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Yang W, Fang C, Hong Y, Zhang ZF, Xu Z, Chu W. Widespread Antioxidants during Storm Events Could Serve as Precursors of Regulated, Priority, and New Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:14864-14874. [PMID: 39047190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Widely used antioxidants can enter the environment via urban stormwater systems and form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination in downstream drinking water processes. Herein, we comprehensively investigated the occurrence of 39 antioxidants from stormwater runoff to surface water. After a storm event, the concentrations of the antioxidants in surface water increased by 1.4-fold from 102-110 ng/L to 128-139 ng/L. Widespread antioxidants during the stormwater event could transform into toxic DBPs during disinfection. Moreover, the yields of trihalomethanes, haloacetaldehydes, haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halonitromethanes during the chlorination of widely used antioxidants considerably increased with an increasing chlorine dose and contact time. Specifically, the yields of dichloroacetonitrile during the chlorination of diphenylamine (DPA) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) were higher than those of most reported amino acid precursors, indicating that DPA and 6PPD might be important precursors of HANs. Exploring the intermediates using GC × GC-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry helped reveal potential pathways from DPA to HANs, whose formation could be attributed to the intermediate carbazole and indole moieties detected in this study. This study provides insights into the transport and transformation of commonly used antioxidants in a water environment and during water treatment processes, highlighting the potential risks of anthropogenic pollutants from a DBP perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuntao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zuxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Li X, Zhai H, Luo J, Hou R. A new concern raised from algal bloom: Organic chloramines in chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121894. [PMID: 38880013 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Algal blooms have become a significant challenge in water treatment all over the world. In chlorination of drinking water, algal organic matter (AOM) leads to the formation of organic chloramines. The objectives of this review are to comprehensively summarize and discuss the up-to-date researches on AOM-derived organic chloramines and their chemical activities and toxicity, thereby drawing attention to the potentially chemical and hygienic risks of organic chloramines. The predominant algal species in water sources varied with location and season. AOM from cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms are composed of diverse composition. AOM-derived amino acids take a low portion of the precursors of organic chloramines. Both experimental kinetic data and quantum chemical calculation demonstrate the preferential formation of organic chloramines in the chlorination of model compounds (amino acids and peptides). Organic chloramines are persistent in water and can transform into dichloro- and trichloro-organic chloramines, unknown low-molecular-weight organic chloramines, and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts with the excess of free chlorine. The active chlorine (Cl+) in organic chloramines can lead to the formation of chlorinated phenolic compounds. Organic chloramines influence the generation and species of radicals and subsequent products in UV disinfection. Theoretical predictions and toxicological tests suggest that organic chloramines may cause oxidative or toxic pressure to bacteria or cells. Overall, organic chloramines, as one group of high-molecular-weight disinfection byproducts, have relatively long lifetimes, moderate chemical activities, and high hygienic risks to the public. Future perspectives of organic chloramines are suggested in terms of quantitative detection methods, the precursors from various predominant algal species, chemical activities of organic chloramines, and toxicity/impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jiacheng Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ruixin Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Kong Q, Yao L, Ye L, Pan Y, Deng Y, Tan Z, Zhou Y, Shi G, Yang X. Photochemical Transformation of Monochloramine Induced by Triplet State Dissolved Organic Matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134366. [PMID: 38678708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The photoexcited dissolved organic matter (DOM) could produce reactive intermediates, affecting chemical oxidant transformation in UV based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). This study confirmed the critical role of triplet state DOM (3DOM*), generated from DOM photoexcitation, in the transformation of monochloramine (NH2Cl), a commonly used chemical oxidant and disinfectant in water treatment. NH2Cl (42.25 μM, as Cl2) was decayed by 17.4-73.4 % within 60 min, primarily due to 3DOM* , in DOM (2-30 mgC L-1) solutions irradiated by 365 nm, where NH2Cl has no absorption. The second-order quenching rate constants of triplet state model photosensitizers by NH2Cl were determined to be 0.95(± 0.04)-4.49(± 0.04)× 108 M-1 s-1 by using laser flash photolysis. As a reductant, 3DOM* reacted with NH2Cl through one-transfer mechanism, leading to amino radical (NH2•) generation, which then transferred to ammonia (NH4+, pKa 9.25) through H-abstraction by the phenolic moieties in DOM. Additionally, the intermediate product of 3DOM* oxidized by NH2Cl or those triplet state quinones can hydrolyze to form phenolic moieties, elevating NH4+ yield to higher than 99% upon 365 nm irradiation. These findings suggest that the widespread DOM can be applied to convert NH2Cl via 3DOM* with minimal toxic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liaoliao Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yanchun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zijie Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yangjian Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guojing Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Gao X, Yan J, Wang C, Yang P, Lu J, Ji Y. Formation of brominated and nitrated byproducts during unactivated peroxymonosulfate oxidation of phenol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134265. [PMID: 38608590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Brominated and nitrated byproducts generated from bromide (Br-) and nitrite (NO2-), respectively, by sulfate radical (SO4•-) oxidation have raised increasing concern. However, little is known about the concurrent generation of brominated and nitrated byproducts in the unactivated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation process. This study revealed that Br- can facilitate the transformation of NO2- to nitrated byproducts during unactivated PMS oxidation of phenol. In the co-existence of 0.1 mM Br- and 0.5 mM NO2-, the total yield of identified nitrated byproducts reached 2.316 μM in 20 min, while none was found with NO2- alone. Nitryl bromide (BrNO2) as the primary nitrating agent was formed via the reaction of NO2- with free bromine in situ generated through the oxidation of Br- by PMS. BrNO2 rapidly reacted with phenol or bromophenols, generating highly toxic nitrophenols or nitrated bromophenols, respectively. Increasing NO2- concentration led to more nitrated byproducts but less brominated byproducts. This study advances our understanding of the transformation of Br- and NO2- in the unactivated PMS oxidation process. It also provides important insights into the potentially underestimated environmental risks when PMS is applied to degrade organic contaminants under realistic environments, particularly when Br- and NO2- co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu Regional Collaborative Technology Service Center for Rural Revitalization, Hefei 238000, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Yan
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu Regional Collaborative Technology Service Center for Rural Revitalization, Hefei 238000, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu Regional Collaborative Technology Service Center for Rural Revitalization, Hefei 238000, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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von Gunten U. Oxidation processes and me. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121148. [PMID: 38387263 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This publication summarizes my journey in the field of chemical oxidation processes for water treatment over the last 30+ years. Initially, the efficiency of the application of chemical oxidants for micropollutant abatement was assessed by the abatement of the target compounds only. This is controlled by reaction kinetics and therefore, second-order rate constant for these reactions are the pre-requisite to assess the efficiency and feasibility of such processes. Due to the tremendous efforts in this area, we currently have a good experimental data base for second-order rate constants for many chemical oxidants, including radicals. Based on this, predictions can be made for compounds without experimental data with Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships with Hammet/Taft constants or energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals from quantum chemical computations. Chemical oxidation in water treatment has to be economically feasible and therefore, the extent of transformation of micropollutants is often limited and mineralization of target compounds cannot be achieved under realistic conditions. The formation of transformation products from the reactions of the target compounds with chemical oxidants is inherent to oxidation processes and the following questions have evolved over the years: Are the formed transformation products biologically less active than the target compounds? Is there a new toxicity associated with transformation products? Are transformation products more biodegradable than the corresponding target compounds? In addition to the positive effects on water quality related to abatement of micropollutants, chemical oxidants react mainly with water matrix components such as the dissolved organic matter (DOM), bromide and iodide. As a matter of fact, the fraction of oxidants consumed by the DOM is typically > 99%, which makes such processes inherently inefficient. The consequences are loss of oxidation capacity and the formation of organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts also involving bromide and iodide, which can be oxidized to reactive bromine and iodine with their ensuing reactions with DOM. Overall, it has turned out in the last three decades, that chemical oxidation processes are complex to understand and to manage. However, the tremendous research efforts have led to a good understanding of the underlying processes and allow a widespread and optimized application of such processes in water treatment practice such as drinking water, municipal and industrial wastewater and water reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland; ENAC, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Müller E, von Gunten U, Tolu J, Bouchet S, Winkel LHE. Reactions of hypobromous acid with dimethyl selenide, dimethyl diselenide and other organic selenium compounds: kinetics and product formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 10:620-630. [PMID: 38434173 PMCID: PMC10905664 DOI: 10.1039/d3ew00787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for many living organisms particularly due to its unique redox properties. We recently found that the sulfur (S) analog for dimethyl selenide (DMSe), i.e. dimethyl sulfide (DMS), reacts fast with the marine oxidant hypobromous acid (HOBr) which likely serves as a sink of marine DMS. Here we investigated the reactivity of HOBr with dimethyl selenide and dimethyl diselenide (DMDSe), which are the main volatile Se compounds biogenically produced in marine waters. In addition, the reactivity of HOBr with further organic Se compounds was tested, i.e., SeMet (as N-acetylated-SeMet), and selenocystine (SeCys2 as N-acetylated-SeCys2), as well as the phenyl-analogs of DMSe and DMDSe, respectively, diphenyl selenide (DPSe) and diphenyl diselenide (DPDSe). Apparent second-order rate constants at pH 8 for the reactions of HOBr with the studied Se compounds were (7.1 ± 0.7) × 107 M-1 s-1 for DMSe, (4.3 ± 0.4) × 107 M-1 s-1 for DMDSe, (2.8 ± 0.3) × 108 M-1 s-1 for SeMet, (3.8 ± 0.2) × 107 M-1 s-1 for SeCys2, (3.5 ± 0.1) × 107 M-1 s-1 for DPSe, and (8.0 ± 0.4) × 106 M-1 s-1 for DPDSe, indicating a very high reactivity of all selected Se compounds with HOBr. The reactivity between HOBr and DMSe is lower than for DMS and therefore this reaction is likely not relevant for marine DMSe abatement. However, the high reactivity of SeMet with HOBr suggests that SeMet may act as a relevant quencher of HOBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Müller
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag Ueberlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland +41 58 765 5601
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag Ueberlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland +41 58 765 5601
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Julie Tolu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag Ueberlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland +41 58 765 5601
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Bouchet
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag Ueberlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland +41 58 765 5601
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Lenny H E Winkel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag Ueberlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland +41 58 765 5601
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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Yin Q, Ji Y, Guo Y, Manoli K, Chen W, Zhang L, Yu X, Feng M. Environmental fate and risk evolution of calcium channel blockers from chlorine-based disinfection to sunlit surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120968. [PMID: 38070349 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants present in disinfected wastewater and discharged to sunlit surface waters may be transformed by multiple processes, such as chlorination due to the presence of chlorine residuals, solar irradiation as well as solar-irradiated chlorine residues. This study reports, for the first time, the multi-scenario degradation kinetics, transformation products, and risk evolution of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), a class of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants with worldwide prevalence in natural waters and wastewater. It was found that the chlorination of the studied CCBs (amlodipine (AML) and verapamil (VER)) was dominated by the reaction of HOCl with their neutral species, with second-order rate constants of 6.15×104 M-1 s-1 (AML) and 7.93×103 M-1 s-1 (VER) at pH 5.0-11.0. Bromination is much faster than chlorination, with the measured kapp,HOBr values of 2.94×105 M-1 s-1 and 6.58×103 M-1 s-1 for AML and VER, respectively, at pH 7.0. Furthermore, both CCBs would undergo photolytic attenuations with hydroxyl and carbonate radicals as the dominant reactive species in water. Notably, free chlorine mainly contributed to their abatement during the solar/chlorine treatment. Additionally, the halogen addition on the aromatic ring was observed during chlorination and bromination of the two CCBs. Cyclization was observed under solar irradiation only, while the aromatic ring was opened in the solar/chlorine system. Some products generated by the three transformation processes exhibited non-negligible risks of high biodegradation recalcitrance and toxicity, potentially threatening the aquatic environment and public health. Overall, this study elucidated the environmental fate of typical CCBs under different transformation processes to better understand the resulting ecological risks in these environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yating Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | | | - Wenzheng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Core Facility of Biomedical, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Li G, Tian C, Karanfil T, Liu C. Comparative formation of chlorinated and brominated disinfection byproducts from chlorination and bromination of amino acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140985. [PMID: 38104740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are the main components of dissolved organic nitrogen in algal- and wastewater-impacted waters, which can react with chlorine to form toxic halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the disinfection process. In the presence of bromide, the reaction between amino acids and secondarily formed hypobromous acid can lead to the formation of brominated DBPs that are more toxic than chlorinated analogues. This study compares the formation of regulated and unregulated DBPs during chlorination and bromination of representative amino acids (AAs) (e.g., aspartic acid, asparagine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine). In general, concentrations of brominated DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetamides, 24.9-5835.0 nM) during bromination were higher than their chlorinated analogues (9.3-3235.3 nM) during chlorination. This indicates the greater efficacy of bromine as a halogenating agent. However, the formation of chlorinated haloacetic acids during chlorination was higher than the corresponding brominated DBPs from bromination. It is likely that an oxidation pathway is required for the formation of haloacetic acids and chlorine is a stronger oxidant than bromine. Moreover, chlorine forms higher levels of haloacetaldehydes (74.4-1077.8 nM) from amino acids than bromine (1.0-480.2 nM) owing to the instability of brominated species. The DBP formation yields depend on the types of functional groups in the side chain of AAs. Eight intermediates resulting from chlorination/bromination of tyrosine were identified by triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, including N-chlorinated/brominated tyrosine, 3-chloro/bromo-tyrosine, and 3,5-dichloro/dibromo-tyrosine. These findings provided new insights into the DBP formation during the chlorination of algal- and wastewater-impacted waters with elevated bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenhao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Ying L, Marques Dos Santos M, Jia S, Li C, Lee THY, Mensah AT, Snyder SA. Comparison of monochloramination and chlorination of 1,3-diphenylguandine (DPG): Kinetics, transformation products, and cell-based in-vitro testing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167743. [PMID: 37838050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
As a widely used secondary vulcanization accelerator in the rubber industry, 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) poses risks to human health and the environment. To compare and comprehend the disinfection process of DPG, this work investigates the reaction kinetics, toxicity, and transformation products (TPs) of DPG during chlorination and monochloramination. It has been revealed that the reactivity of monochloramine is significantly slower compared to chlorination of DPG, with the maximum efficiency observed at pH 7 to pH 8. Cytotoxicity assessment using HepG2 and THP-1 cells reveals that cytotoxicity hierarchy is as follows: chlorine TPs > monochloramine TPs > DPG. Moreover, oxidant-to-DPG molar ratios 10 and 20 lead to higher cytotoxicity in both chlorination and monochloramination compared to ratio 5 and 100. Additionally, cell bioenergetics experiments demonstrate that chlorine and monochloramine TPs induce mitochondrial dysfunction and enhance glycolytic function in HepG2 cells. The genotoxic response from p53 signaling further suggested genotoxic effects of certain TPs. Furthermore, analysis of TPs using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) identifies ten TPs, with chlorination yielding more TPs than monochloramination. Generally, a chlorine or monochloramine molar ratio to DPG of 10-20 results in an increased formation of TPs and heightened cytotoxicity. Notably, higher oxidant molar ratios increased the formation of monoguanidine TPs and DPG hydroxylation during chlorination, whereas monochloramination lead to DPG substitution predominantly generating chlorinated DPG due to weaker oxidation effects. These findings provide valuable information for the appropriate treatment of DPG and disinfection processes in water facilities to mitigate potential risks to human health and the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebing Ying
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mauricius Marques Dos Santos
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Shenglan Jia
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Caixia Li
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Theodora H Y Lee
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Anette Tele Mensah
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Shane Allen Snyder
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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10
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Ao J, Bu L, Wu Y, Zhu S, Zhou S. Insights into the fate and properties of organic halamines during ultraviolet irradiation: Implications for drinking water safety. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:165994. [PMID: 37536590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic halamines compounds present a significant threat to the safety of drinking water due to their potential toxicity and stability. While Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is commonly used for water treatment, its specific effects on organic halamines and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated eight amino acid-derived organic chlor- and bromamines as representative compounds. Our findings revealed that organic halamines have a slow hydrolysis rate (<10-3 M-1 s-1) and can persist in water for extended periods (30-2000 min). However, their disinfection efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and their ability to degrade micropollutants like carbamazepine were found to be limited. Interestingly, under UV irradiation, the N-X bonds in organic halamines were observed to break, leading to accelerated decomposition and the generation of abundant free radicals. These free radicals synergistically facilitated the removal of micropollutants and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. It is worth noting that this transformation of organic halamines during UV disinfection resulted in a slight increase in the concentrations of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts. These findings shed light on the behavior and characteristics of organic halamines during UV disinfection processes, providing crucial insights for effectively managing drinking water quality impacted by these compounds. By understanding the implications of organic halamines, we can refine water treatment strategies and ensure the safety of drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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11
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Jütte M, Wilbert JA, Reusing M, Abdighahroudi MS, Schüth C, Lutze HV. Reaction Mechanisms of Chlorine Dioxide with Phenolic Compounds─Influence of Different Substituents on Stoichiometric Ratios and Intrinsic Formation of Free Available Chlorine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18846-18855. [PMID: 37276343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an oxidant applied in water treatment processes that is very effective for disinfection and abatement of inorganic and organic pollutants. Thereby phenol is the most important reaction partner of ClO2 in reactions of natural organic matter (NOM) and in pollutant degradation. It was previously reported that with specific reaction partners (e.g., phenol), free available chlorine (FAC) could form as another byproduct next to chlorite (ClO2-). This study investigates the impact of different functional groups attached to the aromatic ring of phenol on the formation of inorganic byproducts (i.e., FAC, ClO2-, chloride, and chlorate) and the overall reaction mechanism. The majority of the investigated compounds reacted with a 2:1 stoichiometry and formed 50% ClO2- and 50% FAC, regardless of the position and kind of the groups attached to the aromatic ring. The only functional groups strongly influencing the FAC formation in the ClO2 reaction with phenols were hydroxyl- and amino-substituents in ortho- and para-positions, causing 100% ClO2- and 0% FAC formation. Additionally, this class of compounds showed a pH-dependent stoichiometric ratio due to pH-dependent autoxidation. Overall, FAC is an important secondary oxidant in ClO2 based treatment processes. Synergetic effects in pollutant control and disinfection might be observable; however, the formation of halogenated byproducts needs to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Jütte
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Janis A Wilbert
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marcel Reusing
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sajjad Abdighahroudi
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schüth
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Schnittspahnstr. 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
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12
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Morrison C, Hogard S, Pearce R, Mohan A, Pisarenko AN, Dickenson ERV, von Gunten U, Wert EC. Critical Review on Bromate Formation during Ozonation and Control Options for Its Minimization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18393-18409. [PMID: 37363871 PMCID: PMC10690720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a commonly applied disinfectant and oxidant in drinking water and has more recently been implemented for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for potable reuse and ecosystem protection. One drawback is the potential formation of bromate, a possible human carcinogen with a strict drinking water standard of 10 μg/L. The formation of bromate from bromide during ozonation is complex and involves reactions with both ozone and secondary oxidants formed from ozone decomposition, i.e., hydroxyl radical. The underlying mechanism has been elucidated over the past several decades, and the extent of many parallel reactions occurring with either ozone or hydroxyl radicals depends strongly on the concentration, type of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and carbonate. On the basis of mechanistic considerations, several approaches minimizing bromate formation during ozonation can be applied. Removal of bromate after ozonation is less feasible. We recommend that bromate control strategies be prioritized in the following order: (1) control bromide discharge at the source and ensure optimal ozone mass-transfer design to minimize bromate formation, (2) minimize bromate formation during ozonation by chemical control strategies, such as ammonium with or without chlorine addition or hydrogen peroxide addition, which interfere with specific bromate formation steps and/or mask bromide, (3) implement a pretreatment strategy to reduce bromide and/or DOM prior to ozonation, and (4) assess the suitability of ozonation altogether or utilize a downstream treatment process that may already be in place, such as reverse osmosis, for post-ozone bromate abatement. A one-size-fits-all approach to bromate control does not exist, and treatment objectives, such as disinfection and micropollutant abatement, must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina
M. Morrison
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United
States
| | - Samantha Hogard
- Hampton
Roads Sanitation District, P.O. Box 5911, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23471-0911, United
States
- The
Charles Edward Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Robert Pearce
- Hampton
Roads Sanitation District, P.O. Box 5911, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23471-0911, United
States
- The
Charles Edward Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aarthi Mohan
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United
States
| | - Aleksey N. Pisarenko
- Trussell
Technologies, Inc., 380
Stevens Avenue, Suite 212, Solana Beach, California 92075, United States
| | - Eric R. V. Dickenson
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United
States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
- School of
Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
(EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric C. Wert
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United
States
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13
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Mensah AT, Xiang Y, Berne F, Soreau S, Gallard H. Reactions of Monobromamine and Dibromamine with Phenolic Compounds and Organic Matter: Kinetics and Formation of Bromophenols and Bromoform. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18981-18990. [PMID: 37226837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Monobromamine (NH2Br) and dibromamine (NHBr2) produced from reactions of hypobromous acid (HOBr) with ammonia can react with phenolic structures of natural organic matter (NOM) to produce disinfection byproducts such as bromoform (CHBr3). The reactivity of NH2Br was controlled by the reaction of the bromoammonium ion (NH3Br+) with phenolate species, with specific rate constants ranging from 6.32 × 102 for 2,4,6-tribromophenol to 1.22 × 108 M-1 s-1 for phenol. Reactions of NHBr2 with phenol and bromophenols were negligible compared to its self-decomposition; rate constants could be determined only with resorcinol for pH > 7. At pH 8.1-8.2, no formation of CHBr3 was observed from the reaction of NH2Br with phenol while the reaction of NH2Br with resorcinol produced a significant concentration of CHBr3. In contrast to NH2Br, a significant amount of CHBr3 produced with an excess of NHBr2 over phenol was explained by the reactions of HOBr produced from NHBr2 decomposition. A comprehensive kinetic model including the formation and decomposition of bromamines and the reactivity of HOBr and NH2Br with phenolic compounds was developed at pH 8.0-8.3. Furthermore, the kinetic model was used to evaluate the significance of the NH2Br and NHBr2 reactions with the phenolic structures of two NOM isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
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14
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Wang J, Chen W, Wang T, Reid E, Krall C, Kim J, Zhang T, Xie X, Huang CH. Bacteria and Virus Inactivation: Relative Efficacy and Mechanisms of Peroxyacids and Chlor(am)ine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18710-18721. [PMID: 36995048 PMCID: PMC10690719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacids (POAs) are a promising alternative to chlorine for reducing the formation of disinfection byproducts. However, their capacity for microbial inactivation and mechanisms of action require further investigation. We evaluated the efficacy of three POAs (performic acid (PFA), peracetic acid (PAA), and perpropionic acid (PPA)) and chlor(am)ine for inactivation of four representative microorganisms (Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive bacteria), MS2 bacteriophage (nonenveloped virus), and Φ6 (enveloped virus)) and for reaction rates with biomolecules (amino acids and nucleotides). Bacterial inactivation efficacy (in anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) effluent) followed the order of PFA > chlorine > PAA ≈ PPA. Fluorescence microscopic analysis indicated that free chlorine induced surface damage and cell lysis rapidly, whereas POAs led to intracellular oxidative stress through penetrating the intact cell membrane. However, POAs (50 μM) were less effective than chlorine at inactivating viruses, achieving only ∼1-log PFU removal for MS2 and Φ6 after 30 min of reaction in phosphate buffer without genome damage. Results suggest that POAs' unique interaction with bacteria and ineffective viral inactivation could be attributed to their selectivity toward cysteine and methionine through oxygen-transfer reactions and limited reactivity for other biomolecules. These mechanistic insights could inform the application of POAs in water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Wang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wensi Chen
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elliot Reid
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Caroline Krall
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juhee Kim
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique FÉdÉrale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xing Xie
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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15
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Rogers J, Chen M, Yang K, Graham J, Parker KM. Production of Dichloroacetonitrile from Derivatives of Isoxaflutole Herbicide during Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18443-18451. [PMID: 36749696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide isoxaflutole has the potential to contaminate drinking water directly, as well as upon hydrolyzing to its active form diketonitrile. Diketonitrile also may impact water quality by acting as a precursor for dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), which is an unregulated but highly toxic disinfection byproduct (DBP). In this study, we investigated the reaction of diketonitrile with free chlorine and chloramine to form DCAN. We found that diketonitrile reacts with free chlorine within seconds but reacts with chloramine on the time scale of hours to days. In the presence of both oxidants, DCAN was generated at yields up to 100%. Diketonitrile reacted fastest with chlorine at circumneutral pH, which was consistent with base-catalyzed halogenation involving the enolate form of diketonitrile present at alkaline pH and electrophilic hypochlorous acid, which decreases in abundance above its pKa (7.5). In contrast, we found that diketonitrile reacts faster with chloramine as pH values decreased, consistent with an attack on the enolate by electrophilic protonated monochloramine that increases in abundance at acidic pH approaching its pKa (1.6). Our results indicate that increasing isoxaflutole use, particularly in light of the recent release of genetically modified isoxaflutole-tolerant crops, could result in greater occurrences of a high-yield DCAN precursor during disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Rogers
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Moshan Chen
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kaichao Yang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan Graham
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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16
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Hua Z, Liang J, Wang D, Zhou Z, Fang J. Formation Mechanisms of Nitro Products from Transformation of Aliphatic Amines by UV/Chlorine Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18754-18764. [PMID: 37294018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formation of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts from aliphatic amines is a widespread concern owing to the serious health risks associated with them. However, the mechanisms of transforming aliphatic amines and forming nitro products in the UV/chlorine process have rarely been discussed, which are investigated in this work. Initially, secondary amines (R1R2NH) are transformed into secondary organic chloramines (R1R2NCl) via chlorination. Subsequently, radicals, such as HO• and Cl•, are found to contribute predominantly to such transformations. The rate constants at which HO•, Cl•, and Cl2•- react with R1R2NCl are (2.4-5.1) × 109, (1.5-3.8) × 109, and (1.2-6.1) × 107 M-1 s-1, respectively. Consequently, R1R2NCl are transformed into primary amines (R1NH2/R2NH2) and chlorinated primary amines (R1NHCl/R2NHCl and R1NCl2/R2NCl2) by excess chlorine. Furthermore, primarily driven by UV photolysis, chlorinated primary amines can be transformed into nitroalkanes with conversion rates of ∼10%. Dissolved oxygen and free chlorine play crucial roles in forming nitroalkanes, and post-chlorination can further form chloronitroalkanes, such as trichloronitromethane (TCNM). Radicals are involved in forming TCNM in the UV/chlorine process. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of transforming aliphatic amines and forming nitro products using the UV/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jieying Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ding Wang
- General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Beijing 100120, China
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Guangzhou Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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17
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Li G, Jiang J, He M, Rao D, Zhang J, Sun B. Enhancing Ferrate Oxidation of Micropollutants via Inducing Fe(V)/Fe(IV) Formation Needs Caution: Increased Conversion of Bromide to Bromate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18991-18999. [PMID: 37243626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the formation of bromate (BrO3-) in the copresence of Fe(VI) and bromide (Br-). It challenges previous beliefs about the role of Fe(VI) as a green oxidant and highlights the crucial role of intermediates Fe(V) and Fe(IV) in the conversion of Br- to BrO3-. The results show that the maximum concentration of BrO3- of 48.3 μg/L was obtained at 16 mg/L Br- and that the contribution of Fe(V)/Fe(IV) to the conversion was positively related to pH. The study suggests that a single-electron transfer from Br- to Fe(V)/Fe(IV) along with the generation of reactive bromine radicals is the first step of Br- conversion, followed by the formation of OBr- which was then oxidized to BrO3- by Fe(VI) and Fe(V)/Fe(IV). Some common background water constituents (e.g., DOM, HCO3-, and Cl-) significantly inhibited BrO3- formation by consuming Fe(V)/Fe(IV) and/or scavenging the reactive bromine species. While investigations proposing to promote Fe(V)/Fe(IV) formation in Fe(VI)-based oxidation to enhance its oxidation capacity have been rapidly accumulated recently, this work called attention to the considerable formation of BrO3- in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jinchan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Dandan Rao
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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18
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Zhang T, von Gunten U. Chlorination of amides: Kinetics and mechanisms of formation of N-chloramides and their reactions with phenolic compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120131. [PMID: 37364355 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Amides are common constituents in natural organic matter and synthetic chemicals. In this study, we investigated kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of chlorine with seven amides, including acetamide, N-methylformamide, N-methylacetamide, benzamide, N-methylbenzamide, N-propylbenzamide, and N-(benzoylglycyl)glycine amide. Apparent second-order rate constants for the reactions of the amides with chlorine at pH 8 are in the range of 5.8 × 10-3 - 1.8 M-1s-1 and activation energies in the range of 62-88 kJ/mol. The second-order rate constants for the reactions of chlorine with different amides decrease with increasing electron donor character of the substituents on the amide-N and N-carbonyl-C in the amide structures. Hypochlorite (‒OCl) dominates the reactions of chlorine with amides yielding N-chloramides with species-specific second-order rate constants in the range of 7.3 × 10-3 - 2.3 M-1s-1. Kinetic model simulations suggest that N-chlorinated primary amides further react with HOCl with second-order rate constants in the order of 10 M-1s-1. The chlorination products of amides, N-chloramides are reactive towards phenolic compounds, forming chlorinated phenols via electrophilic aromatic substitution (phenol and resorcinol) and quinone via electron transfer (hydroquinone). Meanwhile, N-chloramides were recycled to the parent amides. At neutral pH, apparent second-order rate constants for the reactions between phenols and N-chloramides are in the order of 10-4-0.1 M-1s-1, comparable to those with chloramine. The findings of this study improve the understanding of the fate of amides and chlorine during chlorination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland.
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19
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Pan R, Zhang TY, Zheng ZX, Ai J, Ye T, Zhao HX, Hu CY, Tang YL, Fan JJ, Geng B, Xu B. Insight into mixed chlorine/chloramines conversion and associated water quality variability in drinking water distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163297. [PMID: 37028653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mixed chlorine/chloramines are common in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs); however, their transformation and impact on chemical and microbial characteristics are not well understood. We systematically investigated water quality parameters associated with mixed chlorine/chloramine species conversion in 192 samples (including raw, finished, and tap water) collected throughout the year in a city in East China. Various chlorine/chloramine species (free chlorine, monochloramine [NH2Cl], dichloramine [NHCl2], and organic chloramines [OC]) were detected in both chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs. NHCl2 + OC increased with transport distance along the pipeline network. The maximum proportion of NHCl2 + OC in over total chlorine in tap water reached 66 % and 38 % from chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs, respectively. Both free chlorine and NH2Cl showed a rapid decay in the water pipe systems, but NHCl2 and OC were more persistent. Correlations between chlorine/chloramine species and physicochemical parameters were established. Models for predicting the sum of chloroform/TCM, bromodichloromethane/BDCM, chlorodibromomethane/CBDM, and bromoform/TBM (THM4) (R2 = 0.56) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) (R2 = 0.65) exhibited greater accuracy based on machine learning tuned with chlorine/chloramine species, particularly NHCl2 + OC. The predominant bacterial communities in mixed chlorine/chloramine systems were those resistant to chlorine or chloramine such as proteobacteria. NH2Cl was the most significant explanatory factor (28.1 %) for the variation in microbial community assemblage in chloraminated DWDSs. Although residual free chlorine and NHCl2 + OC, accounted for a smaller proportion of chlorine species in chloraminated DWDSs, they played an essential role (12.4 % and 9.1 %, respectively) in the microbial community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jian Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Heng-Xuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Fan
- Shanghai Chengtou Water (Group) Co. LTD, Shanghai 200002, PR China
| | - Bing Geng
- Shanghai Chengtou Water (Group) Co. LTD, Shanghai 200002, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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20
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Hao T, Miao M, Wang T, Xiao Y, Yu B, Zhang M, Ning X, Li Y. Physicochemical changes in microplastics and formation of DBPs under ozonation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138488. [PMID: 36963574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are substances that pose a risk to both human life and the environment. Their types and production are increasing year on year, and their potential to cause environmental pollution is a worldwide concern. Conventional water treatment processes, particularly coagulation and sedimentation, are not effective at removing all MPs. It is therefore important to assess the morphological changes in the MPs, i.e., the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polyethylene (PE), during ozonation and the dissolved organic carbon leaching as well as chloroform formation in the subsequent chlorination. The results show that the appearance and surface chemistry of the MPs changed during the ozonation process, most notably for TPU. The trichloromethane (CHCl3) generation during chlorination was 0.168 and 0.152 μmol/L for TPU and PE, respectively, and the ozone pretreatment significantly increased the CHCl3 yield of TPU, while it had a weak effect on PE. Additional disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including CHCl2Br, CHClBr2, and CHBr3, were produced in the presence of bromide ions in the water column, and the total amount of DBPs produced by PE, PE-O, TPU, and TPU-O was significantly increased to 0.787, 0.814, 0.931, and 1.391 μmol/L, respectively. The study provides useful information for the environmental risk assessment of two representative MPs, i.e., TPU and MPs, in disinfection procedures for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Manhong Miao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yihang Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Bingqing Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ning
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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21
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Wang A, Zhu BZ, Huang CH, Zhang WX, Wang M, Li X, Ling L, Ma J, Fang J. Generation mechanism of singlet oxygen from the interaction of peroxymonosulfate and chloride in aqueous systems. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119904. [PMID: 36989807 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS, HSO5-) is a widely-used disinfectant and oxidant in environmental remediation. It was deemed that PMS reacted with chloride (Cl-) to form free chlorine during water purification. Here, we demonstrated that singlet oxygen (1O2) was efficiently generated from PMS and Cl- interaction. Mechanism of 1O2 formation was uniquely verified by the reaction of HSO5- and chlorine molecule (Cl2) and the oxygen atoms in 1O2 deriving from the peroxide group of HSO5- were revealed. Density functional theory calculations determined that the reaction of HSO5- and Cl2 was thermodynamically favorable and exergonic at 37.8 kcal/mol. Quite intriguingly, 1O2 was generated at a higher yield (1.5 × 105 M - 1 s - 1) than in the well-known reaction of H2O2 with Cl2 (35 M - 1 s - 1). Besides chlorine, 1O2 formed in PMS-Cl- interaction dominated the degradation of micropollutants, also it substantially enhanced the damage of deoxynucleoside in DNA, which were beneficial to micropollutant oxidation and pathogen disinfection. The contribution of 1O2 for carbamazepine degradation was enhanced at higher Cl- level and lower pH, and reached 96.3% at pH 4.1 and 5 min. Natural organic matter (NOM) was a sink for chlorine, thereby impeding 1O2 formation to retard carbamazepine degradation. 1O2 also played important roles (48.3 - 63.5%) on the abatement of deoxyguanosine and deoxythymidine at pH 4.1 and 10 min in PMS/Cl-. On the other hand, this discovery also alerted the harm of 1O2 for human health as it can be formed during the interaction of residual PMS in drinking water/swimming pools and the high-level Cl- in human bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Research Institute Co., Ltd., 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Xian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Mengye Wang
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuchun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ling
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, 519087 Zhuhai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Kralles ZT, Werner CA, Dai N. Overlooked Contribution of the Indole Moiety to the Formation of Haloacetonitrile Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7074-7085. [PMID: 37079884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are a group of disinfection byproducts with high toxicity and frequent occurrence. Past studies have focused on the free amine groups, especially those in amino acids, as HAN precursors. This study reports, for the first time, that the indole moiety such as that in the tryptophan side chain is also a potent precursor for the most common HANs dichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroacetonitrile, and dibromoacetonitrile. 3-Indolepropionic acid, differing from tryptophan only in the absence of the free amine group, formed HANs at levels 57-76% of those by tryptophan at a halogen/nitrogen molar ratio of 10. Experiments with tryptophan-(amino-15N) showed that the indole contributed to 28-51% of the HANs formed by tryptophan. At low oxidant excess (e.g., halogen/precursor = 5), 3-indolepropionic acid even formed more HANs than Trp by 3.5-, 2.5-, and 1.8-fold during free chlorination, free bromination, and chlorination in the presence of bromide (0.6 mg/L), respectively. Indole's HAN formation pathway was investigated by exploring the chlorination/bromination products of 3-indolepropionic acid using liquid chromatography-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 22 intermediates were detected, including pyrrole ring-opening products with an N-formyl group, 2-substituted anilines with different hydroxyl/halogen substitutions, and an intermediate with a postulated non-aromatic ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Kralles
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Christian A Werner
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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23
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Ao J, Bu L, Wu Y, Wu Y, Zhou S. Enhanced formation of haloacetonitriles during chlorination with bromide: Unveiling the important roles of organic bromamines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161723. [PMID: 36682556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation of brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) is an emerging issue in drinking water disinfection because its toxicity is tens to hundreds of times higher than that of chlorinated analogues and because of the widespread presence of bromide in source water. However, the mechanism and pathways of Br-DBPs formation remain unclear. In this study, we used glycine, alanine, and serine as model precursors and observed that brominated haloacetonitriles (Br-HANs) were more likely to be formed than brominated trihalomethanes. The results showed that there is not only one important way to HAN formation in the presence of bromide. We propose that organic bromamines, similar to organic chloramines, play a significant role in the formation of Br-HANs. Both the experimental and theoretical results confirmed that the decay of organic bromamines was faster than that of organic chloramines, which verified our assumption. The effect of the pH was investigated to further confirm the role of organic bromamines. In addition, we found that the formation of Br-HANs was significantly inhibited when monochloramine was used as a disinfectant, because the formation of organic bromamines was blocked. However, the formation of Br-HANs was promoted during the UV/chlorine process because of the faster decay of organic bromamines under UV photolysis. Overall, our study reveals the formation mechanism of Br-HANs and provides an alternative method to prevent Br-HAN formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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24
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Hu Q, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Qu G, Wang T, Jia H. Formation of halogenated macromolecular organics induced by Br - and I - during plasma oxidation/chlorination of DOM: Highlighting competitive mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119513. [PMID: 36549187 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of halogens on the production of macromolecular disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is critical for drinking water safety. The effects of Br- and I- on the chemical diversity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during plasma preoxidation and the subsequent formation of macromolecular halogenated DBPs after chlorination were deciphered. Plasma preoxidation changed DOM diversity from aromatic component-oriented to lignin and tannin component-oriented, resulting in 62.0% and 21.2% decreases in N-DBPs (CkHnOmNzClx formulas) and C-DBPs (CkHnOmClx formulas) after chlorination, respectively. Br- could induce the formation of organobromine compounds (OBrCs) during plasma oxidation; however, the intensities of OBrCs decreased by 56.3% (CHO formulas) and 75.2% (CHON formulas) after further chlorination. OBrCs still accounted for 79.8% of the total organohalogen compounds (OXCs, X=Cl or Br) due to the higher substitutability of bromine. I-promoted OIC production in the DOM preoxidation process, and OICs acted as intermediates to form OClCs during chlorination. When Br-and I-coexisted, Br- promoted OIC production in the DOM preoxidation process; therefore, more OBrCs and OClCs were generated due to intermediates of OICs in subsequent chlorination. Connections between OXCs and their precursors were established using network computation. The precursors of OClCs were located in the aromatic structure region (0.2 < H/C ≤ 0.7; O/C ≤ 0.67); those of OBrCs and OICs were located in the lignin (0.7 < H/C ≤ 1.5; 0.1 < O/C < 0.67) and tannin (0.6 ≤ H/C ≤ 1.5, 0.67 < O/C < 1.0) regions with relatively greater H/C and O/C ratios, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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25
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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 1: Chlorine Chemistry in Seawater and Its Consequences in Terms of Biocidal Effectiveness and Environmental Impact. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36325800 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2139590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seawater chlorination has three main industrial uses: disinfection of water and installations, control of biofouling, and preventing the transport of aquatic invasive species. Once in contact with seawater, chlorine reacts rapidly with water constituents (e.g. bromide ions, ammonia, and nitrogen-containing compounds) to form a range of oxidative species (e.g. bromine and N-haloamines), termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs) or "total residual oxidants" (TRO). The chemical nature of CPOs and their concentration are a function of two categories of parameters related to treatment modality (e.g. chlorine dose) and water quality (e.g. temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, and organic constituents). The chlorination process may result in continuous or intermittent releases of CPOs in seawater. The reactivity and potential ecotoxicity of CPO species largely depend on their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, evaluation of the biocidal effectiveness of chlorination and its potential impacts requires not only determining the sum of CPOs (via a bulk parameter), but also their chemical speciation. The aim of this article - which is the first of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to provide an overview of current knowledge about chlorine chemistry in seawater and to discuss the biocidal efficacy and the environmental fate of resulting CPOs. The 2nd and 3rd articles delineate a comprehensive and critical review of analytical methods and approaches for the determination of CPOs in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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26
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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 2: Sampling, Sample Preparation and Non-Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric-Based Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-20. [PMID: 36288103 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2135984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of seawater forms a range of secondary oxidative species, collectively termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs). These compounds do not have the same biocidal efficacy, the same fate and behavior in the marine environment, the same potential formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs), nor the same effects on marine organisms. Their chemical speciation is an important step toward an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of chlorination and the potential impacts of its releases, among others. The aim of this paper - which is the second of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to cover all aspects related to CPOs analysis in seawater, from sampling to instrumental determination. First, it discusses the procedures involved in synthesis, storage, and standardization of analytical standards. Second, it deals with sampling and sample preparation, addressing all relevant issues related to these two key steps. Third, it provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the colorimetric, titrimetric, and electrochemical methods used for CPOs determination and thoroughly discusses their advantages and limitations. Finally, this review ends with some recommendations for progress in the field of CPO analysis with the three aforementioned approaches. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric-based methods will be covered in the third and final article (Part III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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27
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Mensah AT, Berne F, Allard S, Soreau S, Gallard H. Kinetic modelling of the bromine-ammonia system: Formation and decomposition of bromamines. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119058. [PMID: 36096028 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bromamines i.e. monobromamine (NH2Br), dibromamine (NHBr2), and tribromamine (NBr3) can be formed during oxidative treatment of waters containing bromide and ammonia. The formation and decomposition of bromamines in aqueous solution was investigated and a comprehensive kinetic model of the bromine-ammonia system was developed at 23 ± 1 °C. Determination of rate constants and model validation were primarily performed at pH 8.0 - 8.3 for subsequent application to seawater disinfection. The rate constant of NHBr2 self-decomposition was determined by second-order rate law linearization with k9 = 5.5 (± 0.8) M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. The rate constant of NBr3 self-decomposition increased proportionately to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) according to the equation k10 = 4.4 (± 0.1) × 107. [OH-] over the pH range 6.0 - 8.5, which gave k10 = 56 (± 1) M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. The rate constants of NHBr2 and NBr3 formation were obtained by fitting model-predicted data to the experimental results and were found to be k3 = 2.3 (± 0.2) × 104M-1s-1 and k5 = 4.0 (± 0.6) × 103M-1s-1, respectively at pH 8.10. NBr3 was also found to react with NHBr2 with k11 = 3.4 (± 0.2) × 103M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. A kinetic model was proposed based on these experimental rate constants and literature values, which provided a good prediction of bromamines formation and decomposition for various initial bromine and ammonia concentrations. The kinetic model was also used to accurately predict the total oxidant concentration and the speciation of bromamines during breakpoint bromination. This study provides kinetic data to model more complex oxidative systems such as seawater chlorination in the presence of ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, underwood Ave, Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
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28
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Xu MY, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Liu Z, Li MY, Hu CY, Xu B. Organic chloramines attenuation and disinfection by-product formation during UV, chlorination and UV/chlorine processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135025. [PMID: 35598788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic chloramines (OCs) have become one of the research focuses in the field of drinking water treatment due to its limited oxidation and sterilization ability as well as potential cytotoxicity and genetic toxicity to the public. Among widespread OCs, produced by chlorinating cytosine are a typical one exists during chlorine disinfection. OCs degradation during UV, chlorination and UV/chlorine processes were systematically investigated. UV irradiation at 254 nm could effectively degrade OCs by 96.6% after 60 min, mainly because N-Cl bond had significant UV absorption at 250-280 nm leading to the generation of Cl• and HO•. Direct chlorination had poor removal of OCs with the OCs concentration increased first and then decreased as time went by. On the other hand, the removal of OCs during UV/chlorination was much higher than that during chlorination, but was worse than that during UV alone. pH had a minor effect on OCs decomposition via UV irradiation, whereas the effect was pronounced in the chlorination and UV chlorine processes. UV wavelength can affect the degradation of OCs with efficiency decreased in the order of UV 254 > UV 265 > UV 275. The total yields of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the degradation of OCs followed UV/chlorine > UV > chlorination. CH and DCAA were the two dominant types of DBPs among detected 7 DBPs. DBPs yield followed the order of UV254 > UV265 > UV275 at pH 6.0 and 7.0. After UV 265 irradiation, DBPs yield slightly decreased by 2.4%, 3.0% and 6.6% with the pH increased from 6.0 to 9.0. The results can provide theoretical basis for effective control of OCs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Meng-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Nascimento RO, Prado FM, de Medeiros MHG, Ronsein GE, Di Mascio P. Singlet Molecular Oxygen Generation in the Reaction of Biological Haloamines of Amino Acids and Polyamines with Hydrogen Peroxide. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:661-671. [PMID: 36047912 DOI: 10.1111/php.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leucocytes generate hypohalous acids (HOCl and HOBr) to defend against pathogens. In cells, hypohalous acids react with amine-containing molecules, such as amino acids and polyamines, producing chloramines and bromamines, reservoirs of oxidizing power that can potentially damage host tissues at sites of inflammation. Hypohalous acids also react with H2 O2 to produce stoichiometric amounts of singlet molecular oxygen (1 O2 ), but its generation in leucocytes is still under debate. Additionally, it is unclear if haloamines generate 1 O2 following a reaction with H2 O2 . Herein, we provide evidence of the generation of 1 O2 in the reactions between amino acid-derived (taurine, N-α-acetyl-Lysine, and glycine) and polyamine-derived (spermine and spermidine) haloamines and H2 O2 in an aqueous solution. The unequivocal formation of 1 O2 was detected by monitoring its characteristic monomol light emission at 1270 nm in the near-infrared region. For amino acid-derived haloamines, the presence of 1 O2 was further confirmed by chemical trapping with anthracene-9,10-divinylsulfonate and HPLC-MS/MS detection. Altogether, photoemission and chemical trapping studies demonstrated that chloramines were less effective at producing 1 O2 than bromamines of amino acids and polyamines. Thus, 1 O2 formation via bromamines and H2 O2 may be a potential source of 1 O2 in non-illuminated biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Manso Prado
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Graziella Eliza Ronsein
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
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30
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Qi Y, Wu N, Tu Z, Sharma VK, Wei Z, Zhou D, Wang Z, Qu R. Enhanced removal of ammonia in Fe(VI)/Br - oxidation system: Kinetics, transformation mechanism and theoretical calculations. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118953. [PMID: 35964513 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work systematically examined the capability of ferrate (Fe(VI)) for ammonia oxidation, revealing for the first time that bromide ions (Br-) played an important role in promoting the removal of ammonia in Fe(VI) system. In the presence of 10.0 mM Br-, the removal efficiency of ammonia was nearly 3.4 times that of the control, and 1.0 mM ammonia was almost completely removed after two rounds addition of 1.0 mM Fe(VI) in 60 min. PMSO probe test, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and radical quenching experiments were employed to interpret the underlying promotion mechanism of Br-, and it was proposed that the formation of active bromine (HOBr/OBr-) played a dominant role in the enhanced oxidative removal of ammonia by Fe(VI). Further kinetic model simulations revealed that HOBr/OBr- and Fe(VI) were the two major reactive species in Fe(VI)/Br- system, accounting for 66.7% and 33.0% of ammonia removal, respectively. As the target contaminant, ammonia could quickly consume the generated HOBr/OBr-, thereby suppressing the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts. Finally, NO3- was identified as the dominant transformation product of ammonia, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that six reaction stages were involved in ammonia oxidation with the first step as the rate-limiting step. This work would enable the full use of coexisting bromides for effective removal of ammonia from natural waters or wastewaters by in situ Fe(VI) oxidation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Nannan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Zhengnan Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zhongbo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
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Mensah AT, Allard S, Berne F, Soreau S, Gallard H. Brominated trihalamines in chlorinated seawaters: Quantification of tribromamine and identification of bromochloramines by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154667. [PMID: 35314219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During chlorination of seawater, the presence of bromide and ammonia alters the speciation of the oxidant and lead to the formation of chlorinated and brominated amines. This can affect the effectiveness of the disinfection treatment and the formation of disinfection by-products released to the environment. In this study, a Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) analytical method was developed to differentiate brominated trihalamines (i.e. tribromamine NBr3, dibromochloramine NBr2Cl and bromodichloramine NBrCl2) in synthetic and natural chlorinated seawater. A mass-to-charge ratio of m/z = 253 corresponding to the parent ion was used for the quantification of NBr3 in absence of organic matter and the signal of the fragment at m/z = 177 was chosen in presence of high concentration of organic matter. Limits of detection were 0.23 μM (49 μg Cl2/L) and 0.18 μM (38 μg Cl2/L) for m/z 253 and m/z 177, respectively. Both NBr2Cl and NBrCl2 were monitored in chlorinated seawaters with their respective parent ion at m/z = 207 and m/z = 163 but were not quantified. MIMS results also showed that reaction of brominated trihalamines with natural organic matter (NOM) was a minor pathway for 1-2 mg C/L compared to their auto-decomposition in natural or synthetic seawater. Overall, MIMS was able to unambiguously differentiate and monitor brominated trihalamines for the first time in chlorinated seawater, which was not possible by using UV measurement, titration and colorimetric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
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32
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Brodfuehrer SH, Goodman JB, Wahman DG, Speitel GE, Katz LE. Apparent Reactivity of Bromine in Bromochloramine Depends on Synthesis Method: Implicating Bromine Chloride and Molecular Bromine as Important Bromine Species. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 148:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0002070. [PMID: 36337256 PMCID: PMC9628185 DOI: 10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The chloramination of bromide containing waters results in the formation of bromine containing haloamines: monobromamine (NH2Br), dibromamine (NHBr2), and bromochloramine (NHBrCl). Many studies have directly shown that bromamines are more reactive than chloramines in oxidation and substitution reactions with organic water constituents because the bromine atom in oxidants is more labile than the chlorine atom. However, similar studies have not been performed with NHBrCl. It has been assumed that NHBrCl has similar reactivity as bromamines with organic constituents in both oxidation and substitution reactions because NHBrCl, like bromamines, rapidly oxidizes N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine. In this study, we examined the reactivity of NHBrCl with phenol red to determine if NHBrCl reacts as readily as bromamines in an isolated substitution reaction. NHBrCl was synthesized two ways to assess whether NHBrCl or the highly reactive intermediates, bromine chloride (BrCl) and molecular bromine (Br2), were responsible for bromine substitution of phenol red. NHBrCl was found to be much less reactive than bromamines with phenol red and that BrCl and Br2 appeared to be the true brominating agents in solutions where NHBrCl is formed. This work highlights the need to reexamine what the true brominating agents are in chloraminated waters containing bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Brodfuehrer
- Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0284
| | - Jacob B Goodman
- Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0284
| | - David G Wahman
- Research Environmental Engineer, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W MLK Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Gerald E Speitel
- Professor and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0284
| | - Lynn E Katz
- Professor, Dept. of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop C1786, Austin, TX 78712-0284
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33
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Zhang S, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Liu Z, Dong ZY, Xu MY, Xu B. Insight into the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes during chlorination, monochloramination, and dichloramination of iodide-containing water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:285-294. [PMID: 35725081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) was systematically evaluated and compared for three treatment processes - (i) chlorination, (ii) monochloramine, and (iii) dichloramination - under different pH conditions. The results demonstrated that I-THM formation decreased in the order of monochloramination > dichloramination > chlorination in acidic and neutral pH. However, the generation of I-THMs increased in the dichloramination < chlorination < monochloramination order in alkaline condition. Specifically, the formation of I-THMs increased as pH increased from 5 to 9 during chlorination and monochloramination processes, while the maximum I-THM formation occurred at pH 7 during dichloramination. The discrepancy could be mainly related to the stability of the three chlor (am) ine disinfectants at different pH conditions. Moreover, in order to gain a thorough insight into the mechanisms of I-THM formation during dichloramination, further investigation was conducted on the influencing factors of DOC concentration and Br-/I- molar ratio. I-THM formation exhibited an increasing and then decreasing trend as the concentration of DOC increased from 1 to 7 mg-C/L, while the yield of I-THMs increased with increasing Br-/I- molar ratio from 5:0 to 5:10. During the three processes mentioned above, similar I-THM formation results were also obtained in real water, which indicates that the excessive generation of I-THMs should be paid special attention during the disinfection of iodide-containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, "National" Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Chinese Taipei
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Formation of halonitromethanes from methylamine in the presence of bromide during UV/Cl 2 disinfection. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:28-36. [PMID: 35725080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The UV/Cl2 process is commonly used to achieve a multiple-barrier disinfection and maintain residuals. The study chose methylamine as a precursor to study the formation of high-toxic halonitromethanes (HNMs) in the presence of bromide ions (Br-) during UV/Cl2 disinfection. The maximum yield of HNMs increased first and then decreased with increasing concentration of Br-. An excessively high concentration of Br- induced the maximum yield of HNMs in advance. The maximum bromine incorporation factor (BIF) increased, while the maximum bromine utilization factor (BUF) decreased with the increase of Br- concentration. The maximum yield of HNMs decreased as pH value increased from 6.0 to 8.0 due to the deprotonation process. The BUF value remained relatively higher under an acidic condition, while pH value had no evident influence on the BIF value. The maximum yield of HNMs and value of BUF maximized at a Cl2:Br- ratio of 12.5, whereas the BIF value remained relatively higher at low Cl2:Br- ratios (2.5 and 5). The amino group in methylamine was first halogenated, and then released into solution as inorganic nitrogen by the rupture of C-N bond or transformed to nitro group by oxidation and elimination pathways. The maximum yield of HNMs in real waters was higher than that in pure water due to the high content of dissolved organic carbon. Two real waters were sampled to verify the law of HNMs formation. This study helps to understand the HNMs formation (especially brominated species) when the UV/Cl2 process is adopted as a disinfection technique.
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MacKeown H, von Gunten U, Criquet J. Iodide sources in the aquatic environment and its fate during oxidative water treatment - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118417. [PMID: 35452971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a naturally-occurring halogen in natural waters generally present in concentrations between 0.5 and 100 µg L-1. During oxidative drinking water treatment, iodine-containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) can be formed. The formation of I-DBPs was mostly associated to taste and odor issues in the produced tap water but has become a potential health problem more recently due to the generally more toxic character of I-DBPs compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This paper is a systematic and critical review on the reactivity of iodide and on the most common intermediate reactive iodine species HOI. The first step of oxidation of I- to HOI is rapid for most oxidants (apparent second-order rate constant, kapp > 103 M-1s-1 at pH 7). The reactivity of hypoiodous acid with inorganic and organic compounds appears to be intermediate between chlorine and bromine. The life times of HOI during oxidative treatment determines the extent of the formation of I-DBPs. Based on this assessment, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate are of the highest concern when treating iodide-containing waters. The conditions for the formation of iodo-organic compounds are also critically reviewed. From an evaluation of I-DBPs in more than 650 drinking waters, it can be concluded that one third show low levels of I-THMs (<1 µg L-1), and 18% exhibit concentrations > 10 µg L-1. The most frequently detected I-THM is CHCl2I followed by CHBrClI. More polar I-DBPs, iodoacetic acid in particular, have been reviewed as well. Finally, the transformation of iodide to iodate, a safe iodine-derived end-product, has been proposed to mitigate the formation of I-DBPs in drinking water processes. For this purpose a pre-oxidation step with either ozone or ferrate(VI) to completely oxidize iodide to iodate is an efficient process. Activated carbon has also been shown to be efficient in reducing I-DBPs during drinking water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Justine Criquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France.
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36
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Voumard M, Breider F, von Gunten U. Effect of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride on various Escherichia coli strains and their inactivation kinetics by ozone and monochloramine. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118278. [PMID: 35366494 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMA) is one of the most used quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in consumer products. CTMA and other QACs are only partially eliminated in municipal wastewater treatment and they can interact with bacteria in biological processes. Currently, there is only limited information on the antimicrobial efficiency of CTMA in matrices other than standard growth media and if and how CTMA influences conventional chemical disinfection. The results obtained in this study showed that the susceptibility of E. coli to CTMA was significantly enhanced in phosphate-buffered saline, lake water and wastewater compared to broth. In broth, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CTMA of 20 mgL-1 was observed for E. coli, whereas a 4-log inactivation occurred for CTMA concentrations of about 4 mgL-1 in buffered ultra-purified water, a lake water and wastewater effluent. The impacts of the pre-exposure and the presence of CTMA on inactivation by ozone and monochloramine were tested with three different E. coli strains: AG100 with the efflux pump acrAB intact, AG100A with it deleted and AG100tet with it overexpressed. Pre-exposure of E. coli AG100 to CTMA led to an increased susceptibility for ozone with second-order inactivation rate constants (∼ 106 M-1s-1) increasing by a factor of about 1.5. An opposite trend was observed for monochloramine with second-order inactivation rate constants (∼ 103 M-1s-1) decreasing by a factor of about 2. For E. coli AG100tet, the second-order inactivation rate constant decreased by a factor of almost 2 and increased by a factor of about 1.5 for ozone and monochloramine, respectively, relative to the strain AG100. The simultaneous presence of CTMA and ozone enhanced the second-order inactivation rate constants for CTMA concentrations of 2.5 mgL-1 by a factor of about 3. For monochloramine also an enhancement of the inactivation was observed, which was at least additive but might also be synergistic. Enhancement by factors from about 2 to 4.5 were observed for CTMA concentrations > 2.5 mgL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Voumard
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland
| | - F Breider
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland
| | - U von Gunten
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
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37
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Varatnitskaya M, Fasel J, Müller A, Lupilov N, Shi Y, Fuchs K, Krewing M, Jung C, Jacob T, Sitek B, Bandow JE, Carroll KS, Hoffmann E, Leichert LI. An increase in surface hydrophobicity mediates chaperone activity in N-chlorinated RidA. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102332. [PMID: 35598378 PMCID: PMC9126958 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, Escherichia coli RidA is an enamine/imine deaminase, which promotes the release of ammonia from reactive enamine/imine intermediates. However, when modified by hypochlorous acid (HOCl), it turns into a potent chaperone-like holdase that can effectively protect E. coli's proteome during oxidative stress. However, it is unknown, which residues need to be chlorinated for activation. Here, we employ a combination of LC-MS/MS analysis, a chemo-proteomic approach, and a mutagenesis study to identify residues responsible for RidA's chaperone-like function. Through LC-MS/MS of digested RidAHOCl, we obtained direct evidence of the chlorination of one arginine residue. To overcome the instability of the N-chloramine modification, we established a chemoproteomic approach using 5-(dimethylamino) naphthalene-1-sulfinic acid (DANSO2H) as a probe to label N-chlorinated lysines. Using this probe, we were able to detect the N-chlorination of six additional lysine residues. Moreover, using a mutagenesis study to genetically probe the role of single arginine and lysine residues, we found that the removal of arginines R105 and/or R128 led to a substantial reduction of RidAHOCl's chaperone activity. These results, together with structural analysis, confirm that the chaperone activity of RidA is concomitant with the loss of positive charges on the protein surface, leading to an increased overall protein hydrophobicity. Molecular modelling of RidAHOCl and the rational design of a RidA variant that shows chaperone activity even in the absence of HOCl further supports our hypothesis. Our data provide a molecular mechanism for HOCl-mediated chaperone activity found in RidA and a growing number of other HOCl-activated chaperones.
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Lim S, Shi JL, von Gunten U, McCurry DL. Ozonation of organic compounds in water and wastewater: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118053. [PMID: 35196612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation has been applied in water treatment for more than a century, first for disinfection, later for oxidation of inorganic and organic pollutants. In recent years, ozone has been increasingly applied for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for ecosystem protection and for potable water reuse. These applications triggered significant research efforts on the abatement efficiency of organic contaminants and the ensuing formation of transformation products. This endeavor was accompanied by developments in analytical and computational chemistry, which allowed to improve the mechanistic understanding of ozone reactions. This critical review assesses the challenges of ozonation of impaired water qualities such as wastewaters and provides an up-to-date compilation of the recent kinetic and mechanistic findings of ozone reactions with dissolved organic matter, various functional groups (olefins, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, aliphatic nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, carbanions, β-diketones) and antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lim
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel L McCurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Wirzberger V, Merkus VI, Klein M, Hohrenk-Danzouma LL, Lutze HV, Schmidt TC. Bromide strongly influences the formation of reaction products during the ozonation of diclofenac, metoprolol and isoproturon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152427. [PMID: 34971689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromide as an omnipresent matrix component in wastewater can react with ozone to form hypobromous acid (HOBr). This secondary oxidant can subsequently react with micropollutants but also with formed intermediates. Therefore, bromide and especially HOBr can highly influence the formation of transformation products (TPs). This has already been reported for the ozonation of N,N-dimethylsulfamide leading to the formation of the cancerogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine only in bromide containing waters. In this study, the influence of different bromide and ozone concentrations on the formation of TPs during the ozonation of isoproturon (ISO), metoprolol (METO) and diclofenac (DCF) were investigated. Additionally, TPs were identified, which are formed in the direct reaction of the micropollutants with HOBr with and without subsequent ozonation. The results showed that even if the reactions of ozone with the substances should be favored bromide can highly influence the formation of TPs already at low concentrations. In summary, new TPs after the reaction with HOBr (and subsequent ozonation) could be postulated for ISO, METO and DCF. This underlines that the present water matrix can have a high influence on the formation of TPs and that these mechanisms need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wirzberger
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Valentina I Merkus
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Michelle Klein
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Lotta L Hohrenk-Danzouma
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Center, Moritzstr. 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Center, Moritzstr. 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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40
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Deng L, Luo W, Huang T, Wen L, Singh RP, Zuo Y, Tan C. Formation and transformation of halonitromethanes from dimethylamine in the presence of bromide during the UV/chlorine disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132731. [PMID: 34743802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs) is a typical class of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts with high toxicity. The effect of Br- on the formation and transformation of HNMs from dimethylamine (DMA) during the ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine disinfection has been investigated in current study. Results reveal that only chloronitromethane, dichloronitromethane and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) could be found during the UV/chlorine disinfection. Whereas in the presence of Br-, nine species of HNMs could be observed simultaneously. When Br- concentration increased from 0 to 15.0 mg L-1, the predominant species of HNMs were gradually changed from TCNM to dibromonitromethane and tribromonitromethane, which contributed to 23.37% and 31.07% of total HNMs concentration at 15 mg L-1 Br-, respectively. The presence of Br- not only shifted the chlorinated-HNMs (Cl-HNMs) towards brominated-HNMs (Br-HNMs) but also affected the dominant species and total concentration of HNMs. When Br- concentration was 4.0 mg L-1, the formation of HNMs decreased with the increase of pH from 6.0 to 8.0 and increased with the increase of free chlorine and DMA. When free chlorine concentration rose from 0.25 to 1.1 mmol L-1, Br-HNMs were shifted to Br(Cl)-HNMs and then to Cl-HNMs. According to the findings, possible formation and transformation pathways of HNMs from DMA were proposed in the presence of Br- during the UV/chlorine disinfection. Finally, it was proved that the effect of Br- on the trend of HNMs in real water was similar to that in deionized water, but higher HNMs concentrations and delayed peak time were observed in real water. This study can provide the scientific evidence and fundamental data for the applications of UV/chlorine disinfection in the treatment of water containing Br-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Longjia Wen
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | | | - Yuegang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth North Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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41
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Essaïed KA, Brown LV, von Gunten U. Reactions of amines with ozone and chlorine: Two novel oxidative methods to evaluate the N-DBP formation potential from dissolved organic nitrogen. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117864. [PMID: 34847390 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The composition of oxidant-reactive dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is poorly characterized, although its ozonation is likely to form a great variety of disinfection by-products containing a nitrogen-oxygen bond (N-DBPs). In this study, two chemical oxidation procedures were developed: continuous ozonation at pH 7.0 and free available chlorine (FAC) titrations at pH 9.2. The formation of two oxidation products (nitrate (NO3-) and chloramines, respectively) was used to quantify and characterize oxidant-reactive nitrogenous moieties in DON. In addition, batch experiments were conducted to study the NO3- yields of 30 selected nitrogenous model compounds upon ozonation. The NO3- yields of 12 primary and secondary amines were highly variable (17-100%, specific ozone dose of 20 molO3/molN), 7 amino acids had high NO3- yields (≥90%), and tertiary amines as well as pyrrole, acetamide and urea had low NO3- yields (≤15%). The mechanisms of NO3- formation were further examined with benzylamine and N-methylbenzylamine as model compounds. Our results show that nitroalkanes are the last intermediate products before the formation of NO3-, both for primary and secondary amines. The presence of an electron-withdrawing group in the vicinity of the N-atom facilitates the formation of NO3- from nitroalkanes. Therefore, the formation of NO3- is attributed to amino acids and activated primary and secondary amines. In contrast, all primary and secondary amines were transformed to chloramines upon chlorination, which was determined by a novel oxidative titration with chlorine. To further support the selectivity of this assay, it was demonstrated by derivatization of amine moieties that chloramine formation could be inhibited. 13-45% of the DON of 4 dissolved organic matter isolates and 2 wastewater effluents formed NO3- and 0-39% formed chloramines, indicating that the potential for N-DBP formation is high (µMN/mgC-level). From differences in the formation of NO3- and chloramines the nature of the precursors can be hypothesized (e.g., activated or non-activated primary and secondary amines, partially oxidized nitrogenous compounds). This study highlights the capacity of two novel methods to characterize the oxidant-reactive DON fraction. Our results suggest that this fraction is significant and could form a variety of potentially toxic N-DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim-Alexandre Essaïed
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lucy Victoria Brown
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Urs von Gunten
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
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Quivet E, Höhener P, Temime-Roussel B, Dron J, Revenko G, Verlande M, Lebaron K, Demelas C, Vassalo L, Boudenne JL. Underestimation of Anthropogenic Bromoform Released into the Environment? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1522-1533. [PMID: 35037465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromoform (CHBr3) belongs to very-short-lived substances (VSLSs), which are important precursors of reactive bromine species (BrOx) contributing to tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. To date, most models calculating bromine product emissions to the atmosphere only consider the natural production of CHBr3 from marine organisms such as macroalgae and phytoplankton. However, CHBr3 has many other anthropogenic sources (coastal industrial sites, desalination and wastewater plants, ballast waters, and seawater toilets) that may drastically increase the amounts emitted in the atmosphere. Here, we report the levels of CHBr3 released in water and air (according to real-time and offline measurements by proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD)) in a highly industrialized area where 3 million cubic meters of chlorinated seawater is released each day, which were measured during six field campaigns (at sea and on land) distributed over 3 years. The highest levels found during this survey (which were correlated to the physical-chemical characteristics of the water, meteorological and hydrological conditions, salinity, and temperature gradients along the water column) reached 34.6 μg L-1 in water (100-10 000 times higher than reported natural levels) and 3.9 ppbv in the air (100 times higher than the maximum reported value to date). These findings suggest the need to undertake sampling and analysis campaigns as close as possible to chlorinated discharges, as anthropogenic CHBr3 sources from industrial discharges may be a missing factor in global flux estimates or organic bromine to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Quivet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | | | - Julien Dron
- Institut écocitoyen pour la connaissance des pollutions, Centre de vie de la Fossette, RD 2668, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Gautier Revenko
- Institut écocitoyen pour la connaissance des pollutions, Centre de vie de la Fossette, RD 2668, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maxime Verlande
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Karine Lebaron
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Carine Demelas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Vassalo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boudenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
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43
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Zhang Z, Ma W, Hu J, Xin G, Chen Z, Wan C, Wang S, Zhang Q. A novel biochar electrode for efficient electroreduction of nitrate: Selective and regulation of halogen. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132400. [PMID: 34597629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel biochar electrode Bio-Fe3O4/CF used for electroreduction of nitrate was prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis method. The results showed that the growth of spherical Fe3O4 on the surface of smooth biochar can significantly increase the nitrate reduction rate. Besides, the presence of Cl and Br in the solution could promote the conversion of NH4+ to N2, thereby regulating the element nitrogen in the solution. Mechanistic analysis showed that the interconversion of Fe (II) and Fe (III) facilitates the transfer of electrons to nitrate. This study not only provides a biochar electrode material for the efficient removal of nitrate but also simply reveals regulation of halogen in solution, which provides a particular theoretical and data basis for nitrate removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jinglu Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Gang Xin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chunxiang Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Shenyang Monitoring Station of National Municipal Water Supply Quality Monitoring Network, Shenyang, 110301, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shenyang Monitoring Station of National Municipal Water Supply Quality Monitoring Network, Shenyang, 110301, PR China
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44
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Wu Y, Zhang W, Bu L, Zhu S, Wang J, Zhou S. UV-induced activation of organic chloramine: Radicals generation, transformation pathway and DBP formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126459. [PMID: 34365233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic chloramines of little disinfection efficacy commonly exist in disinfection process (chlor(am)ination) due to the wide presence of organic amines in water, of which N-chlorodimethylamine (CDMA) is a typical one. For the first time, UV photolysis for the activation of CDMA was investigated. UV photolysis caused the cleavage of N-Cl bond in CDMA to form Cl• and subsequently HO•, both of which are dominant contributors to the destruction of model contaminant bisphenol A (BPA). Typical spectra of HO• were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, while spectra of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were not detected during UV photolysis of CDMA. The increase of pH (6.0-8.0), HCO3-/CO32-, Cl- and nature organic matter inhibited the degradation of BPA. We proposed pathways of CDMA and BPA degradation based on the identified transformation products. UV photolysis of CDMA and BPA reduced the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at pH 8.0, but increased the formation of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) at pH 7.0 and 8.0. The increasing toxicity and the formation of TCNM and NDMA gave us a hint that formation of organic chloramines should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weiqiu Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Hu W, Lee Y, Allard S. Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the decomposition of bromamines in the presence of Cu(II). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117791. [PMID: 34740164 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that Cu(II) can significantly enhance the decomposition rate of bromamines. Apparent second order rate constants of 2.31 ± 0.01 M-1s-1 and 0.36 ± 0.01 M-1s-1 at pH 7.5 were determined for the reaction of Cu(II) with bromamines and the self-decomposition of bromamines, respectively. Increasing the pH from 6.0 to 8.5, the rate of bromamines self-decomposition decreased while the rate of Cu(II)-catalysed decomposition of bromamines increased. Species-specific rate constants indicated that Cu(OH)2 was the most reactive copper species towards NH2Br and NHBr2. Experiments were carried out with 15N-labelled bromamines to analyse the nitrogenous degradation products of bromamines in the presence and absence of Cu(II). Nitrogen gas (N2) was found to be the major product from the self-decomposition of bromamines, with N2O, NO2-, and NO3- as additional minor products. When Cu(II) was present, the product distribution changed and NO2- and N2O became significant, while N2 and NO3- were produced at low levels. Increasing the Cu(II) concentration from 1.0 to 5.0 mg/L increased the N2O production while decreased the NO2- formation. Based on these results, a mechanism for Cu(II)-catalysed decomposition of bromamines is proposed. This work provides new insights related to the chemistry of bromamines in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems where copper is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Wang Y, Dong H, Qin W, Li J, Qiang Z. Activation of organic chloramine by UV photolysis: A non-negligible oxidant for micro-pollutant abatement and disinfection by-product formation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117795. [PMID: 34736003 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the wide-presence of organic amines in natural waters, organic chloramines are commonly formed during (pre-)chlorination. With the increasing application of UV disinfection in water treatment, both the activation mechanism of organic chloramine by UV photolysis and its subsequent impact on water quality are not clear. Using sarcosine (Sar) as an amine group-containing compound, it was found that organic chloramines (i.e., Cl-Sar) would be firstly formed during chlorination even in the presence of natural organic matter. Compared with self-decay of Cl-Sar, UV photolysis accelerated Cl-Sar decomposition and induced NCl bond cleavage. Using metoprolol (MTP) as a model micro-pollutant, UV-activated Cl-Sar (UV/Cl-Sar) can accelerate micro-pollutant degradation, attributed to reactive radicals formation. HO• and Cl• were important contributors, with a total contribution of 45%‒64%. Moreover, the degradation rate of MTP by UV/Cl-Sar was pH-dependent, which monotonically increased from 0.044 to 0.065 min‒1 under pHs 5.5‒8.5. Although the activation of organic chloramine by UV could accelerate micro-pollutant degradation, UV/Cl-Sar treatment could also enhance disinfection by-products formation. Trichloromethane (TCM) formation was observed during MTP degradation by UV/Cl-Sar. After post-chlorination, TCM, 1,1-dichloropropanone, 1,1,1-trichloropropanone, and dichloroacetonitrile were detected. Their individual and total concentrations were all positively proportional to UV/Cl-Sar treatment time. The total concentration with 30 min treatment (66.93 μg L‒1) was about 2.3 times that with 1 min treatment (28.76 μg L‒1). Finally, the accelerated effect was verified with Cl-glycine and Cl-alanine. It is expected to unravel the non-negligible role of organic chloramine on water quality during UV disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenlei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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47
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Liu Z, Wen G, Ni Y, Wang S, Wang S, Yu Y, Huang T, Ma J. Inhibition of bromate formation in the ozone/peroxymonosulfate process by ammonia, ammonia-chlorine and chlorine-ammonia pretreatment: Comparisons with ozone alone. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Guo Y, Yang Q, Xu J, Bai X, Han Q, Nie J, Zhang L, Li H, Gao H, Zhou W, Li J. Formation of organic chloramines during chlorination of 18 compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117570. [PMID: 34464745 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic chloramines have attracted considerable attention because of their potential toxicity and reactivity. However, the lack of suitable and effective analytical methods has limited the study of organic chloramines due to their volatile and unstable properties. In this study, membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) combined with DPD/FAS titration was used to monitor the formation of organic chloramines. N-chlorodimethylamine [(CH3)2NCl] and N-chlorodiethylamine [(C2H5)2NCl] were detected and identified as the dominant volatile DBPs during chlorination of 18 organic compounds with dimethylamine or diethylamine functional groups, with yields ranging from 0.3% to 51.1% at a chlorine to precursor (Cl/P) molar ratio of 8.0. (CH3)2NBr was formed in the presence of bromide, while the formation of (CH3)2NCl was decreased. The reaction of phenol with (CH3)2NCl combined with theoretical calculations confirmed that the reactivity of (CH3)2NCl was similar to that of monochloramine. Moreover, (CH3)2NCl and (C2H5)2NCl were observed at the ppb level during chlorination of actual water samples collected from different areas. The results suggest that (CH3)2NCl and (C2H5)2NCl are important organic chloramines during chlorination, which may lead to the occurrence of further oxidation reactions and promote the formation of other disinfection byproducts simultaneously and should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qihuan Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zheng Zhou 450052, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zheng Zhou 450052, China
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - WenFeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Avila-Sierra A, Vicaria JM, Lechuga M, Martínez-Gallegos JF, Olivares-Arias V, Medina-Rodríguez AC, Jiménez-Robles R, Jurado-Alameda E. Insights into the optimisation of the Clean-In-Place technique: Cleaning, disinfection, and reduced environmental impact using ozone-based formulations. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Hu W, Croué JP, Allard S. Effect of copper oxide on monochloramine decomposition in bromide-containing waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142519. [PMID: 33077219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide (CuO), a common corrosion product found in copper pipes, has been shown to catalyse the decay of different oxidants in drinking water, including chlorine, bromine, iodine, and chlorine dioxide. However, its impact on monochloramine (NH2Cl), a disinfectant commonly used in long distribution system worldwide is still unknown. In this study, the effect of CuO on NH2Cl decay in the absence or presence of bromide was investigated. Results showed that in the presence of CuO and the absence of bromide, NH2Cl slightly decayed under acidic conditions. When bromide was present in NH2Cl solutions, the total oxidant concentration (sum of the different bromo-chloro-amines) was significantly decreased by CuO. This was primarily due to the degradation of bromochloramine (NHBrCl) by CuO which was evidenced by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. The decomposition rate of the total oxidant was similar for different CuO dosages (0.02-0.2 g/L) but increased with increasing bromide concentration (0-80 μM) and decreasing pH (6.5-8). An apparent second-order rate constant of 0.73 M-1 s-1 was determined with respect to NH2Cl and bromide concentrations for a CuO concentration of 0.05 g/L. Our findings suggest that, during water transportation in copper pipes or in distribution systems where copper oxide is present, special attention should be given to the stability of chloramines when bromide-containing waters are chloraminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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