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Han X, Huang Y, Hao J. Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Activates Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis Pathway and Affects Viral Replication by Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Chicken HD11 Cells. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:491. [PMID: 39056685 PMCID: PMC11273894 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus that causes severe respiratory and gastrointestinal illness in poultry, leads to substantial economic losses. According to earlier research, IBV infection causes chicken macrophage HD11 cells to undergo cell apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the IBV-activated intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway were examined in this work. The findings demonstrate that IBV infection causes ROS to accumulate. Moreover, IBV infection decreased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential in HD11 cells, which could be blocked by ROS antioxidants (PDTC and NAC). The two antioxidants significantly affected the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax and further inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis in HD11 cells. Additionally, IBV replication was decreased by blocking ROS accumulation. Pretreating HD11 cells with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) prevented IBV from entering the cells and reduced the oxidative stress which IBV causes. The ability to accumulate ROS was also lost in UV-inactivated IBV. The IBV N protein induces cell apoptosis through the activation of ROS. These findings provide an explanation for the processes of IBV infection in immune cells by indicating that IBV-induced ROS generation triggers cell apoptosis in HD11 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Han
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.H.); (J.H.)
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Luo H, Liang Z, Lin J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Mei K, Zhao M, Huang S. Research progress of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S protein. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396894. [PMID: 38873162 PMCID: PMC11169810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus with a capsid membrane that causes acute infectious gastrointestinal disease characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration in swine. Piglets are more susceptible to PEDV than adults, with an infection rate reaching 90% and a fatality rate as high as 100%. Moreover, PEDV has a rapid transmission rate and broad transmission range. Consequently, PEDV has caused considerable economic losses and negatively impacted the sustainability of the pig industry. The surface spike (S) glycoprotein is the largest structural protein in PEDV virions and is closely associated with host cell fusion and virus invasion. As such, the S protein is an important target for vaccine development. In this article, we review the genetic variation, immunity, apoptosis-induction function, virulence, vaccine potential, and other aspects of the PEDV S protein. This review provides a theoretical foundation for preventing and controlling PEDV infection and serves as a valuable resource for further research and development of PEDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Kun Mei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Hua Sheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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Huang Y, Wang X, Lv Z, Hu X, Xu B, Yang H, Xiao T, Liu Q. Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis Reveals Unique Immune Response to Grass Carp Reovirus Infection in Barbel Chub ( Squaliobarbus curriculus). BIOLOGY 2024; 13:214. [PMID: 38666826 PMCID: PMC11047996 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and barbel chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus)-both Leuciscinae subfamily species-demonstrate differences in grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection resistance. We infected barbel chubs with type II GCRV and subjected their liver, spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney samples to investigate anti-GCRV immune mechanisms via RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We identified 139, 970, 867, and 2374 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver, spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney, respectively. Across all four tissues, gene ontology analysis revealed significant immune response-related DEG enrichment, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and cytokine-related pathway enrichment. We noted autophagy pathway enrichment in the spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney; apoptosis pathway enrichment in the spleen and trunk kidney; and complement- and coagulation-cascade pathway enrichment in only the spleen. Comparative transcriptome analysis between GCRV-infected barbel chubs and uninfected barbel chubs comprehensively revealed that PRR, cytokine-related, complement- and coagulation-cascade, apoptosis, and autophagy pathways are potential key factors influencing barbel chub resistance to GCRV infection. qRT-PCR validation of 11 immune-related DEGs confirmed our RNA-seq data's accuracy. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and empirical evidence for the understanding of GCRV infection resistance in barbel chub and hybrid grass carp-barbel chub breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Huang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
| | - Zhao Lv
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Baohong Xu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiaolin Liu
- Fisheries College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.H.); (X.W.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (B.X.); (H.Y.)
- Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, China
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Ferrara G, Longobardi C, Sgadari MF, Restucci B, Iovane G, Ciarcia R, Pagnini U, Montagnaro S. Apoptosis is mediated by FeHV-1 through the intrinsic pathway and interacts with the autophagic process. Virol J 2023; 20:295. [PMID: 38087282 PMCID: PMC10716993 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although FeHV-1 is a primary feline pathogen, little is known about its interactions with host cells. Its relationship with several cellular pathways has recently been described, whereas its interplay with the apoptotic process, unlike other herpesviruses, has not yet been clarified. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether FeHV-1 induces apoptosis in its permissive cells, as well as the pathway involved and the effects of induction and inhibition of apoptosis on viral replication. METHODS Monolayers of CRFK cells were infected at different times with different viral doses. A cytofluorimetric approach allowed the quantification of cells in early and late apoptosis. All infections and related controls were also subjected to Western blot analysis to assess the expression of apoptotic markers (caspase 3-8-9, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, NF-κB). An inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) and an inducer (ionomycin) were used to evaluate the role of apoptosis in viral replication. Finally, the expression of autophagy markers during the apoptosis inhibition/induction and the expression of apoptosis markers during autophagy inhibition/induction were evaluated to highlight any crosstalk between the two pathways. RESULTS FeHV-1 triggered apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Caspase 3 cleavage was evident 48 h after infection, indicating the completeness of the process at this stage. While caspase 8 was not involved, caspase 9 cleavage started 24 h post-infection. The expression of other mitochondrial damage markers also changed, suggesting that apoptosis was induced via the intrinsic pathway. NF- κB was up-regulated at 12 h, followed by a gradual decrease in levels up to 72 h. The effects of apoptosis inhibitors and inducers on viral replication and autophagy were also investigated. Inhibition of caspases resulted in an increase in viral glycoprotein expression, higher titers, and enhanced autophagy, whereas induction of apoptosis resulted in a decrease in viral protein expression, lower viral titer, and attenuated autophagy. On the other hand, the induction of autophagy reduced the cleavage of caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we established how FeHV-1 induces the apoptotic process, contributing to the understanding of the relationship between FeHV-1 and this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy.
| | - Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Sgadari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
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Bakr BA, Sadek IA, El-Samad LM, El Wakil A. Switchable hepatic organelles aberrations in DEN-induced mice under the influence of chemically characterized silk sericin. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102101. [PMID: 37141749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessing the beneficial effects of silk sericin against hepatic injury induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). METHODS Aiming at promoting sericin as a natural product able to counteract the hazards of toxic elements, HPLC profile was conducted on the extracted sericin sample versus the standard one to qualitatively identify it. Following sericin treatment on human HepG2 liver cancer cells, many parameters were analyzed in vitro including cell viability, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis. Hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as histopathological and ultrastructure changes were evaluated in vivo in the different experimental groups. RESULTS Sericin exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on HepG2 cells with an IC50 of 14.12 + 0.75 μg/mL. The hepatotoxicity of DEN was manifested in mice by increased pro-inflammatory markers (IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α), decreased IL-10, liver structure deterioration, and characteristic histopathological and ultrastructure changes. Sericin administration reversed most of the observed alterations inflected by DEN. CONCLUSIONS Our results substantiate the sericin's powerful apoptotic impact in vitro. In experimental mice, combination treatment using sericin together with melatonin appears to be more potent in mitigating the adverse effects of DEN. However, further investigations are needed to identify the underlying mechanism of action and complement the knowledge about the expected medicinal values of sericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant A Bakr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ismail A Sadek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lamia M El-Samad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer El Wakil
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt.
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Marino-Merlo F, Klett A, Papaianni E, Drago SFA, Macchi B, Rincón MG, Andreola F, Serafino A, Grelli S, Mastino A, Borner C. Caspase-8 is required for HSV-1-induced apoptosis and promotes effective viral particle release via autophagy inhibition. Cell Death Differ 2022; 30:885-896. [PMID: 36418547 PMCID: PMC10070401 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRegulated cell death (RCD) plays an important role in the progression of viral replication and particle release in cells infected by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). However, the kind of RCD (apoptosis, necroptosis, others) and the resulting cytopathic effect of HSV-1 depends on the cell type and the species. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by HSV-1. Although a role of caspase-8 has previously been suggested, we now clearly show that caspase-8 is required for HSV-1-induced apoptosis in a FADD-/death receptor-independent manner in both mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) and human monocytes (U937). While wild-type (wt) MEFs and U937 cells exhibited increased caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation and apoptosis after HSV-1 infection, respective caspase-8-deficient (caspase-8−/−) cells were largely impeded in any of these effects. Unexpectedly, caspase-8−/− MEF and U937 cells also showed less virus particle release associated with increased autophagy as evidenced by higher Beclin-1 and lower p62/SQSTM1 levels and increased LC3-I to LC3-II conversion. Confocal and electron microscopy revealed that HSV-1 stimulated a strong perinuclear multivesicular body response, resembling increased autophagy in caspase-8−/− cells, entrapping virions in cellular endosomes. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by wortmannin restored the ability of caspase-8−/− cells to release viral particles in similar amounts as in wt cells. Altogether our results support a non-canonical role of caspase-8 in both HSV-1-induced apoptosis and viral particle release through autophagic regulation.
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Onisiforou A, Spyrou GM. Systems Bioinformatics Reveals Possible Relationship between COVID-19 and the Development of Neurological Diseases and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102270. [PMID: 36298824 PMCID: PMC9611753 DOI: 10.3390/v14102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with increased incidence of neurological diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders after infection, but how it contributes to their development remains under investigation. Here, we investigate the possible relationship between COVID-19 and the development of ten neurological disorders and three neuropsychiatric disorders by exploring two pathological mechanisms: (i) dysregulation of host biological processes via virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and (ii) autoreactivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epitopes with host "self" proteins via molecular mimicry. We also identify potential genetic risk factors which in combination with SARS-CoV-2 infection might lead to disease development. Our analysis indicated that neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have a higher number of disease-associated biological processes that can be modulated by SARS-CoV-2 via virus-host PPIs than neuropsychiatric disorders. The sequence similarity analysis indicated the presence of several matching 5-mer and/or 6-mer linear motifs between SARS-CoV-2 epitopes with autoreactive epitopes found in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The results include autoreactive epitopes that recognize amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), acetylcholine receptors, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light polypeptide (NfL) and major myelin proteins. Altogether, our results suggest that there might be an increased risk for the development of NDs after COVID-19 both via autoreactivity and virus-host PPIs.
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Archer SL, Dasgupta A, Chen KH, Wu D, Baid K, Mamatis JE, Gonzalez V, Read A, Bentley RET, Martin AY, Mewburn JD, Dunham-Snary KJ, Evans GA, Levy G, Jones O, Al-Qazazi R, Ring B, Alizadeh E, Hindmarch CCT, Rossi J, Lima PDA, Falzarano D, Banerjee A, Colpitts CC. SARS-CoV-2 mitochondriopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia exacerbates hypoxemia. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102508. [PMID: 36334378 PMCID: PMC9558649 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 pneumonia. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 causes alveolar injury and hypoxemia by damaging mitochondria in airway epithelial cells (AEC) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), triggering apoptosis and bioenergetic impairment, and impairing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), respectively. Objectives We examined the effects of: A) human betacoronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43, and individual SARS-CoV-2 proteins on apoptosis, mitochondrial fission, and bioenergetics in AEC; and B) SARS-CoV-2 proteins and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-1) infection on HPV. Methods We used transcriptomic data to identify temporal changes in mitochondrial-relevant gene ontology (GO) pathways post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also transduced AECs with SARS-CoV-2 proteins (M, Nsp7 or Nsp9) and determined effects on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) activity, relative membrane potential, apoptosis, mitochondrial fission, and oxygen consumption rates (OCR). In human PASMC, we assessed the effects of SARS-CoV-2 proteins on hypoxic increases in cytosolic calcium, an HPV proxy. In MHV-1 pneumonia, we assessed HPV via cardiac catheterization and apoptosis using the TUNEL assay. Results SARS-CoV-2 regulated mitochondrial apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and electron transport chain (ETC) GO pathways within 2 hours of infection. SARS-CoV-2 downregulated ETC Complex I and ATP synthase genes, and upregulated apoptosis-inducing genes. SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 upregulated and activated dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and increased mitochondrial fission. SARS-CoV-2 and transduced SARS-CoV-2 proteins increased apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) expression and activated caspase 7, resulting in apoptosis. Coronaviruses also reduced OCR, decreased ETC Complex I activity and lowered ATP levels in AEC. M protein transduction also increased mPTP opening. In human PASMC, M and Nsp9 proteins inhibited HPV. In MHV-1 pneumonia, infected AEC displayed apoptosis and HPV was suppressed. BAY K8644, a calcium channel agonist, increased HPV and improved SpO2. Conclusions Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, cause AEC apoptosis, mitochondrial fission, and bioenergetic impairment. SARS-CoV-2 also suppresses HPV by targeting mitochondria. This mitochondriopathy is replicated by transduction with SARS-CoV-2 proteins, indicating a mechanistic role for viral-host mitochondrial protein interactions. Mitochondriopathy is a conserved feature of coronaviral pneumonia that may exacerbate hypoxemia and constitutes a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Queen’s Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Corresponding author. Head Department of Medicine, Queen's University Etherington Hall, Room 3041 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Asish Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kuang-Hueih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Danchen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kaushal Baid
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John E. Mamatis
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Austin Read
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ashley Y. Martin
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kimberly J. Dunham-Snary
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gerald A. Evans
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Levy
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oliver Jones
- Queen’s Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ruaa Al-Qazazi
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brooke Ring
- Queen’s Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Elahe Alizadeh
- Queen’s Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jenna Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia DA. Lima
- Queen’s Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU), Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Biology, University of Waterloo; Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Che C. Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Suraweera CD, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M. Structural Insight into KsBcl-2 Mediated Apoptosis Inhibition by Kaposi Sarcoma Associated Herpes Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040738. [PMID: 35458468 PMCID: PMC9027176 DOI: 10.3390/v14040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous large DNA viruses have evolved sophisticated countermeasures to hijack the premature programmed cell death of host cells post-infection, including the expression of proteins homologous in sequence, structure, or function to cellular Bcl-2 proteins. Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), a member of the gammaherpesvirinae, has been shown to encode for KsBcl-2, a potent inhibitor of Bcl-2 mediated apoptosis. KsBcl-2 acts by directly engaging host pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins including Bak, Bax and Bok, the BH3-only proteins; Bim, Bid, Bik, Hrk, Noxa and Puma. Here we determined the crystal structures of KsBcl-2 bound to the BH3 motif of pro-apoptotic proteins Bid and Puma. The structures reveal that KsBcl-2 engages pro-apoptotic BH3 motif peptides using the canonical ligand binding groove. Thus, the presence of the readily identifiable conserved BH1 motif sequence “NWGR” of KsBcl-2, as well as highly conserved Arg residue (R86) forms an ionic interaction with the conserved Asp in the BH3 motif in a manner that mimics the canonical ionic interaction seen in host Bcl-2:BH3 motif complexes. These findings provide a structural basis for KSHV mediated inhibition of host cell apoptosis and reveal the flexibility of virus encoded Bcl-2 proteins to mimic key interactions from endogenous host signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura D. Suraweera
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark G. Hinds
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.G.H.); (M.K.)
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The Role of Mitophagy in Viral Infection. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040711. [PMID: 35203359 PMCID: PMC8870278 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, which is able to selectively clear excess or damaged mitochondria, plays a vital role in the quality control of mitochondria and the maintenance of normal mitochondrial functions in eukaryotic cells. Mitophagy is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including apoptosis, innate immunity, inflammation, cell differentiation, signal transduction, and metabolism. Viral infections cause physical dysfunction and thus pose a significant threat to public health. An accumulating body of evidence reveals that some viruses hijack mitophagy to enable immune escape and self-replication. In this review, we systematically summarize the pathway of mitophagy initiation and discuss the functions and mechanisms of mitophagy in infection with classical swine fever virus and other specific viruses, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of related diseases.
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11
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Sadri Nahand J, Salmaninejad A, Mollazadeh S, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Rezaee M, Sheida AH, Sadoughi F, Dana PM, Rafiyan M, Zamani M, Taghavi SP, Dashti F, Mirazimi SMA, Bannazadeh Baghi H, Moghoofei M, Karimzadeh M, Vosough M, Mirzaei H. Virus, Exosome, and MicroRNA: New Insights into Autophagy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1401:97-162. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Viral manipulation of host cell necroptosis and pyroptosis. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:593-605. [PMID: 34933805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell death forms an essential component of the antiviral immune response. Viral infection elicits different forms of host cell death, including the lytic and inflammatory cell death modes necroptosis or pyroptosis. The induction of both types of cell death not only eliminates virus-infected cells but also contributes to the development of innate and adaptive immunity through the release of inflammatory mediators. The importance of necroptosis and pyroptosis in host defence is evident from the numerous viral evasion mechanisms that suppress these cell death pathways. Here, we review the emerging principles by which viruses antagonise host cell necroptosis and pyroptosis to promote their spread and block host immunity.
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13
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Jan MW, Su HL, Chang TH, Tsai KJ. Characterization of Pathogenesis and Inflammatory Responses to Experimental Parechovirus Encephalitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753683. [PMID: 34899705 PMCID: PMC8654935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus type 3 (PeV-A3) infection has been recognized as an emerging etiologic factor causing severe nerve disease or sepsis in infants and young children. But the neuropathogenic mechanisms of PeV-A3 remain unknown. To understand the pathogenesis of PeV-A3 infection in the neuronal system, PeV-A3-mediated cytopathic effects were analyzed in human glioblastoma cells and neuroblastoma cells. PeV-A3 induced interferons and inflammatory cytokine expression in these neuronal cells. The pronounced cytopathic effects accompanied with activation of death signaling pathways of apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis were detected. A new experimental disease model of parechovirus encephalitis was established. In the disease model, intracranial inoculation with PeV-A3 in C57BL/6 neonatal mice showed body weight loss, hindlimb paralysis, and approximately 20% mortality. PeV-A3 infection in the hippocampus and cortex regions of the neonatal mouse brain was revealed. Mechanistic assay supported the in vitro results, indicating detection of PeV-A3 replication, inflammatory cytokine expression, and death signaling transduction in mouse brain tissues. These in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the activation of death signaling and inflammation responses is involved in PeV-A3-mediated neurological disorders. The present results might account for some of the PeV-A3-associated clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Jan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, Agriculture Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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14
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Balachandran S, Mocarski ES. Viral Z-RNA triggers ZBP1-dependent cell death. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:134-140. [PMID: 34688984 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Z-DNA Binding protein 1 (ZBP1) activates Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase 3 (RIPK3) -dependent cell death during lytic infection by members of the orthomyxovirus, herpesvirus and poxvirus families. ZBP1 possesses two Zα domains capable of selective binding to Z-DNA, as well as to Z-RNA. We have now unveiled Z-RNA as the ligand that activates ZBP1 in cells infected with orthomyxoviruses (influenza A and B viruses) and the poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV). Orthomyxovirus Z-RNA is sensed by ZBP1 in the nucleus of infected cells, resulting in nuclear activation of RIPK3, consequent rupture of the nucleus, and hyper-inflammatory 'nuclear necroptosis'. VACV-generated Z-RNA accumulates in the cytoplasm, where it is sequestered from ZBP1 by E3, the viral E3L gene product. In viruses where the E3 Zα domain has been mutated, ZBP1 senses Z-RNA and triggers RIPK3-dependent necroptosis in the cytoplasm. Z-RNA is thus a new viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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15
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Guo Z, Zhuo Y, Li K, Niu S, Dai H. Recent advances in cell homeostasis by African swine fever virus-host interactions. Res Vet Sci 2021; 141:4-13. [PMID: 34634684 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute hemorrhagic disease caused by the infection of domestic swine and wild boar by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), with a mortality rate close to 90-100%. ASFV has been spreading in the world and poses a severe economic threat to the swine industry. There is no high effective vaccine commercially available or drug for this disease. However, attenuated ASFV isolates may infect pigs by chronic infection, and the infected pigs will not be lethal, which may indicate that pigs can produce protective immunity to resistant ASFV. Immunity acquisition and virus clearances are the central pillars to maintain the host normal cell activities and animal survival dependent on virus-host interactions, which has offered insights into the biology of ASFV. This review is organized around general themes including native immunity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell apoptosis, ubiquitination, autophagy regarding the intricate relationship between ASFV protein-host. Elucidating the multifunctional role of ASFV proteins in virus-host interactions can provide more new insights on the initial virus sensing, clearance, and cell homeostasis, and contribute to understanding viral pathogenesis and developing novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yisha Zhuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Keke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sai Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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16
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Cellular Organelles Involved in Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091206. [PMID: 34578238 PMCID: PMC8469867 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, infects approximately 20 million individuals annually. HEV can infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, and cause frequent zoonotic spillover, increasingly raising public health concerns. To establish a successful infection, HEV needs to usurp host machineries to accomplish its life cycle from initial attachment to egress. However, relatively little is known about the HEV life cycle, especially the functional role(s) of cellular organelles and their associated proteins at different stages of HEV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the relation of HEV with the different cell organelles during HEV infection. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which HEV infection is precisely regulated in infected cells and the modification of host cell organelles and their associated proteins upon HEV infection.
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17
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Structural Investigation of Orf Virus Bcl-2 Homolog ORFV125 Interactions with BH3-Motifs from BH3-Only Proteins Puma and Hrk. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071374. [PMID: 34372579 PMCID: PMC8310162 DOI: 10.3390/v13071374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses have evolved sophisticated countermeasures to hijack the early programmed cell death of host cells in response to infection, including the use of proteins homologous in sequence or structure to Bcl-2. Orf virus, a member of the parapoxviridae, encodes for the Bcl-2 homolog ORFV125, a potent inhibitor of Bcl-2-mediated apoptosis in the host. ORFV125 acts by directly engaging host proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins including Bak and Bax as well as the BH3-only proteins Hrk and Puma. Here, we determined the crystal structures of ORFV125 bound to the BH3 motif of proapoptotic proteins Puma and Hrk. The structures reveal that ORFV125 engages proapoptotic BH3 motif peptides using the canonical ligand binding groove. An Arg located in the structurally equivalent BH1 region of ORFV125 forms an ionic interaction with the conserved Asp in the BH3 motif in a manner that mimics the canonical ionic interaction seen in host Bcl-2:BH3 motif complexes. These findings provide a structural basis for Orf virus-mediated inhibition of host cell apoptosis and reveal the flexibility of virus encoded Bcl-2 proteins to mimic key interactions from endogenous host signalling pathways.
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18
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Viral Infection Modulates Mitochondrial Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084260. [PMID: 33923929 PMCID: PMC8073244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles involved in metabolism and programmed cell death in eukaryotic cells. In addition, mitochondria are also closely related to the innate immunity of host cells against viruses. The abnormality of mitochondrial morphology and function might lead to a variety of diseases. A large number of studies have found that a variety of viral infections could change mitochondrial dynamics, mediate mitochondria-induced cell death, and alter the mitochondrial metabolic status and cellular innate immune response to maintain intracellular survival. Meanwhile, mitochondria can also play an antiviral role during viral infection, thereby protecting the host. Therefore, mitochondria play an important role in the interaction between the host and the virus. Herein, we summarize how viral infections affect microbial pathogenesis by altering mitochondrial morphology and function and how viruses escape the host immune response.
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19
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Crystal structures of ORFV125 provide insight into orf virus-mediated inhibition of apoptosis. Biochem J 2021; 477:4527-4541. [PMID: 33175095 PMCID: PMC7719400 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Premature apoptosis of cells is a strategy utilized by multicellular organisms to counter microbial threats. Orf virus (ORFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the poxviridae. ORFV encodes for an apoptosis inhibitory protein ORFV125 homologous to B-cell lymphoma 2 or Bcl-2 family proteins, which has been shown to inhibit host cell encoded pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. However, the structural basis of apoptosis inhibition by ORFV125 remains to be clarified. We show that ORFV125 is able to bind to a range of peptides spanning the BH3 motif of human pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins including Bax, Bak, Puma and Hrk with modest to weak affinity. We then determined the crystal structures of ORFV125 alone as well as bound to the highest affinity ligand Bax BH3 motif. ORFV125 adopts a globular Bcl-2 fold comprising 7 α-helices, and utilizes the canonical Bcl-2 binding groove to engage pro-apoptotic host cell Bcl-2 proteins. In contrast with a previously predicted structure, ORFV125 adopts a domain-swapped dimeric topology, where the α1 helix from one protomer is swapped into a neighbouring unit. Furthermore, ORFV125 differs from the conserved architecture of the Bcl-2 binding groove and instead of α3 helix forming one of the binding groove walls, ORFV125 utilizes an extended α2 helix that comprises the equivalent region of helix α3. This results in a subtle variation of previously observed dimeric Bcl-2 architectures in other poxvirus and human encoded Bcl-2 proteins. Overall, our results provide a structural and mechanistic basis for orf virus-mediated inhibition of host cell apoptosis.
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20
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Sun M, Yan K, Wang C, Xing J, Duan Z, Jin Y, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Intrinsic apoptosis and cytokine induction regulated in human tonsillar epithelial cells infected with enterovirus A71. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245529. [PMID: 33481814 PMCID: PMC7822318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has emerged as a clinically important neurotropic virus following poliovirus eradication. Recent studies have shown that human tonsillar epithelial cell lines (UT-SCC-60A and UT-SCC-60B) were susceptible to EV-A71, suggesting that human tonsillar crypt epithelium could be important in EV-A71 pathogenesis. However, the mechanism about how EV-A71 infects the upper oro-digestive tract remains largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the human tonsillar epithelial cells infected with EV-A71 underwent apoptotic, in which cytochrome c was released from the mitochondria to the cytosol and caspase-9 was activated, while caspase-2 and -8 were not cleaved or activated during the infection. A selective inhibitor of caspase-9, Z-LEHD-FMK, inhibited the cleavage of the executioner caspase-3 and -7, indicating that only mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway was activated in EV-A71-infected tonsillar epithelial cells. No evidence of pyroptosis or necroptosis was involved in the cell death. EV-A71 infection induced interferon, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IFN-β, IL-6, CCL5, and TNF-α in tonsillar epithelial cells, which may play a critical role in EV-A71-caused herpangina. Our data indicated that the induction of the cytokines was partially regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway. The findings unveiled the host response to EV-A71 and its regulation mechanism, and will further our understanding the significance about the tonsillar crypt epithelium as the initial and primary portal in viral pathogenesis for EV-A71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghuai Sun
- Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunlong Yan
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiao Xing
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (ZX)
| | - Carol J. Cardona
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zheng Xing
- Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YJ); (ZX)
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21
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García-Murria MJ, Duart G, Grau B, Diaz-Beneitez E, Rodríguez D, Mingarro I, Martínez-Gil L. Viral Bcl2s' transmembrane domain interact with host Bcl2 proteins to control cellular apoptosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6056. [PMID: 33247105 PMCID: PMC7695858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral control of programmed cell death relies in part on the expression of viral analogs of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) protein known as viral Bcl2s (vBcl2s). vBcl2s control apoptosis by interacting with host pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl2 family. Here, we show that the carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic region of herpesviral and poxviral vBcl2s can operate as transmembrane domains (TMDs) and participate in their homo-oligomerization. Additionally, we show that the viral TMDs mediate interactions with cellular pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 TMDs within the membrane. Furthermore, these intra-membrane interactions among viral and cellular proteins are necessary to control cell death upon an apoptotic stimulus. Therefore, their inhibition represents a new potential therapy against viral infections, which are characterized by short- and long-term deregulation of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesús García-Murria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Gerard Duart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Brayan Grau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Elisabet Diaz-Beneitez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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22
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Ren Z, Zhang X, Ding T, Zhong Z, Hu H, Xu Z, Deng J. Mitochondrial Dynamics Imbalance: A Strategy for Promoting Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1992. [PMID: 32973718 PMCID: PMC7472841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that maintain the dynamic balance of split-fusion via kinetic proteins. This maintains the stability of their morphological functions. This dynamic balance is highly susceptible to various stress environments, including viral infection. After viral infection, the dynamic balance of the host cell mitochondria is disturbed, affecting the processes of energy generation, metabolism, and innate immunity. This creates an intracellular environment that is conducive to viral proliferation and begins the process of its own infection and causes further damage to the body. Herein, we discuss the mechanism of the virus-induced mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and its subsequent effects on the body, which will help to improve our understanding of the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and viral infection and its importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Hu
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Li Y, Wu Q, Jin Y, Yang Q. Antiviral activity of interleukin-11 as a response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:111. [PMID: 31864417 PMCID: PMC6925494 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a well-known anti-inflammatory factor, provides protection from intestinal epithelium damage caused by physical or chemical factors. However, little is known of the role of IL-11 during viral infections. In this study, IL-11 expression at mRNA and protein levels were found to be high in Vero cells and the jejunum of piglets during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection, while IL-11 expression was found to be positively correlated with the level of viral infection. Pretreatment with recombinant porcine IL-11 (pIL-11) was found to suppress PEDV replication in Vero E6 cells, while IL-11 knockdown promoted viral infection. Furthermore, pIL-11 was found to inhibit viral infection by preventing PEDV-mediated apoptosis of cells by activating the IL-11/STAT3 signaling pathway. Conversely, application of a STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor significantly antagonized the anti-apoptosis function of pIL-11 and counteracted its inhibition of PEDV. Our data suggest that IL-11 is a newfound PEDV-inducible cytokine, and its production enhances the anti-apoptosis ability of epithelial cells against PEDV infection. The potential of IL-11 to be used as a novel therapeutic against devastating viral diarrhea in piglets deserves more attention and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Legrand AJ, Konstantinou M, Goode EF, Meier P. The Diversification of Cell Death and Immunity: Memento Mori. Mol Cell 2019; 76:232-242. [PMID: 31586546 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Why do cells have so many ways to die? Why does "cellular suicide" exist at all? In the war against pathogens and rogue cells, organisms developed cellular suicide as a last resort. Fighting an evolutionary arms race, cell death pathways have adapted and multiplied to cover the complexity of the foes the immune system faces. In this review, we discuss the different types of cell death, the underlying signaling events, and their unequal ability to trigger an immune response. We also comment on how to use our knowledge of cell death signaling to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment. We argue that cell death is integral to the immune response and acts as a beacon, a second messenger, that guides both immune system and tissue micro-environment to ensure tissue repair and homeostasis. Memento mori-"remember you must die"-as failure to do so opens the way to chronic infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud J Legrand
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Maria Konstantinou
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Emily F Goode
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Pascal Meier
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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25
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNA miR-H28 Exported to Uninfected Cells in Exosomes Restricts Cell-to-Cell Virus Spread by Inducing Gamma Interferon mRNA. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01005-19. [PMID: 31413129 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01005-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An earlier report showed that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) expresses two microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-H28 and miR-H29, late in the infectious cycle. The miRNAs are packed in exosomes and, in recipient cells, restrict the transmission of virus from infected cells to uninfected cells. We now report that (i) miR-H28 induced the synthesis of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in both infected cells and cells transfected with miR-H28, (ii) IFN-γ accumulated concurrently with viral proteins in infected cells, (iii) IFN-γ was produced in HEp-2 cells derived from cancer tissue and in HEK293T cells derived from normal tissue, and (iv) HSV-1 replication was affected by exposure to IFN-γ before infection but not during or after infection. The results presented in this report support the growing body of evidence indicating that HSV-1 encodes functions designed to reduce the spread of infection from infected cells to uninfected cells, possibly in order to maximize the transmission of virus from infected individuals to uninfected individuals.IMPORTANCE In this report, we show that IFN-γ is produced by HSV-1 viral miR-H28 and viral replication is blocked in cells exposed to IFN-γ before infection but not during or after infection. The inevitable conclusion is that HSV-1 induces IFN-γ to curtail its spread from infected cells to uninfected cells. In essence, this report supports the hypothesis that HSV-1 encodes functions that restrict the transmission of virus from cell to cell.
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26
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Zhai N, Liu K, Li H, Liu Z, Wang H, Korolchuk VI, Carroll B, Pan C, Gan F, Huang K, Chen X. PCV2 replication promoted by oxidative stress is dependent on the regulation of autophagy on apoptosis. Vet Res 2019; 50:19. [PMID: 30836990 PMCID: PMC6399867 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen but some extra trigger factors are required for the development of PCV2-associated diseases. By evaluating cap protein expression, viral DNA copies and the number of infected cells, the present study further confirmed that oxidative stress can promote PCV2 replication. The results showed that oxidative stress induced autophagy in PCV2-infected PK15 cells. Blocking autophagy with inhibitor 3-methyladenine or ATG5-specific siRNA significantly inhibited oxidative stress-promoted PCV2 replication. Importantly, autophagy inhibition significantly increased apoptosis in oxidative stress-treated PK15 cells. Suppression of apoptosis by benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethylketone in conditions of autophagy inhibition restored PCV2 replication. Taken together, autophagy protected host cells against potential apoptosis and then contributed to PCV2 replication promotion caused by oxidative stress. Our findings can partly explain the pathogenic mechanism of PCV2 related to the oxidative stress-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhui Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Bernadette Carroll
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.,School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Cuiling Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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27
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Martin LB, Addison B, Bean AGD, Buchanan KL, Crino OL, Eastwood JR, Flies AS, Hamede R, Hill GE, Klaassen M, Koch RE, Martens JM, Napolitano C, Narayan EJ, Peacock L, Peel AJ, Peters A, Raven N, Risely A, Roast MJ, Rollins LA, Ruiz-Aravena M, Selechnik D, Stokes HS, Ujvari B, Grogan LF. Extreme Competence: Keystone Hosts of Infections. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:303-314. [PMID: 30704782 PMCID: PMC7114649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individual hosts differ extensively in their competence for parasites, but traditional research has discounted this variation, partly because modeling such heterogeneity is difficult. This discounting has diminished as tools have improved and recognition has grown that some hosts, the extremely competent, can have exceptional impacts on disease dynamics. Most prominent among these hosts are the superspreaders, but other forms of extreme competence (EC) exist and others await discovery; each with potentially strong but distinct implications for disease emergence and spread. Here, we propose a framework for the study and discovery of EC, suitable for different host-parasite systems, which we hope enhances our understanding of how parasites circulate and evolve in host communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Martin
- Global and Planetary Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA.
| | - BriAnne Addison
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity at the Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Katherine L Buchanan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Ondi L Crino
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Justin R Eastwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew S Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7008, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Koch
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Johanne M Martens
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | - Edward J Narayan
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Lee Peacock
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alison J Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Anne Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nynke Raven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alice Risely
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Michael J Roast
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lee A Rollins
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Dan Selechnik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Helena S Stokes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Beata Ujvari
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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28
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Wang Q, Liu M, Chen Y, Xu L, Wu B, Wu Y, Huang Y, Huang WR, Liu HJ. Muscovy duck reovirus p10.8 protein induces ER stress and apoptosis through the Bip/IRE1/XBP1 pathway. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:234-245. [PMID: 30593373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the mechanisms underlying Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV) p10.8 protein-induced ER stress and apoptosis in DF-1 cells and Muscovy duckling hepatic tissues were explored. On the fifth day post-infection, an increase in the mRNA levels of binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip) and X-box binding protein (XBP1), activation of XBP1/s, and an increase in percentage of apoptotic cells were observed in Muscovy duckling livers. The use of ER stress inducer Tunicamycin and ER stress inhibitor Tauroursodeoxycholic acid demonstrated that MDRV induces apoptosis via ER stress, leading to apoptosis. The use of Tunicamycin increased viral protein synthesis while Tauroursodeoxycholic acid reduced viral protein synthesis, suggesting that MDRV induces ER stress benefiting virus replication. The MDRV p10.8 is the major protein to induce ER stress and apoptosis. We found that p10.8 promotes the conversion of XBP1/u to XBP1/s and expands ER diameter, and increases the percentages of apoptotic cells in DF-1 and duckling liver tissues. To investigate the mechanism underlying the MDRV p10.8-induced ER stress and apoptosis, Western blot, siRNA, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed. We found that the MDRV p10.8 protein up-regulates Bip, p-IRE1, XBP1s, and cleaved-caspase 3. Co-IP results reveal that the MDRV p10.8 protein disassociates the Bip/IRE1 complex. Inhibition of IRE1 by 4-methyl umbelliferone 8-carbaldehyde (4u8c) dramatically reversed the MDRV p10.8-modulated increase in levels of XBP1s and cleaved-caspase 3. Knockdown of XBP1 by siRNA reversed the increased level of p10.8-modulated cleaved-caspase 3. The present study provides mechanistic insights into the MDRV p10.8 protein induces ER stress, resulting in apoptosis via the Bip/IRE1/XBP1 pathway in DF-1 cells and duckling livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China.
| | - Mengxi Liu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Lihui Xu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Baocheng Wu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Yijan Wu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Wei-Ru Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Ph.D Program in translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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29
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30
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Abstract
Viral infection causes many physiological alterations in the host cell, and many of these alterations can affect the host mitochondrial network, including mitophagy induction. A substantial amount of literature has been generated that advances our understanding of the relationship between mitophagy and several viruses. Some viruses trigger mitophagy directly, and indirectly and control the mitophagic process via different strategies. This enables viruses to promote persistent infection and attenuate the innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the events of virus-regulated mitophagy and the functional relevance of mitophagy in the pathogenesis of viral infection and disease. Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy related; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CL: cardiolipin; CSFV: classical swine fever virus; CVB: coxsackievirus B; DENV: dengue virus; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; FIS1: fission, mitochondrial 1; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; HPIV3: human parainfluenza virus 3; HSV-1: herpes simplex virus type 1; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; IAV: influenza A virus; IFN: interferon; IKBKE/IKKε: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit epsilon; LUBAC: linear ubiquitin assembly complex; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MeV: measles virus; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MFF: mitochondria fission factor; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NDV: Newcastle disease virus; NR4A1: nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPA1: OPA1, mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; PRRs: pattern-recognition receptors; RLRs: RIG-I-like receptors; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RIPK2: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2; SESN2: sestrin 2; SNAP29: synaptosome associated protein 29; STX17: syntaxin 17; TGEV: transmissible gastroenteritis virus; TUFM: Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial; TRAF2: TNF receptor associated factor 2; TRIM6: tripartite motif containing 6; Ub: ubiquitin; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VZV: varicella-zoster virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linliang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Yali Qin
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
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31
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Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), there is currently no HIV cure and treatment is life long. HIV persists during ART due to long-lived and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. One strategy to eliminate latency is to activate virus production using latency reversing agents (LRAs) with the goal of triggering cell death through virus-induced cytolysis or immune-mediated clearance. However, multiple studies have demonstrated that activation of viral transcription alone is insufficient to induce cell death and some LRAs may counteract cell death by promoting cell survival. Here, we review new approaches to induce death of latently infected cells through apoptosis and inhibition of pathways critical for cell survival, which are often hijacked by HIV proteins. Given advances in the commercial development of compounds that induce apoptosis in cancer chemotherapy, these agents could move rapidly into clinical trials, either alone or in combination with LRAs, to eliminate latent HIV infection.
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32
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Li W, Chen H, Deng H, Kuang Z, Long M, Chen D, Liao X, Li M, Rock DL, Luo S, Hao W. Orf Virus Encoded Protein ORFV119 Induces Cell Apoptosis Through the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1056. [PMID: 29896166 PMCID: PMC5986898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a significant form of cell death, has a leading role in the host cell defense against virus infection. Viruses have evolved a series of strategies that block apoptosis during the early stage of viral infection to enhance viral replication, and induce apoptosis in the late stages to facilitate viral particle release from the cells. Here we show that orf virus (ORFV), the causative agent of orf, encodes an apoptosis-inducing protein ORFV119. ORFV119 targets the mitochondria in host cells, inhibits cell proliferation, and induces cell apoptosis. Protein array data indicated that ORFV119 could induce apoptosis via up-regulation of Smac, Bak, and Bax and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and cIAP-2. Activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and consequent PARP cleavage, ultimately lead to apoptosis. ORFV119 could also directly activate caspase-8 and induce Bid, involved in the extrinsic pathway, to achieve cell death. Furthermore, sequence analysis and experiments with mutants of ORFV119 introduced revealed that ORFV119 contains a key N-terminal domain that is necessary and sufficient to direct the protein to the mitochondria. Together, we report, for the first time, the identification of the novel apoptosis-inducing protein ORFV119 encoded by a parapoxvirus. This provides an important reference for the study of pathogenesis, identification of immunomodulation mechanisms of ORFV, and may lead to new strategies for orf disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhan Kuang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjian Long
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daxiang Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daniel L Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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33
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Sengupta S, Siliciano RF. Targeting the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1. Immunity 2018; 48:872-895. [PMID: 29768175 PMCID: PMC6196732 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can effectively block HIV-1 replication and prevent or reverse immunodeficiency in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, viral replication resumes within weeks of treatment interruption. The major barrier to a cure is a small pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells that harbor latent HIV-1 proviruses. This latent reservoir is now the focus of an intense international research effort. We describe how the reservoir is established, challenges involved in eliminating it, and pharmacologic and immunologic strategies for targeting this reservoir. The development of a successful cure strategy will most likely require understanding the mechanisms that maintain HIV-1 proviruses in a latent state and pathways that drive the proliferation of infected cells, which slows reservoir decay. In addition, a cure will require the development of effective immunologic approaches to eliminating infected cells. There is renewed optimism about the prospect of a cure, and the interventions discussed here could pave the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srona Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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34
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Li M, Li J, Zeng R, Yang J, Liu J, Zhang Z, Song X, Yao Z, Ma C, Li W, Wang K, Wei L. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication Is Promoted by Autophagy-Mediated Inhibition of Apoptosis. J Virol 2018; 92:e02193-17. [PMID: 29386287 PMCID: PMC5874425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02193-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in children worldwide. Virus-host interactions affect the progression and prognosis of the infection. Autophagy plays important roles in virus-host interactions. Respiratory epithelial cells serve as the front line of host defense during RSV infection, However, it is still unclear how they interact with RSV. In this study, we found that RSV induced autophagy that favored RSV replication and exacerbated lung pathology in vivo Mechanistically, RSV induced complete autophagy flux through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK-MTOR) signaling pathway in HEp-2 cells. Furthermore, we evaluated the functions of autophagy in RSV replication and found that RSV replication was increased in HEp-2 cells treated with rapamycin but decreased remarkably in cells treated with 3-methylademine (3-MA) or wortmannin. Knockdown key molecules in the autophagy pathway with short hairpinp RNA (shRNA) against autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7), or BECN1/Beclin 1 or treatment with ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and AMPK inhibitor (compound C) suppressed RSV replication. 3-MA or shATG5/BECN1 significantly decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis at 48 hours postinfection (hpi). Blocking apoptosis with Z-VAD-FMK partially restored virus replication at 48 hpi. Those results provide strong evidence that autophagy may function as a proviral mechanism in a cell-intrinsic manner during RSV infection.IMPORTANCE An understanding of the mechanisms that respiratory syncytial virus utilizes to interact with respiratory epithelial cells is critical to the development of novel antiviral strategies. In this study, we found that RSV induces autophagy through a ROS-AMPK signaling axis, which in turn promotes viral infection. Autophagy favors RSV replication through blocking cell apoptosis at 48 hpi. Mechanistically, RSV induces mitophagy, which maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and therefore decreases cytochrome c release and apoptosis induction. This study provides a novel insight into this virus-host interaction, which may help to exploit new antiviral treatments targeting autophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ruihong Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianling Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Internal Medicine & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Shanghai 455 Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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35
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ZHANG F, GAO P, GE XN, ZHOU L, GUO X, YANG HC. Critical role of cytochrome c1 and its cleavage in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 4-induced cell apoptosis via interaction with nsp4. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE : JIA 2017; 16:2573-2585. [PMID: 32288954 PMCID: PMC7129397 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) actively induces cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, which can contribute critically to viral pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown that the PRRSV nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4) is an important mediator of this process, but the underlying molecular details remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that the PRRSV nsp4 interacted with the mitochondrial inner membrane protein cytochrome c1 (cyto.c1) and induced its proteolytic cleavage. Interestingly, the cleaved N-terminal fragment of cyto.c1 was found to exert apoptotic activity, which could cause mitochondrial fragmentation, resulting in apoptotic cell death. And RNA interference (RNAi) silencing experiments further confirmed the crucial role which cyto.c1 played in nsp4- and PRRSV-induced cell apoptosis. Thus, our data provide an important piece of mechanistic clues for PRRSV-induced cell apoptosis and also elucidate a novel mechanism for the 3C-like proteases in this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Han-chun YANG
- Correspondence YANG Han-chun, Tel/Fax: +86-10-62731296
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36
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Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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37
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Díaz-Carballo D, Klein J, Acikelli AH, Wilk C, Saka S, Jastrow H, Wennemuth G, Dammann P, Giger-Pabst U, Khosrawipour V, Rassow J, Nienen M, Strumberg D. Cytotoxic stress induces transfer of mitochondria-associated human endogenous retroviral RNA and proteins between cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95945-95964. [PMID: 29221178 PMCID: PMC5707072 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
About 8 % of the human genome consists of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which are relicts of ancient exogenous retroviral infections incurred during evolution. Although the majority of HERVs have functional gene defects or epigenetic modifications, many of them are still able to produce retroviral proteins that have been proposed to be involved in cellular transformation and cancer development. We found that, in chemo-resistant U87RETO glioblastoma cells, cytotoxic stress induced by etoposide promotes accumulation and large-scale fission of mitochondria, associated with the detection of HERV-WE1 (syncytin-1) and HERV-FRD1 (syncytin-2) in these organelles. In addition, mitochondrial preparations also contained the corresponding receptors, i.e. ASCT2 and MFSD2. We clearly demonstrated that mitochondria associated with HERV-proteins were shuttled between adjacent cancer cells not only via tunneling tubes, but also by direct cellular uptake across the cell membrane. Furthermore, anti-syncytin-1 and anti-syncytin-2 antibodies were able to specifically block this direct cellular uptake of mitochondria even more than antibodies targeting the cognate receptors. Here, we suggest that the association of mitochondria with syncytin-1/syncytin-2 together with their respective receptors could represent a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell transfer. In chemotherapy-refractory cancer cells, this might open up attractive avenues to novel mitochondria-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz-Carballo
- Institute for Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Klein
- Institute for Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ali H Acikelli
- Institute for Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Camilla Wilk
- Institute for Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sahitya Saka
- Institute for Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger Jastrow
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gunther Wennemuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Phillip Dammann
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Urs Giger-Pabst
- Department of Surgery, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Veria Khosrawipour
- Department of Surgery, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rassow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mikalai Nienen
- Department of Nephrology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Strumberg
- Institute for Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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38
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The Bcl-2 Family in Host-Virus Interactions. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100290. [PMID: 28984827 PMCID: PMC5691641 DOI: 10.3390/v9100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family are pivotal arbiters of mitochondrially mediated apoptosis, a process of fundamental importance during tissue development, homeostasis, and disease. At the structural and mechanistic level, the mammalian members of the Bcl-2 family are increasingly well understood, with their interplay ultimately deciding the fate of a cell. Dysregulation of Bcl-2-mediated apoptosis underlies a plethora of diseases, and numerous viruses have acquired homologs of Bcl-2 to subvert host cell apoptosis and autophagy to prevent premature death of an infected cell. Here we review the structural biology, interactions, and mechanisms of action of virus-encoded Bcl-2 proteins, and how they impact on host-virus interactions to ultimately enable successful establishment and propagation of viral infections.
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39
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Bian Q, Lu J, Zhang L, Chi Y, Li Y, Guo H. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 non-structural protein 1 is associated with apoptotic activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4041-4046. [PMID: 29067097 PMCID: PMC5647739 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection have significant health and economic consequences. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is an essential virulence factor of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus and of the apoptosis associated with the pathogenesis of H5N1. Previous studies have revealed that the NS1 protein is able to induce apoptosis via an extrinsic pathway. However, it remains unclear whether the intrinsic pathway is also associated with this apoptosis. The present study used a clone of the NS1 gene from avian influenza A/Jiangsu/1/2007 and observed the localization of the NS1 protein and cytochrome c release from mitochondria and the change of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in lung cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was detected using an MTT assay and the number of apoptotic cells was counted using a flow cytometer. Following the isolation of mitochondria, western blotting was performed to compare cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in cells before and after apoptosis. The change of MMP was detected using JC-1 staining. Furthermore, the results reveal that the majority of the NS1 protein was localized in the cell nucleus, and that it may induce apoptosis of human lung epithelial cells. The apoptosis occurred with marked cytochrome c release from mitochondria and a change of the MMP. This indicated that the NS1 protein may be associated with apoptosis induced by an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bian
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chi
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiong Guo
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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40
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Rieusset J. Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs): An emerging platform connecting energy and immune sensing to metabolic flexibility. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28647358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms have the capacity to sense both nutrients and immune signals in order to adapt their metabolism to the needs, and both metabolic inflexibility and exacerbated immune responses are associated with metabolic diseases. Over the past decade, mitochondria emerged as key nutrient and immune sensors regulating numerous signalling pathways, and mitochondria dysfunction has been extensively implicated in metabolic diseases. Interestingly, mitochondria interact physically and functionally with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER, in contact sites named mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), in order to exchange metabolites and calcium and regulate cellular homeostasis. Emerging evidences suggest that MAMs provide a platform for hormone and nutrient signalling pathways and for innate immune responses, then regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics and apoptosis. Here, I thus propose the concept that MAMs could be attractive nutrient and immune sensors that regulate mitochondria physiology in order to adapt metabolism and cell fate, and that organelle miscommunication could be involved in the metabolic inflexibility and the pro-inflammatory status associated with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rieusset
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1235, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSA-Lyon, F-69600 Oullins, France.
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41
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Liu DY, Liu J, Liu BY, Liu YY, Xiong HR, Hou W, Yang ZQ. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of wild rats, and the relationship with Seoul virus infection in Hubei, China. Virol Sin 2017; 32:235-244. [PMID: 28669005 PMCID: PMC6598924 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV), which is predominantly carried by Rattus norvegicus, is one of the major causes of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in China. Hubei province, located in the central south of China, has experienced some of the most severe epidemics of HFRS. To investigate the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-based phylogenetics of wild rats in Hubei, and the relationship with SEOV infection, 664 wild rats were captured from five trapping sites in Hubei from 2000-2009 and 2014-2015. Using reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR, 41 (6.17%) rats were found to be positive for SEOV infection. The SEOV-positive percentage in Yichang was significantly lower than that in other areas. The mtDNA D-loop and cytochrome b (cyt-b) genes of 103 rats were sequenced. Among these animals, 37 were SEOV-positive. The reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationship (based on the complete D-loop and cyt-b sequences) allowed the rats to be categorized into two lineages, R. norvegicus and Rattus nitidus, with the former including the majority of the rats. For both the D-loop and cyt-b genes, 18 haplotypes were identified. The geographic distributions of the different haplotypes were significantly different. There were no significant differences in the SEOVpositive percentages between different haplotypes. There were three sub-lineages for the D-loop, and two for cyt-b. The SEOV-positive percentages for each of the sub-lineages did not significantly differ. This indicates that the SEOV-positive percentage is not related to the mtDNA D-loop or cyt-b haplotype or the sub-lineage of rats from Hubei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hai-Rong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhan-Qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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42
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Zhang Z, Wang B, Wu S, Wen Y, Wang X, Song X, Zhang J, Hou L, Chen W. PD169316, a specific p38 inhibitor, shows antiviral activity against Enterovirus71. Virology 2017; 508:150-158. [PMID: 28545002 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease, which threatens the health of infants and young children. The expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by this viral infection aggravate the illness. Here, we describe the anti-EV71 activity of a specific p38 inhibitor that regulates the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. PD169316 was specifically selected from a MAPK compound library due to its significant inhibitory effect on EV71 replication. PD169316 also reduced EV71-induced apoptosis. Animal experiments showed that PD169316 can dampen the replication of EV71, reduce tissue damage and inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby alleviating the severe diseases caused by EV71 in suckling mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Busen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shipo Wu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanbo Wen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
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43
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Hu L, Wu H, Li B, Song D, Yang G, Chen G, Xie B, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Yu D, Hou J, Xiao W, Sun X, Chang G, Zhang Y, Gao L, Dai B, Tao Y, Shi J, Zhu W. Dihydrocelastrol inhibits multiple myeloma cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis through ERK1/2 and IL-6/STAT3 pathways in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:420-427. [PMID: 28338993 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most frequent malignant hematological disease. Dihydrocelastrol (DHCE) is synthesized by hydrogenated celastrol, a treterpene isolated from Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium regelii. In this study, we first reported the anti-tumor activity of DHCE on MM cells. We found that DHCE could inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis through caspase-dependent way in vitro. In addition, DHCE could inactivate the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and downregulate the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in MM. It also retained its activity against MM cell lines in the presence of IL-6. Furthermore, treatment of MM cells with DHCE resulted in an accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Notably, DHCE reduced the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 in MM cell lines. Additionally, its efficacy toward the MM cell lines could be enhanced in combination with the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589), which implied the possibility of the combination treatment of DHCE and LBH589 as a potential therapeutic strategy in MM. In addition, treatment of NCI-H929 tumor-bearing nude mice with DHCE (10 mg/kg/d, i.p., 1-14 days) resulted in 73% inhibition of the tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, the results of our present study indicated that DHCE could inhibit cellular proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in myeloma cells mediated through different mechanisms, possibly through inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 and ERK1/2 pathways. And it may provide a new therapeutic option for MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangning Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongliang Song
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Gege Chen
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bingqian Xie
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wenqin Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Gaomei Chang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bojie Dai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jumei Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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44
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Li J, Yao Y, Chen Y, Xu X, Lin Y, Yang Z, Qiao W, Tan J. Enterovirus 71 3C Promotes Apoptosis through Cleavage of PinX1, a Telomere Binding Protein. J Virol 2017; 91:e02016-16. [PMID: 27847364 PMCID: PMC5215332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02016-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an emerging pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases in infants and young children due to their underdeveloped immunocompetence. EV71 infection can induce cellular apoptosis through a variety of pathways, which promotes EV71 release. The viral protease 3C plays an important role in EV71-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for 3C-triggered apoptosis remains elusive. Here, we found that EV71 3C directly interacted with PinX1, a telomere binding protein. Furthermore, 3C cleaved PinX1 at the site of Q50-G51 pair through its protease activity. Overexpression of PinX1 reduced the level of EV71-induced apoptosis and EV71 release, whereas depletion of PinX1 by small interfering RNA promoted apoptosis induced by etoposide and increased EV71 release. Taken together, our study uncovered a mechanism that EV71 utilizes to promote host cell apoptosis through cleavage of cellular protein PinX1 by 3C. IMPORTANCE EV71 3C plays an important role in processing viral proteins and interacting with host cells. In this study, we showed that 3C promoted apoptosis through cleaving PinX1, a telomere binding protein, and that this cleavage facilitated EV71 release. Our study demonstrated that PinX1 plays an important role in EV71 release and revealed a novel mechanism that EV71 utilizes to induce apoptosis. This finding is important in understanding EV71-host cell interactions and has potential impact on understanding other enterovirus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunfang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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45
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Enterovirus 71 2B Induces Cell Apoptosis by Directly Inducing the Conformational Activation of the Proapoptotic Protein Bax. J Virol 2016; 90:9862-9877. [PMID: 27558414 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01499-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive and replicate within a host, many viruses have evolved strategies that target crucial components within the apoptotic cascade, leading to either inhibition or induction of cell apoptosis. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections have been demonstrated to impact the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and induce apoptosis in many cell lines. However, the detailed mechanism of EV71-induced apoptosis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we report that EV71 2B protein (2B) localized to the mitochondria and induced cell apoptosis by interacting directly with and activating the proapoptotic protein Bax. 2B recruited Bax to the mitochondria and induced Bax conformational activation. In addition, mitochondria isolated from 2B-expressing cells that were treated with a recombinant Bax showed increased Bax interaction and cytochrome c (Cyt c) release. Importantly, apoptosis in cells with either EV71 infection or 2B expression was dramatically reduced in Bax knockdown cells but not in Bak knockdown cells, suggesting that Bax played a pivotal role in EV71- or 2B-induced apoptosis. Further studies indicate that a hydrophobic region of 18 amino acids (aa) in the C-terminal region of 2B (aa 63 to 80) was responsible for the location of 2B in the mitochondria. A hydrophilic region of 14 aa in the N-terminal region of 2B was functional in Bax interaction and its subsequent activation. Moreover, overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-XL abrogates 2B-induced release of Cyt c and caspase activation. Therefore, this study provides direct evidence that EV71 2B induces cell apoptosis and impacts the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by directly modulating the redistribution and activation of proapoptotic protein Bax. IMPORTANCE EV71 infections are usually accompanied by severe neurological complications. It has also been postulated that the induction of cell apoptosis resulting from tissue damage is a possible process of EV71-related pathogenesis. In this study, we report that EV71 2B protein (2B) localized to the mitochondria and induced cell apoptosis by interacting directly with and activating the proapoptotic protein Bax. This study provides evidence that EV71 induces cell apoptosis by modulating Bax activation and reveals important clues regarding the mechanism of Cyt c release and mitochondrial permeabilization during EV71 infection.
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46
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Marino-Merlo F, Papaianni E, Medici MA, Macchi B, Grelli S, Mosca C, Borner C, Mastino A. HSV-1-induced activation of NF-κB protects U937 monocytic cells against both virus replication and apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2354. [PMID: 27584793 PMCID: PMC5059854 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a crucial player of the antiviral innate response. Intriguingly, however, NF-κB activation is assumed to favour herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection rather than restrict it. Apoptosis, a form of innate response to viruses, is completely inhibited by HSV in fully permissive cells, but not in cells incapable to fully sustain HSV replication, such as immunocompetent cells. To resolve the intricate interplay among NF-κB signalling, apoptosis and permissiveness to HSV-1 in monocytic cells, we utilized U937 monocytic cells in which NF-κB activation was inhibited by expressing a dominant-negative IκBα. Surprisingly, viral production was increased in monocytic cells in which NF-κB was inhibited. Moreover, inhibition of NF-κB led to increased apoptosis following HSV-1 infection, associated with lysosomal membrane permeabilization. High expression of late viral proteins and induction of apoptosis occurred in distinct cells. Transcriptional analysis of known innate response genes by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR excluded a contribution of the assayed genes to the observed phenomena. Thus, in monocytic cells NF-κB activation simultaneously serves as an innate process to restrict viral replication as well as a mechanism to limit the damage of an excessive apoptotic response to HSV-1 infection. This finding may clarify mechanisms controlling HSV-1 infection in monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marino-Merlo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Emanuela Papaianni
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Medici
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Claudia Mosca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, Freiburg D-79104, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, Freiburg D-79104, Germany.,BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Signalhaus, Schänzlestrasse 18, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, Italy.,The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome 00133, Italy
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Bucur O. microRNA regulators of apoptosis in cancer. Discoveries (Craiova) 2016; 4:e57. [PMID: 32309578 PMCID: PMC7159826 DOI: 10.15190/d.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief review summarizes our current knowledge on the microRNAs that regulate apoptosis machinery and are potentially involved in the dysregulation or deregulation of apoptosis, a well known hallmark of cancer. microRNAs are critical regulators of the most important cellular processes, including apoptosis. Expression of microRNAs is found to be dysregulated in many malignancies, leading to apoptosis inhibition in cancer, or resistance to current therapies. To date, there are over 80 microRNAs directly involved in apoptosis regulation or dysregulation that can impact cancer detection, initiation, progression, invasion, metastasis or resistance to anti-cancer therapy. Development of microRNA-based therapeutic strategies is now taking shape in the clinic. Thus, these microRNAs represent potential targets or tools for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Bucur
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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Intrinsic, extrinsic and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in RK13 cells infected with equine arteritis virus. Virus Res 2016; 213:219-223. [PMID: 26732484 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of the expression of caspases by viruses influences the cell survival of different cell types. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) induces apoptosis of BHK21 and Vero cell lines, but it is not known whether EAV induces apoptosis in RK13 cells, a common cell line routinely used in EAV diagnosis and research. In this study, we determined that caspase-3 expression was triggered after infection of RK13 cells with EAV in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also detected caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation, indicating the stimulation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Finally, we found caspase-12 activation, an indicator of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. The variability observed in the apoptotic response in the different cell lines demonstrates that apoptosis depends on the distinctive sensitivity of each cell line used for investigation.
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Claus C, Manssen L, Hübner D, Roßmark S, Bothe V, Petzold A, Große C, Reins M, Mankertz A, Frey TK, Liebert UG. Activation of the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Signaling Platform during Rubella Virus Infection. Viruses 2015; 7:6108-26. [PMID: 26703711 PMCID: PMC4690853 DOI: 10.3390/v7122928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria- as well as p53-based signaling pathways are central for the execution of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Their contribution to rubella virus (RV)-induced apoptosis was addressed through time-specific evaluation of characteristic parameters such as permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane and subsequent release of the pro-apoptotic proteins apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c from mitochondria. Additionally, expression and localization pattern of p53 and selected members of the multifunctional and stress-inducible cyclophilin family were examined. The application of pifithrin μ as an inhibitor of p53 shuttling to mitochondria reduced RV-induced cell death to an extent similar to that of the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-V-A-D-(OMe)-fmk). However, RV progeny generation was not altered. This indicates that, despite an increased survival rate of its cellular host, induction of apoptosis neither supports nor restricts RV replication. Moreover, some of the examined apoptotic markers were affected in a strain-specific manner and differed between the cell culture-adapted strains: Therien and the HPV77 vaccine on the one hand, and a clinical isolate on the other. In summary, the results presented indicate that the transcription-independent mitochondrial p53 program contributes to RV-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lena Manssen
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Denise Hübner
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sarah Roßmark
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Viktoria Bothe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Alice Petzold
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Claudia Große
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mareen Reins
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annette Mankertz
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Teryl K Frey
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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