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Li W, Hu J. Photodegradation of the novel herbicide pyraclonil in aqueous solution: Kinetics, identification of photoproducts, mechanism, and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124381. [PMID: 38906402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Pyraclonil is a new type of pyrazole herbicide, whose photochemical fate in aqueous solution has not been reported yet. In this study, effects on the photolysis rate such as light source, pH, NO3-, Fe3+, fulvic acid (FA) and riboflavin (RF) were investigated. Pyraclonil photodegraded in pure water under both UV and simulated sunlight with half-lives of 32.29 min and 42.52 h, respectively. Under UV, the degradation rate of pyraclonil in pH 4 solution (0.0299 ± 0.0033 min-1) was about twice higher than that in pH 9 (0.0160 ± 0.0063 min-1). Under simulated sunlight, low concentration (0.1-1 mg/L) of FA, NO3-, Fe3+ and RF noticeably promoted the photodegradation of pyraclonil. Then, with the combination of experimental UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and computational calculation of density functional theory (DFT), fourteen transformation products (TPs) of pyraclonil were identified with possible mechanism of C-N bond cleavage, photorearrangement, demethylation, hydroxylation and oxidation. Additionally, acute toxicity assessment was conducted through ECOSAR prediction and laboratory bioassays. The prediction results indicated that toxicity of TP157 to daphnid and green algae was 1.3 and 1.4 times higher than that of the parent, respectively. The bioassay results indicated that toxicities of TP157 and TP263 to C. vulgaris were about 1.6 and 5.9 times higher than that of the parent, respectively. The results provided a reference for elucidating the potential hazards of pyraclonil to non-target organisms and promoting its rational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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2
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Chepchirchir R, Mwalimu R, Tanui I, Kiprop A, Krauss M, Brack W, Kandie F. Occurrence, removal and risk assessment of chemicals of emerging concern in selected rivers and wastewater treatment plants in western Kenya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174982. [PMID: 39053549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Water resources play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth yet chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) arising from extensive human applications are an increasing threat towards their existence. In this study, we examined the occurrence, removal and potential risk of CECs found in rivers and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in western Kenya. Samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analysed using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with a target list of 785 compounds. Out of these, 333 and 352 (influent 322, effluent 265) compounds were quantified in rivers and wastewater respectively, with pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds, and pesticides being frequently detected in both rivers and WWTPs. Compounds with highest concentrations included saccharin (9.9 μg/L), metformin (7.5 μg/L), and oxypurinol (6.5 μg/L) in rivers whereas caffeine (280 μg/L), deoxycholic acid (179 μg/L), 2-oxindole (10.9 μg/L) and ibuprofen (8.1 μg/L) were found at high concentrations in WWTPs. Based on the types of crops grown, samples from maize growing regions recorded the highest number of pesticides (75) which coincided with the spraying season. The WWTP showed the capacity to eliminate some compounds although the removal efficiencies varied greatly with 204 compounds exhibiting an average removal efficiency exceeding 50 %. Based on the risk assessment, crustaceans had the highest potential risk for toxicity with toxic unit (TU) values up to 5.4 driven primarily by diazinon and dichlorvos followed by algae (TU up to 0.07) and fish (TU up to 0.01) in rivers. A similar trend was observed in WWTP with diazinon (TU up to 5.5), diuron (TU up to 0.07) and carbendazim (TU up to 0.006) driving the risk for crustaceans, algae and fish respectively. These findings highlight the significance of surface water and WWTPs as sources and sinks of CECs in the environment translating to potential risks on aquatic organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Chepchirchir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Rashid Mwalimu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Isaac Tanui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity-Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ambrose Kiprop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity-Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Faith Kandie
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Marais Rd, Mostertsdrift, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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3
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Wroński M, Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Antifungal drugs in the aquatic environment: A review on sources, occurrence, toxicity, health effects, removal strategies and future challenges. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133167. [PMID: 38064946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a significant global health burden, resulting in millions of severe cases and deaths annually. The escalating demand for effective antifungal treatments has led to a rise in the wholesale distribution of antifungal drugs, which consequently has led to their release into the environment, posing a threat to ecosystems and human health. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the presence and distribution of antifungal drugs in the environment, evaluate their potential ecological and health risks, and assess current methods for their removal. Reviewed studies from 2010 to 2023 period have revealed the widespread occurrence of 19 various antifungals in natural waters and other matrices at alarmingly high concentrations. Due to the inefficiency of conventional water treatment in removing these compounds, advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, and adsorption techniques have been developed as promising decontamination methods.In conclusion, this review emphasizes the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of the presence, fate, and removal of antifungal drugs in the environment. By addressing the current knowledge gaps and exploring future prospects, this study contributes to the development of strategies for mitigating the environmental impact of antifungal drugs and protecting ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wroński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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4
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Lu F, Lin T, Chen H. Singlet oxygen-mediated fluconazole degradation during the activation of chlorine dioxide with sulfite. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120887. [PMID: 37992637 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated advanced oxidations have received considerable attention due to their strong capacity to resist the water matrix and high selectivity for organic pollutants. In this study, the activation of chlorine dioxide with sulfite (sulfite/ClO2 process) to effectively produce 1O2 was proposed to degrade fluconazole (FLC) and simultaneously control the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The results revealed that FLC could be rapidly degraded by 78.6 % within 10 s by the sulfite/ClO2 process. Radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements confirm that 1O2 produced by the cleavage of epoxides formed by the combination of triazole electron-rich groups in FLC with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was the main active species in the sulfite/ClO2 process. The degradation of FLC was favored under alkaline conditions because of the fast electron transfer rate at higher pH values. The presence of chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and humic acid (HA) hindered the degradation of FLC mainly because they compete with PMS for the electron-rich groups produced by the reaction. The degradation intermediates of FLC were identified by UPLC‒MS/MS, and their transformation pathways were deduced by the condensed Fukui function (CFF) theory. Using sulfite/ClO2 as a pretreatment process to treat real potable water, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and other intermediates may be produced via the carboxylation and carbonylation reactions mediated by 1O2, therefore promoting the formation of DBPs during the following chlorination. This study provided a new perspective that while 1O2 is effectively produced in the sulfite/ClO2 process for contaminant degradation, the formation of DBPs during subsequent chlorination should be cautioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
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Ibor OR, Khan EA, Arkuwe A. A bioanalytical approach for assessing the effects of soil extracts from solid waste dumpsite in Calabar (Nigeria) on lipid and estrogenic signaling of fish Poeciliopsis lucida hepatocellular carcinoma-1 cells in vitro and in vivo African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:774-789. [PMID: 37504673 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2240839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In applying bioanalytical approaches, the aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of contaminants derived from a solid waste dumpsite in Calabar (Nigeria), by investigating the alterations of lipid and estrogen signaling pathways in Poeciliopsis lucida hepatocellular carcinoma-1 (PLHC-1) cells and compared to in vivo African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), using polar, nonpolar and elutriate extraction methods. Cells were exposed for 48 hr period to different concentrations of the contaminant extracts. The PLHC-1 cells were evaluated for lipid responses as follows adipoRed assay, retinoid x receptor (rxr), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms (ppar-α and γ), estrogen receptor (er-α) and vitellogenin (vtg) transcripts. The lipid signaling activation was also assessed in vivo using C. gariepinus, where hepatic levels of ppar-α were determined at both transcript and functional proteins levels. Data showed variable-, extract type and concentration-specific elevations in mRNA and protein levels for lipidomic and estrogenic effects. These effects were either biphasic at low and high concentrations, depending upon extract type, or concentration-dependent elevations. In general, these toxicological responses may be attributed to soil organic and inorganic contaminants burden previously derived from the dumpsite. Thus, our data demonstrate a unique lipid and endocrine-disruptive chemical (EDC) effects of each soil extract, suggesting multiple and complex contaminant interactions in the environment and biota. Analysis of numerous soil- or sediment-bound contaminants have numerous limitations and cost implications for developing countries. Our approach provides a bioanalytical protocol and endpoints for measuring the metabolic and EDC effects of complex environmental matrices for ecotoxicological assessment and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oju Richard Ibor
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Essa Ahsan Khan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augustine Arkuwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Ali I, Barros de Souza A, Cabooter D, De Laet S, Van Eyck K, Dewil R. Treatment of antimicrobial azole compounds via photolysis, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical oxidation: Degradation kinetics and transformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122220. [PMID: 37467915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The degradation kinetics and transformation products of pharmaceutical azole drugs from Watch List 2020/1161 (fluconazole, FCZ; miconazole, MCZ; clotrimazole, CTZ; and sulfamethoxazole, SMX) are examined individually and as a mixture in Milli-Q water and simulated wastewater (SWW) upon treatment with three different advanced oxidation processes: (i) photolysis (UV), (ii) electrochemical (eAOP), and (iii) photoelectrochemical (eAOP/UV). For individual pollutant degradation, UV was found to be significantly more effective for SMX and CTZ compared to MCZ and FCZ. Whereas when treating the azole drugs mixture, eAOP/UV was determined to be the most effective treatment method. The degradation efficiency was higher in Milli-Q than in SWW because the treatment efficiency depended on the matrix compositions. The degradation products formed under different processes were identified, and the routes of transformation were proposed. The results of this study can assist in the selection of the most suitable treatment technology depending upon the pollutant or matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izba Ali
- InOpSys - Mobiele Waterzuivering voor Chemie en Farma, Maanstraat 9b, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | | | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Laet
- InOpSys - Mobiele Waterzuivering voor Chemie en Farma, Maanstraat 9b, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Kwinten Van Eyck
- InOpSys - Mobiele Waterzuivering voor Chemie en Farma, Maanstraat 9b, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium; University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom.
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7
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Huang FL, Liu M, Qin LT, Mo LY, Liang YP, Zeng HH, Deng ZG. Toxicity interactions of azole fungicide mixtures on Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36947457 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is acknowledged that azole fungicides may release into the environment and pose potential toxic risks. The combined toxicity interactions of azole fungicide mixtures, however, are still not fully understood. The combined toxicities and its toxic interactions of 225 binary mixtures and 126 multi-component mixtures on Chlorella pyrenoidosa were performed in this study. The results demonstrated that the negative logarithm 50% effect concentration (pEC50 ) of 10 azole fungicides to Chlorella pyrenoidosa at 96 h ranged from 4.23 (triadimefon) to 7.22 (ketoconazole), while the pEC50 values of the 351 mixtures ranged from 3.91 to 7.44. The high toxicities were found for the mixtures containing epoxiconazole. According to the results of the model deviation ratio (MDR) calculated from the concentration addition (MDRCA ), 243 out of 351 (69.23%) mixtures presented additive effect at the 10% effect, while the 23.08% and 7.69% of mixtures presented synergistic and antagonistic effects, respectively. At the 30% effect, 47.29%, 29.34%, and 23.36% of mixtures presented additive effects, synergism, and antagonism, respectively. At the 50% effect, 44.16%, 34.76%, and 21.08% of mixtures presented additive effects, synergism, and antagonism, respectively. Thus, the toxicity interactions at low concentration (10% effect) were dominated by additive effect (69.23%), whereas 55.84% of mixtures induced synergism and antagonism at high concentration (50% effect). Climbazole and imazalil were the most frequency of components presented in the additive mixtures. Epoxiconazole was the key component induced the synergistic effects, while clotrimazole was the key component in the antagonistic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Huang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Ling-Yun Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Technical Innovation Center of Mine Geological Environmental Restoration Engineering in Southern Karst Area, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Peng Liang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Hong-Hu Zeng
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Zhen-Gui Deng
- Hengsheng Water Environment Treatment Co., LTD., Guilin, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Guo L, Hoffmann MR. Ozone- and Hydroxyl Radical-Mediated Oxidation of Pharmaceutical Compounds Using Ni-Doped Sb-SnO 2 Anodes: Degradation Kinetics and Transformation Products. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2023; 3:335-348. [PMID: 36935895 PMCID: PMC10012175 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.2c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation provides a versatile technique for treating wastewater streams onsite. We previously reported that a two-layer heterojunction Ni-Sb-SnO2 anode (NAT/AT) can produce both ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (•OH). In this study, we explore further the applicability of NAT/AT anodes for oxidizing pharmaceutical compounds using carbamazepine (CBZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) as model probe compounds. Details of the oxidation reaction kinetics and subsequent reaction products are investigated in the absence and presence of chloride (Cl-) and sulfate (SO4 2-). In all cases, faster or comparable degradation kinetics of CBZ and FCZ are achieved using the double-layered NAT/AT anode coupled with a stainless steel (SS) cathode in direct comparison to an identical setup using a boron-doped diamond anode. Production of O3 on NAT/AT enhances the elimination of both parent compounds and their transformation products (TPs). Very fast CBZ degradation is observed during NAT/AT-SS electrolysis in both NaClO4 and NaCl electrolytes. However, more reaction products are identified in the presence of Cl- than ClO4 - (23 TPs vs 6). Rapid removal of FCZ is observed in NaClO4, while the degradation rate is retarded in NaCl depending on the [Cl-]. In SO4 2--containing electrolytes, altered reaction pathways and transformation product distributions are observed due to sulfate radical generation. SO4 ·- oxidation produces fewer hydroxylated products and promotes the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Similar trend in treatment performance is observed in mixtures of CBZ and FCZ with other pharmaceutical compounds in latrine wastewater and secondary WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Lei Guo
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas72701, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
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KAWABATA K, NISHI H. Evaluation of Photostability of Medicines and Development of the Photostabilization of the Photosensitive Medicines. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2023. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2022.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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10
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Zhu Y, Zheng Y, Jiao B, Zuo H, Dong F, Wu X, Pan X, Xu J. Photodegradation of enestroburin in water by simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics, isomerization, transformation products identification and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157725. [PMID: 35914604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enestroburin is the first strobilurin fungicide developed by China and has been widely used to control fungal disease for 15 years. Investigation of its photolytic behaviour is essential for the comprehensive evaluation of its ecological risk. The effects of solution pH, humic acid (HA) and Fe(III) ions on photolysis were studied. The direct photolysis rates of enestroburin in the acidic solution (pH = 4) was faster than that in the basic (pH = 7) or neutral condition (pH = 9). HA and Fe3+ ions inhibited photolysis by the light screening effect. The photolysis of enestroburin was very fast due to the generation of photo-isomers. Seven isomeric products of enestroburin were observed using SFC-MS/MS, and the reaction mechanism for photo-induced isomers was proposed. The reaction occurred on three double bonds, including tautomerism of enol ether and oxonium and the triplet energy transfer of the CC and CN double bond. 12 transformation products (TPs) were identified by screening suspect compounds and non-target compounds, and one product (M-381) was synthesized for confirmation and quantification. A probable transformation mechanism was suggested based on the identified TPs and DFT calculations. The main transformation reactions included hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and decarboxylation. Finally, the toxicities of the identified TPs and parent compound to aquatic organisms were predicted using ECOSAR software, and the toxicities of enestroburin and M-381 to daphnia magna were tested in the laboratory. The toxicity classification proposed by ECOSAR is reliable to a certain extent. Enestroburin and 2 TPs (M-313 and M-327) were classified as "very toxic", which may pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanyu Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Ramos P, Broncel M. Influence of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Gum Arabic and Tragacanth. Molecules 2022; 27:1510. [PMID: 35268614 PMCID: PMC8911758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Storage conditions should be chosen so that they do not affect the action and stability of the active pharmaceutical substance (API), and excipients used in pharmacy. UV irradiation, increased temperature, and relative humidity can decompose storage substances by photolysis, thermolysis, and hydrolysis process, respectively. The effect of physical factors may be the decomposition of pharmaceutical substances or their inappropriate action, including pharmacological effects. Polymers of natural origin are increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry. With this in mind, we evaluated the effect of storage conditions on the stability of gum arabic (GA) and tragacanth (GT). The influence of higher temperature, UV irradiation, and relative humidity on GA and GT was tested. Thermogravimetry (TG, c-DTA), colorimetric analysis, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and optical microscopy were used as research methods. The TGA and c-DTA examination indicated that decomposition of GA starts at a higher temperature compared to GT. This indicate that gum arabic is more resistant to higher temperatures compared to tragacanth. However, the conducted analysis showed that gum arabic is more sensitive to the tested storage conditions. Among the tested physical conditions, both polymers were most sensitive to conditions of increased relative humidity in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Ramos
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Broncel
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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12
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Pacholak A, Burlaga N, Frankowski R, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Kaczorek E. Azole fungicides: (Bio)degradation, transformation products and toxicity elucidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149917. [PMID: 34525765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing consumption of azole antifungal agents leads to their uncontrolled release into the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to remove their residues from natural ecosystems. This study aimed to examine the biological and chemical degradation of four typical azole fungicides: fluconazole (Fc), clotrimazole (Cl), climbazole (Cb), and epoxiconazole (Ep). The biodegradation was investigated using activated sludge and two novel Gram-negative bacterial strains. The chemical degradation experiments aimed to assess the efficiency of fungicides removal through UV treatment, the Fenton reaction, and a combination of these methods. Transformation products of Cb, Ep, and Cl photocatalytic removal were identified by mass spectrometry. In addition, the AlamarBlue® Assay and the MTT Assay allowed careful evaluation of the toxicity of azole derivatives and their transformation products towards newly isolated strains, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia AsPCl2.3 and Pseudomonas monteilii LB2. Among all azole fungicides, Cb was the most susceptible to biological removal while Fc, Ep, and Cl were basically resistant to biodegradation. Cl and Ep showed a significant biosorption on the activated sludge. Under optimized photolysis conditions, the removal efficiency of Cl, Cb, and Ep was significantly higher than that of biodegradation. The Fenton reaction supported by the UV-irradiation offered the best results of fungicides elimination. After 1 min of the experiment, Cl was almost completely removed while Cb and Ep removal rates reached an average of 60%. The proposed main degradation route of azole fungicides during UV-irradiation includes halogen atoms substitution by hydroxyl moieties. The final degradation product was imidazole or triazole. Azole fungicides and their transformation products differently affected the metabolic activity of Gram-negative bacteria. Cl and Cb intermediates showed lower toxicity than parent compounds. The findings help better understand the environmental impact of azole fungicides, their degradation, and toxicity. They also stress the need for reducing their uncontrolled release to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pacholak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Natalia Burlaga
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Robert Frankowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Kaczorek
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Frankowski R, Płatkiewicz J, Stanisz E, Grześkowiak T, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. Biodegradation and photo-Fenton degradation of bisphenol A, bisphenol S and fluconazole in water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117947. [PMID: 34391047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and fluconazole are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and their removal from water is of utmost importance. As the biodegradation of these compounds is usually not enough effective, often other degradation methods are required. The study presents the difference between biodegradation and photo-Fenton degradation with a much higher efficiency obtained in the latter process. Levels of biodegradation and chemical degradation were assessed based on high-performance liquid chromatography determination. Optimization of the photo-Fenton removal of bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and fluconazole resulted in about 100 % primary degradation of both bisphenols during 10-20 min and almost 90 % primary degradation of fluconazole within an hour. Degradation products formed in the process were identified using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and showed central scission of bisphenol S with the formation of phenol and sulfuric acid while for bisphenol A and fluconazole the oxidation resulted in much smaller structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Frankowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Julia Płatkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Stanisz
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland.
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Assessment of Environmental Pollution and Human Exposure to Pesticides by Wastewater Analysis in a Seven-Year Study in Athens, Greece. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100260. [PMID: 34678955 PMCID: PMC8537104 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have been used in large amounts around the world for decades and are responsible for environmental pollution and various adverse effects on human health. Analysis of untreated wastewater can deliver useful information on pesticides’ use in a particular area and allow the assessment of human exposure to certain substances. A wide-scope screening method, based on liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, was applied, using both target and suspect screening methodologies. Daily composite influent wastewater samples were collected for seven or eight consecutive days in Athens between 2014 and 2020 and analyzed for 756 pesticides, their environmental transformation products and their human metabolites. Forty pesticides were quantified at mean concentrations up to 4.9 µg/L (tralkoxydim). The most abundant class was fungicides followed by herbicides, insect repellents, insecticides and plant growth regulators. In addition, pesticide transformation products and/or metabolites were detected with high frequency, indicating that research should be focused on them. Human exposure was evaluated using the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach and 3-ethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid and cis-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide were proposed as potential WBE biomarkers. Wastewater analysis revealed the presence of unapproved pesticides and indicated that there is an urgent need to include more transformation products in target databases.
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Lin K, Hu D, Peng J, Xu C, Gu FL, Lan Z. Prediction of the excited-state reaction channels in photo-induced processes of nitrofurantoin using first-principle calculations and dynamics simulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130831. [PMID: 34289597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the photochemistry of antibiotic compounds is important because it gives the direct information on the possible environmental pollution caused by them. Due to their large size, the theoretical studies of their excited-state reactions are rather challenging. In current work, we combined the on-the-fly trajectory surface-hopping dynamics, conical-intersection optimizations and excited-state pathway calculations to study the photochemistry of the trans-isomer of nitrofurantoin, a widely-used drug to treat the urinary tract infections. The dynamics-then-pathway approach was taken. First the trajectory surface hopping dynamics at the state-averaged complete-active-space self-consistent-field (SA-CASSCF) level with small active space and small basis sets were run. Second, the minimum-energy conical-intersection optimizations were performed. Finally the excited pathways from the Frank-Condon region to different reaction channels were built at the multi-state multi-reference second-order perturbation (MS-CASPT2) level with large active space and large basis set. Several possible channels responsible for the photo-induced reaction mechanism of the trans-nitrofurantoin were obtained, including the cleavage of the NO bond of the NO2 moiety, the photoisomerization at the central CN bond, and other internal conversion channels. Our findings give some preliminary explanations on available experimental observations. It is also demonstrates that the current theoretical approach is a powerful tool to explore the excited-state reactions in the photochemistry of media-sized or large-sized drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunni Lin
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Deping Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiawei Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Feng Long Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Zhi H, Mianecki AL, Kolpin DW, Klaper RD, Iwanowicz LR, LeFevre GH. Tandem field and laboratory approaches to quantify attenuation mechanisms of pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical transformation products in a wastewater effluent-dominated stream. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117537. [PMID: 34416647 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evolving complex mixtures of pharmaceuticals and transformation products in effluent-dominated streams pose potential impacts to aquatic species; thus, understanding the attenuation dynamics in the field and characterizing the prominent attenuation mechanisms of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products (TPs) is critical for hazard assessments. Herein, we determined the attenuation dynamics and the associated prominent mechanisms of pharmaceuticals and their corresponding TPs via a combined long-term field study and controlled laboratory experiments. For the field study, we quantified spatiotemporal exposure concentrations of five pharmaceuticals and six associated TPs in a small, temperate-region effluent-dominated stream during baseflow conditions where the wastewater plant was the main source of pharmaceuticals. We selected four sites (upstream, at, and two progressively downstream from effluent discharge) and collected water samples at 16 time points (64 samples in total, approximately twice monthly, depending on flows) for 1 year. Concurrently, we conducted photolysis, sorption, and biodegradation batch tests under controlled conditions to determine the major attenuation mechanisms. We observed 10-fold greater attenuation rates in the field compared to batch tests, demonstrating that connecting laboratory batch tests with field measurements to enhance predictive power is a critical need. Batch systems alone, often used for assessment, are useful for determining fate processes but poorly approximate in-stream attenuation kinetics. Sorption was the dominant attenuation process (t1/2<7.7 d) for 5 of 11 compounds in the batch tests, while the other compounds (n = 6) persisted in the batch tests and along the 5.1 km stream reach. In-stream parent-to-product transformation was minimal. Differential attenuation contributed to the evolving pharmaceutical mixture and created changing exposure conditions with concomitant implications for aquatic and terrestrial biota. Tandem field and laboratory characterization can better inform modeling efforts for transport and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Alyssa L Mianecki
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton St, Rm 269 Federal Building, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States
| | - Rebecca D Klaper
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Great Lakes Water Institute, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, United States
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Zhang N, Tsang EP, Wang K, Fang J, Li Y, Zhou G, Fang Z. Iron-nitrogen co-doped carbon nanotubes decorated with Cu 2O possess enhanced electronic properties for effective peroxymonosulfate activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142813. [PMID: 33097246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting the full potential of copper-based nanoparticles in the activation of peroxymonopersulfate (PMS) is a great challenge due to their insufficient dispersity and electronic properties. We report here a novel iron‑nitrogen co-doped carbon nanotube (FNC) modified with a Cu2O nanocomposite (Cu2O/FNC) that exhibits ultrahigh catalytic performance in the activation of PMS to degrade fluconazole (~95%). Catalytic performance evaluation illustrated that Cu2O/FNC also has wide pH applicability (3.0-11.0), long-term stability and excellent adaptability. In addition, luminescent bacteria toxicity tests confirm that Cu2O/FNC/PMS significantly reduced the acute biotoxicity of various recalcitrant pollutants (reduced by 45-83%). By identifying the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and catalytic performance for various pollutants, we propose that pollutants that interact weekly with activators are mostly destroyed by sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals, whilst both radical and non-radical routes were involved in the degradation of pollutants that were easily adsorbed. By modifying Cu2O with FNC, several crucial properties such as the specific surface area, surface defects, active sites and the charge transfer rate were significantly improved, leading to excellent catalytic performance for pollutant removal. Finally, a reasonable reaction mechanism is advanced for the fluconazole degradation pathway. This study not only develops a novel PMS oxidation system for fluconazole degradation, but also provides a new strategy to improve the reactivity and applicability of PMS activators by combining radical and non-radical activation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuanqin Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Eric Pokeung Tsang
- Dept Sci & Environment Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 00852, China
| | - Kuang Wang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianzhang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaowei Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangying Zhou
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Liu YS, Cheng YX, Wu D, Chen QL, Ying GG. Photo transformation of 5-methylbenzotriazole and 5-chlorobenzotriazole by UV irradiation: Influences of pH, salinity, metal species and humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110678. [PMID: 33417911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
5-methylbenzotriazole (5-TTri) and 5-chlorobenzotriazole (CBT) are two benzotriazole derivatives widely used in various industrial and domestic applications. This paper reports on the photochemical behaviour of 5-TTri and CBT in aqueous solutions under UV radiation at 254 nm and the influences of pH, salinity, metal species and humic acid (HA) on their photo-transformation processes. The photolysis of 5-TTri and CBT under the exposure to UV light were found to follow the first-order reaction kinetic in all cases with half-lives ranging from 7.1 h to 24.3 h for 5-TTri and 5.1 h-20.5 h for CBT in various aqueous solutions containing metal ions and HA. The photolysis rates for both 5-TTri and CBT were strongly dependent on the solution pH value, and decreased with increasing solution pH. Salinity, metal species Cu2+ and Fe3+, and especially HA had inhibitory effects on the photolysis of 5-TTri and CBT under UV light irradiation at 254 nm. We proposed the tentative photo transformation schemes for both 5-TTri and CBT, which involved two photoproducts (4-methylaniline and N, N-diethylaniline- p-toluidine) and three photoproducts (4-chloroaniline, Aniline and 2,6-diethylaniline), respectively, via N-N and N-NH bond scission and dechlorination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Sheng Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Xiao Cheng
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Quan-Le Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Ibor OR, Khan EA, Arukwe A. Toxicity assessment of Lemna solid waste dumpsite (Calabar, Nigeria) using different extraction methods and toxicological responses of PLHC-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:103554. [PMID: 33290873 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the effects of three (elutriate, polar and non-polar) different soil extraction methods from the Lemna solid waste dumpsite (Calabar, Nigeria) on the biotransformation, antioxidant and cellular defense responses of PLHC-1 cell line. Following a 48 h exposure period to different concentrations of each extract, the PLHC-1 cells were evaluated for enzymatic activities - glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione reductase (Gr), glutathione S-transferase (Gst), 7-ethoxy-, pentoxy-, and benzyloxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD, PROD and BROD) and mRNA expressions for catalase (cat), gpx, gst, cyp1a, cyp3a, mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) and Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein (keap-1). Overall, our results showed parameter-, extract- and concentration-specific increases in transcripts and functional product levels for biotransformation, antioxidant and cellular defense/cytoprotective responses, compared with control. These responses were mostly characterized by a biphasic pattern of effects by either, increasing at low concentration, and thereafter decrease, as the concentration increases or vice versa, depending on the extract type. These observations paralleled soil contaminants (organics and inorganics) burden from the dumpsite. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that cells treated with the non-polar extract produced more pronounced effects on the measured toxicological responses, compared with the polar and elutriate extracts. Thus, our data highlight peculiar risks to cells exposed to each soil extract, indicating complex and multiple chemical interactions with diverse functional groups that contaminants may have in mixture scenarios. Given the limitations and cost implications of contaminants analysis for the numerous soil- or sediment-bound compounds, we propose that this approach represents an analytical benchmark and endpoints for assessing the risk of complex environmental matrices such as soil and sediments, for ecotoxicological monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oju R Ibor
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Essa A Khan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Katti PA, Goundadkar BB. Azole pharmaceuticals induce germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in preovulatory oocytes of zebrafish (Danio rerio): an in vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3694-3702. [PMID: 32929672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Azoles, the antifungal pharmaceuticals are emerging as a new class of water contaminants with a potential to influence the endocrine physiology of surrounding aquatic fauna. In this study, we made an attempt to assess the relative efficacy of widely used azoles belonging to two subclasses, i.e., (i) triazoles (letrozole, fluconazole, itraconazole) and (ii) imidazoles (ketaconazole, ornidazole, clotrimazole), on the onset of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) (an initial step in the final maturation of oocytes) in fully grown preovulatory oocytes of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using an in vitro model. Oocytes (> 650 μm) isolated manually from gravid ovaries were exposed to (i) 0.01 and/or 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10, 15, and 20 ng/ml and (ii) 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 μg/ml of drugs. Zebrafish Ringer's solution (vehicle) and 0.01% ethyl alcohol (solvent) were used as negative controls. 17α, 20 β-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α-DHP) and diethylstibestrol (DES), potent inducers of GVBD in fish, were used as positive controls. GVBD was scored hourly from 0-6 h. In negative controls, there were no indications of GVBD even at the 6th hour, while in 17α-DHP- and DES-exposed oocytes, GVBD was initiated from the 1st hour, reaching 80% and 76% respectively at the 6th hour. Among azoles, letrozole induced GVBD in 73-85%, fluconazole (30-33%), itraconazole (23-33%), ketaconazole (46-53%), ornidazole (36-40%), and clotrimazole (30-33%) of oocytes. These results suggest that azole pharmaceuticals induce GVBD in fish oocytes that may be attributed to their variable degree of cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitor activity.
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Evaluating the Effect of Azole Antifungal Agents on the Stress Response and Nanomechanical Surface Properties of Ochrobactrum anthropi Aspcl2.2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153348. [PMID: 32717971 PMCID: PMC7435821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole antifungal molecules are broadly used as active ingredients in various products, such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides. This promotes their release into the natural environment. The detailed mechanism of their influence on the biotic components of natural ecosystems remains unexplored. Our research aimed to examine the response of Ochrobactrum anthropi AspCl2.2 to the presence of four azole antifungal agents (clotrimazole, fluconazole, climbazole, epoxiconazole). The experiments performed include analysis of the cell metabolic activity, cell membrane permeability, total glutathione level and activity of glutathione S-transferases. These studies allowed for the evaluation of the cells’ oxidative stress response to the presence of azole antifungals. Moreover, changes in the nanomechanical surface properties, including adhesive and elastic features of the cells, were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectrophotometric methods. The results indicate that the azoles promote bacterial oxidative stress. The strongest differences were noted for the cells cultivated with fluconazole. The least toxic effect has been attributed to climbazole. AFM observations unraveled molecular details of bacterial cell texture, structure and surface nanomechanical properties. Antifungals promote the nanoscale modification of the bacterial cell wall. The results presented provided a significant insight into the strategies used by environmental bacterial cells to survive exposures to toxic azole antifungal agents.
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Nourieh N, Nabizadeh R, Faramarzi MA, Nasseri S, Yaghmaeian K, Mahmoudi B, Alimohammadi M, Khoobi M. Photocatalytic degradation of ketoconazole by Z-scheme Ag 3PO 4/graphene oxide: response surface modeling and optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:250-263. [PMID: 31786759 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ketoconazole is an imidazole fungicide which is commonly used as pharmaceutical and healthcare products. Residual amount of this compound can cause adverse ecological health problems. The present study investigated ketoconazole photocatalytic degradation using Ag3PO4/graphene oxide (GO). Ag3PO4/GO and Ag3PO4 as visible light-driven photocatalysts was synthesized using the in situ growth method. Degradation of ketoconazole at the concentration of 1-20 mg/L in aqueous solutions was optimized in the presence of Ag3PO4/GO nanocomposite with the dosage of 0.5-2 g/L, contact time of 15-20 min, and pH of 5-9 using response surface methodology. A second-order model was selected as the best fitted model with R2 value and lack of fit as 0.935 and 0.06, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the Ag3PO4/GO catalyst achieved a photocatalytic efficiency of 96.53% after 93.34 min. The photocatalytic activity, reaction kinetics, and stability were also investigated. The results indicated that the Ag3PO4/GO nanocomposite exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for ketoconazole degradation, which was 2.4 times that of pure Ag3PO4. Finally, a direct Z-scheme mechanism was found to be responsible for enhanced photocatalytic activity in the Ag3PO4/GO nanocomposite. The high photocatalytic activity, acceptable reusability, and good aqueous stability make the Ag3PO4/GO nanocomposite a promising nanophotocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of azoles contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Nourieh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Biomaterials Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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In Silico Prediction of Plasma Concentrations of Fluconazole Capsules with Different Dissolution Profiles and Bioequivalence Study Using Population Simulation. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050215. [PMID: 31060289 PMCID: PMC6571621 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A biowaiver is accepted by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) for immediate-release solid oral products containing Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class I drugs showing rapid drug dissolution. This study aimed to simulate plasma concentrations of fluconazole capsules with different dissolution profiles and run population simulation to evaluate their bioequivalence. The dissolution profiles of two batches of the reference product Zoltec® 150 mg capsules, A1 and A2, and two batches of other products (B1 and B2; C1 and C2), as well as plasma concentration–time data of the reference product from the literature, were used for the simulations. Although products C1 and C2 had drug dissolutions < 85% in 30 min at 0.1 M HCl, simulation results demonstrated that these products would show the same in vivo performance as products A1, A2, B1, and B2. Population simulation results of the ln-transformed 90% confidence interval for the ratio of Cmax and AUC0–t values for all products were within the 80–125% interval, showing to be bioequivalent. Thus, even though the in vitro dissolution behavior of products C1 and C2 was not equivalent to a rapid dissolution profile, the computer simulations proved to be an important tool to show the possibility of bioequivalence for these products.
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Wan D, Zhang G, Chen Y, Lu X, Zuo Y. Photogeneration of hydroxyl radical in Fe(III)-citrate-oxalate system for the degradation of fluconazole: mechanism and products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8640-8649. [PMID: 30707383 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical role of Fe(III)-citrate complex is significant in natural waters due to its ubiquitous existence and excellent photoreactivity at near neutral pH. Although there are many reports on the photoinduced degradation of pollutants in the Fe(III)-citrate system, the optimum pH for its photoreactivity is yet not clearly understood. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that the optimum pH was 5.5 for the photoproduction of •OH in the Fe(III)-citrate system via kinetics modeling based on the steady-state approximation. According to the experimental results, the •OH photoproduction increased with increasing pH until 5.5 and then decreased in Fe(III)-citrate solution, which agreed well with the prediction trend of kinetic modeling. The effect of the common ligand oxalate on the photoreactivity of Fe(III)-citrate system was also investigated. The addition of oxalate promoted the photoproduction of •OH in Fe(III)-citrate solutions, and the measured [•OH]ss increased with oxalate concentration under a fixed Fe(III)-to-citrate ratio. Little synergistic effect exists in Fe(III)-citrate-oxalate system at pH 4.0-5.5. In contrast, an appreciable synergistic effect was observed at near neutral pH (6.0-8.0). Higher oxalate-to-citrate ratio facilitated the synergistic effect. Furthermore, antifungal drug fluconazole could be removed efficiently in the Fe(III)-citrate-oxalate system. The photodegradation kinetics also verified the optimum pH of Fe(III)-citrate system and synergistic effect of oxalate. By LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses, the photoproducts of fluconazole in the Fe(III)-citrate-oxalate system were identified and the reaction mechanism involving hydroxylation substitution and subsequent cleavage of heterocyclic amine was proposed. These findings suggest that Fe(III)-citrate exhibits best photoreactivity at pH 5.5, and the coexistence of reactive ligands will enhance its photoreactivity at circumneutral pH, indicating potential application in wastewater treatment via addition of appropriate citrate and co-ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guofei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xiye Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuegang Zuo
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA, 02747-2300, USA
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26
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González-Mariño I, Rodríguez I, Rojo L, Cela R. Photodegradation of nitenpyram under UV and solar radiation: Kinetics, transformation products identification and toxicity prediction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:995-1005. [PMID: 30743897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of the neonicotinoid insecticide nitenpyram (NPY) under UV and solar irradiation has been investigated in water solutions in order to assess its persistence in the environment and its transformation into other potentially more toxic species. Time-courses were followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Transformation products (TPs) were identified by their accurate product ion spectra, obtained with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer after their liquid chromatographic separation. NPY was rapidly photodegraded under all the investigated conditions, following a first-order model and with half-lives varying from seconds to <10 min. Quantum yields were between 0.0385 and 0.0534 mol einstein-1. The identified TPs, some of them reported for the first time in this study, were formed through different reactions involving the nitro-ethylene moiety of the parent insecticide. Conversely to the lability of NPY, its TPs were more photo-stable in both ultrapure and river water. Moreover, in-silico toxicity assessment showed that most of them display a higher acute toxicity than NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lorena Rojo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Luo L, Xiao Z, Chen B, Cai F, Fang L, Lin L, Luan T. Natural Porphyrins Accelerating the Phototransformation of Benzo[a]pyrene in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3634-3641. [PMID: 29465995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phototransformation is one of the most important transformation pathways of organic contaminants in the water environment. However, how active compounds enable and accelerate the phototransformation of organic pollutants remains to be elucidated. In this study, the phototransformation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, the first class "human carcinogens") by various natural porphyrins under solar irradiation was investigated, including chlorophyll a, sodium copper chlorophyllin, hematin, cobalamin, and pheophorbide a. Transformation efficiency of BaP varied considerably with chemical stabilities of the porphyrins. Porphyrins with a lower stability displayed higher BaP transformation efficiencies. BaP transformation had a significant positive correlation with the production of singlet oxygen. Identical phototransformation products of BaP were observed for all investigated porphyrins, and the main products were identified as BaP-quinones, including BaP-1,6-dione, BaP-3,6-dione, and BaP-6,12-dione. The mechanism of natural porphyrins accelerating the BaP phototransformation in water was proposed to proceed via the photocatalytic generation of singlet oxygen resulting in the transformation of BaP to quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Science , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Zhengyu Xiao
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Baowei Chen
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Fengshan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Ling Fang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Li Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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28
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Rodríguez-Cabo T, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Evaluation of the aqueous phototransformation routes of phenyl ethyl azolic fungicides by liquid chromatography accurate mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:942-954. [PMID: 29017135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Similarities and differences among the phototransformation routes of four azolic fungicides (diniconazole, DIN, imazalil, IMA; penconazole, PEN; and propiconazole, PRO) in surface water aliquots are investigated. Selected compounds share a common chemical structure consisting on dichlorophenyl and azolic rings connected through an ethylene bridge, which is substituted with different functionalities. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was employed as analytical technique to follow the time-course of precursor fungicides and to detect and to identify their photo-transformation products (TPs). Under solar light, the substituents linked to the ethylene chain controlled the stability of the fungicides. Whilst PEN and PRO remained stable, DIN and IMA showed moderate reactivities, with half-lives (t1/2) of 5.1 and 33.5h, respectively. When exposed to UV (254nm) radiation, all compounds were effectively degraded with t1/2 in the range from seconds to a few minutes. Dechlorination followed by intramolecular cyclization, between phenyl and azolic rings, was identified as a common phototransformation route under UV irradiation. Depending on the length and the kind of the functionalities attached to the ethylene bridge, additional cyclization reactions are also possible. In-silico toxicity predictions pointed out to dechlorinated tricyclic TPs as the most concerning ones, with predicted lethal concentrations (LC50) in the same range as the precursor fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rodríguez-Cabo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - M Ramil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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29
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Wang T, Wu QY, Wang WL, Chen Z, Li BT, Li A, Liu ZY, Hu HY. Self-sensitized photodegradation of benzisothiazolinone by low-pressure UV-C irradiation: Kinetics, mechanisms, and the effect of media. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Liu WR, Ying GG, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Hu LX, Yao L, Liang YQ, Tian F. Photodegradation of the azole fungicide climbazole by ultraviolet irradiation under different conditions: Kinetics, mechanism and toxicity evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:794-801. [PMID: 27378240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climbazole (CZ) has been known to persist in various environmental media, and may cause potential risks to aquatic organisms. This study investigated the photodegradation of CZ by ultraviolet (UV, 254nm) under different conditions. The results revealed that CZ could be effectively degraded in aqueous solutions under UV-254 irradiation with a half-life of 9.78min (pH=7.5), and the photodegradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. pH had almost no effect on its rate constants and quantum yields; but the water quality of natural waters could affect the photolysis of CZ, and the coexisting constituents such as Fe(3+), NO3(-), and HA obviously inhibited its photolysis. The addition of different radical scavengers also inhibited the photodegradation of CZ due to the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CZ underwent direct and self-sensitized photolysis involving ROS. Based on the identified photodegradation by-products, the proposed pathways included hydroxylative dechlorination, dechlorination and de-pinacolone. Moreover, toxicity evaluation using duckweed found significant toxicity reduction in the photodegradation system of CZ after the irradiation of UV-254, and the remaining by-products did not pose extra toxicity compared with CZ itself. These findings from present study suggest that CZ in effluent could be further reduced by applying UV photolysis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Fei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Mameri Y, Debbache N, Benacherine MEM, Seraghni N, Sehili T. Heterogeneous photodegradation of paracetamol using Goethite/H 2 O 2 and Goethite/oxalic acid systems under artificial and natural light. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Castro G, Casado J, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Ferradás A, Cela R. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry assessment of fluconazole and climbazole UV and UV/H2O2 degradability: Kinetics study and transformation products elucidation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:681-690. [PMID: 26575477 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of UV irradiation for the removal of the antimycotic drugs fluconazole (FCZ) and climbazole (CBZ) from water samples is evaluated. Degradation experiments, at laboratory scale, were carried out with spiked aliquots of ultrapure water solutions and treated wastewater samples using low-pressure mercury lamps emitting at 254 nm. Time course of precursor pollutants and identification of arising transformation products (TPs) was performed by injection of different reaction time aliquots in a liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) system. Chemical structures of identified TPs were proposed from their full-product ion spectra, acquired using different collision energies. During UV irradiation experiments, the half-lives (t1/2) of FCZ and CBZ were similar in ultrapure water solutions and wastewater samples; however, the first species was more recalcitrant than the second one. Four TPs were identified in case of FCZ resulting from substitution of fluorine atoms by hydroxyl moieties and intramolecular cyclization with fluorine removal. CBZ interacted with UV radiation through reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation and cleavage of the ether bond; moreover, five additional primary TPs, with the same empirical formula as CBZ, were also noticed. Given the relatively long t1/2 of FCZ under direct photolysis (ca. 42 min), UV irradiation was combined with H2O2 addition to promote formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals. Under such conditions, the degradation rate of FCZ was enhanced significantly and no TPs were detected. These latter conditions allowed also the effective removal of CBZ TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Castro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Jorge Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - María Ramil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Aida Ferradás
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Chen ZF, Ying GG. Occurrence, fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:142-153. [PMID: 26277639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Azole fungicides are widely used to treat fungal infection in human. After application, these chemicals may reach to the receiving environment via direct or indirect discharge of wastewaters, thus posing potential risks to non-target organisms. We aimed to review the occurrence, fate and toxicological effects of some representative household azole fungicides in the environment. Azole fungicides were widely detected in surface water and sediment of the aquatic environment due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants. These chemicals are found resistant to microbial degradation, but can undergo photolysis under UV irradiation. Due to different physiochemical properties, azole fungicides showed different environmental behaviors. The residues of azole fungicides could cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. The reported effects include regulation changes in expression of cytochrome P450-related genes and alteration in CYP450-regulated steroidogenesis causing endocrine disruption in fish. Further studies are essential to investigate the removal of azole fungicides by advanced treatment technologies, environmental fate such as natural photolysis, and toxic pathways in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resources Utilization & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Chlorophyll catalyse the photo-transformation of carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene in water. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12776. [PMID: 26239357 PMCID: PMC4523946 DOI: 10.1038/srep12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Algal blooms cause great damage to water quality and aquaculture. However, this study showed that dead algal cells and chlorophyll could accelerate the photo-transformation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a ubiquitous and persistent pollutant with potently mutagenic and carcinogenic toxicities, under visible light irradiation. Chlorophyll was found to be the major active substance in dead algal cells, and generated a high level of singlet oxygen to catalyse the photo-transformation of BaP. According to various BaP metabolites formed, the degradation mechanism was proposed as that chlorophyll in dead algal cells photo-oxidized BaP to quinones via photocatalytic generation of singlet oxygen. The results provided a good insight into the role of chlorophyll in the photo-transformation of organic contaminants and could be a possible remediation strategy of organic pollutants in natural environment.
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35
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Zou H, Radke M, Kierkegaard A, MacLeod M, McLachlan MS. Using chemical benchmarking to determine the persistence of chemicals in a Swedish lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1646-53. [PMID: 25565241 DOI: 10.1021/es505548k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to measure the persistence of chemicals under field conditions. In this work, two approaches for measuring persistence in the field were compared: the chemical mass balance approach, and a novel chemical benchmarking approach. Ten pharmaceuticals, an X-ray contrast agent, and an artificial sweetener were studied in a Swedish lake. Acesulfame K was selected as a benchmark to quantify persistence using the chemical benchmarking approach. The 95% confidence intervals of the half-life for transformation in the lake system ranged from 780-5700 days for carbamazepine to <1-2 days for ketoprofen. The persistence estimates obtained using the benchmarking approach agreed well with those from the mass balance approach (1-21% difference), indicating that chemical benchmarking can be a valid and useful method to measure the persistence of chemicals under field conditions. Compared to the mass balance approach, the benchmarking approach partially or completely eliminates the need to quantify mass flow of chemicals, so it is particularly advantageous when the quantification of mass flow of chemicals is difficult. Furthermore, the benchmarking approach allows for ready comparison and ranking of the persistence of different chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zou
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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