Sindryakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Petushki Area, Vladimir Region, Russia
| | - Denis V Kolbasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Petushki Area, Vladimir Region, Russia
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Oļševskis E, Masiulis M, Seržants M, Lamberga K, Šteingolde Ž, Krivko L, Cvetkova S, Buitkuvienė J, Pilevičienė S, Zani L, Denzin N, Depner K. Do Seropositive Wild Boars Pose a Risk for the Spread of African Swine Fever? Analysis of Field Data from Latvia and Lithuania. Pathogens 2023; 12:723. [PMID: 37242393 PMCID: PMC10222745 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2020, ASF occurred in wild boars throughout Latvia and Lithuania, and more than 21,500 animals were hunted and tested for the presence of the virus genome and antibodies in the framework of routine disease surveillance. The aim of our study was to re-examine hunted wild boars that tested positive for the antibodies and negative for the virus genome in the blood (n = 244) and to see if the virus genome can still be found in the bone marrow, as an indicator of virus persistence in the animal. Via this approach, we intended to answer the question of whether seropositive animals play a role in the spread of the disease. In total, 2 seropositive animals out of 244 were found to be positive for the ASF virus genome in the bone marrow. The results indicate that seropositive animals, which theoretically could also be virus shedders, can hardly be found in the field and thus do not play an epidemiological role regarding virus perpetuation, at least not in the wild boar populations we studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvīns Oļševskis
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (K.L.)
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (Ž.Š.); (L.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Marius Masiulis
- State Food and Veterinary Service, 07170 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mārtiņš Seržants
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Kristīne Lamberga
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (K.L.)
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (Ž.Š.); (L.K.); (S.C.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Žanete Šteingolde
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (Ž.Š.); (L.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (Ž.Š.); (L.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Svetlana Cvetkova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (Ž.Š.); (L.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Jūratė Buitkuvienė
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, 08409 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Simona Pilevičienė
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, 08409 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Laura Zani
- Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LAVES), 26203 Wardenburg, Germany;
| | - Nicolai Denzin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (N.D.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (N.D.); (K.D.)
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Yu Z, Xie L, Shuai P, Zhang J, An W, Yang M, Zheng J, Lin H. New perspective on African swine fever: a bibliometrics study and visualization analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1085473. [PMID: 37266383 PMCID: PMC10229902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1085473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that can have devastating effects on domestic pigs and wild boars. Over the past decade, there has been a new wave of this ancient disease spreading around the world, prompting many scholars to dedicate themselves to researching this disease. This research aims to use bibliometric methods to organize, analyze and summarize the scientific publications on ASF that have been amassed in the past two decades. Methods This paper used VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and a bibliometric online analysis platform to conduct performance analysis and visualization studies on 1,885 academic papers about ASF in the Web of Science from January 2003 to December 2022. Results The amount of literature published on ASF has increased exponentially in recent years, and the development trend of related research is good. A group of representative scholars have appeared in this research field, and some cooperative networks have been formed. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases is the journal with the most publications in this field, while Virus Research is the journal with the most citation per article. High-productivity countries are led by China in terms of the number of articles published followed by the United States and Spain. In regard to the average number of citations, the scholars in the UK are in the lead. The institution with the most articles was the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The analysis of high-frequency keywords showed that the pathogens and epidemiology of ASF were the research hotspots in this field, and the research content was closely related to molecular biology and immunology. The burst keywords "transmission", "identification", "virulence", "replication", and "gene" reflects the research frontier. In addition, by collating and analyzing highly cited journals and highly co-cited references, we explored the knowledge structure and theoretical basis of this field. Discussion This is the first bibliometric analysis report on ASF research, which highlights the key characteristics of ASF research and presents the research status and evolution trend in this field from a new perspective. It provides a valuable reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiqiang Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
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Prodanov-Radulović J, Mirčeta J, Djurdjević B, Lazić S, Aleksić-Kovačević S, Petrović J, Polaček V. African Swine Fever Outbreak in an Enclosed Wild Boar Hunting Ground in Serbia. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050691. [PMID: 37242361 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has been detected in many European countries since its introduction in Georgia in 2007. Serbia suffered its first case of ASF in the domestic pig population in 2019. At the beginning of 2020, ASF was detected in wild boars in open hunting grounds in the southeastern region of the country in districts along the country's borders with Romania and Bulgaria. Since then, all ASF outbreaks in wild boar were clustered in the population located in the same bordering areas. Despite the newly implemented biosecurity protocols for hunters in 2019, ASF was detected for the first time in June 2021 in the wild boar population located in an enclosed hunting ground in the northeast region of the country. In this study, we reported the first ASF outbreak in a wild boar population located in an enclosed hunting ground in close proximity to the Serbian-Romanian border. The epizootiological data on the field investigation of the ASF outbreak, with descriptions of the clinical signs and gross pathological lesions detected, including the total number as well as the estimated age, sex, and postmortem interval, were analyzed. Clinical signs were detected only in nine diseased wild boars, while in total, 149 carcasses were found in the open and enclosed part of the hunting ground. In addition, 99 carcasses from which samples (parts of spleen or long bones) were collected for molecular diagnostics (RT-PCR) were confirmed as ASF-positive. The results of the epidemiological investigations indicate the central role of wild boar movements as well as the constant risk of human-related activities in the countries bordering area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sava Lazić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Polaček
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Shi Z, Cao L, Luo J, Zhou G, Zuo Q, Liu X, Hu Y, Tian H, Zheng H. A chemiluminescent magnetic microparticle immunoassay for the detection of antibody against African swine fever virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3779-3788. [PMID: 37099055 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The p30 protein is abundantly expressed in the early stage of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection. Thus, it is an ideal antigen candidate for serodiagnosis with the use of an immunoassay. In this study, a chemiluminescent magnetic microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) was developed for the detection of antibodies (Abs) against ASFV p30 protein in porcine serum. Purified p30 protein was coupled to magnetic beads, and the experimental conditions including concentration, temperature, incubation time, dilution ratio, buffers, and other relevant variables were evaluated and optimized. To evaluate the performance of the assay, a total of 178 pig serum samples (117 negative and 61 positive samples) were tested. According to receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, the cut-off value of the CMIA was 104,315 (area under the curve, 0.998; Youden's index, 0.974; 95% confidence interval: 99.45 to 100%). Sensitivity results showed that the dilution ratio of p30 Abs in ASFV-positive sera detected by the CMIA is much higher when compared to commercial blocking ELISA kit. Specificity testing showed that no cross-reactivity was observed with sera positive for other porcine disease viruses. The intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) was < 5%, and the interassay CV was < 10%. The p30-magnetic beads could be stored at 4 °C for more than 15 months without loss of activity. The kappa coefficient between CMIA and INGENASA blocking ELISA kit was 0.946, showing strong agreement. In conclusion, our method showed superiority with high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and stability and potentialized its application in the development of a diagnostic kit for the detection of ASF in clinical samples. KEY POINTS: • ASFV tag-free p30 was successfully purified. • High sensitivity, specificity, relatively simple, and time-saving to detect antibody against ASFV were developed. • The development of CMIA will help the clinical diagnosis of ASFV and will be useful for large-scale serological test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Juncong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Gaijing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Qingshan Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - XiangTao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yonghao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Zhu Z, Wang S, Tu S, Zhang Y, Zou Y, Liu Y, Liu C, Ren W, Zheng D, Zhao Y, Hu Y, Li L, Shi C, Ge S, Lin P, Xu F, Ma J, Wu X, Ma H, Wang Z, Bao J. Tracing the Origin of Genotype II African Swine Fever Virus in China by Genomic Epidemiology Analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/4820809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic spread of African swine fever (ASF) has caused serious effects on the global pig industry. Virus genome sequencing and genomic epidemiology analysis play an important role in tracking the outbreaks of the disease and tracing the transmission of the virus. Here we obtained the full-length genome sequence of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in the first outbreak of ASF in China on August 3rd, 2018 and compared it with other published genotype II ASFV genomes including 9 genomes collected in China from September 2018 to October 2020. Phylogenetic analysis on genomic sequences revealed that genotype II ASFV has evolved into different genetic clusters with temporal and spatial correlation since being introduced into Europe and then Asia. There was a strong support for the monophyletic grouping of all the ASFV genome sequences from China and other Asian countries, which shared a common ancestor with those from the Central or Eastern Europe. An evolutionary rate of 1.312 × 10−5 nucleotide substitutions per site per year was estimated for genotype II ASFV genomes. Eight single nucleotide variations which located in MGF110-1L, MGF110-7L, MGF360-10L, MGF505-5R, MGF505-9R, K145R, NP419L, and I267L were identified as anchor mutations that defined genetic clusters of genotype II ASFV in Europe and Asia. This study expanded our knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of ASFV and provided valuable information for effective control of the disease.
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Cavalera S, Colitti B, De Mia GM, Feliziani F, Giudici SD, Angioi PP, D'Errico F, Scalas D, Scollo A, Serra T, Chiarello M, Testa V, Di Nardo F, Baggiani C, Oggiano A, Rosati S, Anfossi L. Development of molecular and antigenic-based rapid tests for the identification of African swine fever virus in different tissues. Talanta 2023; 258:124443. [PMID: 36933298 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe haemorrhagic infectious disease affecting suids, thus representing a great economic concern. Considering the importance of the early diagnosis, rapid point of care testing (POCT) for ASF is highly demanded. In this work, we developed two strategies for the rapid onsite diagnosis of ASF, based on Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) techniques. The LFIA was a sandwich-type immunoassay exploiting a monoclonal antibody directed towards the p30 protein of the virus (Mab). The Mab was anchored onto the LFIA membrane to capture the ASFV and was also labelled with gold nanoparticles for staining the antibody-p30 complex. However, the use of the same antibody for capturing and as detector ligand showed a significant competitive effect for antigen binding, so required an experimental design to minimize reciprocal interference and maximize the response. The RPA assay, employing primers to the capsid protein p72 gene and an exonuclease III probe, was performed at 39 °C. The limit of detection of the method was assessed using a plasmid encoding the target gene and resulted in 5 copy/μL. The new LFIA and RPA were applied for ASFV detection in the animal tissues usually analysed by conventional assays (i.e., real-time PCR), such as kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes. A simple and universal virus extraction protocol was applied for sample preparation, followed by DNA extraction and purification for the RPA. The LFIA only required the addition of 3% H2O2 to limit matrix interference and prevent false positive results. The two rapid methods (25 min and 15 min were needed to complete the analysis for RPA and LFIA, respectively) showed high diagnostic specificity (100%) and sensitivity (93% and 87% for LFIA and RPA, respectively) for samples with high viral load (Ct < 27). False negative results were observed for samples with low viral load (Ct > 28) and/or also containing specific antibodies to ASFV, which decreased antigen availability and were indicative of a chronic, poorly transmissible infection. The simple and rapid sample preparation and the diagnostic performance of the LFIA suggested its large practical applicability for POC diagnosis of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Federica D'Errico
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
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Penrith ML, van Heerden J, Pfeiffer DU, Oļševskis E, Depner K, Chenais E. Innovative Research Offers New Hope for Managing African Swine Fever Better in Resource-Limited Smallholder Farming Settings: A Timely Update. Pathogens 2023; 12:355. [PMID: 36839627 PMCID: PMC9963711 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) in domestic pigs has, since its discovery in Africa more than a century ago, been associated with subsistence pig keeping with low levels of biosecurity. Likewise, smallholder and backyard pig farming in resource-limited settings have been notably affected during the ongoing epidemic in Eastern Europe, Asia, the Pacific, and Caribbean regions. Many challenges to managing ASF in such settings have been identified in the ongoing as well as previous epidemics. Consistent implementation of biosecurity at all nodes in the value chain remains most important for controlling and preventing ASF. Recent research from Asia, Africa, and Europe has provided science-based information that can be of value in overcoming some of the hurdles faced for implementing biosecurity in resource-limited contexts. In this narrative review we examine a selection of these studies elucidating innovative solutions such as shorter boiling times for inactivating ASF virus in swill, participatory planning of interventions for risk mitigation for ASF, better understanding of smallholder pig-keeper perceptions and constraints, modified culling, and safe alternatives for disposal of carcasses of pigs that have died of ASF. The aim of the review is to increase acceptance and implementation of science-based approaches that increase the feasibility of managing, and the possibility to prevent, ASF in resource-limited settings. This could contribute to protecting hundreds of thousands of livelihoods that depend upon pigs and enable small-scale pig production to reach its full potential for poverty alleviation and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Heerden
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics, and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Edvīns Oļševskis
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, “BIOR“, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, S-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Buragohain L, Barman NN, Sen S, Bharali A, Dutta B, Choudhury B, Suresh KP, Gaurav S, Kumar R, Ali S, Kumar S, Singh Malik Y. Transmission of African Swine Fever Virus to the Wild Boars of Northeast India. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 36786106 PMCID: PMC10124978 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2178689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India recorded the first outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in North-eastern region (NER) in the year 2020. AIM The current study was undertaken to investigate the transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in the wild boars of Northeast India, particularly of Assam. MATERIAL AND METHODS ASF suspected mortal tissue remains and blood samples of wild boars collected from different locations of Assam were screened for molecular detection of swine viruses which includes Classical swine fever virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and ASFV. RESULTS One sample each from Manas and Nameri National Parks were detected positive for ASFV. Besides this, one of the samples was positive for CSFV and one of the ASFV positive samples was also positive for PCV2. Several striking gross and microscopic alterations were noticed in different organs of ASFV infected animals. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of B646L gene confirmed the presence of ASFV genotype-II in wild boars. Circulation of similar genotype in domestic pigs of NER in the contemporary period as well as locations near to the aforementioned national parks indicates the transmission of ASFV from domestic to wild boars. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The detection of ASFV in the wild boars of Assam is alarming as it is an impending threat to pig population and other endangered species (particularly Pygmy hog), making it increasingly daunting to control the disease. CONCLUSION Chances are high for ASFV to become endemic in Assam region if stringent measures are not taken at proper time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukumoni Buragohain
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Suparna Sen
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arpita Bharali
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Biswajit Dutta
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Samsul Ali
- Wildlife Trust of India, CWRC, Kaziranga, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Goulding LV, Kiss E, Vrancken R, Goris N, Luo M, Groaz E, Herdewijn P, Dixon L. O-2-Alkylated Cytosine Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonamidate Prodrugs Display Pan-Genotype Antiviral Activity against African Swine Fever Virus. mSphere 2022; 7:e0037822. [PMID: 36317894 PMCID: PMC9769911 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00378-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease with case fatality rates approaching 100% in domestic pigs. ASFV is responsible for substantial economic losses, but despite ongoing efforts, no vaccine or antiviral agent is currently available. Attempts to control the spread of ASFV are dependent on early detection, adherence to biosecurity measures, and culling of infected herds. However, an effective antiviral agent may be used in lieu of or in conjunction with a vaccine to effectively curb ASFV outbreaks. The dose-dependent antiviral activities of two amidate prodrugs (compounds 1a and 1b) of O-2-alkylated 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl cytosine [(R)-O-2-alkylated FPMPC] against ASFV isolates of four different genotypes were determined. Both compounds were found to inhibit ASFV progeny virus output by >90% at noncytotoxic concentrations (<25 μM) in primary porcine macrophages. Analysis of viral transcription and viral protein synthesis indicated that these acyclic nucleotide analogues inhibited late gene expression. Interestingly, time-of-addition studies suggest different viral targets of the compounds, which may be attributed to their differing amino acid prodrug moieties. In view of their promising antiviral activity, these nucleotide analogues merit further evaluation as potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents against ASFV infection and their antiviral efficacy in vivo should be considered. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease. Since its transcontinental spread to Georgia in 2007, ASFV has continued to spread across the globe into countries previously without infection. It is responsible for substantial losses in the domestic pig population and presents a significant threat to the global swine industry. Despite ongoing efforts, there are no vaccines currently available; in their absence, antiviral agents may be a viable alternative. The significance of our research is in identifying the pan-genotype antiviral activity of prodrugs of O-2-alkylated 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl cytosine, which will drive further research on the development of these compounds as antivirals against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Min Luo
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
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Goulding LV, Kiss E, Goatley L, Vrancken R, Goris NEJ, Dixon L. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of nucleoside analogue cHPMPC against African swine fever virus replication. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105433. [PMID: 36252822 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a haemorrhagic disease affecting wild boar and domestic pigs which can result in morbidity and fatality rates of up to 100%. ASFV is a large double-stranded DNA virus which replicates predominantly in the cell cytoplasm and codes for its replication and transcription machinery. No vaccine is widely available and control depends on early detection, culling of infected herds and adherence to biosecurity measures. In this study the small molecule nucleoside analogue, cyclic cidofovir (cHPMPC), was evaluated for its ability to inhibit replication of four different ASFV genotypes in primary porcine macrophages. Time of addition studies demonstrated that cHPMPC effectively inhibits ASFV replication and late gene expression when added pre-infection or early post-infection but not when added at late times, suggesting the drug target may be the virus DNA polymerase, or the RNA polymerase involved in late transcription. Oral administration of cHPMPC delayed onset of clinical signs and significantly reduced viral titres in blood and tissues of treated pigs. These results indicate that cHPMPC is a promising compound for further development to control ASFV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK.
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Madden DW, Sunwoo SY, Gaudreault NN, Trujillo JD, Morozov I, Gallardo C, Richt JA. Development of a chromatographic lateral flow immunoassay for detection of African swine fever virus antigen in blood. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal disease of domestic and wild swine caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The disease currently circulates in Africa, Europe, Asia and on the island of Hispaniola. The ongoing epizootics in Europe and Asia have produced millions of animal deaths and severe economic losses. No effective vaccine is available for ASF, making rapid and accurate detection of ASFV essential for disease mitigation strategies. Currently available diagnostics for ASFV possess significant limitations related to assay performance, deployability, and/or turn-around time; therefore there is an unmet need for pen-side diagnostic tests with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. A chromatographic lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was developed for the detection of ASFV antigen in EDTA-treated whole blood using monoclonal antibodies targeting the viral p30 protein. The assay requires only water to perform and provides results in 25 min, making it well-suited for field use. The LFIA was capable of detecting genotype I and genotype II strains of ASFV in EDTA blood from experimentally infected pigs at varying time-points after infection, though it was unable to detect a genotype X ASFV strain. Diagnostic sensitivity correlated with clinical disease severity, body temperature, and viral DNA levels, and was over 90% in animals showing moderate to severe ASF-related symptoms after challenge with virulent genotype II virus. The LFIA also showed a robust diagnostic specificity of over 98%, which is essential to field testing for a high consequence to foregin animal disease. The LFIA targeting the viral p30 protein can reliably detect ASFV in whole blood from animals showing moderate to severe clinical signs of infection with virulent genotype I and II isolates, making it a promising candidate for use as a field-deployable antigen detection assay. Additional evaluation using field samples and different virus strains is required to further assess the utility of this rapid diagnostic test.
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