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Chen S, Li Z. Understanding the fate of disinfection by-products in swimming pools: current empirical and mechanistic modeling insights. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2024:1-36. [PMID: 39210640 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2396250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Disinfecting swimming pool water plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of harmful bacteria. However, the interaction between disinfectants and precursors can lead to the formation of potentially disinfection by-products (DBPs). Prolonged exposure to these DBPs may pose health risks. This review study investigates recent research advancements concerning the formation, exposure, and regulation of DBPs within swimming pools. It also provides an overview of existing models that predict DBPs generation in pools, highlighting their limitations. The review explores the mechanisms behind DBPs formation under different disinfectant and precursor conditions. It specifically discusses two types of models that simulate the production of these by-products. Compared to drinking water, swimming pool water presents unique challenges for model development due to its complex mix of external substances, human activities, and environmental factors. Existing models can be categorized as empirical or mechanistic. Empirical models focus on water quality parameters and operational practices, while mechanistic models delve deeper into the kinetics of DBPs generation and the dynamic nature of these compounds. By employing these models, it becomes possible to minimize DBPs production, optimize equipment design, enhance operational efficiency, and manage mechanical ventilation systems effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorong Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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2
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Sui S, Zhou N, Liu H, Watson P, Yang X. Recognizing high-priority disinfection byproducts based on experimental and predicted endocrine disrupting data: Virtual screening and in vitro study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142239. [PMID: 38705414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
So far, about 130 disinfection by-products (DBPs) and several DBPs-groups have had their potential endocrine-disrupting effects tested on some endocrine endpoints. However, it is still not clear which specific DBPs, DBPs-groups/subgroups may be the most toxic substances or groups/subgroups for any given endocrine endpoint. In this study, we attempt to address this issue. First, a list of relevant DBPs was updated, and 1187 DBPs belonging to 4 main-groups (aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic, heterocyclic) and 84 subgroups were described. Then, the high-priority endocrine endpoints, DBPs-groups/subgroups, and specific DBPs were determined from 18 endpoints, 4 main-groups, 84 subgroups, and 1187 specific DBPs by a virtual-screening method. The results demonstrate that most of DBPs could not disturb the endocrine endpoints in question because the proportion of active compounds associated with the endocrine endpoints ranged from 0 (human thyroid receptor beta) to 32% (human transthyretin (hTTR)). All the endpoints with a proportion of active compounds greater than 10% belonged to the thyroid system, highlighting that the potential disrupting effects of DBPs on the thyroid system should be given more attention. The aromatic and alicyclic DBPs may have higher priority than that of aliphatic and heterocyclic DBPs by considering the activity rate and potential for disrupting effects. There were 2 (halophenols and estrogen DBPs), 12, and 24 subgroups that belonged to high, moderate, and low priority classes, respectively. For individual DBPs, there were 23 (2%), 193 (16%), and 971 (82%) DBPs belonging to the high, moderate, and low priority groups, respectively. Lastly, the hTTR binding affinity of 4 DBPs was determined by an in vitro assay and all the tested DBPs exhibited dose-dependent binding potency with hTTR, which was consistent with the predicted result. Thus, more efforts should be performed to reveal the potential endocrine disruption of those high research-priority main-groups, subgroups, and individual DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Sui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Peter Watson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, New Mexico, United States
| | - Xianhai Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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Kalita I, Kamilaris A, Havinga P, Reva I. Assessing the Health Impact of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1564-1578. [PMID: 38633371 PMCID: PMC11019713 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the impact of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) on human health, with a particular focus on DBPs present in chlorinated drinking water, concentrating on three primary DBP categories (aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic). Additionally, it explores pivotal factors influencing DBP formation, encompassing disinfectant types, water source characteristics, and environmental conditions, such as the presence of natural materials in water. The main objective is to discern the most hazardous DBPs, considering criteria such as regulation standards, potential health impacts, and chemical diversity. It provides a catalog of 63 key DBPs alongside their corresponding parameters. From this set, 28 compounds are meticulously chosen for in-depth analysis based on the above criteria. The findings strive to guide the advancement of water treatment technologies and intelligent sensory systems for the efficient water quality surveillance. This, in turn, enables reliable DBP detection within water distribution networks. By enriching the understanding of DBP-associated health hazards and offering valuable insights, this research is aimed to contribute to influencing policy-making in regulations and treatment strategies, thereby protecting public health and improving safety related to chlorinated drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Kalita
- Computing
& Data Sciences (CDS), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- CYENS
Centre of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kamilaris
- CYENS
Centre of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus
- Pervasive
Systems Group, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, Netherlands
| | - Paul Havinga
- Pervasive
Systems Group, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, Netherlands
| | - Igor Reva
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, CERES, University
of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
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Lee BA. Effect of exposure to disinfection by-products during swimming exercise on asthma-related immune responses. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:735-745. [PMID: 38678426 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Swimming is a widely practiced exercise in modern society, where there is a heightened interest in health. The exceptional benefits of swimming are well-known, yet the issue of water quality management inevitably arises due to its nature as an aquatic exercise. Several studies reported that chlorine disinfectants commonly used in swimming pool water disinfection could degrade into toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) and suggested that the DBPs might induce respiratory disorders, including asthma. Conversely, there were also reports that the DBPs had no significant effects on respiratory conditions. In this study, we investigated the influence of swimming exercise and DBPs on asthma. The decomposition products had little effect on the number of T cells in various immune organs. However, swimming exercise was found to increase the cell count in proportion to the exercise duration. Nevertheless, there were no significant changes in other immune cells and the secretion of asthma-related cytokines. These findings indicate that the effects of swimming pool DBPs on respiratory conditions during swimming exercise are either negligible or absent, and instead, the immunological benefits gained through consistent swimming exercise outweigh any potential drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ae Lee
- Department of Sport Science, College of Liberal Arts, Dongguk University, 38066 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongju, South Korea E-mail:
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Li CR, Deng YL, Miao Y, Zhang M, Zeng JY, Liu XY, Wu Y, Li YJ, Liu AX, Zhu JQ, Liu C, Zeng Q. Exposures to drinking water disinfection byproducts and kidney function in Chinese women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117925. [PMID: 38103773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), the ubiquitous contaminants in drinking water, have been shown to impair renal function in experimental studies. However, epidemiological evidence is sparse. OBJECTIVE To investigate exposures to DBPs in associations with renal function among women. METHODS A total of 920 women from December 2018 to January 2020 were abstracted from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) Study, an ongoing cohort study in Wuhan, China. Urine samples were gathered at baseline recruitment and analyzed for dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as biomarkers of DBP exposures. Serum uric acid (UA), creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured as indicators of renal function. Multivariate linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were conducted to assess urinary DCAA and TCAA concentrations in associations with renal function indicators. Stratified analyses by age and body mass index (BMI) were also performed. RESULTS We found null evidence of urinary TCAA in associations with renal function indicators. However, elevated urinary DCAA tertiles were related to decreased eGFR (β = -1.78%, 95% CI: 3.21%, -0.36%, comparing the upper vs. lower tertile; P for trend = 0.01). This inverse association still existed when urinary DCAA concentration was treated as a continuous variable, and the dose-response relationship was linear based on the RCS model (P for overall association = 0.002 and P for non-linear associations = 0.44). In the stratified analyses, we found an association of urinary DCAA concentration with decreased UA level among women <30 years but an association with increased UA level among women ≥30 years (P for interaction = 0.04). CONCLUSION Urinary DCAA but not TCAA was associated with impaired renal function among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ru Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jia-Yue Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang-Juan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - A-Xue Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jin-Qin Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Lin HHH, Lin AYC. Peracetic acid as an alternative disinfectant for micropollutants degradation and disinfection byproducts control in outdoor swimming pools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132988. [PMID: 37979421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) has garnered significant interest as a novel alternative to chlorine-based disinfectants for water treatment due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and its ability of reactive species generation when exposed to UV light. However, limited studies have investigated micropollutant degradation in the presence of PAA under solar irradiation. This is the first study to comprehensively investigate the photodegradation of caffeine (CAF) and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and the removal of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the presence of PAA under simulated solar light. The study revealed that the photodegradation of CAF and 4-MBC was significantly enhanced in the presence of PAA, following pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.98) with reaction rates (kobs) of 0.220 and 0.111 h-1, respectively. In addition, substantial reduction of 21 DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles, and no DBPs formation were observed in the presence of PAA and simulated solar irradiation. The proportion of coexisting H2O2 in the PAA solution considerably influenced target compounds degradation. CAF and 4-MBC were degraded faster under acidic conditions than under alkaline conditions. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) dominated the degradation of CAF at different pH values, while direct photolysis and other reactive species played a major role in the degradation of 4-MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank Hui-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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7
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Chowdhury S, Sattar KA, Rahman SM. Investigating bromide incorporation factor (BIF) and model development for predicting THMs in drinking water using machine learning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167595. [PMID: 37802353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Many disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water can pose cancer risks to humans while several DBPs including trihalomethanes are typically regulated. Although trihalomethanes are regulated, brominated fractions (bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) are more toxic to humans than the chlorinated ones (chloroform). To date, >100 models have been reported to predict DBPs. However, models to predict individual trihalomethanes are very limited, indicating the needs of such models. Various factors including natural organic matter (NOM), bromide ions (Br-), disinfectants (e.g., chlorine dose), pH, temperature and reaction time affect the formation and distribution of trihalomethanes in drinking water. In this study, NOM was fractionated into four groups based on the molecular weight (MW) cutoff values and their respective contributions to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), trihalomethanes and bromide incorporation factors (BIF) were investigated. Models were developed for predicting chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform and trihalomethanes. Three machine learning techniques: Support Vector Regressor (SVR), Random Forest Regressor (RFR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were adopted for training and testing the models. The normalized BIFs were in the ranges of 0.08-0.16 and 0.07-0.15 per mg/L of DOC for pH 6.0 and 8.5 respectively. The BIFs were higher for lower pH and MW values while increase of bromide to chlorine ratios increased BIFs. The models showed excellent predictive performances in training (R2 = 0.889-0.998) and testing (R2 = 0.870-0.988) datasets. The SVR and RFR models showed the best performances with lower RMSE and MAE in most cases. These models can be used to better control different trihalomethanes in drinking water to maintain regulatory compliance, and to minimize the risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakhawat Chowdhury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; IRC for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Karim Asif Sattar
- Research Engineer I, IRC - Smart Mobility & Logistics, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Masiur Rahman
- Research Engineer I, Applied Research Center for Environment & Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Ul'yanovskii NV, Varsegov IS, Sypalov SA, Mazur DM, Kosyakov DS, Lebedev AT. Cocamidopropyl betaine - a potential source of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products in pool water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2314-2326. [PMID: 38057675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Water treatment for most public pools involves disinfection with active chlorine leading to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Among them, nitrogen-containing compounds (N-DBPs) having increased toxicity and adverse effects on human health are of the greatest concern. Being the major component of various body washers for swimmers, cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) represents a potential and still underestimated anthropogenic precursor of N-DBPs in pool water. The purpose of this study was to investigate CAPB transformation pathways and mechanisms under the aqueous chlorination conditions. High-performance liquid and two-dimensional gas chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry were used for the search and tentative identification of the primary and final CAPB transformation products. A wide range of DBPs containing up to five chlorine atoms including these in combination with hydroxyl and additional carbonyl groups has been revealed in model chlorination experiments for the first time. The proposed mechanism of their formation involves nucleophilic substitution of the secondary amide hydrogen atom at the first stage with subsequent free radical and electrophilic addition reactions resulting in non-selective introduction of halogen atoms and hydroxyl groups in the alkyl chain. The deep transformation products include short-chain chlorinated hydrocarbons and their oxidation products as well as dimethylcarbamoyl chloride possessing high toxicity and carcinogenic properties. Targeted analysis of real swimming pool water samples confirmed the results of model experiments enabling semi-quantitative determination of CAPB (0.8 µg L-1) and 18 primary DBPs, including 10 chlorine-containing compounds with the total concentration of 0.1 µg L-1. Among them, monochloro (50%) and hydroxydichloro (25%) derivatives predominate. The toxicity and health of the main DBPs has been estimated using QSAR/QSTR approach. Thus, the possibility of formation of new classes of potentially toxic chlorine-containing DBPs associated with the widespread use of detergents and cosmetics was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - Ilya S Varsegov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Sergey A Sypalov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Mazur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
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Lee BA. Effects of disinfection by-products in swimming pool environments on the immunological mechanisms of respiratory diseases. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1600-1610. [PMID: 37902213 PMCID: wh_2023_335 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Swimming in pools is a popular and healthy recreational activity. However, potential adverse health effects from disinfection byproduct (DBP) exposure in pool water are concerning. This study evaluated how such DBP exposure affects the respiratory system. DBP exposure was simulated with an animal-specific pool environment model. Experimental animals were exposed to DBPs for a specified duration and frequency over 4 weeks. The wet and dry weights of murine lungs were measured, with no significant differences observed. There were no significant differences in interkeukin (IL)-2/4/10, and interferon-γ levels. However, IL-6 expression decreased in the experimental group. To investigate the effects of DBP exposure on immune cell response, various samples, such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, were collected for T-cell isolation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Asthma-related blood cell distribution was analyzed using a complete blood count test; no significant differences were found. Thus, DBP exposure through this model did not induce substantial lung tissue damage, major alterations in cytokine expression (besides IL-6), significant immune cell responses, or changes in asthma-associated blood cell distribution. However, considering earlier results, future studies should focus on specific types, intensity, and duration of exercise that could affect DBP exposure-related immune-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ae Lee
- Department of Sport Science, College of Liberal Arts, Dongguk University, 38066, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongju, South Korea E-mail:
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10
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Papadakis AA, Tsirigotakis I, Katranitsa S, Donousis C, Papalexis P, Keramydas D, Chaidoutis E, Georgakopoulou VE, Spandidos DA, Constantinidis TC. Assessing the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic health protocols on the hygiene status of swimming pools of hotel units. MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2023; 3:32. [PMID: 37425352 PMCID: PMC10326652 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2023.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
With the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, numerous countries imposed strict lockdown measures and travel bans, resulting in the closure of hotels. Over time, the opening of hotel units was gradually allowed, and new strict regulations and protocols were issued to ensure the hygiene and safety of swimming pools in the era of COVID-19. The present study aimed to evaluate the implementation of strict health COVID-19-related protocols in hotel units during the 2020 summer tourist season concerning microbiological hygiene and physicochemical parameters of water, and to compare the data with those from the 2019 tourist season. For this reason, 591 water samples from 62 swimming pools were analyzed, of which 381 samples were for the 2019 tourist season and 210 samples were for the 2020 tourist season. To examine the presence of Legionella spp, 132 additional samples were taken from 14 pools, of which 49 in 2019 and 83 in 2020. In 2019, 2.89% (11/381) of the samples were out of legislative limits (0/250 mg/l) regarding the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), 9.45% (36/381) were out of acceptable limits (0/250 mg/l) regarding the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and 8.92% (34/381) had residual chlorine levels <0.4 mg/l. In 2020, 1.43% (3/210) of the samples were out of the legislative limits as regards the presence of E. coli, 7.14% (15/210) were out of acceptable limits regarding the presence of P. aeruginosa and 3.33% (7/210) of the samples measured residual chlorine levels <0.4 mg/l. The risk ratio (RR) in relation to the presence of E. coli due to incorrect compliance with the requirements for residual chlorine was calculated for 2019 at 8.50, while in 2020 it was calculated at 14.50 (P=0.008). The RR of the presence of P. aeruginosa due to inappropriate residual chlorine requirements was calculated in 2019 at 2.04 (P=0.0814), while in 2020 it was calculated at 2.07 (P=0.44). According to the microbiological hygiene and physicochemical parameters of the water samples studied, there was a significant improvement due to the strict protocols for the swimming pools in the summer season of 2020 compared to the tourist season of 2019, namely 72.72% (E. coli), 58.33% (P. aeruginosa), 79.41% (of residual chlorine <0.4 mg/l) in the three main parameters studied. Finally, an increased colonization by Legionella spp. detected in the internal networks of the hotels due to the non-operation of the hotels during the lockdown, the improper disinfection and stagnant water in the internal water supply networks. Specifically, in 2019, 95.92% (47/49) of the samples tested negative and 4.08% (2/49) tested positive (≥50 CFU/l) for Legionella spp., compared to 2020 where 91.57% (76/83) of the samples tested negative and 8.43% (7/83) tested positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios A. Papadakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, University Research Centre, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Petros Papalexis
- Unit of Endocrinology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Keramydas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Chaidoutis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Epameinondas Georgakopoulou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and COVID-19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodoros C. Constantinidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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11
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Mahy JG, Luizi F. Review on the management of water quality for bio-mineral swimming pools in Western Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:872. [PMID: 37351694 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we depict the state of the art concerning the water quality management of bio-mineral bathing pools, and compare these to traditional swimming pools. Bio-mineral pools use a combination of mechanic filtration, bio-filtration, and UV-treatment to disinfect the water. Studies in test tanks have shown that bio-filtration is effective in maintaining the water quality with regard to the treatment of organic pollution. Concerning biological risks, the bio-mineral pool relies on UV-treatment to degrade bacteria. Unlike chemical disinfectant treatments, UV disinfection does not lose its effectiveness in the event of high traffic in the pool. However, as only the water taken up by the filtration system is disinfected, it is essential that all the water in the pool is filtered. If the pool has a dead zone, its water is not disinfected and there is a risk of localized pathogen development. As the development of bio-mineral pools spreads in Europe, legislation gradually follows. The health parameters measured differ slightly from one country to another, but there are constants: the measurement of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In terms of biological swimming pools, regulatory homogeneity across Europe does not exist. From these comparisons, Austrian legislation segmenting water quality into 4 categories ranging from "excellent" to "poor" represents legislation that combines health and safety with indications of possible malfunctions. Next, a study of three real sites of bio-mineral pools is presented. It appears that whatever the type of pool, bio-mineral filtration makes it possible to achieve performances comparable to those encountered in chlorinated swimming pools concerning the risks associated with fecal contamination and external pollution. On the other hand, when frequentation is high, as is the case in small pools used for aquafitness, monitoring the risks of inter-bather contamination, as illustrated by the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, reveals a recurring problem. Knowing that this parameter is not evaluated in bathing waters in the natural environment and that numerous studies show that Staphyloccocus aureus are always detected, even on beaches, we propose the definition of three thresholds: i.e., 0 CFU/100 mL (threshold value in Wallonia) for water of excellent quality, less than 20 CFU/100 mL (threshold value in France) for water of very good quality, less than 50 CFU/100 mL (contribution of bathers by simple immersion) for good quality water, and more than 50 CFU/100 mL for poor quality water. This document could therefore be converted into a manual for operators on the use and management of bio-mineral baths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien G Mahy
- Department of Chemical Engineering - Nanomaterials, Catalysis and Electrochemistry (NCE), University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 11, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Rue d'Egmont 5, 1000, Bruxelles, Belgium.
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre-Eau Terre Environnement, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec (QC), G1K 9A9, Quebec City, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Luizi
- Aquatic Science S.A., Zoning des Hauts Sarts, 3ème Avenue 1, 4040, Herstal, Belgium
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12
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Chen X, Huang S, Chen X, Du L, Wang Z, Liang Y, Zhang W, Feng J. Novel insights into impacts of the "7.20" extreme rainstorm event on water supply security of Henan Province, China: Levels and health risks of tap water disinfection by-products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131323. [PMID: 37004439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distributions, levels, and comprehensive assessments of post-flood tap water disinfection by-products (DBPs) were first studied in Henan Province after the "7.20" Extreme Rainstorm Event in 2021. DBPs levels and health risks in tap water were higher in areas flooded (waterlogged) by storm or upstream flood discharge (WA) and rainstorm-affected areas (RA) compared with other areas (OA), suggesting that extreme rainstorm and flooding events may somehow exacerbate DBPs contamination of tap water through disinfection. WA sites were characterized as contamination hotspots. The results revealed high haloacetic acids (HAAs) levels in WA (Avg: 57.79 μg·L-1) and RA (Avg: 32.63 μg·L-1) sites. Compared with normal period, DBPs-caused cancer risk increased by 3 times, exceeding the negligible risk level. Cancer risk came primarily from the ingestion of trihalomethanes (THMs) (>80%), children were the sensitive group. Those between 30 and 69 showed approximately 1.7 times higher disability-adjusted life yearsper person-yearthan other age groups. Apart from regulated DBPs, bromochloracetic acid (BCAA) and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) appear to be the main toxicity contributors in these samples. Our results provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling health risks from tap water DBPs and for assessing the social benefits and burdens of emergency disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Shuai Huang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lingnan Du
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Zongwu Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Yingying Liang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Wan Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
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13
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Lu X, Chen Y, Chi H, Zhao C, Qiu W, Ma J, Ong SL, Hu J. Cu(II) assisted peroxymonosulfate for antibiotic resistant bacteria inactivation: A potential disinfection technology in swimming pool. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162755. [PMID: 36907423 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Alternative disinfection technology to chlorination is required to control the risk of antibiotic resistance in swimming pools. In this study, copper ions (Cu(II)), which often exist in swimming pools as algicides, were used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the inactivation of ampicillin-resistant E. coli. Cu(II) and PMS showed synergistic effects on E. coli inactivation in weak alkaline conditions, obtaining 3.4 log inactivation in 20 min with 10 μM Cu(II) and 100 μM PMS at pH 8.0. Quenching experiments indicated that radicals (i.e., OH and SO4-) were not the main disinfectors for E. coli inactivation. Based on the structure of Cu(II) and density functional theory calculations, the Cu(II)-PMS complex (Cu(H2O)5SO5) was recommended as the active species for E. coli inactivation. Under the experimental conditions, the PMS concentration had a greater influence on E. coli inactivation than the Cu(II) concentration, possibly because increasing PMS concentration accelerates ligand exchange reaction and facilitates active species generation. By forming hypohalous acids, halogen ions could improve the disinfection efficiency of Cu(II)/PMS. The addition of HCO3- concentration (from 0 to 1.0 mM) and humic acid (0.5 and 1.5 mg/l) did not significantly inhibit the E. coli inactivation. The feasibility of adding PMS to waters containing Cu(II) for the inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was validated in actual swimming pool waters, where 4.7 log inactivation of E. coli was achieved in 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yiwei Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Huiyuan Chi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Chendong Zhao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore; College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Say Leong Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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14
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Jia M, Chen X, Liu B, Hur K, Dong S. Persistence kinetics of a novel disinfectant peracetic acid for swimming pool disinfection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131792. [PMID: 37295331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is essential to swimming pool water (SPW) quality. Peracetic acid (PAA) has attracted attention for water disinfection for advantages such as less formation of regulated DBPs. Persistence kinetics of disinfectants is difficult to elucidate in pools because of the complex water matrix stemming from body fluid loadings from swimmers and long residence times. In this research, the persistence kinetics of PAA was investigated in SPW benchmarked against free chlorine, use bench-scale experiments and model simulation. Kinetics models were developed to simulate the persistence of PAA and chlorine. The stability of PAA was less sensitive to swimmer loadings than chlorine. An average swimmer loading event reduced the apparent decay rate constant of PAA by 66 %, a phenomenon that diminished with increasing temperatures. L-histidine and citric acid from swimmers were identified as main retardation contributors. By contrast, a swimmer loading event instantaneously consumed 70-75 % of the residual free chlorine. The required total dose of PAA was 97 % less than chlorine under the 3-days cumulative disinfection mode. Temperature was positively correlated with disinfectant decay rate, with PAA being more sensitive than chlorine. These results shed light on the persistence kinetics of PAA and its influential factors in swimming pool settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Jia
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, China
| | - Bingjun Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, China
| | - Kyu Hur
- 3-10 Shinohara Nishicho, Kohoku Ward Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0025, Japan
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, China.
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15
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Peng F, Lu Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Li H, Yang Z. Advances and research needs for disinfection byproducts control strategies in swimming pools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131533. [PMID: 37146331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools is of great significance due to the non-negligible toxicity and widespread existence of DBPs. However, the management of DBPs remains challenging as the removal and regulation of DBPs is a multifactorial phenomenon in pools. This study summarized recent studies on the removal and regulation of DBPs, and further proposed some research needs. Specifically, the removal of DBPs was divided into the direct removal of the generated DBPs and the indirect removal by inhibiting DBP formation. Inhibiting DBP formation seems to be the more effective and economically practical strategy, which can be achieved mainly by reducing precursors, improving disinfection technology, and optimizing water quality parameters. Alternative disinfection technologies to chlorine disinfection have attracted increasing attention, while their applicability in pools requires further investigation. The regulation of DBPs was discussed in terms of improving the standards on DBPs and their preccursors. The development of online monitoring technology for DBPs is essential for implementing the standard. Overall, this study makes a significant contribution to the control of DBPs in pool water by updating the latest research advances and providing detailed perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Xuelian Dong
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yingyang Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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16
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Santos C, Burnay C, Button C, Cordovil R. Effects of Exposure to Formal Aquatic Activities on Babies Younger Than 36 Months: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5610. [PMID: 37107892 PMCID: PMC10138400 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review investigated the possible effects of exposing infants to formal activities in aquatic environments. A literature search of eight databases was concluded on 12 December 2022. Studies were eligible if they: (i) focused on 0-36 months of age infants, (ii) addressed the exposure of infants to formal aquatic activities, and (iii) compared the 'same condition of aquatic exposure with the control' or 'before and after exposure'. The PRISMA protocol was used. Articles considered for inclusion (n = 18) were clustered in the health, development, and physiological outcome domains. The results show that research is focused on indoor activities, mainly in baby swimming programs and baby aquatic therapy interventions. Swimming and aquatic therapy practices are generally safe for babies' health, and there are benefits to preterm and newborns exposed to aquatic therapy once the physiological parameters are maintained in normal and safe patterns. A positive effect is also suggested in general gross and fine motor skills, visual motion perception, cognitive flexibility, and response selection accuracy for infants who participated in aquatic programs. Further investigation with high-quality experimental designs is required to establish the effect of exposure of infants to formal aquatic activities (Systematic Review Registration: CRD42021248054).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Santos
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Carolina Burnay
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Chris Button
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Rita Cordovil
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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17
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Chowdhury S. Comparing risk of disinfection byproducts in drinking water under variable scenarios of seawater intrusion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161772. [PMID: 36702281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The higher levels of halides in seawater increase bromide and iodide in the coastal aquifers, leading to higher concentrations of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The populations in the coastal areas are susceptible to increased concentrations of DBPs while many DBPs are cyto- and genotoxic to mammalian cells, and are possible/probable human carcinogens. The implications of seawater intrusion on the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), and the risks were analyzed by adding 0.0-2.0 % seawater (SW) (by volume) and chlorine to groundwater. Bromide and iodide concentrations in groundwater (0.0 %SW) were observed as 42.5 and non-detected (ND) μg/L respectively. With 2.0 %SW, these were spiked up to 1100 and 2.1 μg/L respectively. The most common THMs (THM4), iodinated THMs (I-THMs) and HAAs were 30.4, 0.13 and 27.9 μg/L for 0.0 % SW respectively. With 2.0 %SW, these values were 106.3, 1.6 and 72.9 μg/L, respectively. At 0.0 %SW, averages of chronic daily intakes (CDI) for THM4, HAAs and I-THMs were 2.61 × 10-4, 2.26 × 10-4 and 7.69 × 10-7 mg/kg/day respectively, which were increased to 9.97 × 10-4, 4.70 × 10-4 and 9.47 × 10-6 mg/kg/day, respectively for 2.0 %SW. For 0.0 %SW, overall cancer risks from few DBPs was 3.09 × 10-5 (6.46 × 10-6 - 7.23 × 10-5) while at 1.0 % and 2.0 %SW, risks were 4.88 × 10-5 (1.26 × 10-5-1.08 × 10-4) and 4.11 × 10-5 (1.21 × 10-5-9.28 × 10-5) respectively. The reduction of risks for 2.0 %SW was due to the increase of bromoform (TBM), and decrease in bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and dibromochloromethane (DBCM) at 2.0 %SW. The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) loss showed an increasing trend from 0.0 %SW (DALY: 77.30) to 1.0 %SW (DALY: 122.0) while an increase to 2.0 %SW showed a decrease in DALY (DALY: 102.8). Future study on toxicity of other regulated and emerging DBPs is warranted to better predict cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakhawat Chowdhury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's A1B 3X5, NL, Canada.
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18
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Abd-Allah ER, Fouad NY, Ghareeb AEWE, Eldebss TMA. Chloroacetonitrile reduces rat prenatal bone length and induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage in rat fetal liver. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:614-632. [PMID: 36751045 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the disinfection byproducts of chlorinating drinking water is chloroacetonitrile (CAN). Thirty-six female rats were used and distributed equally into four groups. The low dose treated group received CAN at a dose of 5.5 mg/kg body weight/day (1/40 LD50 ) orally from the 6th to 12th day of gestation. The high dose treated group received 11 mg/kg body weight/day (1/20 LD50 ) of CAN orally for the same period, the vehicle control group received 1 mL of corn oil, and the water control group received 1 mL of distilled water orally for the same period. High dose exposure to CAN significantly reduced gravid uterine weight, fetal body weights, and length, and caused obvious skeletal deformities, weak mineralization. Fetal tibial growth plates displayed histopathologic changes. Induced oxidative stress and redox imbalance in fetal liver tissues was evidenced by significantly decreased in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, and elevated malondialdehyde levels. Histopathological, glycogen content changes, and DNA damage were observed in the fetal liver of high dose treated group. Additionally, administration of high dose of CAN induced apoptosis, evidenced by increased caspase-3 concentration in fetal liver. Thus, extensive exposure to CAN induces poor pregnancy outcomes. CAN levels in water should be monitored regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entsar R Abd-Allah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Y Fouad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Taha M A Eldebss
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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19
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Zhang D, Dong S, Chen L, Xiao R, Chu W. Disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water: Detection and human lifetime health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:378-386. [PMID: 36503764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water, as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China. In this study, the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g., haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined. The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water. Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated. Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks. For the first time, buccal and aural exposure were considered, and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9% of total risk). The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10-6 of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82 × 10-5). These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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20
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Genisoglu M, Minaz M, Tanacan E, Sofuoglu SC, Kaplan-Bekaroglu SS, Kanan A, Ates N, Sardohan-Koseoglu T, Yigit NÖ, Harman BI. Halogenated By-Products in Chlorinated Indoor Swimming Pools: A Long-Term Monitoring and Empirical Modeling Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11364-11372. [PMID: 37008144 PMCID: PMC10061505 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the disinfection process and swimming pool water quality is essential for the prevention of microbial infections and associated diseases. However, carcinogenic and chronic-toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed with reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matters. DBP precursors in swimming pools originate from anthropogenic sources (body secretions, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, etc.) or chemicals used in pools. Temporal (48 weeks) water quality trends of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs) in two swimming pools (SP-A and SP-B) and precursor-DBP relationships were investigated in this study. Weekly samples were taken from swimming pools, and several physical/chemical water quality parameters, absorbable organic halides (AOX), and DBPs were determined. THMs and HAAs were the most detected DBP groups in pool water. While chloroform was determined to be the dominant THM compound, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were the dominant HAA compounds. The average AOX concentrations were measured to be 304 and 746 μg/L as Cl- in SP-A and SP-B, respectively. Although the amount of AOX from unknown chlorinated by-products in SP-A did not vary temporally, a significant increase in unknown DBP concentrations in SP-B was observed over time. AOX concentrations of chlorinated pool waters were determined to be an important parameter that can be used to estimate DBP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Genisoglu
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Mert Minaz
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel
University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
- Department
of Aquaculture, Recep Tayyip Erdoǧan
University, Rize 53100, Turkey
| | - Ertac Tanacan
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel
University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
| | - Sait Cemil Sofuoglu
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | | | - Amer Kanan
- Department
of Environment and Earth Sciences, Al-Quds
University, Jerusalem 51000, Palestine
| | - Nuray Ates
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Tugba Sardohan-Koseoglu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Applied Sciences
University of Isparta, Isparta 32200, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Özgü Yigit
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel
University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
| | - Bilgehan Ilker Harman
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel
University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
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21
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Abilleira E, Goñi-Irigoyen F, Aurrekoetxea JJ, Cortés MA, Ayerdi M, Ibarluzea J. Swimming pool water disinfection by-products profiles and association patterns. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13673. [PMID: 36865475 PMCID: PMC9970905 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine and study the concentration of different groups of disinfection by-products (DBPs): trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloacetones and combined chlorine (as an indicator of chloramine levels), in the water of 175 public swimming pools in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain). The study included chlorinated and brominated pools, indoor and outdoor, used for recreational and sports purposes, and filled with water from calcareous and siliceous soils. The most abundant were haloacetic acids, followed by trihalomethanes, with chlorinated or brominated forms predominating depending on whether the pools were disinfected by chlorination or bromination, respectively. All the 75th percentiles of DBPs were below the limits established by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA), although the maximum values of trihalomethanes exceeded them. The same was true for dichloroacetonitrile in chlorinated pools and dibromoacetonitrile in brominated pools. All families of DBPs showed positive associations with each other, all being significant except for combined chlorine. Their mean levels were higher in outdoor pools than in indoor pools, significantly so in all except combined chlorine. Recreational pools showed higher levels of haloacetic acids and combined chlorine than sports pools. The concentrations of the different groups of DBPs were higher in the pools than in the mains water that fed them. This increase, especially that of the haloacetonitriles, as well as the high concentrations of brominated forms in the pools disinfected by bromination, make it necessary to focus on their toxicological implication. The differences in the DBP profiles of the filling network water were not transferred to the pool water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunate Abilleira
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Laboratory in Gipuzkoa, Av. Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain,Epidemiology of Chronic and Comunnicable Diseases Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, P° Dr. Beguiristain s/n, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain,Corresponding author. Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Laboratory in Gipuzkoa, Av. Navarra, 4, 20013, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Fernando Goñi-Irigoyen
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Laboratory in Gipuzkoa, Av. Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain,Epidemiology of Chronic and Comunnicable Diseases Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, P° Dr. Beguiristain s/n, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain,Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Aurrekoetxea
- Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, P° Dr. Beguiristain s/n, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María A. Cortés
- Ministry of Health of Basque Government, Public Health Subdirectorate of Gipuzkoa, Av. Navarra, 4, 20013, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mikel Ayerdi
- Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, P° Dr. Beguiristain s/n, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain,Ministry of Health of Basque Government, Public Health Subdirectorate of Gipuzkoa, Av. Navarra, 4, 20013, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain,Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, P° Dr. Beguiristain s/n, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain,Ministry of Health of Basque Government, Public Health Subdirectorate of Gipuzkoa, Av. Navarra, 4, 20013, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain,Facultad de Psicología de la UPV-EHU, Campus Gipuzkoa, Av. Tolosa, 70, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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22
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Lopes JMS, Batista AA, Araujo PT, Neto NMB. Supramolecular porphyrin as an improved photocatalyst for chloroform decomposition. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5473-5482. [PMID: 36793300 PMCID: PMC9924222 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07720e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the outlying decoration of the free-base meso-(4-tetra) pyridyl porphyrin (H2TPyP) with the RuCl(dppb)(5,5'-Me-bipy) ruthenium complex (here named Supra-H2TPyP) is observed as an improved molecular photocatalyst for dye-mediated chloroform (CHCl3) decomposition via one-photon absorption operating in the visible spectral range (532 nm and 645 nm). Supra-H2TPyP offers a better option for CHCl3 photodecomposition when compared to the same process mediated by pristine H2TPyP, which requires either excited-state- or UV absorption. The chloroform photodecomposition rates for Supra-H2TPyP as well as its excitation mechanisms are explored as a function of distinct laser irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. S. Lopes
- Department of Physics, Federal University of RoraimaBoa VistaRRBrazil,Institute of Natural Sciences, Graduate Program in Physics, Federal University of ParáBelémPABrazil
| | - A. A. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São CarlosSão CarlosSPBrazil
| | - P. T. Araujo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
| | - N. M. Barbosa Neto
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Graduate Program in Physics, Federal University of ParáBelémPABrazil
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23
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Zheng X, Xu J, Gao Y, Li W, Chen Y, Geng H, Yue J, Xu M. Within-day variation and health risk assessment of trihalomethanes (THMs) in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18354-18363. [PMID: 36210406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are the most common species of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools and have received widespread attention due to their risk to public health. However, studies examining within-day variation and the carcinogenic health risks from exposure to THMs in indoor swimming pools are limited. Our study aimed to detect the within-day variation of four THMs categories and carcinogenic health risk in indoor swimming pool water in Taiyuan, China, and to examine the correlations between THMs and environmental parameters. Our results showed chloroform (TCM) was the most abundant component in THMs with median concentrations from 0.038-0.118 μg/m3. TCM and THMs were significantly positively correlated with FCl and significantly negatively correlated with the cumulative number of swimmers (CNS) in the swimming pool. The concentration of total THMs and TCM, lifetime average daily doses (LADD) of TCM, and the total lifetime cancer risks (ELCR) values of THMs declined with time with the highest level occurring at 8:00 am. ELCR values of THMs were in the range of 1.368 × 10-5-1.968 × 10-5, which exceeded the negligible risk level (10-6) defined by US EPA. Our results suggest that THM occurrence and the carcinogenic health risks in pool water varied temporally. Exposure to pool water THMs may pose a carcinogenic risk to human health, especially at the pool's opening time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyun Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Jingchao Xu
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Wanghong Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yimei Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hong Geng
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jianwei Yue
- Shanxi Unisdom Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Min Xu
- Shanxi Unisdom Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, 030032, China
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24
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Yuan Y, Jia H, Xu D, Wang J. Novel method in emerging environmental contaminants detection: Fiber optic sensors based on microfluidic chips. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159563. [PMID: 36265627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, human industrial practices and certain activities have caused the widespread spread of emerging contaminants throughout the environmental matrix, even in trace amounts, which constitute a serious threat to human health and environmental ecology, and have therefore attracted the attention of research scholars. Different traditional techniques are used to monitor water pollutants, However, they still have some disadvantages such as high costs, ecological problems and treatment times, and require technicians and researchers to operate them effectively. There is therefore an urgent need to develop simple, inexpensive and highly sensitive methods to sense and detect these toxic environmental contaminants. Optical fiber microfluidic coupled sensors offer different advantages over other detection technologies, allowing manipulation of light through controlled microfluidics, precise detection results and good stability, and have therefore become a logical device for screening and identifying environmental contaminants. This paper reviews the application of fiber optic microfluidic sensors in emerging environmental contaminant detection, focusing on the characteristics of different emerging contaminant types, different types of fiber optic microfluidic sensors, methodological principles of detection, and specific emerging contaminant detection applications. The optical detection methods in fiber optic microfluidic chips and their respective advantages and disadvantages are analyzed in the discussion. The applications of fiber optic biochemical sensors in microfluidic chips, especially for the detection of emerging contaminants in the aqueous environment, such as personal care products, endocrine disruptors, and perfluorinated compounds, are reviewed. Finally, the prospects of fiber optic microfluidic coupled sensors in environmental detection and related fields are foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - DanYu Xu
- Tianjin Academy of Eco-enviromental Sciences, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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25
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Wang J, Zhang M, Hu S, Xian Q, Chen H, Gong T. Occurrence and Cytotoxicity of Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Indoor Swimming Pool Water and Their Incoming Tap Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17763-17775. [PMID: 36475631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water are of wide concern for public health. In this study, the occurrence of five categories of aliphatic halogenated DBPs, i.e., trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), and haloketones (HKs), and six categories of aromatic halogenated DBPs, i.e., halophenols (HPs), halonitrophenols (HNPs), halohydroxy-benzaldehydes (HBALs), halohydroxybenzoic acids (HBAs), halobenzoquinones (HBQs), and haloanilines (HAs), was examined in seven indoor swimming pool water and their incoming tap water. The correlations between the DBP concentrations and water quality parameters were explored. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the aliphatic and aromatic halogenated DBPs was tested with human hepatoma (HepG2) cells, and the concentration-cytotoxicity contributions of different DBP categories were calculated. The results demonstrate that 24 aliphatic (5 THMs, 8 HAAs, 5 HANs, 4 HNMs, and 2 HKs) and 50 aromatic halogenated DBPs (9 HPs, 8 HNPs, 9 HBALs, 8 HBAs, 11 HBQs, and 5 HAs) were present in the swimming pool water, among which 41 aromatic halogenated DBPs were detected in swimming pool water for the first time. The average concentrations of the five categories of aliphatic halogenated DBPs in the swimming pool water were in the order of HAAs > HANs > HKs > THMs > HNMs, while those in their incoming tap water were in the order of THMs > HAAs > HKs > HANs > HNMs. The average concentrations of the aromatic halogenated DBPs in the swimming pool water were significantly lower than those of the aliphatic halogenated DBPs, following the order of HBQs > HPs > HBAs > HBALs > HAs > HNPs, while those in their incoming tap water were in the order of HBALs > HBQs > HPs > HBAs > HAs > HNPs. The average concentration-cytotoxicity contributions of different DBP categories in the swimming pool water followed the order of HAAs > HANs > HNMs > HKs > HBQs > THMs > HPs > HNPs > HBAs > HBALs > HAs, with HAAs, HANs, and HNMs possessing the main concentration-cytotoxicity contributions (93.2% in total) among all DBP categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
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26
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Usman M, Hüben M, Kato T, Zwiener C, Wintgens T, Linnemann V. Occurrence of brominated disinfection by-products in thermal spas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157338. [PMID: 35843322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal spas are gaining more and more popularity among the population because they are used for recreational purposes. Disinfecting these baths without losing the health benefits poses a challenge for swimming pool operators. Previous studies have mainly focused on regulated chlorinated DBPs in freshwater pools with no bromide or seawater pools with very high bromide content. Thermal water pools have a low bromide content and in combination with chlorine can lead to chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated DBP species. The occurrence of brominated and mixed halogenated DBPs in these types of pools is largely unexplored, with very few or limited studies published on regulated DBPs and even fewer on emerging DBP classes. In the field of swimming pool water disinfection, apart from extensive studies in the field of drinking water disinfection, only a few studies are known in which >39 halogenated and 16 non-halogenated disinfection by-products, including regulated trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA), were investigated in swimming pool water. Calculated bromine incorporation factor (BIF) demonstrated that even small amounts of bromide in swimming pool water can lead to a large shift in DBP species towards brominated and mixed halogenated DBPs. Dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs) accounted for >50% of the calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on average. Comparison of the target analysis with the TOX showed that a major part of the measured TOX (69% on average) could be explained by the regulated classes THMs, HAAs, and the unregulated class of HANs. This study aims to help operators of swimming pools with bromide-containing water to gain a better understanding of DBP formation in future monitoring and to fill the knowledge gap that has existed so far on the occurrence of DBPs in thermal water pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str.1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Hüben
- Fraunhofer IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Takuro Kato
- Analytical Instruments, Mitsubishi Chemical Europe, Willstätterstr. 45, 40549 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wintgens
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str.1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Volker Linnemann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str.1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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27
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Xue P, Wang H, Yang L, Jiang Z, Li H, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Andersen ME, Crabbe MJC, Hao L, Qu W. NRF2-ARE signaling is responsive to haloacetonitrile-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 450:116163. [PMID: 35842135 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to disinfection by-products through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes, during bathing and swimming, potentially causing skin lesions, asthma, and bladder cancer. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of the adaptive antioxidant response via the antioxidant reaction elements (ARE) orchestrating the transcription of a large group of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Here we used an immortalized human keratinocyte model HaCaT cells to investigate NRF2-ARE as a responder and protector in the acute cytotoxicity of seven haloacetonitriles (HANs), including chloroacetonitrile (CAN), bromoacetonitrile (BAN), iodoacetonitrile (IAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN), and trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) found in drinking water and swimming pools. The rank order of cytotoxicity among the HANs tested was IAN ≈ BAN ˃ DBAN ˃ BCAN ˃ CAN ˃ TCAN ˃ DCAN based on their LC50. The HANs induced intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation and activated cellular antioxidant responses in concentration- and time-dependent fashions, showing elevated NRF2 protein levels and ARE activity, induction of antioxidant genes, and increased glutathione levels. Additionally, knockdown of NRF2 by lentiviral shRNAs sensitized the HaCaT cells to HANs-induced cytotoxicity, emphasizing a protective role of NRF2 against the cytotoxicity of HANs. These results indicate that HANs cause oxidative stress and activate NRF2-ARE-mediated antioxidant response, which in turn protects the cells from HANs-induced cytotoxicity, highlighting that NRF2-ARE activity could be a sensitive indicator to identify and characterize the oxidative stress induced by HANs and other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Pudong New Area Center for Diseases Control & Prevention, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Qinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - M James C Crabbe
- Wolfson College, Oxford University, Oxford OX2 6UD, UK; Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science & Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Lipeng Hao
- Pudong New Area Center for Diseases Control & Prevention, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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28
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Zhang D, Chen L, Dong S, Luo J, Xu Z, Chu W. Dramatically increased disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water caused by commonly used urea degradants. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118987. [PMID: 36029699 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In China, urea degradants are often used in combination with chlorine in swimming pool water to remove urea. Here we report the first study about the impacts of urea degradants on urea degradation, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation and estimated DBP-associated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Firstly, four groups of typical DBPs from six real indoor swimming pools were analyzed. The concentration of DBPs in swimming pool waters was about 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that source tap water. Notably, a rapid increase in DBPs was observed after urea degradant treatment. Simulated processes of urea removal using three commonly used urea degradants were therefore conducted in laboratory. Neither urea degradant nor chlorine alone removed urea effectively within 48 h. When applied in combination, urea degradant with sufficient chlorine rapidly removed urea by 100% within 3 h, and anti-chlorourea oligomer in urea degradants was the main contributor. Meanwhile, a remarkable increase in DBPs, especially brominated DBPs, was observed due to bromide introduction by urea degradants. For this reason, bromine incorporation factor (BIF) of DBPs dramatically increased. For instance, the BIF of dihaloacetic acids increased by 2665%-4025% after applying three urea degradants. As the highly toxic brominated DBPs were generated, attention should be paid into the potential DBP-related health risks from the use of urea degradants together with chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zuxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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29
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Sui S, Liu H, Yang X. Research Progress of the Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Disinfection Byproducts. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:145-157. [PMID: 35893263 PMCID: PMC9326600 DOI: 10.3390/jox12030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1974, more than 800 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified from disinfected drinking water, swimming pool water, wastewaters, etc. Some DBPs are recognized as contaminants of high environmental concern because they may induce many detrimental health (e.g., cancer, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity) and/or ecological (e.g., acute toxicity and development toxicity on alga, crustacean, and fish) effects. However, the information on whether DBPs may elicit potential endocrine-disrupting effects in human and wildlife is scarce. It is the major objective of this paper to summarize the reported potential endocrine-disrupting effects of the identified DBPs in the view of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). In this regard, we introduce the potential molecular initiating events (MIEs), key events (KEs), and adverse outcomes (AOs) associated with exposure to specific DBPs. The present evidence indicates that the endocrine system of organism can be perturbed by certain DBPs through some MIEs, including hormone receptor-mediated mechanisms and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms (e.g., hormone transport protein). Lastly, the gaps in our knowledge of the endocrine-disrupting effects of DBPs are highlighted, and critical directions for future studies are proposed.
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30
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Mapping the Complex Journey of Swimming Pool Contaminants: A Multi-Method Systems Approach. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Swimming pool owners worldwide face the challenging task of keeping their pool water balanced and free from contaminants. However, swimming pool water (SPW) quality management is complex with the countless processes and interactions of interlinked system variables. For example, contamination with sunscreen residues is inevitable as users apply sunscreen to protect their skin from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is one such residues that have received criticism due to potential human health and environmental risks. Despite ongoing research studies, management strategies of nano-TiO2 in swimming pools are still limited. Therefore, this paper focuses on developing a multi-method approach for identifying and understanding interdependencies between TiO2 particles and an aquatic environment such as a swimming pool. Given the complexity of the system to be assessed, the authors utilise a systems approach by integrating cross-matrix multiplication (MICMAC) and Systems Thinking techniques. The developed conceptual model visually depicts the complex system, which provides users with a basic understanding of swimming pool chemistry, displaying the numerous cause-and-effect relationships and enabling users to identify leverage points that can effectively change the dynamics of the system. Such systems-level understanding, and actions will help to manage nano-TiO2 levels in an efficient manner. The novelty of this paper is the proposed methodology, which uses a systems approach to conceptualise the complex interactions of contaminants in swimming pools and important pathways to elevated contaminant levels.
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Zhao J, Tang Q, Liu J, Liu T, Liu D. Chloride Anion Adsorption from Wastewater Using a Chitosan/β‐Cyclodextrin‐Based Composite. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Changchun University College of Food Science and Engineering No. 8326, Satellite Road 130022 Changchun People's Republic of China
| | - Qilong Tang
- Changchun University College of Food Science and Engineering No. 8326, Satellite Road 130022 Changchun People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute Changchun People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Changchun University College of Food Science and Engineering No. 8326, Satellite Road 130022 Changchun People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Liu
- Changchun Normal University No. 677, Changji North Road 130032 Changchun People's Republic of China
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Liu C, Deng YL, Yuan XQ, Chen PP, Miao Y, Luo Q, Zhang M, Cui FP, Yao W, Zeng JY, Shi T, Lu TT, Li YF, Lu WQ, Zeng Q. Exposure to disinfection by-products and reproductive hormones among women: Results from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112863. [PMID: 35123968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been shown to impair female reproductive function. However, epidemiological evidence on reproductive hormones is scarce. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between DBP exposures and reproductive hormones among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. METHODS We included 725 women from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) Study, an ongoing cohort conducted in Wuhan, China during December 2018 and January 2020. Urine samples collected at recruitment were quantified for dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as biomarkers of DBP exposures. At day 2-5 of menstruation, serum reproductive hormones including luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), total testosterone (T), progesterone (PRGE), and prolactin (PRL) were determined. Multivariate linear regression models were performed to assess the associations of urinary DCAA and TCAA concentrations with reproductive hormone levels. Dose-response relationships were investigated using natural cubic spline (NCS) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models. RESULTS After adjusting for relevant confounders, we observed that higher urinary DCAA levels were associated with increased serum PRGE (9.2%; 95% CI: -0.55%, 19.8% for the highest vs. lowest tertile; P for trend = 0.06). Based on NCS models, we observed U-shaped associations of urinary DCAA with serum PRGE and PRL; each ln-unit increment in urinary DCAA concentrations above 3.61 μg/L and 6.30 μg/L was associated with 18.9% (95% CI: 4.8%, 34.7%) and 23.3% (95% CI: -0.92%, 53.5%) increase in serum PRGE and PRL, respectively. The U-shaped associations were further confirmed in RCS models (P for overall association ≤0.01 and P for non-linear associations ≤0.04). We did not observe evidence of associations between urinary TCAA and reproductive hormones. CONCLUSION Urinary DCAA but not TCAA was associated with altered serum PRGE and PRL levels among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Yuan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Miao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fei-Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jia-Yue Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Asiri S. Active Treatment of Water Chemistry for Swimming Pools Using Novel Automated System (NAS). Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:5210225. [PMID: 35620509 PMCID: PMC9129980 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5210225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Novel Automated System (NAS) has the control system of the level of chlorine and acid (i.e., pH level) through a feedback in three forms of synchronous alerts. The feedback is in the form of an alert voice, a visible color, and a message on a digital screen. In addition, NAS contains a slide-in container in which chemicals are used to treat the problems of chlorine and acid levels independently. Moreover, NAS has a net in front of it to clean the pool on the surface of the water from leaves and wastes and so on which is controlled through a remote control. The material used is a lightweight aluminum with mechanical and electric parts integrated with each other. In fact, NAS is qualified to serve as an assistant security guard for swimming pools because it has the characteristics that make it unique and smart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Asiri
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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34
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Kudlek E, Lempart-Rapacewicz A, Dudziak M. Identification of Potential Harmful Transformation Products of Selected Micropollutants in Outdoor and Indoor Swimming Pool Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095660. [PMID: 35565054 PMCID: PMC9104222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the estimation of micropollutant decomposition effectiveness and the identification of transformation intermediates formed during selected processes used in the treatment of swimming pool water. Tests were carried out under both indoor and outdoor conditions to simulate the removal of contaminants in different types of pool water basins. Model swimming pool water spiked with caffeine, carbamazepine, bisphenol A and oxadiazon were subjected to chlorination, ozonation, UV radiation, and artificial and sun lightening, carried out as single or combined processes. It was noted that organic micropollutants decompose faster during exposure to natural sunlight than artificial lighting. Caffeine and carbamazepine belong to compounds that are resistant to single ozone or light decomposition. Bisphenol A was completely removed by the action of the chlorination agent NaOCl. The highest compound removal degrees were noted for the integrated action of natural sunlight, NaOCl and O3. This process allows also for the decomposition of all caffeine and oxadiazon decomposition by-products that potentially are toxic to swimming pool users.
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Detenchuk EA, Mazur DM, Latkin TB, Lebedev AT. Halogen substitution reactions of halobenzenes during water disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133866. [PMID: 35134400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although being successfully applied all over the world for more than 100 years water disinfection by means of chlorination possesses certain drawbacks, first of all formation of hazardous disinfection by-products (DBP). Aromatic halogenated DBPs significantly contribute to the total organic halogen and developmental toxicity of chlorinated water. The present study deals with investigation of possible substitution of one halogen for another in aromatic substrates in conditions of aqueous chlorination/bromination. The reaction showed high yields especially in case of substrates with proper position of an activating group in the aromatic ring. Thus, ipso-substitution of iodine by chlorine is the main process of aqueous chlorination of para-iodoanisole. Oxidation of the eliminating I+ ions into non-reactive IO3- species facilitates the substitution. Oxidation of eliminating Br+ is not so easy while being highly reactive it attacks initial substrates forming polybrominated products. Substitution of iodine and bromine by chlorine may also involve migration of electrophilic species inside the aromatic ring resulting in larger number of isomeric DBPs. Substitution of chlorine by bromine in aromatic substrates during aqueous bromination is not so pronounced as substitution of bromine by chlorine in aqueous chlorination due to higher electronegativity of chlorine atom. However, formation of some chlorine-free polybrominated products proves possibility of that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Detenchuk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D M Mazur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - T B Latkin
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - A T Lebedev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
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Wang Y, Liu H, Yang X, Wang L. Aquatic toxicity and aquatic ecological risk assessment of wastewater-derived halogenated phenolic disinfection byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151089. [PMID: 34688747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing number of wastewater-derived aliphatic and phenolic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were discharged into aquatic environment with the discharge of disinfected wastewater. However, the currently available aquatic toxicity data and the aquatic ecological risk information of them are limited, especially for wastewater-derived phenolic DBPs. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of 7 phenolic DBPs that selected from the typical five groups of phenolic DBPs (2,4,6-trihalo-phenols, 2,6-dihalo-4-nitrophenols, 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzaldehydes, 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzoic acids and halo-salicylic acids) and 4 aliphatic DBPs to Gobiocypris rarus and also assessed their potential aquatic ecological risk. Experimental results indicated that the half lethal concentration (LC50) values of 2,4,6-trihalo-phenols and 2,6-dihalo-4-nitrophenols ranged from 1 to 10 mg/L; While that of 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzaldehydes was between 10 and 100 mg/L, and 3,5-dihalo-4-hydroxybenzoic acids and halo-salicylic acids was >100 mg/L. The toxicity mode of action (MOA) identification results from three methods suggested that no clear and consistent MOA were obtained for those 11 DBPs currently. The species-specific aquatic toxicity analysis results highlighted that no aquatic species would be considered as the most sensitive species for all 11 DBPs. However, crustacean and fish were more sensitive than that of algae for most of tested compounds. Lastly, the aquatic ecological risk assessment results of those 11 DBPs revealed that all 7 phenolic and 2 aliphatic DBPs (2-bromoacetamide and bromodichloromethane) had low aquatic ecological risk, while dichloroacetic acid and dibromoacetonitrile had high aquatic ecological risk. The low environmental concentration was the main reason why high toxic phenolic DBPs (2,4,6-trihalo-phenols and 2,6-dihalo-4-nitrophenols) exhibited low ecological risk. Their ecological risk may increase with the increases of corresponding environmental concentration. Thus, more efforts should be made to determine other potential harmful effects of those high toxic phenolic DBPs and to minimize their potential ecological risk by taking appropriate measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xianhai Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Disinfection of Therapeutic Spa Waters: Applicability of Sodium Hypochlorite and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The microbial water quality of therapeutic pools operating without disinfection is recurrently compromised, posing a risk to bathers’ health. The complex composition of such waters and the sensitivity of their therapeutic components hinder the use of traditional chlorine-based disinfectants. The present study aimed to investigate the applicability of a hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectant in therapeutic water in comparison with hypochlorite. Disinfection efficacy, byproduct formation, and the fate of therapeutic components were tested for both disinfectants under laboratory conditions, applying different doses and contact times. Disinfection efficacy was found to be matrix-dependent, especially that of hydrogen peroxide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a 10- to 1000-fold difference). Hypochlorite treatment presented a significant chemical risk through the generation of byproducts, mainly brominated and iodinated compounds and combined chlorine. Of the alleged therapeutic components, sulfide ions were eliminated (≥86% loss) by both disinfectants, and hypochlorite reacted with iodide ions as well (≥70% removal). Based on their composition, only 2% of Hungarian therapeutic waters can be treated by chlorination due to high concentrations of ammonia and/or organic compounds. Hydrogen peroxide is applicable to 82% of the waters, as the presence of sulfide ions is the only limiting factor. Due to the matrix effect, close control of residual disinfectant concentration is necessary to ensure microbial safety.
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Zou Y, He Z, Liu CY, Qi Q, Yang GP, Mao S. Coastal observation of halocarbons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during winter: Spatial distribution and influence of different factors on the enzyme-mediated reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118022. [PMID: 34492527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile brominated compounds are important trace gases for stratospheric ozone chemistry. In this study, the spatial variations of dibromomethane (CH2Br2), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) and bromoform (CHBr3) in the seawater and overlying atmosphere were measured in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) in winter. The air-sea fluxes of CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 ranged from -11.46 to 25.33, -4.68 to 7.91, -8.60 to 4.08 and -88.57 to 8.84 nmol m-2·d-1, respectively. In order to understand the mechanism of halocarbons production, we measured bromoperoxidase (BrPO) activity (39.18-186.74 μU·L-1) in the YS and ECS for the first time using an aminophenyl fluorescein (APF) method and performed in-situ incubation experiments in BrPO-treated seawater. The production rates of CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 ranged from 14.21 to 94.74, 0.00 to 19.74, 0.00 to 30.62 and 6.18-72.75 pmol L-1·h-1, respectively, in BrPO-treated seawater. There were significantly higher production rates in coastal waters compared with the open sea (P = 0.016) because of higher DOC levels near the coast. Moreover, the production rates of halocarbons increased with BrPO activity and H2O2 concentration. The results showed that enzyme-mediated reaction was an important source for the production of halocarbons in seawater. The present research is of great significance for understanding the production mechanisms of halocarbons in seawater and global oceanic halocarbons emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Shihai Mao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Gonzalez RVL, Weis KE, Gonsioroski AV, Flaws JA, Raetzman LT. Iodoacetic Acid, a Water Disinfection Byproduct, Disrupts Hypothalamic, and Pituitary Reproductive Regulatory Factors and Induces Toxicity in the Female Pituitary. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:46-56. [PMID: 34453833 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is a water disinfection byproduct (DBP) formed by reactions between oxidizing disinfectants and iodide. In vitro studies have indicated that IAA is one of the most cyto- and genotoxic DBPs. In humans, DBPs have been epidemiologically associated with reproductive dysfunction. In mouse ovarian culture, IAA exposure significantly inhibits antral follicle growth and reduces estradiol production. Despite this evidence, little is known about the effects of IAA on the other components of the reproductive axis: the hypothalamus and pituitary. We tested the hypothesis that IAA disrupts expression of key neuroendocrine factors and directly induces cell damage in the mouse pituitary. We exposed adult female mice to IAA in drinking water in vivo and found 0.5 and 10 mg/l IAA concentrations lead to significantly increased mRNA levels of kisspeptin (Kiss1) in the arcuate nucleus although not affecting Kiss1 in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. Both 10 mg/l IAA exposure in vivo and 20 μM IAA in vitro reduced follicle stimulating hormone (FSHβ)-positive cell number and Fshb mRNA expression. IAA did not alter luteinizing hormone (LHβ) expression in vivo although exposure to 20 μM IAA decreased expression of Lhb and glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit (Cga) mRNA in vitro. IAA also had toxic effects in the pituitary, inducing DNA damage and P21/Cdkn1a expression in vitro (20 μM IAA) and DNA damage and Cdkn1a expression in vivo (500 mg/l). These data implicate IAA as a hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis toxicant and suggest the pituitary is directly affected by IAA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V L Gonzalez
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Karen E Weis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Andressa V Gonsioroski
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Lori T Raetzman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Kongkaew S, Joonyong K, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Limbut W. Fabrication and characterization of Prussian blue screen-printed working electrode and their application for free chlorine monitoring in swimming pool water. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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41
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Mustapha S, Jimoh T, Ndamitso M, Abdulkareem SA, Taye SD, Mohammed AK, Amigun AT. The Occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Swimming Pools: An Overview. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2021; 15:11786302211036520. [PMID: 34376989 PMCID: PMC8335839 DOI: 10.1177/11786302211036520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of several disinfectant byproducts has been investigated in swimming pools. Until now, there are only a few studies on nitrosamine, particularly N-nitrosodimethylamine in swimming pool water. This could be due to the lack of a suitable method that is sensitive enough for the measurement of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pool waters. Other disinfectant byproducts formed in pool water widely documented are trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halonitromethanes, and chloramines but inadequate information on N-nitrosodimethylamine. This paper provides a review of the nitrogenous disinfectant byproduct in swimming pools and its health implications. Anthropogenic substances introduced by swimmers such as sweat, lotions, and urine contribute to the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of secondary amines such as dimethylamine with mono/dichloroamines produced dimethyl hydrazine and further undergo oxidation to form N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of chlorine and other disinfectants with these anthropogenic sources in swimming pools cause cancer and asthma in human tissues. Thus, the assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the swimming pool is less well documented. Therefore, the health consequences, mutagenic, and genotoxic potentials of N-nitrosodimethylamine should be the focus of more research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheed Mustapha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Tijani Jimoh
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Muhammed Ndamitso
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Saka Ambali Abdulkareem
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Shuaib Damola Taye
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abdul Kabir Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Azeezah Taiwo Amigun
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Kim D, Kim EH, Choi S, Lim KM, Tie L, Majid A, Bae ON. A Commonly Used Biocide 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-oneInduces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction via Cellular Thiol Modification and Mitochondrial Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052563. [PMID: 33806369 PMCID: PMC7975974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiazolinone (IT) biocides are potent antibacterial substances commonly used as preservatives or disinfectants, and 2-n-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT; octhilinone) is a common IT biocide that is present in leather products, glue, paints, and cleaning products. Although humans are exposed to OIT through personal and industrial use, the potentially deleterious effects of OIT on human health are still unknown. To investigate the effects of OIT on the vascular system, which is continuously exposed to xenobiotics through systemic circulation, we treated brain endothelial cells with OIT. OIT treatment significantly activated caspase-3-mediated apoptosis and reduced the bioenergetic function of mitochondria in a bEnd.3 cell-based in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) model. Interestingly, OIT significantly altered the thiol redox status, as evidenced by reduced glutathione levels and protein S-nitrosylation. The endothelial barrier function of bEnd.3 cells was significantly impaired by OIT treatment. OIT affected mitochondrial dynamics through mitophagy and altered mitochondrial morphology in bEnd.3 cells. N-acetyl cysteine significantly reversed the effects of OIT on the metabolic capacity and endothelial function of bEnd.3 cells. Taken together, we demonstrated that the alteration of the thiol redox status and mitochondrial damage contributed to OIT-induced BBB dysfunction, and we hope that our findings will improve our understanding of the potential hazardous health effects of IT biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5805
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43
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Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Wei X, Bollar GE, Quirk LE, Liberatore HK, Richardson SD. Making Swimming Pools Safer: Does Copper-Silver Ionization with Chlorine Lower the Toxicity and Disinfection Byproduct Formation? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2908-2918. [PMID: 33594894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Swimming pools are commonly treated with chlorine, which reacts with the natural organic matter and organic matter introduced by swimmers and form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are associated with respiratory-related issues, including asthma, in avid swimmers. We investigated a complementary disinfectant to chlorine, copper-silver ionization (CSI), with the aim of lowering the amount of chlorine used in pools and limiting health risks from DBPs. We sampled an indoor and outdoor pool treated with CSI-chlorine during the swimming season in 2017-2018 and measured 71 DBPs, speciated total organic halogen, in vitro mammalian cell cytotoxicity, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) thiol reactivity as a cytotoxicity predictor. Controlled, simulated swimming pools were also investigated. Emerging DBP concentrations decreased by as much as 80% and cytotoxicity decreased as much as 70% in the indoor pool when a lower chlorine residual (1.0 mg/L) and CSI was used. Some DBPs were quantified for the first time in pools, including chloroacetaldehyde (up to 10.6 μg/L), the most cytotoxic haloacetaldehyde studied to date and a major driver of the measured cytotoxicity in this study. Three highly toxic iodinated haloacetic acids (iodoacetic acid, bromoiodoacetic acid, and chloroiodoacetic acid) were also quantified in pools for the first time. We also found that the NAC thiol reactivity was significantly correlated to cytotoxicity, which could be useful for predicting the cytotoxicity of swimming pool waters in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Gretchen E Bollar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Lucy E Quirk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Anchal P, Kumari M, Gupta SK. Human health risk estimation and predictive modeling of halogenated disinfection by- products (chloroform) in swimming pool waters: a case study of Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:1595-1605. [PMID: 33312664 PMCID: PMC7721849 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an important process to make the water free from harmful pathogenic substances, but sometimes it results in the formation of harmful by-products. Development of predictive models is required to define the concentration of THMs in pool water. Majority of studies reported inhalation to be the most significant THMs exposure route which is more likely to be dependent upon the concentration of THMs in pool water and in air. THMs concentration in the analyzed pool water samples and in air was found to be 197.18 ± 16.31 μg L-1 and 0.033 μg m3-1, respectively. Statistical parameters such as high correlation coefficients, high R2 values, low standard error, and low mean square error of prediction indicated the validity of MLR based linear model over non-linear model. Therefore, linear model can be most suitably used to pre-assess and predict the THMs levels in swimming pool water. Risk estimation studies was conducted by using the united states environmental protection agency (USEPA) Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL). The lifetime time cancer risk values related to chloroform exceeded 10-6 for both the sub-population. Inhalation exposure leads to maximum risk and contributed up to 99% to total cancer risk. Risk due to other exposure pathways like accidental ingestion and skin contact was found to be negligible and insignificant. Monte Carlo simulation results revealed that the simulated THMs risk values for the studied exposure pathways lies within ±3.1% of the average risk values obtained using SWIMODEL. Hence, the risk estimates obtained using SWIMODEL seemed to be appropriate in determining the potential risk exposure of THMs on human health. Variation in input parameters like body weight (BW) and skin surface area (SA) leads to difference in risk estimates for the studied population. Non cancer risk was found to be insignificant as represented by low hazard quotient (HQ < 1) values. Through monitoring and regulations on control of THMs in swimming pool water is required to minimize the risk associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Anchal
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004 India
| | - Minashree Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004 India
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Wyczarska-Kokot J, Lempart-Rapacewicz A, Dudziak M, Łaskawiec E. Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:722. [PMID: 33089340 PMCID: PMC7577915 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recommendations regarding disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pool waters consider the content of trihalomethanes (THMs) and combined chlorine (CC) as indicators of DBPs based on which the health risk for swimmers and staff of pool facility can be determined. However, the content of DBPs in swimming pools depends on many factors. In this paper, the influence of selected factors (physicochemical parameters of water and technological parameters) on the content of THMs and CC in pool water was determined. During the 6-month period, 9 pools of various functions were analyzed. The water in pools was subjected to the same method of treatment. The content of THMs and CC was compared against the content of organic matter, free chlorine and nitrates, pH, temperature, redox potential and turbidity, technological, and operational parameters. The THM content did not exceed the limit value of 0.1 mg/L. The content of CC varied significantly, from 0.05 to 1.13 mg Cl2/L. It was found that a very large water volume per person, in comparison to a very small one, contributed to the low content of CC and THMs. The high load expressed as m3 of water per person or m2 of water per person and the specific function of hot tubs (HT1 and HT2) led to the average concentration of CC in these pools exceeding 0.3 mg Cl2/L. The THM concentrations in hot tubs (especially in HT1) were also among the largest (0.038-0.058 mg/L). In terms of the analyzed microbiological indicators, the quality of the tested pool water samples was not in doubt. It was found that the purpose of the pool, its volume, and number of swimmers should be the key parameters that determine the choice of methods of water treatment. The research on the pool water quality in the actual working conditions of swimming pool facilities is necessary due to the need to preserve the health safety of swimmers and staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wyczarska-Kokot
- Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 Street, Room 247, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz
- Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 Street, Room 247, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dudziak
- Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 Street, Room 247, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Edyta Łaskawiec
- Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 Street, Room 247, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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46
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Kargaki S, Iakovides M, Stephanou EG. Study of the occurrence and multi-pathway health risk assessment of regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking and swimming pool waters of Mediterranean cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139890. [PMID: 32554116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of a wide variety of regulated (four trihalomethanes (THM(4)), five haloacetic acids (HAA(5))) and unregulated (haloacetonitriles (HANs), halogenated ketones, chloropicrin, carbon tetrachloride, and other haloacetic acids) disinfection by-products (DBPs) was studied, in two hundred twenty-six finished drinking water samples collected in Barcelona (Spain, between 2008 and 2009), Athens (Greece, 2009-2010), Heraklion (Greece, 2009-2010), Nicosia (Cyprus, 2012-2013), and Limassol (Cyprus, 2011). The samples were analyzed by using liquid-liquid extraction, gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector or negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In addition, fourteen swimming pool water samples (from Heraklion and Athens) were also investigated regarding their DBPs content. The studied DBPs were determined concurrently with pH, total organic carbon (TOC), and bromide. Spearman's statistical analysis has shown statistically significant (p < 0.001) weak correlations between TOC, THM(4), HANs and HAA(5) but a strong correlation between THM(4) and HANs. Principal component analysis (PCA) on THM(4), HANs and HAA(5) provided a clear differentiation between the examined drinking waters, on the basis of their DBPs content. In the drinking water of coastal cities, the brominated DBPs dominated over the chlorinated ones, due to the higher bromide concentrations occurring in the corresponding raw waters. Lifetime cancer risk and hazard quotient by exposure to four THMs, dichlorocetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in drinking water and indoor swimming pools through multiple pathways were estimated. Total cancer unit risks in drinking water for Nicosia, Barcelona, Limassol and Athens exceeded in most cases the US EPA's regulatory threshold (1.0E-06). The total lifetime cancer risk evaluated for the studied indoor swimming pools was above the US EPA's negligible level for male, female, and junior swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kargaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Panepistimioupoli Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Euripides G Stephanou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Panepistimioupoli Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
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47
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Chowdhury S, Chowdhury IR, Mazumder MAJ, Al-Suwaiyan MS. Predicting risk and loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) from selected disinfection byproducts in multiple water supply sources in Saudi Arabia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:140296. [PMID: 32783866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water is an issue in many countries. Many DBPs are possible or probable human carcinogens while few DBPs pose cyto- and genotoxic effects to the mammalian cells. The populations are likely to consume DBPs with drinking water throughout their lifetimes. A number of DBPs are regulated in many countries to protect humans. In this study, human exposure, risk and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were predicted from DBPs in multiple water supply systems, including groundwater (GW), desalinated water (DW) and blend water (BW). The averages of lifetime excess cancer risks from GW, DW and BW were 4.15 × 10-6, 1.75 × 10-5 and 2.59 × 10-5 respectively. The populations in age groups of 0 - <2, 2-16 and >16 years contributed 25.4-25.7%, 28.6-29.6% and 45.0-45.7% to the total risks respectively. The DALY from GW, DW and BW were estimated to be 5.8, 27.0 and 39.9 years, respectively while the corresponding financial burdens were US$ 0.63, 2.93 and 4.34 million respectively. The findings are likely to assist in selecting the supply water sources to better control human exposure and risk from DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakhawat Chowdhury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Imran Rahman Chowdhury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Saleh Al-Suwaiyan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Firuzi P, Asl Hashemi A, Samadi Kafil H, Gholizadeh P, Aslani H. Comparative study on the microbial quality in the swimming pools disinfected by the ozone-chlorine and chlorine processes in Tabriz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:516. [PMID: 32666262 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Applying a desirable disinfestation process is necessary to control the pathogenic microorganisms in the swimming pools and prevent both dermal and intestinal effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the bacterial community and diversity in the two swimming pools disinfected by the chlorine and ozone (O3)-chlorine processes. A total of 24 samples were taken from the two swimming pools in three distinct seasons to analyze the bacterial and physico-chemical indicators. Culture and molecular methods were used to evaluate the microbial quality. Two sets of sample taken from the pools with the maximum swimmer load in the summer were investigated by the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique. In total, 410 and 406 bacterial species were identified in the chlorine- and ozone-chlorine-disinfected pools, respectively. Among the eight dominant bacterial species in each swimming pool, Pseudomonas alcaliphila, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Pseudomonas acnes were common species between the two studied pools. Oleomonas sagaranensis (350 reads/18593), Staphylococcus caprae (302 reads /18593), and Anaerococcus octavius (110 reads/18593) were among the dominant bacteria in the chlorine-disinfected pool. Bacterial diversity was lower in the ozone-chlorine-disinfected pool than the other one, and the highest bacterial sequencing belonged to the genus Pseudomonas (85.79%). Results showed that water quality of in O3-chlorine-disinfected pool was more desirable than the chlorine-disinfected pool. Molecular methods along with conventional culture methods would be advantageous for microbial assessment in the swimming pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Firuzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asl Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Aslani
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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49
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Lara P, Ramírez V, Castrillón F, Peñuela GA. Presence of Disinfection Byproducts in Public Swimming Pools in Medellín, Colombia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134659. [PMID: 32605262 PMCID: PMC7369848 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The quality of water in swimming pools is essential to avoid risks to the health of users. Medellín has more than 1000 public swimming pools, which are supervised by the Medellín Health Authority to monitor and ensure compliance with relevant regulations. The Health Authority has financed several studies related to the quality of drinking and recreational water in Medellín in order to protect consumers and users. One such study involves the evaluation of the presence of disinfection byproducts (DBP). The best known DBPs resulting from disinfection with chlorine are trihalomethanes (THMs) and halogenated acetic acids (HAAs), as well as other minorities such as chloramines or halophenols (HPs). DBPs pose a greater risk in swimming pool water because there is a greater possibility of ingestion, since exposure occurs through several routes at the same time (direct ingestion of water, inhalation of volatile or aerosol solutes, dermal contact and absorption through skin). In the present work, high concentrations of THMs and HAAs were detected in the public swimming pools selected in the study, but the presence of HPs was not detected in the pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lara
- Faculty of Engineering, Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia; (P.L.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Ramírez
- Faculty of Engineering, Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia; (P.L.); (V.R.)
| | - Fernando Castrillón
- Health Authority Entity of Medellín, La Alpujarra Administrative Center of Medellín, Calle 42 No 52-106, 050015 Medellín, Colombia;
| | - Gustavo A. Peñuela
- Faculty of Engineering, Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia; (P.L.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-219-6570
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50
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Peng F, Peng J, Li H, Li Y, Wang B, Yang Z. Health risks and predictive modeling of disinfection byproducts in swimming pools. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105726. [PMID: 32298877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an indispensable water treatment process used to inactivate pathogens and prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases in swimming pools. However, toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are inevitably formed during the process. To improve the supervision and regulation of DBPs in swimming pools, the reliability of using trihalomethanes (THMs) as the sole indicator of organic DBPs and the possibility of using easily detectable water quality parameters as predictors of DBPs were discussed based on the occurrence of 29 typical DBPs in swimming pools. Among the target DBP categories, THMs and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the prominent species, and the concentrations of HAAs were the highest. The risk assessment results indicated that the total risk values in most pools were higher than the acceptable value (10-6). Compared with nitrosamines and THMs, HAAs were the main contributors to the cancer risks posed by dermal absorption and ingestion. THMs (r = 0.619; p < 0.01) and HAAs (r = 0.989; p < 0.01) were both significantly correlated with total DBPs (the sum of 29 DBPs). A stepwise multivariate regression model was developed by analyzing the correlations between total DBPs and water quality parameters, and the relationship coefficient R2 was 0.756. This study provides important information and perspectives for the improvement and implementation of standards for swimming pool water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Jingjin Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Yue Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Beizi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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