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Costagli S, Abenaim L, Rosini G, Conti B, Giovannoni R. De Novo Genome Assembly at Chromosome-Scale of Hermetia illucens (Diptera Stratiomyidae) via PacBio and Omni-C Proximity Ligation Technology. INSECTS 2024; 15:133. [PMID: 38392552 PMCID: PMC10889594 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens is a species of great interest for numerous industrial applications. A high-quality reference genome is already available for H. illucens. However, the worldwide maintenance of numerous captive populations of H. illucens, each with its own genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, made it of interest to perform a de novo genome assembly on one population of H. illucens to define a chromosome-scale genome assembly. By combining the PacBio and the Omni-C proximity ligation technologies, a new H. illucens chromosome-scale genome of 888.59 Mb, with a scaffold N50 value of 162.19 Mb, was assembled. The final chromosome-scale assembly obtained a BUSCO completeness of 89.1%. By exploiting the Omni-C proximity ligation technology, topologically associated domains and other topological features that play a key role in the regulation of gene expression were identified. Further, 65.62% of genomic sequences were masked as repeated sequences, and 32,516 genes were annotated using the MAKER pipeline. The H. illucens Lsp-2 genes that were annotated were further characterized, and the three-dimensional organization of the encoded proteins was predicted. A new chromosome-scale genome assembly of good quality for H. illucens was assembled, and the genomic annotation phase was initiated. The availability of this new chromosome-scale genome assembly enables the further characterization, both genotypically and phenotypically, of a species of interest for several biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Costagli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Linda Abenaim
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Rosini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Conti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Center for Climate Change Impact, Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Giovannoni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Ruschioni S, Duca D, Tulli F, Zarantoniello M, Cardinaletti G, Corsi L, Olivotto I, Basili D, Naspetti S, Truzzi C, Isidoro N, Riolo P. Evaluation of Growth Performance and Environmental Impact of Hermetia illucens Larvae Reared on Coffee Silverskins Enriched with Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana Microalgae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:609. [PMID: 38396577 PMCID: PMC10886010 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens is a promising insect due to its ability to convert low-value substrates as food chain by-products into highly nutritious feed. Its feeding and nutrition are important issues. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different substrates consisting of coffee silverskin, a by-product of the roasting process, enriched with different inclusions of microalgae (5%, 10%, 20%, and 25%), Schizochytrium limacinum, and Isochrysis galbana, combined with the assessment of environmental sustainability by LCA. In general, the addition of microalgae led to an increase in larval growth performance due to the higher content of protein and lipids, although S. limacinum showed the best results with respect to larvae fed with coffee silverskin enriched with I. galbana. A higher prepupal weight was observed in larvae fed with 10%, 20%, and 25% S. limacinum; shorter development times in larvae fed with 25% of both S. limacinum and I. galbana; and a higher growth rate in larvae fed with 25% S. limacinum. The 10% S. limacinum inclusion was only slightly different from the higher inclusions. Furthermore, 10% of S. limacinum achieved the best waste reduction index. The greater the inclusion of microalgae, the greater the environmental impact of larval production. Therefore, the addition of 10% S. limacinum appears to be the best compromise for larval rearing, especially considering that a higher inclusion of microalgae did not yield additional benefits in terms of the nutritional value of H. illucens prepupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Daniele Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Corsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Danilo Basili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Simona Naspetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
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Sui Z, Wu Q, Geng J, Xiao J, Huang D. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated efficient white genome editing in the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:5. [PMID: 38315256 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is the most straightforward genome-editing technology to date, enabling genetic engineering in many insects, including the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. The white gene plays a significant role in the multifarious life activities of insects, especially the pigmentation of the eyes. In this study, the white gene of H. illucens (Hiwhite) was cloned, identified, and bioinformatically analysed for the first time. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we found that the white gene was expressed in the whole body of the adult flies, particularly in Malpighian tubules and compound eyes. Furthermore, we utilised CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology to successfully generate heritable Hiwhite mutants using two single guide RNAs. During Hiwhite genome editing, we determined the timing, method, and needle-pulling parameters for embryo microinjection by observing early embryonic developmental features. We used the CasOT program to obtain highly specific guide RNAs (gRNAs) at the genome-wide level. According to the phenotypes of Hiwhite knockout strains, the pigmentation of larval stemmata, imaginal compound eyes, and ocelli differed from those of the wild type. These phenotypes were similar to those observed in other insects harbouring white gene mutations. In conclusion, our results described a detailed white genome editing process in black soldier flies, which lays a solid foundation for intensive research on the pigmentation pathway of the eyes and provides a methodological basis for further genome engineering applications in black soldier flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxiao Sui
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jin Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinhua Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Dawei Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Franco A, Scieuzo C, Salvia R, Pucciarelli V, Borrelli L, Addeo NF, Bovera F, Laginestra A, Schmitt E, Falabella P. Antimicrobial activity of lipids extracted from Hermetia illucens reared on different substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:167. [PMID: 38261012 PMCID: PMC10806025 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
As the problem of antimicrobial resistance is constantly increasing, there is a renewed interest in antimicrobial products derived from natural sources, particularly obtained from innovative and eco-friendly materials. Insect lipids, due to their fatty acid composition, can be classified as natural antimicrobial compounds. In order to assess the antibacterial efficacy of Hermetia illucens lipids, we extracted this component from the larval stage, fed on different substrates and we characterized it. Moreover, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of the feeding substrate, to determine if and how it could affect the antimicrobial activity of the lipid component. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive Micrococcus flavus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Analyzing the fatty acid profiles of larval lipids that showed activity against the two bacterial strains, we detected significant differences for C4:0, C10:0, C16:1, C18:3 n3 (ALA), and C20:1. The strongest antimicrobial activity was verified against Micrococcus flavus by lipids extracted from larvae reared on strawberry, tangerine, and fresh manure substrates, with growth inhibition zones ranged from 1.38 to 1.51 mm, while only the rearing on manure showed the effect against Escherichia coli. Notably, the fatty acid profile of H. illucens seems to not be really influenced by the substrate fatty acid profile, except for C18:0 and C18:2 CIS n6 (LA). This implies that other factors, such as the rearing conditions, larval development stages, and other nutrients such as carbohydrates, affect the amount of fatty acids in insects. KEY POINTS: • Feeding substrates influence larval lipids and fatty acids (FA) • Generally, there is no direct correlation between substrate FAs and the same larvae FAs • Specific FAs influence more the antimicrobial effect of BSF lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pucciarelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Francesco Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Laginestra
- Department of Relations With the Territory, TotalEnergies EP Italia S.P.A, Via Della Tecnica, 4, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Eric Schmitt
- Protix B.V., Industriestaat 3, NC, 5107, Dongen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
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Grossule V, Fang D, Lavagnolo MC. Treatment of wastewater using Black Soldier Fly larvae: Effect of organic concentration and load. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117775. [PMID: 36996561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have investigated the use of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae as a promising biological treatment process for high organic content wastewater (i.a. Leachate from municipal solid waste landfill, food processing effluents), achieving both high treatment efficiency and production of secondary resources from larval biomass (i.a. Proteins and lipids). The present study was aimed at achieving a better understanding of how organic concentration and load might influence treatment performance. Larvae were fed with three artificial wastewaters characterised by same organic substances quality (degree of biodegradability and oxidation of the organic content measured respectively as BOD/COD and TOC/COD ratios) but different organic concentrations. Each type of wastewater was tested at four different loads. Treatment performance was assessed by monitoring both larval growth (in terms of weight variation, mortality and prepupation), and variation of wastewater quality and quantity to determine organic substrate consumption (measured in terms of Total Organic Carbon, TOC). Larval starvation was observed in all tests when TOC concentrations dropped below approx. 1000 mg C/L, which, for the tested wastewater, could be assumed as the limit value for adopting BSF larvae process. Substrate concentration in the feed (mgC/L) influenced larval growth (in terms of maximum wet weight, prepupation and mortality) only when organic load was above 10 mgC/larva: the higher the load, the higher the positive impact of the substrate concentration. On the contrary, the specific substrate consumption rate (vS, mgC/larva/day) appeared not to be influenced by substrate concentration but only by the organic load, with a Michaelis Menten like relationship. Accordingly, substrate load can be assumed as a design parameter for BSF treatment process, while substrate concentration might only influence potential resource recovery from larval biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Grossule
- DICEA, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova. Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Ding Fang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
- DICEA, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova. Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Seng Liew C, Ren Mong G, Wei Lim J, Raksasat R, Rawindran H, Hong Leong W, Devendran Manogaran M, Ho Chai Y, Chia Ho Y, Ur Rahmah A, Lin C, Shiong Khoo K, Kiatkittipong W. Life cycle assessment: Sustainability of biodiesel production from black soldier fly larvae feeding on thermally pre-treated sewage sludge under a tropical country setting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 164:238-249. [PMID: 37086606 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
More energy is needed nowadays due to global population growth. Concurrently, sewage sludge generation has also increased steadily stemming from the inevitable urbanization. As such, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can be potentially deployed to solve both issues. This paper investigates the environmental sustainability of biodiesel production derived from sludge-fed BSFL feedstock. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed through SimaPro software utilizing the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) and Endpoint (H) methods. The entire LCA covered 3 main stages, including the thermal pre-treatment of sludge, BSFL rearing and processing, and lastly lipid extraction and biodiesel production. LCA showed that the sludge pre-treatment stage had the highest environmental impact, while BSFL rearing and processing had the least due to the suitable geographical climate. Electricity usage during the pre-treatment stage was the main contributing component, followed by chemical usage during biodiesel production. After normalizing, it was observed that land occupation, marine ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity and freshwater eutrophication were more impactful than the commonly studied global warming potential (GWP). Lipid content and biodiesel conversion efficiency were determined as the sensitive factors which could influence the LCA outcome. In comparison with other types of biodiesel, BSFL biodiesel had a milder impact in terms of climate change, land occupation, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication. Furthermore, this biological reduction of sludge through BSFL valorization avoided sludge landfilling, which reduced up to 100 times GWP. Therefore, sludge-fed BSFL biodiesel production is an environmentally-sound and highly potential solution that should be investigated comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Seng Liew
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Guo Ren Mong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India.
| | - Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Wai Hong Leong
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - M Devendran Manogaran
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ho Chai
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Yeek Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Anisa Ur Rahmah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta 57162, Indonesia
| | - Chuxia Lin
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
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Liew CS, Mong GR, Lim JW, Raksasat R, Rawindran H, Hassan MA, Lam MK, Khoo KS, Zango ZU. Low-temperature thermal pre-treated sewage sludge for feeding of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae: Protein, lipid and biodiesel profile and characterization. RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2023; 178:113241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
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Kee PE, Cheng YS, Chang JS, Yim HS, Tan JCY, Lam SS, Lan JCW, Ng HS, Khoo KS. Insect biorefinery: A circular economy concept for biowaste conversion to value-added products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115284. [PMID: 36640934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With rapid growing world population and increasing demand for natural resources, the production of sufficient food, feed for protein and fat sources and sustainable energy presents a food insecurity challenge globally. Insect biorefinery is a concept of using insect as a tool to convert biomass waste into energy and other beneficial products with concomitant remediation of the organic components. The exploitation of insects and its bioproducts have becoming more popular in recent years. This review article presents a summary of the current trend of insect-based industry and the potential organic wastes for insect bioconversion and biorefinery. Numerous biotechnological products obtained from insect biorefinery such as biofertilizer, animal feeds, edible foods, biopolymer, bioenzymes and biodiesel are discussed in the subsequent sections. Insect biorefinery serves as a promising sustainable approach for waste management while producing valuable bioproducts feasible to achieve circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Kee
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shen Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hip Seng Yim
- Booya Holdings, Northpoint Mid Valley City, No. 1 Medan Syed Putra Utara, 59200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - John Choon Yee Tan
- Zelcos Biotech Sdn Bhd, No. 1 Lorong Nagasari 11, Taman Nagasari, 13600 Prai, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - John Chi-Wei Lan
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Mohan K, Sathishkumar P, Rajan DK, Rajarajeswaran J, Ganesan AR. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as potential feedstock for the biodiesel production: Recent advances and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160235. [PMID: 36402342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) Hermetia illucens is fastest growing and most promising insect species especially recommended to bring high-fat content as 5th generation bioenergy. The fat content can be fully optimized during the life-cycle of the BSFL through various organic dietary supplements and environmental conditions. Enriched fat can be obtained during the larval stages of the BSF. The presence of high saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in their body helps to produce 70 % of extractable oil which can be converted into biodiesel through transesterification. The first-generation biodiesel process mainly depends on catalytic transesterification, however, BSFL had 94 % of biodiesel production through non-catalytic transesterification. This increases the sustainability of producing biodiesel with less energy input in the process line. Other carbon emitting factors involved in the rearing of BSFL are less than the other biodiesel feedstocks including microalgae, cooking oil, and non-edible oil. Therefore, this review is focused on evaluating the optimum dietary source to produce fatty acid rich larvae and larval growth to accumulate C16-18 fatty acids in larger amounts from agro food waste. The process of optimization and biorefining of lipids using novel techniques have been discussed herein. The sustainability impact was evaluated from the cultivation to biodiesel conversion with greenhouse gas emissions scores in the entire life-cycle of process flow. The state-of-the-art in connecting circular bioeconomy loop in the search for bioenergy was meticulously covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 316, India
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Green Lab, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, India.
| | - Durairaj Karthick Rajan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608 502, India
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- Division of Food Production and Society, Biomarine Resource Valorisation, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Kudalsveien 6, NO-8027 Bodø, Norway.
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Kaczor M, Bulak P, Proc-Pietrycha K, Kirichenko-Babko M, Bieganowski A. The Variety of Applications of Hermetia illucens in Industrial and Agricultural Areas-Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 36671718 PMCID: PMC9855018 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Linnaeus, 1978), commonly known as the black soldier fly (BSF), is a saprophytic insect, which in recent years has attracted significant attention from both the scientific community and industry. The unrestrained appetite of the larvae, the ability to forage on various organic waste, and the rapid growth and low environmental impact of its breeding has made it one of the insect species bred on an industrial scale, in the hope of producing fodder or other ingredients for various animals. The variety of research related to this insect has shown that feed production is not the only benefit of its use. H. illucens has many features and properties that could be of interest from the point of view of many other industries. Biomass utilization, chitin and chitosan source, biogas, and biodiesel production, entomoremediation, the antimicrobial properties of its peptides, and the fertilizer potential of its wastes, are just some of its potential uses. This review brings together the work of four years of study into H. illucens. It summarizes the current state of knowledge and introduces the characteristics of this insect that may be helpful in managing its breeding, as well as its use in agro-industrial fields. Knowledge gaps and under-studied areas were also highlighted, which could help identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaczor
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Bulak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Proc-Pietrycha
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marina Kirichenko-Babko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnitsky 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Fusion-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis and Post-Synthesis Modification of Mesoporous Hydroxy Sodalite Zeolite Prepared from Waste Coal Fly Ash for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in biodiesel prices remains a challenge, mainly due to the high cost of conventional oil feedstocks used during biodiesel production and the challenges associated with using homogeneous catalysts in the process. This study investigated the conversion of waste-derived black soldier fly (BSF) maggot oil feedstock over hydroxy sodalite (HS) zeolite synthesized from waste coal fly ash (CFA) in biodiesel production. The zeolite product prepared after fusion of CFA followed by hydrothermal synthesis (F-HS) resulted in a highly crystalline, mesoporous F-HS zeolite with a considerable surface area of 45 m2/g. The impact of post-synthesis modification of the parent HS catalyst (F-HS) by ion exchange with an alkali source (KOH) on its performance in biodiesel production was investigated. The parent F-HS zeolite catalyst resulted in a high biodiesel yield of 84.10%, with a good quality of 65% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content and fuel characteristics compliant with standard biodiesel specifications. After ion exchange, the modified HS zeolite catalyst (K/F-HS) decreased in crystallinity, mesoporosity and total surface area. The K/F-HS catalyst resulted in sub-standard biodiesel of 51.50% FAME content. Hence, contrary to various studies, the ion exchange modified zeolite was unfavorable as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Interestingly, the F-HS zeolite derived from waste CFA showed a favorable performance as a heterogeneous catalyst compared to the conventional sodium hydroxide (NaOH) homogeneous catalyst. The zeolite catalyst resulted in a more profitable process using BSF maggot oil and was economically comparable with NaOH for every kilogram of biodiesel produced. Furthermore, this study showed the potential to address the overall biodiesel production cost challenge via the development of waste-derived catalysts and BSF maggot oil as low-cost feedstock alternatives.
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12
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Lin TH, Wang DH, Zou H, Zheng Y, Fu SF. Effects of salvaged cyanobacteria content on larval development and feedstock humification during black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) composting. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114401. [PMID: 36167112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria salvage is widely used to deal with massive cyanobacterial blooms. Improper disposal of salvaged cyanobacteria would cause secondary pollution. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) can bio-convert organic wastes into larval biomass, which is rich in protein and lipid. This study evaluated the possibility of using BSFL composting for salvaged cyanobacteria treatment. Results showed that increasing salvaged cyanobacteria waste (CW) content (from 0 to 50%, dry weight basis) extended BSFL development time, e.g., BSFL fed with 50% CW needed 14 days more to finish development than Control (0% CW). The CW content (0-20%) in feeding substrates had no significant effect on BSFL body length and weight. Whereas further increase of CW content (from 20 to 50%) led to significant reductions in substrate-to-BSFL biomass conversion ratio, body size, body weight, and crude protein content of BSFL. Meanwhile, the presence of salvaged cyanobacteria in the feeding substrate reduced the degradation efficiency of feeding substrate. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) results demonstrated that the increased salvaged cyanobacteria content made it more difficult for BSFL to degrade the feeding substrate into simple organic matter and further into humic-like substances. Furthermore, salvaged cyanobacteria in feeding substrates affected the intestinal microbial community significantly. With 20% CW content in the feeding substrate, the relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased from 92.43 to 81.24%, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased from 4.10 to 2.93-8.75% and 7.51%, respectively. BSFL composting is feasible to convert salvaged cyanobacteria into insect biomass. However, the salvaged cyanobacteria content in the feeding substrate should be carefully controlled (e.g., less than 30%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hui Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, PR China
| | - Dong-Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, PR China
| | - Hua Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou, 215009, PR China.
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, 101C BIVAP, 1980 Kimball Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Shan-Fei Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, PR China; Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, PR China.
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13
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Scieuzo C, Franco A, Salvia R, Triunfo M, Addeo NF, Vozzo S, Piccolo G, Bovera F, Ritieni A, Francia AD, Laginestra A, Schmitt E, Falabella P. Enhancement of fruit byproducts through bioconversion by Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36433821 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion is a biological process by which organic materials are converted into products with higher biological and commercial value. During its larval stage the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens is extremely voracious and can feed on a wide variety of organic materials. To study the impact of different fruit byproducts on the insect's growth, final larval biomass, substrate reduction, bioconversion parameters, and larval nutritional composition, 10 000 black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were reared on 7.0 kg of one of three substrates (strawberry, tangerine, or orange) or on a standard diet as a control. The results highlight that BSFL can successfully feed and grow on each of these diets, though their development time, growth rate, and final biomass were differently impacted by the substrates, with strawberry being the most suitable. The lipid and protein contents of BSFL were similar among larvae fed on different substrates; however, major differences were detected in ash, micronutrient, fiber, fatty acid, and amino acid contents. Overall, the results indicate that fruit waste management through the BSFL bioconversion process represents a commercially promising resource for regional and national agrifood companies. Our study offers new perspectives for sustainable and environmentally friendly industrial development by which fruit byproducts or waste might be disposed of or unconventionally enhanced to create secondary products of high biological and economic value, including BSFL biomass as animal feed or, in perspective, as alternative protein source for human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Micaela Triunfo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Nicola Francesco Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Vozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Francia
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Laginestra
- Department of Relations with the Territory, TotalEnergies EP Italia S.p.A, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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14
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Grossule V, Fang D, Yue D, Lavagnolo MC. Treatment of wastewater using black soldier fly larvae, under different degrees of biodegradability and oxidation of organic content. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115734. [PMID: 35982556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biological treatment process based on the metabolism of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae proved to be a highly promising technique for the treatment of high organic content (HOC) wastewater, such as sewage from food industries, leachate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill, etc. The present study was aimed at achieving a better understanding of how biodegradability and degree of oxidation of organic content might influence treatment performance and biomass quality. Six leachates characterised by similar COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) but different BOD5/COD (Biochemical Oxygen demand/COD) and TOC/COD (Total Organic Carbon/COD) ratios were tested. By combining these ratios, the BOD5/TOC ratio was introduced to take into account the effect of both leachate properties (biodegradability and oxidation degree). Process treatment performance was significantly influenced by the quality of organic substances. Higher BOD5/TOC values (higher biodegradability and lower oxidation degree) resulted in a greater and faster larvae growth, with final wet weight of between 49.2 and 91.9mg/larva; lower mortality between 5 and 32%; higher prepupation percentages ranging from 4 to 21% and higher specific substrate consumption rate with values varying from 0.051 to 0.063 mgTOC/mg larva/d, up to 3-fold higher than values obtained using conventional activated sludge based on COD consumption. Conversely, no significant differences were detected in larvae protein and lipid contents, including the profiling of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Grossule
- DICEA, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Ding Fang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Dongbei Yue
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
- DICEA, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
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15
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Arnone S, De Mei M, Petrazzuolo F, Musmeci S, Tonelli L, Salvicchi A, Defilippo F, Curatolo M, Bonilauri P. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) as a high-potential agent for bioconversion of municipal primary sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64886-64901. [PMID: 35474429 PMCID: PMC9481477 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of municipal wastewater produces clean water and sewage sludge (MSS), the management of which has become a serious problem in Europe. The typical destination of MSS is to spread it on land, but the presence of heavy metals and pollutants raises environmental and health concerns. Bioconversion mediated by larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL) Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae: Hermetiinae) may be a strategy for managing MSS. The process adds value by generating larvae which contain proteins and lipids that are suitable for feed and/or for industrial or energy applications, and a residue as soil conditioner. MSS from the treatment plant of Ladispoli (Rome province) was mixed with an artificial fly diet at 50% and 75% (fresh weight basis) to feed BSFL. Larval performance, substrate reduction, and the concentrations of 12 metals in the initial and residual substrates and in larval bodies at the end of the experiments were assessed. Larval survival (> 96%) was not affected. Larval weight, larval development, larval protein and lipid content, and waste reduction increased in proportion the increase of the co-substrate (fly diet). The concentration of most of the 12 elements in the residue was reduced and, in the cases of Cu and Zn, the quantities dropped under the Italian national maximum permissible content for fertilizers. The content of metals in mature larvae did not exceed the maximum allowed concentration in raw material for feed for the European Directive. This study contributes to highlight the potential of BSF for MSS recovery and its valorization. The proportion of fly diet in the mixture influenced the process, and the one with the highest co-substrate percentage performed best. Future research using other wastes or by-products as co-substrate of MSS should be explored to determine their suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arnone
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - TERIN-BBC - Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. Maria Di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano De Mei
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - TERIN-BBC - Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. Maria Di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrazzuolo
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - TERIN-BBC - Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. Maria Di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Musmeci
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - SSPT-BIOAG - Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. Maria Di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Defilippo
- IZSLER - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Curatolo
- IZSLER - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- IZSLER - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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16
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Raksasat R, Abdelfattah EA, Liew CS, Rawindran H, Kiatkittipong K, Mohamad M, Mohd Zaid HF, Jumbri K, Lam MK, Lim JW. Enriched sewage sludge from anaerobic pre-treatment in spurring valorization potential of black soldier fly larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113447. [PMID: 35561830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The valorization of sewage sludge by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has gained attentions for sewage sludge management since the sludge can be reduced securely as well as larval biomass can be used for biorefineries application. Nevertheless, the BSFL growth was impeded while assimilating nutrition from sewage sludge due to the presence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that had entrapped the essential nutrients inside. Accordingly, the pre-treatment of sewage sludge via anaerobic digestion at different pH was employed in this work to rupture the EPS structure and release more nutrients for larval growth. The results showed that larvae fed with raw sewage sludge had attained the lowest final larval weight (2.05 ± 0.38 mg/larva) as opposed to batches fed with pre-treated sewage sludges. This was because the soluble carbohydrate (more than 6.81 ± 1.31 mg of glucose/g sewage sludge) in EPS was released after anaerobic pre-treatment, facilitating larval assimilation for growth. Furthermore, it was observed that further increasing of pH for sewage sludge pre-treatment had led to lower final larval weight gained due to the inhibitory effect stemming from ammonia production at higher pH. The anaerobic pre-treatment of sewage sludge being executed at pH 3 for 8 days had achieved the highest final larval weight at 7.34 ± 0.97 mg/larva. The still low quality of sewage sludges after the pre-treatment also offered benefit, where high sewage sludge reduction and waste reduction index were recorded due to the necessity of BSFL to consume more sewage sludge in compensating the nutrients destitution in sludge. Lastly, the possibility of predicting final larval weight was successfully materialized via a statistical model derived from the multiple linear regression method. The derived model incorporated the interactive parameters of anaerobic pre-treated pH and durations at various combinations could predict the final larval weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | | | - Chin Seng Liew
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Kunlanan Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
| | - Mardawani Mohamad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Khairulazhar Jumbri
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Institute of Contaminant Management, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
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17
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Bogdan G, Ioan SD, Mihai Ș, Elena ML, Vasile MD, Mihaela BA. Particularities of the Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Ovipositing Behavior: Practical Applications. INSECTS 2022; 13:611. [PMID: 35886787 PMCID: PMC9319695 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The industrial rearing of Hermetia illucens offers sustainable solutions to the acute challenges of modern society associated with the accumulation of increasing amounts of organic waste, the substantial reduction of natural ocean fish stocks, and the imminent food crisis. Detailed knowledge of the reproductive particularities and reproductive behavior of the species is essential for increasing the efficiency of the breeding technology. This study aimed to identify the affinity shown by females regarding the size of the oviposition slots (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm), the vertical distribution of the ovipositing rate, and the influence of the substrate’s moisture on ovipositing behavior (dry matter/water: 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2). Over 90% of females oviposited in the 1-, 2- and 3-mm slots, with most of the eggs (58.57%) being oviposited in the 1-mm slots. There was a positive correlation between the size of the oviposition slots and the average weight of the clutches (r = 0.985). The vertical distribution of ovipositing followed a fluctuating trend, with a tendency to oviposit closer to the attractive substrate. The females avoided ovipositing close to substrates with low humidity (1:0.5); indeed, only 6.8% oviposited under these conditions, the differences being significant compared to substrates with higher humidity (p < 0.001). The vast majority of females (43.2%) oviposited on substrates with an average humidity of 1:1 (p < 0.001). These results provide new insights into the ovipositing behavior of H. illucens, which allow for a differentiated harvest of large-sized clutches, providing practical applications with significant impact on the economic efficiency of the species’ industrial growth technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgescu Bogdan
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Struți Dănuț Ioan
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Șuteu Mihai
- Department of Technological Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (Ș.M.); (M.L.E.)
| | - Moldovan Lavinia Elena
- Department of Technological Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (Ș.M.); (M.L.E.)
| | - Moldovan Dorin Vasile
- Department of Geotechnical and Foundations, Faculty of Construction, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400144 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Boaru Anca Mihaela
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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18
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Liew CS, Mong GR, Abdelfattah EA, Raksasat R, Rawindran H, Kiatkittipong W, Mohamad M, Ramli A, Yunus NM, Lam MK, Da Oh W, Lim JW. Correlating black soldier fly larvae growths with soluble nutrients derived from thermally pre-treated waste activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112923. [PMID: 35150716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been deployed to valorize various organic wastes. Nonetheless, its growth rate whilst being offered with waste activated sludge (WAS) is not promising, likely by virtue of the presence of extracellular polymeric substances' structure in WAS. In this work, the WAS were first thermally pre-treated under different treatment temperatures and durations before being administered as the feeding substrates for BSFL. The results showed the thermal pre-treatment could improve WAS palatability and subsequently, enhance the growth of BSFL especially after the pre-treatments at 75 °C and above. The highest larva weight gained was recorded at 2.16 mg/larva for the WAS sample being pre-treated at 90 °C and 16 h. Furthermore, the samples pre-treated above 75 °C also achieved higher degradation rates, indicating that the 75 °C was a threshold temperature to effectively hydrolyze the WAS. The changes of WAS characteristics, namely, (i) soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), (ii) soluble carbohydrate, (iii) soluble protein, (iv) humic substances and (v) total soluble protein and humic substances, after the thermal pre-treatments were also studied in correlating with the BSFL growth. Accordingly, a model was successfully developed with the highest R2 value attained at 0.95, evidencing the SCOD was the most suitable WAS characteristic to accurately predict the BSFL growth behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Seng Liew
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Guo Ren Mong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Mardawani Mohamad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Anita Ramli
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Normawati M Yunus
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
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Cruz-Tirado J, Amigo JM, Barbin DF. Determination of protein content in single black fly soldier (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae by near infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) and chemometrics. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Facchini E, Shrestha K, van den Boer E, Junes P, Sader G, Peeters K, Schmitt E. Long-Term Artificial Selection for Increased Larval Body Weight of Hermetia illucens in Industrial Settings. Front Genet 2022; 13:865490. [PMID: 35783268 PMCID: PMC9240604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.865490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) farming has exponentially increased in recent years due to the ability of its larvae to efficiently convert low-grade organic materials into high-value food, feed, and technical products. There is a need to further improve the efficiency of production, to meet the rising demands for proteins in the feed and food industries under limited resources. One means of improvement is artificial selection, which has been widely applied in plants and in other livestock species. In 2019, a genetic improvement program was started with the aim to increase larval body weight in black soldier fly larvae. In this paper, we present the outcomes of this breeding program after 10, 13, and 16 generations of selection. The performance of the selected body weight line was compared to the base population line over six experimental rounds under different environmental conditions. Under automated production settings, an average increase of +39% in larval weight, +34% in wet crate yield, +26% in dry matter crate yield, +32% in crude protein per crate, and +21% crude fat per crate was achieved in the selected line compared to the base population line. This research demonstrates the potential contribution of artificial selection to improve efficiency when farming black soldier flies in industrial settings. Further research is needed to fully unlock that potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Facchini
- Hendrix Genetics Research Technology & Services B.V., Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Gaya Sader
- Protix Biosystems B.V., Dongen, Netherlands
| | - Katrijn Peeters
- Hendrix Genetics Research Technology & Services B.V., Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Eric Schmitt
- Protix Biosystems B.V., Dongen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Eric Schmitt,
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Guilliet J, Baudouin G, Pollet N, Filée J. What complete mitochondrial genomes tell us about the evolutionary history of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:72. [PMID: 35650519 PMCID: PMC9158166 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens is a cosmopolitan fly massively used by industrial companies to reduce biowaste and produce protein and fat for poultry and aquaculture feed. However, the natural history and the genetic diversity of the BSF are poorly known. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogeny and time tree based on a large dataset of complete mitochondrial genomes better to understand the evolution and timing of the BSF. Results In this study, we analyzed 677 CO1 sequences derived from samples found all over the five continents, leading us to discover 52 haplotypes, including ten major haplotypes. This worldwide cryptic genetic and genomic diversity is mirrored at a local scale in France, in which we found five major haplotypes sometimes in sympatry. Phylogenetic analyses of 60 complete mitochondrial genomes robustly resolved the phylogeny of the major BSF haplotypes. We estimate the separation events of the different haplotypes at more than 2 million years for the oldest branches characterizing the ancestral split between present North American lineages and the other highly diverse south-central American clades, possibly the following radiation beyond the isthmus of Panama northwards. Our data confirm that this North American lineage ultimately gave birth to almost all commercial BSF stocks that participated in the worldwide BSF dissemination through farm escapements. Conclusions Our data resolve the phylogenetic relationships between the major lineages and give insights into the BSF’s short and long-term evolution. Our results indicate that commercial BSF stock’s genetic and genomic diversity is very low. These results call for a better understanding of the genomic diversity of the BSF to unravel possible specific adaptations of the different lineages for industrial needs and to initiate the selection process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-02025-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guilliet
- EGCE, CNRS, 12 rue 128, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France. .,Cycle Farms, 6 boulevard de entrepreneurs, 49250, Beaufort En Anjou, France. .,IDEEV - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes Comportement, Ecologie CNRS Université Paris Sud UMR 9191, IRD UMR 247, 12 rue 128, 91198, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - G Baudouin
- Cycle Farms, 6 boulevard de entrepreneurs, 49250, Beaufort En Anjou, France
| | - N Pollet
- EGCE, CNRS, 12 rue 128, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France.,IDEEV - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes Comportement, Ecologie CNRS Université Paris Sud UMR 9191, IRD UMR 247, 12 rue 128, 91198, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J Filée
- EGCE, CNRS, 12 rue 128, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France. .,IDEEV - Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes Comportement, Ecologie CNRS Université Paris Sud UMR 9191, IRD UMR 247, 12 rue 128, 91198, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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22
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Improving the Lipid Profile of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae for Marine Aquafeeds: Current State of Knowledge. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of fish meal and fish oil by insect-based ingredients in the formulation of marine aquafeeds can be an important step towards sustainability. To pursue this goal, the modulation of the lipid profile of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) has received great attention. While its nutritional profile can shift with diet, the ability to modulate its lipidome is yet to be understood. The present work provides an overview of the lipid modulation of H. illucens larvae through its diet, aiming to produce a more suitable ingredient for marine aquafeeds. Marine-based substrates significantly improve the lipid profile of H. illucens larvae, namely its omega-3 fatty acids profile. An improvement of approximately 40% can be achieved using fish discards. Substantial levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two essential fatty acids for marine fish and shrimp species, were recorded in H. illucens larvae fed on fish discards and coffee silverskin with Schyzochytrium sp. Unfortunately, these improvements are still deeply connected to marine-based bioresources, some still being too costly for use at an industrial scale (e.g., microalgae). New approaches using solutions from the biotechnology toolbox will be decisive to make H. illucens larvae a feasible alternative ingredient for marine aquafeeds without having to rely on marine bioresources.
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Siddiqui SA, Ristow B, Rahayu T, Putra NS, Widya Yuwono N, Nisa' K, Mategeko B, Smetana S, Saki M, Nawaz A, Nagdalian A. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and their affinity for organic waste processing. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 140:1-13. [PMID: 35030456 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There are two major problems that we are facing currently. Firstly, a growing human population continues to contribute to the increased food demand. Secondly, the volume of organic waste produced will threaten human health and the quality of the environment. Recently, there is an increasing number of efforts placed into farming insect biomass to produce alternative feed ingredients. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens have proven to convert organic waste into high-quality nutrients for pet foods, fish and poultry feeds, as well as residue fertilizer for soil amendment. However, better BSFL feed formulation and feeding approaches are necessary for yielding a higher nutrient content of the insect body, and if performed efficiently, whilst converting waste into higher value biomass. Lastly, this paper reveals that BSFL, in fact, thrives in various ranges of organic matter composition and with simple rearing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straβe 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Bridget Ristow
- Nutritionhub (Pty) Ltd Consultancy Firm. Doornbosch Centre, R44, Strand Road, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Teguh Rahayu
- CV HermetiaTech, Voza Premium Office 20th Floor, Jl. HR. Muhammad No. 31A, Putat Gede, Surabaya 60189, Jawa Timur, Indonesia.
| | - Nugroho Susetya Putra
- Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Nasih Widya Yuwono
- Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Khoirun Nisa'
- Sepuluh November Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Bosco Mategeko
- Rwandan Society of Food Science and Technology (RFST), Rwanda
| | - Sergiy Smetana
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straβe 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Asad Nawaz
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Andrey Nagdalian
- Food Technology and Engineering Department, North-Caucasus Federal University, Pushkina Street 1, 355009 Stavropol, Russia; Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, Peterburgskoe Highway 2, 196601, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Yuan MC, Hasan HA. Effect of Feeding Rate on Growth Performance and Waste Reduction Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Trop Life Sci Res 2022; 33:179-199. [PMID: 35651642 PMCID: PMC9128650 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia like many other developing countries is facing the challenge of poor waste management. This research was conducted to determine the effect of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae in decomposing food waste, palm oil waste, fish waste and yard waste. The development time and waste reduction efficiency of four different organic materials were evaluated. In this study, BSF larvae were fed with all four types of waste at five feeding rates of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 g larva-1 day-1 with three replicates per feeding rate until the larvae reached the pre-pupae stage. During the study, larval development time, larval mortality, pre-pupae weight and waste reduction indexes (WRI) were determined. Food waste and yard waste achieved the highest WRI of 4.43 ± 0.06 and 0.71 ± 0.01, respectively at the feeding rate of 0.50 g larva-1 day-1 while palm oil waste and fish waste attained the highest WRI values at feeding rates of 1.00 g larva-1 day-1 (1.89 ± 0.02) and 0.25 g larva-1 day-1 (3.75 ± 0.24), respectively. The results showed that both variables significantly influenced the bioconversion process, but waste reduction efficiency was the most influential element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Chee Yuan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hadura Abu Hasan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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25
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Liew CS, Yunus NM, Chidi BS, Lam MK, Goh PS, Mohamad M, Sin JC, Lam SM, Lim JW, Lam SS. A review on recent disposal of hazardous sewage sludge via anaerobic digestion and novel composting. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126995. [PMID: 34482076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high investment cost required by modern treatment technologies of hazardous sewage sludge such as incineration and anaerobic digestion have discouraged their application by many developing countries. Hence, this review elucidates the status, performances and limitations of two low-cost methods for biological treatment of hazardous sewage sludge, employing vermicomposting and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). Their performances in terms of carbon recovery, nitrogen recovery, mass reduction, pathogen destruction and heavy metal stabilization were assessed alongside with the mature anaerobic digestion method. It was revealed that vermicomposting and BSFL were on par with anaerobic digestion for carbon recovery, nitrogen recovery and mass reduction. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion was found superior in pathogen destruction because of its high operational temperature. Anaerobic digestion also had proven its ability to stabilize heavy metals, but no conclusive finding could confirm similar application from vermicomposting or BSFL treatment. However, the addition of co-substrates or biochar during vermicomposting or BSFL treatment may show synergistic effects in stabilizing heavy metals as demonstrated by anaerobic digestion. Moreover, vermicomposting and BSFL valorization had manifested their potentialities as the low-cost alternatives for treating hazardous sewage sludge, whilst producing value-added feedstock for biochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Seng Liew
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Normawati M Yunus
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Boredi Silas Chidi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mardawani Mohamad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jin Chung Sin
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sze Mun Lam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, 31900 Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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26
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Purkayastha D, Sarkar S. Black soldier fly larvae for treatment and segregation of commingled municipal solid waste at different environmental conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114060. [PMID: 34749077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The commingled nature of the municipal solid waste in many developing nations is one of the primary reasons behind the failure to its successful management. Although there are technologies to effectively treat and process well-segregated and classified waste, they are ineffective in managing the commingled waste. Commingled waste has neither calorific value enough to support waste-to-energy operations nor is it suitable for producing quality compost to generate market value. In this article, a novel Black Soldier Fly Larva (BSFL) -based technology has been proposed and tested to auto-segregate and treat the biodegradable fraction of the Commingled Municipal Solid Waste (CMSW). Several BSFL feeding experiments on five different CMSW compositions were conducted at various temperatures and relative humidity conditions. BSFL could selectively consume the biodegradable fraction of the CMSW to convert it into its body mass and separate itself from the rest of the waste, which mainly consisted of inert and recyclable waste fractions that can be further treated using appropriate waste treatment technology. The mature larvae or the pre-pupae grown at the expense of the biodegradable waste fraction can find several commercial uses. The larvae's consumption rate and weight gain were dependent on the environmental conditions; 30 °C and relative humidity of 65-75% provided the highest consumption rate and most significant weight gain. The batch experiments in the laboratory proved that BSFL could be promising for the treatment of CMSW. The experimental data presented may help design a process for further scaling up an effective treatment method for CMSW, which might benefit many developing nations in managing their waste effectively and economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasree Purkayastha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Sudipta Sarkar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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27
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Yoong LS, Kutty SRM, Manan TSA. Insect-Derived Green Materials and Sustainable Development Goal. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GREEN MATERIALS 2022:1-6. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4921-9_169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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28
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Shumo M, Khamis FM, Ombura FL, Tanga CM, Fiaboe KKM, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, Schlüter OK, van Huis A, Borgemeister C. A Molecular Survey of Bacterial Species in the Guts of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:687103. [PMID: 34630342 PMCID: PMC8493336 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.687103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the expansion of livestock and fisheries production is severely constrained due to the increasing costs and ecological footprint of feed constituents. The utilization of black soldier fly (BSF) as an alternative protein ingredient to fishmeal and soybean in animal feed has been widely documented. The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) used are known to voraciously feed and grow in contaminated organic wastes. Thus, several concerns about their safety for inclusion into animal feed remain largely unaddressed. This study evaluated both culture-dependent sequence-based and 16S rDNA amplification analysis to isolate and identify bacterial species associated with BSFL fed on chicken manure (CM) and kitchen waste (KW). The bacteria species from the CM and KW were also isolated and investigated. Results from the culture-dependent isolation strategies revealed that Providencia sp. was the most dominant bacterial species detected from the guts of BSFL reared on CM and KW. Morganella sp. and Brevibacterium sp. were detected in CM, while Staphylococcus sp. and Bordetella sp. were specific to KW. However, metagenomic studies showed that Providencia and Bordetella were the dominant genera observed in BSFL gut and processed waste substrates. Pseudomonas and Comamonas were recorded in the raw waste substrates. The diversity of bacterial genera recorded from the fresh rearing substrates was significantly higher compared to the diversity observed in the gut of the BSFL and BSF frass (leftovers of the rearing substrates). These findings demonstrate that the presence and abundance of microbiota in BSFL and their associated waste vary considerably. However, the presence of clinically pathogenic strains of bacteria in the gut of BSFL fed both substrates highlight the biosafety risk of potential vertical transmission that might occur, if appropriate pre-and-postharvest measures are not enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Shumo
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- Hermetia Baruth GmbH, Insect Technology Center (ITC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis Levi Ombura
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K. M. Fiaboe
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- IPM Department, The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Oliver K. Schlüter
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
The exponential increase of global demand for proteins and lipids can no longer be satisfied by classical sources. High amounts of CO2 produced by intensive livestock breeding and its effects on the environment are the main factors that prevent the use of animals as primary sources for proteins and lipids, calling for the use of new sustainable sources, such as insects. The massive breeding of bioconverter insects as a feed source has been a major topic in recent years, with both economic and scientific aspects related to rearing and subsequent processing optimization. The larvae of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (also known as Black Soldier Fly) can be used for the eco-sustainable production of proteins and lipids with high biological and economic value. Lipids can be obtained from BSF bioconversion processes and are present in high quantities in the last instar larvae and prepupae. Fats obtained from BSF are used as animal feed ingredients, in the formulation of several products for personal care, and in biodiesel production. To enable the use of insect-derived lipids, it is important to understand how to optimize their extraction. Here, we summarize the published information on the composition, the extraction methods, and the possible applications of the BSF lipid component.
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Lee KS, Yun EY, Goo TW. Optimization of Feed Components to Improve Hermetia illucens Growth and Development of Oil Extractor to Produce Biodiesel. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092573. [PMID: 34573539 PMCID: PMC8470524 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This investigation was performed to establish an optimal feed for Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae (HIL) and to develop an oil extractor for biodiesel production. An optimal feed for HIL for biodiesel production was established using organic wastes such as dried-food waste, chicken manure, and waste cooking oil. In addition, an automatic oil extractor was developed that cost-effectively produced industrial biodiesel, livestock feed, and fertilizer from HIL. Consequently, this investigation can contribute to the establishment of industrial systems for biodiesel production using HIL. Abstract HIL are useful in agriculture because they can be used as feed for livestock or fertilizer and can bioconvert organic wastes, such as food waste and human and animal manure to usable fertilizer. In addition, HIL are being studied as a source of biodiesel because of their high-fat content. However, their use for biodiesel production has not been fully adopted. Here, the results showed that survival, weight gains, and total dried weight were significantly enhanced when HIL were fed dried-food waste (DFW)/chicken manure (CM). Furthermore, increased weight gain was observed in HIL fed DFW containing 5 mL waste cooking oil (WCO) per 100 g and 1.2% (v/w) fermented effective microorganism (F-EM). Based on these results, we prepared experimental feeds containing DFW, CM, WCO, and F-EM to establish an optimal feed for biodiesel production. We found that FT-1-2, a feed prepared with 60 g DFW, 40 g CM, 2 mL WCO, and 0.8% F-EM (v/w), significantly enhanced fat content, weight gain, and total dried weight of HIL. Our results indicate FT-1-2 is a suitable feed to breed HIL for biodiesel production. We then developed an automatic oil extractor for biodiesel production. The yield of the oil extractor was higher than that of solvent extraction. The study shows FT-1-2 is an optimal HIL feed for biodiesel production and that the developed oil extractor is useful for the extraction of crude oil from HIL and for the harvesting of defatted HIL frass for livestock feed and fertilizer. Taken together, we established an optimized low-cost feed for HIL breeding and developed an automatic oil extractor for the production of biodiesel from HIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Shik Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38766, Korea;
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Integrative Bio-Industrial Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38766, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-770-7801
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El-Dakar MA, Ramzy RR, Ji H. Influence of substrate inclusion of quail manure on the growth performance, body composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145528. [PMID: 33561603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), especially palmitoleic acid (omega-7, POA) and oleic acid (omega-9, OA), have gained increasing notoriety; however, traditional sources of MUFAs have not achieved sustainability. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae can convert low-quality products into high-quality biomass to be used in many industrial applications. Therefore, this study aims to assess increasing of quail manure on the biological traits of BSF larvae and the bioaccumulation of MUFAs by BSF larvae reared on quail manure, which causes many harmful effects to the environment. Different concentrations of quail manure from 0 to 100% were mixed with wheat bran. The inclusion of quail manure in the substrate resulted in (1) a decrease in saturated fatty acids by 20.20%, (2) accumulation of OA (47.36%), (3) biosynthesis of POA (157.73%) in BSF larvae, and (4) no significant differences in total protein (~38%) or essential amino acids (~43%) of BSF larvae. Inclusion of 40% of quail manure improved the performance of BSF larvae. Therefore, rearing BSF larvae on quail manure is considered to be a renewable and sustainable source of omega-7 and omega-9 for nutraceutical production, pharmaceutical uses, or animal food additives to achieve circular food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A El-Dakar
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Remondah R Ramzy
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Kaya C, Generalovic TN, Ståhls G, Hauser M, Samayoa AC, Nunes-Silva CG, Roxburgh H, Wohlfahrt J, Ewusie EA, Kenis M, Hanboonsong Y, Orozco J, Carrejo N, Nakamura S, Gasco L, Rojo S, Tanga CM, Meier R, Rhode C, Picard CJ, Jiggins CD, Leiber F, Tomberlin JK, Hasselmann M, Blanckenhorn WU, Kapun M, Sandrock C. Global population genetic structure and demographic trajectories of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. BMC Biol 2021; 19:94. [PMID: 33952283 PMCID: PMC8101212 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is the most promising insect candidate for nutrient-recycling through bioconversion of organic waste into biomass, thereby improving sustainability of protein supplies for animal feed and facilitating transition to a circular economy. Contrary to conventional livestock, genetic resources of farmed insects remain poorly characterised. We present the first comprehensive population genetic characterisation of H. illucens. Based on 15 novel microsatellite markers, we genotyped and analysed 2862 individuals from 150 wild and captive populations originating from 57 countries on seven subcontinents. Results We identified 16 well-distinguished genetic clusters indicating substantial global population structure. The data revealed genetic hotspots in central South America and successive northwards range expansions within the indigenous ranges of the Americas. Colonisations and naturalisations of largely unique genetic profiles occurred on all non-native continents, either preceded by demographically independent founder events from various single sources or involving admixture scenarios. A decisive primarily admixed Polynesian bridgehead population serially colonised the entire Australasian region and its secondarily admixed descendants successively mediated invasions into Africa and Europe. Conversely, captive populations from several continents traced back to a single North American origin and exhibit considerably reduced genetic diversity, although some farmed strains carry distinct genetic signatures. We highlight genetic footprints characteristic of progressing domestication due to increasing socio-economic importance of H. illucens, and ongoing introgression between domesticated strains globally traded for large-scale farming and wild populations in some regions. Conclusions We document the dynamic population genetic history of a cosmopolitan dipteran of South American origin shaped by striking geographic patterns. These reflect both ancient dispersal routes, and stochastic and heterogeneous anthropogenic introductions during the last century leading to pronounced diversification of worldwide structure of H. illucens. Upon the recent advent of its agronomic commercialisation, however, current human-mediated translocations of the black soldier fly largely involve genetically highly uniform domesticated strains, which meanwhile threaten the genetic integrity of differentiated unique local resources through introgression. Our in-depth reconstruction of the contemporary and historical demographic trajectories of H. illucens emphasises benchmarking potential for applied future research on this emerging model of the prospering insect-livestock sector. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01029-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gunilla Ståhls
- Zoology unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Hauser
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, Sacramento, USA
| | - Ana C Samayoa
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Carlos G Nunes-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Heather Roxburgh
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jens Wohlfahrt
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Ebenezer A Ewusie
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Yupa Hanboonsong
- Department of Entomology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jesus Orozco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Production, Zamorano University, Zamorano, Honduras
| | - Nancy Carrejo
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Crop, Livestock and Environmental Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Santos Rojo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clint Rhode
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Christine J Picard
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Florian Leiber
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Hasselmann
- Department of Livestock Population Genomics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Sandrock
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.
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Heuel M, Kreuzer M, Sandrock C, Leiber F, Mathys A, Gold M, Zurbrügg C, Gangnat IDM, Terranova M. Transfer of Lauric and Myristic Acid from Black Soldier Fly Larval Lipids to Egg Yolk Lipids of Hens Is Low. Lipids 2021; 56:423-435. [PMID: 33886120 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Implementing insects, such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), as animal feed commonly includes the previous removal of substantial amounts of fat. This fat may represent an as yet underutilized energy source for livestock. However, transfer of lauric and myristic acid, prevalent in BSFL fat and undesired in human nutrition, into animal-source foods like eggs may limit its implementation. To quantify this, a laying hen experiment was performed comprising five different diets (10 hens/diet). These were a control diet with soybean oil and meal and a second diet with soybean oil but with partially defatted BSFL meal as protein source. The other three diets were based on different combinations of partially defatted BSFL meal and fat obtained by two different production methods. Lauric acid made up half of the BSFL fat from both origins. Both BSFL fats also contained substantial amounts of myristic and palmitic acid. However, in the insect-based diets, the net transfer from diet to egg yolk was less than 1% for lauric acid, whereas the net transfer for myristic and palmitic acid was about 30% and 100%, respectively. The net transfer did not vary between BSFL originating from production on different larval feeding substrates. The results illustrate that hens are able to metabolize or elongate very large proportions of ingested lauric acid and myristic acid, which are predominant in the BSFL lipids (together accounting for as much as 37 mol%), such that they collectively account for less than 3.5 mol% of egg yolk fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Heuel
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Sandrock
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock Science, Frick, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Switzerland
| | - Florian Leiber
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock Science, Frick, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Switzerland.,Eawag, Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag, Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle D M Gangnat
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Terranova
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Lindau, Eschikon 27, 8315, Switzerland
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34
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Lin YB, Rong JJ, Wei XF, Sui ZX, Xiao J, Huang DW. Proteomics and ultrastructural analysis of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larval peritrophic matrix. Proteome Sci 2021; 19:7. [PMID: 33836751 PMCID: PMC8035744 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-021-00175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has significant economic potential. The larvae can be used in financially viable waste management systems, as they are voracious feeders able to efficiently convert low-quality waste into valuable biomass. However, most studies on H. illucens in recent decades have focused on optimizing their breeding and bioconversion conditions, while information on their biology is limited. METHODS About 200 fifth instar well-fed larvae were sacrificed in this work. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy were employed in this study to perform a proteomic and ultrastructural analysis of the peritrophic matrix (PM) of H. illucens larvae. RESULTS A total of 565 proteins were identified in the PM samples of H. illucen, of which 177 proteins were predicted to contain signal peptides, bioinformatics analysis and manual curation determined 88 proteins may be associated with the PM, with functions in digestion, immunity, PM modulation, and others. The ultrastructure of the H. illucens larval PM observed by scanning electron microscopy shows a unique diamond-shaped chitin grid texture. CONCLUSIONS It is the first and most comprehensive proteomics research about the PM of H. illucens larvae to date. All the proteins identified in this work has been discussed in details, except several unnamed or uncharacterized proteins, which should not be ignored and need further study. A comparison of the ultrastructure between H. illucens larval PM and those of other insects as observed by SEM indicates that the PM displays diverse textures on an ultra-micro scale and we suscept a unique diamond-shaped chitin grid texture may help H. illucens larval to hold more food. This work deepens our understanding of the molecular architecture and ultrastructure of the H. illucens larval PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing-Jing Rong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xun-Fan Wei
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhuo-Xiao Sui
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinhua Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Da-Wei Huang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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35
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Heuel M, Sandrock C, Leiber F, Mathys A, Gold M, Zurbrügg C, Gangnat IDM, Kreuzer M, Terranova M. Black soldier fly larvae meal and fat can completely replace soybean cake and oil in diets for laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101034. [PMID: 33662662 PMCID: PMC7937743 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a great interest in finding alternative protein and energy sources to replace soybean-based feeds in poultry diets. The main objective of the present study was to completely replace soybean in layer diets with defatted meal and fat from black soldier fly larvae without adverse effects. For this purpose, 5 × 10 Lohmann Brown Classic hens were fed either a soybean-based diet or diets based on defatted black soldier fly larvae meal and fat from 2 producers (1 commercial, 1 small-scale) operating with different rearing substrates, temperatures, and larvae processing methods (10 hens/diet). The data obtained included nutrient composition of larvae meals and diets, amino acid digestibility (6 hens/diet), and metabolizability, performance and egg quality (all 10 hens/diet). In addition, the acceptance of the 4 larvae-based diets was tested against the soybean-based diet in a 6-day choice feeding situation (10 hens/treatment). The nutritional value of the larvae-based diets was equivalent to the soybean-based diet in hens with a laying performance of 98%. Although average feed intake was not significantly different over the 7 experimental weeks, the diets based on larvae feeds from the small-scale production appeared to be slightly less accepted in a choice situation than the soy-based diet and those with larvae from commercial origin. This was more likely the effect of the larvae fat rather than that of the larvae protein meal. In addition, the commercial larvae material was superior to that from the small-scale production concerning supply with digestible sulfur-containing amino acids (548 vs. 511 mg/day) and lysine (792 vs. 693 mg/day), egg weight (67 vs. 63 g), daily egg mass (66 vs. 61 g/day) and, in tendency, feed efficiency. The results indicate that soybean-based feeds can be replaced completely by black soldier fly meal and fat in diets of high-performing layers. However, because of nutritional differences between the larvae materials of different origin the quality of the larvae has to be closely monitored before being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heuel
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Sandrock
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Departement of Livestock Science, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - F Leiber
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Departement of Livestock Science, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - A Mathys
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Gold
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - C Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - I D M Gangnat
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Terranova
- ETH Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
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36
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Optimisation of the lipid extraction of fresh black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran by response surface methodology. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the larvae are able to consume organic waste and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found to potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified the protein and lipid content in blended sewage sludge substrates, leading to larval growth enhancement. In addition, the larval weight also influenced the lipid yield and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, the optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE had to be determined as excess PKE content could become a threat to larval growth by contributing to the reduction of non-fiber carbohydrates content in the feed, thereby resulting in the decrease in lipid yield and FAME content. In this work, a sewage sludge to PKE ratio of 2:3 proffered the highest larval weight gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, a proportion of 3:2 of sewage sludge to PKE was able provide the highest lipid yield of 17 ± 1.77%. Furthermore, the FAME profile revealed the presence of a significant amount of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, indicating a good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with blended sewage sludge and PKE could be utilized for producing a high quality biodiesel. However, further improvement on the amount of lipid yield and FAME content should be further investigated.
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38
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Characteristics of chitin extracted from black soldier fly in different life stages. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:3206-3214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Raksasat R, Lim JW, Kiatkittipong W, Kiatkittipong K, Ho YC, Lam MK, Font-Palma C, Mohd Zaid HF, Cheng CK. A review of organic waste enrichment for inducing palatability of black soldier fly larvae: Wastes to valuable resources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115488. [PMID: 32891050 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increase of annual organic wastes generated worldwide has become a major problem for many countries since the mismanagement could bring about negative effects on the environment besides, being costly for an innocuous disposal. Recently, insect larvae have been investigated to valorize organic wastes. This entomoremediation approach is rising from the ability of the insect larvae to convert organic wastes into its biomass via assimilation process as catapulted by the natural demand to complete its lifecycle. Among the insect species, black soldier fly or Hermetia illucens is widely researched since the larvae can grow in various environments while being saprophagous in nature. Even though black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can ingest various decay materials, some organic wastes such as sewage sludge or lignocellulosic wastes such as waste coconut endosperm are destitute of decent nutrients that could retard the BSFL growth. Hence, blending with nutrient-rich low-cost substrates such as palm kernel expeller, soybean curd residue, etc. is employed to fortify the nutritional contents of larval feeding substrates prior to administering to the BSFL. Alternatively, microbial fermentation can be adopted to breakdown the lignocellulosic wastes, exuding essential nutrients for growing BSFL. Upon reaching maturity, the BSFL can be harvested to serve as the protein and lipid feedstock. The larval protein can be made into insect meal for farmed animals, whilst the lipid source could be extracted and transesterified into larval biodiesel to cushion the global energy demands. Henceforth, this review presents the influence of various organic wastes introduced to feed BSFL, targeting to reduce wastes and producing biochemicals from mature larvae through entomoremediation. Modification of recalcitrant organic wastes via fermentation processes is also unveiled to ameliorate the BSFL growth. Lastly, the sustainable applications of harvested BSFL biomass are as well covered together with the immediate shortcomings that entail further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
| | - Kunlanan Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Yeek Chia Ho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre of Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Carolina Font-Palma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, CH2 4NU, UK
| | - Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Chin Kui Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Rearing substrate impacts growth and macronutrient composition of Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae produced at an industrial scale. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19448. [PMID: 33173088 PMCID: PMC7655861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic waste is a rapidly increasing problem due to the growth of the agricultural production needed to meet global food demands. Development of sustainable waste management solutions is essential. Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF), larvae are voracious consumers of a wide range of organic materials ranging from fruits and vegetables to animal remains, and manure. Thanks to this ability and considering the larval high protein and lipid content, BSF larvae are a useful additive in animal feeds and biodiesel production. Unfortunately, the feasibility of using the black soldier fly as a tool for waste valorization and feed production has primarily been investigated at the benchtop scale. Thus, mobilization of current practices to an industrial scale is challenging because scaling up from small laboratory studies to large industrial studies is not necessarily linear. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the ability of the BSF to recycle organic waste at an industrial scale. To accomplish this goal, three organic waste streams were used (e.g., apples, bananas, and spent grain from a brewery) to test six diet treatments (1) apple, (2) banana, (3) spent grain, (4) apple and banana, (5) apple and spent grain, and (6) banana and spent grain. Working at scale of 10,000 BSF larvae life history traits, waste valorization, protein and lipid profiles were measured for each diet treatment. Differences were recorded across all variables, except substrate conversion, for larvae fed on fruit and spent grain (alone or with fruit). Growth rate significantly differed across treatments; larvae reared on spent grain grew twice as fast as those fed apples alone, but those reared on the apple and spent grain mixture produced twice as much insect biomass. However, it should be noted that larvae resulting from the apple diet contained 50% more fat than larvae fed the fruit and spent grain mixtures. Commonly-available organic wastes were successfully used at an industrial scale to produce BSF larvae that have the potential to substitute other sources of protein and lipids in different industrial applications. Industrialization efforts are encouraged to assess these impacts when integrating diverse ingredients into larval diets as a means to more precisely predict output, such as larval development time and final larval biomass.
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Surendra KC, Tomberlin JK, van Huis A, Cammack JA, Heckmann LHL, Khanal SK. Rethinking organic wastes bioconversion: Evaluating the potential of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 117:58-80. [PMID: 32805602 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and unprecedented economic growth and urbanization, especially in low- and middle-income countries, coupled with extreme weather patterns, the high-environmental footprint of agricultural practices, and disposal-oriented waste management practices, require significant changes in the ways we produce food, feed and fuel, and manage enormous amounts of organic wastes. Farming insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) on diverse organic wastes provides an opportunity for producing nutrient-rich animal feed, fuel, organic fertilizer, and biobased products with concurrent valorization of wastes. Inclusion of BSF larvae/pupae in the diets of poultry, fish, and swine has shown promise as a potential substitute of conventional feed ingredients such as soybean meal and fish meal. Moreover, the bioactive compounds such as antimicrobial peptides, medium chain fatty acids, and chitin and its derivatives present in BSF larvae/pupae, could also add values to the animal diets. However, to realize the full potential of BSF-based biorefining, more research and development efforts are necessary for scaling up the production and processing of BSF biomass using more mechanized and automated systems. More studies are also needed to ensure the safety of the BSF biomass grown on various organic wastes for animal feed (also food) and legalizing the feed application of BSF biomass to wider categories of animals. This critical review presents the current status of the BSF technology, identifies the research gaps, highlights the challenges towards industrial scale production, and provides future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Surendra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A Cammack
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Samir Kumar Khanal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Giannetto A, Oliva S, Riolo K, Savastano D, Parrino V, Cappello T, Maisano M, Fasulo S, Mauceri A. Waste Valorization via Hermetia Illucens to Produce Protein-Rich Biomass for Feed: Insight into the Critical Nutrient Taurine. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091710. [PMID: 32967279 PMCID: PMC7552637 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have been recognized as sustainable alternative sources of nutrients for food and feed. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is a particularly promising species for its great potential in the waste valorization to produce, during the bioconversion process, high-value fat and proteins that currently represent a valuable source for fish feed. The present study aims to evaluate the efficiency to use substrate proteins in two different BSF developmental stages as sustainable biotechnological tools for vegetable waste management. We provide insights into the nutritional values of both V instar larvae and prepupae in terms of valuable amino acids with special focus on taurine, a crucial nutrient for fish. Moreover, we cloned four key genes from BSF involved in the taurine biosynthesis pathway, 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase (Hiado), cysteine dioxygenase (Hicdo), cysteine sulfonate decarboxylase (Hicsad), and glutamate decarboxylase (Higad). The gene expression analysis in larvae and prepupae by qPCR showed development-specific profiles suggesting they influence the taurine content during BSF development. These findings showed peculiar phenotypes in larvae and prepupae that can be selected for different biotechnological applications as sustainable source of relevant amino acids and taurine to support the increasing demand for animal feed and aquafeed in the next decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Oliva
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Kristian Riolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Vincenzo Parrino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Salvatore Fasulo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Angela Mauceri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
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43
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Gold M, Egger J, Scheidegger A, Zurbrügg C, Bruno D, Bonelli M, Tettamanti G, Casartelli M, Schmitt E, Kerkaert B, Smet JD, Campenhout LV, Mathys A. Estimating black soldier fly larvae biowaste conversion performance by simulation of midgut digestion. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 112:40-51. [PMID: 32497900 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae treatment is an emerging technology for the conversion of biowaste into potentially more sustainable and marketable high-value products, according to circular economy principles. Unknown or variable performance for different biowastes is currently one challenge that prohibits the global technology up-scaling. This study describes simulated midgut digestion for black soldier fly larvae to estimate biowaste conversion performance. Before simulation, the unknown biowaste residence time in the three midgut regions was determined on three diets varying in protein and non-fiber carbohydrate content. For the static in vitro model, diet residence times of 15 min, 45 min, and 90 min were used for the anterior, middle, and posterior midgut region, respectively. The model was validated by comparing the ranking of diets based on in vitro digestion products to the ranking found in in vivo feeding experiments. Four artificial diets and five biowastes were digested using the model, and diet digestibility and supernatant nutrient contents were determined. This approach was able to distinguish broadly the worst and best performing rearing diets. However, for some of the diets, the performance estimated based on in vitro results did not match with the results of the feeding experiments. Future studies should try to establish a stronger correlation by considering fly larvae nutrient requirements, hemicellulose digestion, and the diet/gut microbiota. In vitro digestion models could be a powerful tool for academia and industry to increase conversion performance of biowastes with black soldier fly larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Julia Egger
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Scheidegger
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Bruno
- University of Insubria, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Bonelli
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- University of Insubria, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Eric Schmitt
- Protix B.V., Industriestraat 3, 5107 NC, Dongen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Kerkaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Guil‐Guerrero JL, Sánchez‐Muros MJ, Fabrikov D, Rodríguez‐Lozano B, González‐Fernández MJ, Lyashenko S, Barroso FG. Hermetia illucensLarvae as a Living Bioreactor for Simultaneous Food by‐Products Recycling and Useful Oil Production. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitri Fabrikov
- Department of Geology and BiologyCECOUAL, University of Almería Almería 04120 Spain
| | - Borja Rodríguez‐Lozano
- Department of Edaphology and Agricultural ChemistryUniversity of Almería Almería 04120 Spain
| | | | - Svetlana Lyashenko
- Food Technology DivisionceiA3, CIAMBITAL, University of Almería Almería 04120 Spain
| | - Fernando G. Barroso
- Department of Geology and BiologyCECOUAL, University of Almería Almería 04120 Spain
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45
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Hasnol S, Lim JW, Wong CY, Lam MK, Ntwampe SKO. Liminal presence of exo-microbes inoculating coconut endosperm waste to enhance black soldier fly larval protein and lipid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24574-24581. [PMID: 32350833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic decomposition of coconut endosperm waste (CEW), residue derived from cooking, has been insidiously spewing greenhouse gasses. Thus, the bioconversion of CEW via in situ fermentation by exo-microbes from commercial Rid-X and subsequent valorization by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) was the primary objective of the current study to gain sustainable larval lipid and protein. Accordingly, various concentrations of exo-microbes were separately homogenized with CEW to perform fermentation amidst feeding to BSFL. It was found that 2.50% of exo-microbes was the threshold amount entailed to assuage competition between exo-microbes and BSFL for common nutrients. The presence of remnant nutrients exuded from the fermentation using 2.50% of exo-microbes was confirmed to promote BSFL growth measured as maximum larval weight gained and growth rate. Although the BSFL could accumulate the highest protein (16 mg/larva) upon feeding with CEW containing 2.50% of exo-microbes, more lipid (13 mg/larva) was stored in employing 0.10% of exo-microbes because of minimum loss to metabolic processes while prolonging the BSFL in its 5th instar stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hasnol
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Chung Yiin Wong
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Seteno K O Ntwampe
- School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X1290, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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46
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Wong CY, Lim JW, Chong FK, Lam MK, Uemura Y, Tan WN, Bashir MJK, Lam SM, Sin JC, Lam SS. Valorization of exo-microbial fermented coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous biodiesel and protein productions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109458. [PMID: 32247911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The conventional practice in enhancing the larvae growths is by co-digesting the low-cost organic wastes with palatable feeds for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). In circumventing the co-digestion practice, this study focused the employment of exo-microbes in a form of bacterial consortium powder to modify coconut endosperm waste (CEW) via fermentation process in enhancing the palatability of BSFL to accumulate more larval lipid and protein. Accordingly, the optimum fermentation condition was attained by inoculating 0.5 wt% of bacterial consortium powder into CEW for 14-21 days. The peaks of BSFL biomass gained and growth rate were initially attained whilst feeding the BSFL with optimum fermented CEW. These were primarily attributed by the lowest energy loss via metabolic cost, i.e., as high as 22% of ingested optimum fermented CEW was effectively bioconverted into BSFL biomass. The harvested BSFL biomass was then found containing about 40 wt% of lipid, yielding 98% of fatty acid methyl esters of biodiesel upon transesterification. Subsequently, the protein content was also analyzed to be 0.32 mg, measured from 20 harvested BSFL with a corrected-chitin of approximately 8%. Moreover, the waste reduction index which represents the BSFL valorization potentiality was recorded at 0.31 g/day 20 BSFL. The benefit of fermenting CEW was lastly unveiled, accentuating the presence of surplus acid-producing bacteria. Thus, it was propounded the carbohydrates in CEW were rapidly hydrolysed during fermentation, releasing substantial organic acids and other nutrients to incite the BSFL assimilation into lipid for biodiesel and protein productions simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yiin Wong
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Fai Kait Chong
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Yoshimitsu Uemura
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; NPO Kuramae Bioenergy, 3-3-6 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0023, Japan
| | - Wen Nee Tan
- Chemistry Section, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed J K Bashir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Sze Mun Lam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jin Chung Sin
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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47
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A Review on Insights for Green Production of Unconventional Protein and Energy Sources Derived from the Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to reveal the lipid and protein contents in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for the sustainable production of protein and energy sources. It has been observed from studies in the literature that the larval lipid and protein contents vary with the rearing conditions as well as the downstream processing employed. The homogenous, heterogenous and microbial-treated substrates via fermentation are used to rear BSFL and are compared in this review for the simultaneous production of larval protein and biodiesel. Moreover, the best moisture content and the aeration rate of larval feeding substrates are also reported in this review to enhance the growth of BSFL. As the downstream process after harvesting starts with larval inactivation, various related methods have also been reviewed in relation to its impact on the quality/quantity of larval protein and lipids. Subsequently, the other downstream processes, namely, extraction and transesterification to biodiesel, are finally epitomized from the literature to provide a comprehensive review for the production of unconventional protein and lipid sources from BSFL feedstock. Incontrovertibly, the review accentuates the great potential use of BSFL biomass as a green source of protein and lipids for energy production in the form of biodiesel. The traditional protein and energy sources, preponderantly fishmeal, are unsustainable naturally, pressingly calling for immediate substitutions to cater for the rising demands. Accordingly, this review stresses the benefits of using BSFL biomass in detailing its production from upstream all the way to downstream processes which are green and economical at the same time.
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48
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Barbi S, Macavei LI, Fuso A, Luparelli AV, Caligiani A, Ferrari AM, Maistrello L, Montorsi M. Valorization of seasonal agri-food leftovers through insects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136209. [PMID: 31884276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most of the leftovers from agricultural productions and industrial processing of vegetables are currently discarded as waste, augmenting production costs and environmental impacts. Black soldier flies (BSF) are non-pest insects that can grow on various types of organic materials. The larvae initially act as fast and efficient bioconverters, before being further valorized as biomass rich in proteins, fats and chitin. The aim of the present study was to exploit the potential of BSF prepupae reared on vegetable leftovers with high seasonality, and to obtain compounds with high added value and further industrial and agronomic uses such as food/feed, soil improver or fuel. The optimization of BSF rearing substrates based on different leftovers combinations was performed through a Mixture Design approach. Initially, a database was built detailing the availability, seasonality and nutrient composition of the vegetable by-products. According to the seasonal availability of the agri-food leftovers, three main groups were identified: annual, summer and autumn mixtures, in order to promote the exploitation of the highest quantity of leftovers. This approach allowed the obtainment of statistically reliable correlations (R2 > 0.75) between the employed leftovers and the content of lipid and nitrogen compounds (protein and chitin) of the BSF prepupae. In particular, a mixture of vegetable leftovers available in autumn that included legume (25 wt%), cereal (20 wt%) and vegetable (25 wt%) wastes proved to be the best combination in terms of insect growth (-25% development time compared to the control group) and nutritional composition. The chemical composition of the insect biomass allowed the identification of potential applications with high added value, such as food ingredients (protein and fats) or nutraceuticals (chitin). The identification of the optimal parameters to ensure the greatest possible efficiency would promote the scale-up of BSF rearing to an industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Barbi
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Laura Ioana Macavei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Fuso
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Maria Ferrari
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lara Maistrello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Monia Montorsi
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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49
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Gold M, Cassar CM, Zurbrügg C, Kreuzer M, Boulos S, Diener S, Mathys A. Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae: Increasing performance through the formulation of biowastes based on protein and carbohydrates. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:319-329. [PMID: 31707321 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is its variable reliability and efficiency when applied to different biowastes. Similar to other biowaste treatment technologies, co-conversion could compensate for variability in the composition of biowastes. Using detailed nutrient analyses, this study assessed whether mixing biowastes to similar protein and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) contents increased the performance and reduced the variability of BSFL treatment in comparison to the treatment of individual wastes. The biowastes examined were mill by-products, human faeces, poultry slaughterhouse waste, cow manure, and canteen waste. Biowaste formulations had a protein-to-NFC ratio of 1:1, a protein content of 14-19%, and a NFC content of 13-15% (dry mass). Performance parameters that were assessed included survival and bioconversion rate, waste reduction, and waste conversion and protein conversion efficiency. In comparison to poultry feed (benchmark), vegetable canteen waste showed the best performance and cow manure performed worst. Formulations showed significantly improved performance and lower variability in comparison to the individual wastes. However, variability in performance was higher than expected for the formulations. One reason for this variability could be different fibre and lipid contents, which correlated with the performance results of the formulations. Overall, this research provides baseline knowledge and guidance on how BSFL treatment facilities may systematically operate using biowastes of varying types and compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cecille Marie Cassar
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Stuttgart: Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, Chair of Waste Management and Emissions, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samy Boulos
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Diener
- Biovision Foundation, Heinrichstrasse 147, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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50
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Nutrient Recapture from Insect Farm Waste: Bioconversion with Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12010362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens is an efficient bioconverter able to grow on various different organic materials, producing larvae, which are a good source of protein and fat with applications in the animal feed and biochemical industries. This fly’s capacity to reduce huge amounts of waste presents an interesting opportunity to establish a circular food economy. In this study, we assessed the suitability of using organic wastes from cricket and locust farming to rear H. illucens. Larvae developed until adult emergence on all the wastes, with a mean survival of over 94%. Cricket waste allowed faster development of heavier larvae than locust waste. Substrate reduction was particularly interesting on cricket waste (<72%), while locust waste was only reduced by 33%. The nutritional composition of the larvae reflected that of the growing substrates with a high protein and fat content. These results demonstrate the potential of using H. illucens to reduce and valorise waste generated when farming various insects through the production of a larval biomass for use as a protein meal in animal feeds or industrial applications.
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