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Guo X, Ji X, Liu Z, Feng Z, Zhang Z, Du S, Li X, Ma J, Sun Z. Complex impact of metals on the fate of disinfection by-products in drinking water pipelines: A systematic review. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:121991. [PMID: 38941679 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Metals in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) play an important role on the fate of disinfection by-products (DBPs). They can increase the formation of DBPs through several mechanisms, such as enhancing the proportion of reactive halogen species (RHS), catalysing the reaction between natural organic matter (NOM) and RHS through complexation, or by increasing the conversion of NOM into DBP precursors. This review comprehensively summarizes these complex processes, focusing on the most important metals (copper, iron, manganese) in DWDS and their impact on various DBPs. It organizes the dispersed 'metals-DBPs' experimental results into an easily accessible content structure and presents their underlying common or unique mechanisms. Furthermore, the practically valuable application directions of these research findings were analysed, including the toxicity changes of DBPs in DWDS under the influence of metals and the potential enhancement of generalization in DBP model research by the introduction of metals. Overall, this review revealed that the metal environment within DWDS is a crucial factor influencing DBP levels in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zhuoran Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - ZiFeng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuang Du
- Institute of NBC Defense. PLA Army, P.O.Box1048, Beijing 102205 China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Suzhou University Science & Technology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China.
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2
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Lacroix A, Goli T, Hanigan D, Pagilla K. Formation, speciation, and temporal variability of DBPs in drinking water distribution systems in the context of ASR operations and extended storage periods. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143154. [PMID: 39173835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
As climate change induces changes in water quality and available water quantity of drinking water supply sources, the final product water quality changes in terms of trace organics including disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during water treatment. In this study, the seasonal variability and speciation of DBPs across nine sample sites within a drinking water distribution system serving ∼400k people over a one-year period was investigated considering the governing parameters of water quality and treatment/transport/storage of finished water. The system considered treats surface water from a river and practices aquifer storage and recovery to address seasons water availability changes. Eighty-eight (88) sample sets were collected and held for 6-months in the laboratory to simulate extended storage scenarios associated with ASR operations, and each was analyzed at 9 different timesteps for concentration and speciation of chlorinated DBPs. Samples from groundwater influenced sites exhibited significantly lower total organic carbon (TOC) compared to other sites from the river source, and also were observed to have the lowest DBP formation. Three sites exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for four total trihalomethanes (THM4) within 30-60 days of storage. Chloroform was the predominant THM4 species, even in groundwater-influenced locations, whereas di- and tri-chloroacetic acid (DCA and TCA) were the most prevalent haloacetic acids (HAA5). Extended water age at one site, coupled with low initial chlorine concentrations exhibited higher initial THM4 concentrations and flat DBP formation curves. The study results provide new insights into DBP occurrence and fate in drinking water distribution systems which consider water storage such as in ASR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lacroix
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St, MS 0258, Reno, NV, 89557, USA; Truckee Meadows Water Authority, Reno, 1355 Capital Blvd., Reno, NV, 89502, USA.
| | - Tayebeh Goli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St, MS 0258, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - David Hanigan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St, MS 0258, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Krishna Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St, MS 0258, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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3
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Yu Y, Hossain MM, Sikder R, Qi Z, Huo L, Chen R, Dou W, Shi B, Ye T. Exploring the potential of machine learning to understand the occurrence and health risks of haloacetic acids in a drinking water distribution system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175573. [PMID: 39153609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Determining the occurrence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water distribution system (DWDS) remains challenging. Predicting DBPs using readily available water quality parameters can help to understand DBPs associated risks and capture the complex interrelationships between water quality and DBP occurrence. In this study, we collected drinking water samples from a distribution network throughout a year and measured the related water quality parameters (WQPs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). 12 machine learning (ML) algorithms were evaluated. Random Forest (RF) achieved the best performance (i.e., R2 of 0.78 and RMSE of 7.74) for predicting HAAs concentration. Instead of using cytotoxicity or genotoxicity separately as the surrogate for evaluating toxicity associated with HAAs, we created a health risk index (HRI) that was calculated as the sum of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of HAAs following the widely used Tic-Tox approach. Similarly, ML models were developed to predict the HRI, and RF model was found to perform the best, obtaining R2 of 0.69 and RMSE of 0.38. To further explore advanced ML approaches, we developed 3 models using uncertainty-based active learning. Our findings revealed that Categorical Boosting Regression (CAT) model developed through active learning substantially outperformed other models, achieving R2 of 0.87 and 0.82 for predicting concentration and the HRI, respectively. Feature importance analysis with the CAT model revealed that temperature, ions (e.g., chloride and nitrate), and DOC concentration in the distribution network had a significant impact on the occurrence of HAAs. Meanwhile, chloride ion, pH, ORP, and free chlorine were found as the most important features for HRI prediction. This study demonstrates that ML has the potential in the prediction of HAA occurrence and toxicity. By identifying key WQPs impacting HAA occurrence and toxicity, this research offers valuable insights for targeted DBP mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Water Resources Utilization and Protection, Xiamen city, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Md Mahjib Hossain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Rabbi Sikder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Zhenguo Qi
- Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lixin Huo
- Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenyue Dou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Pollution Control and Reuse of Jiangsu Province, College of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
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4
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Justen PT, Beavers CA, Forster ALB, Richardson SD. Better Together: Tandem Mass Spectrometry Achieves up to 50 Times Lower Quantification of 62 Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11226-11231. [PMID: 38943047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants present in nearly all drinking water and are associated with adverse health effects in human epidemiologic studies. The most toxic DBPs are unregulated and often occur at concentrations well below regulated DBPs; thus, quantification at low parts-per-trillion (ng/L) levels is critical in assessing exposure. We developed a new liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LLE-GC-MS/MS) method with the first analysis by tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 23 priority unregulated DBPs including 13 haloacetamides, 3 haloacetic acids, 2 haloacetonitriles, 1 haloacetaldehyde, 2 haloketones, and 2 halonitromethanes. When combined with our previous GC-MS/MS method for haloacetic acids and previously reported MS/MS transitions that we optimized for this method, the analysis of 62 regulated and priority unregulated DBPs at lower quantification limits is achieved. Limits of quantification for most DBPs were between 5 and 30 ng/L with r2 > 0.99 and an average of 9 times lower limits of quantification (LOQs) compared to LLE-GC-MS using selected ion monitoring (SIM). Relative standard deviations ranged from 0.7 to 30% for 61 DBPs in spiked samples. This new method was validated using tap waters from four US cities, where individual DBP concentrations ranged from 5 to 126,882 ng/L. This project provides the most comprehensive GC-MS/MS method for DBP analysis to date and is capable of analyzing volatile and semivolatile DBPs across nine different compound classes, including a class not previously analyzed by GC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Justen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Coley A Beavers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Alexandria L B Forster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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5
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Zhang C, Sienkiewicz N, Struewing I, Mistry JH, Buse H, Hu Z, Lu J. Reconsider the burn: The transient effect of a chlorine burn on controlling opportunistic pathogens in a full-scale chloraminated engineered water system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:172690. [PMID: 38670361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Nitrification is a serious water-quality issue in chloraminated engineered water systems (EWSs). Nitrification is often remediated by a chlorine burn (i.e., a free‑chlorine conversion), a short-term switch from chloramination to chlorination in EWSs. Opportunistic pathogens (OPs) are the dominant infectious agents in EWSs. However, the responses of OPs to a chlorine burn are unknown. This study for the first time assessed how a chlorine burn affected OPs in a full-scale EWS. We determined the impact of a 1.5-month chlorine burn on four dominant OPs (Legionella, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Vermamoeba vermiformis) in a representative full-scale chloraminated EWS in the United States. Legionella and Mycobacterium were the most abundant OPs. In the water main, the summed concentration of the four OPs during the chlorine burn [3.27 ± 1.58 log10(GCN·L-1); GCN: genome or gene copy number] was lower (p ≤ 0.001) than before the burn [4.83 ± 0.50 log10(GCN·L-1)]. After the burn, the summed concentration increased to 4.27 ± 0.68 log10(GCN·L-1), comparable to before the burn (p > 0.05), indicating a transient effect of the chlorine burn in the water main. At the residential sites, the summed concentrations of the four OPs were comparable (p > 0.05) at 5.50 ± 0.84, 5.27 ± 1.44, and 5.08 ± 0.71 log10(GCN·L-1) before, during, and after the chlorine burn, respectively. Therefore, the chlorine burn was less effective in suppressing OP (re)growth in the premise plumbing. The low effectiveness might be due to more significant water stagnation and disinfectant residual decay in the premise plumbing. Indeed, for the entire sampling period, the total chlorine residual concentration in the premise plumbing (1.8 mg Cl2·L-1) was lower than in the water main (2.4 mg Cl2·L-1). Consequently, for the entire sampling period, the summed concentration of the four OPs in the premise plumbing [5.26 ± 1.08 log10(GCN·L-1)] was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in the water main [4.04 ± 1.25 log10(GCN·L-1)]. In addition, the chlorine burn substantially increased the levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the water main. Altogether, a chlorine burn is transient or even ineffective in suppressing OP (re)growth but raises DBP concentrations in chloraminated EWSs. Therefore, the practice of chlorine burns to control nitrification should be optimized, reconsidered, or even replaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiqian Zhang
- Civil Engineering Program, College of Engineering & Computer Science, Arkansas State University, AR 72467, United States
| | - Nathan Sienkiewicz
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Ian Struewing
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Jatin H Mistry
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Dallas, TX 75270, United States
| | - Helen Buse
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
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6
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Ma X, Hu Q, Yuan J, Feng Y, Cheng Z. Glutathione Modified silicon-doped Carbon Quantum dots as a Sensitive Fluorescent Probe for ClO - Detection. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03797-4. [PMID: 38861058 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive fluorescence method for hypochlorite (ClO-) was designed using glutathione (GSH) modified silicon-doped carbon quantum dots (GSH@Si-CDs). Then a dual emission ratio fluorescence probe (RF-probe) was obtained based on carbodiimide-activated coupling reaction between GSH and Si-CDs. i.e., when the excitation wavelength was kept at 360 nm, the GSH@Si-CDs exhibited strong blue and weak yellow fluorescence at 430 and 580 nm. Meanwhile, the fluorescence of GSH@Si-CDs could be selectively quenched at 430 nm and enhanced at 580 nm in the presence of ClO-, and corresponding limit of detection (LOD) and linear range were measured to be 0.35 µM and 1.0-33.3 µM. The sensing mechanism of the system was also investigated in detail. Moreover, the RF-probe with good accuracy was successfully employed to monitor ClO- in real samples with satisfactory results compared to the standard iodometric method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ma
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Jingxue Yuan
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Zhengjun Cheng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China.
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China.
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7
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Kalita I, Kamilaris A, Havinga P, Reva I. Assessing the Health Impact of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1564-1578. [PMID: 38633371 PMCID: PMC11019713 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the impact of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) on human health, with a particular focus on DBPs present in chlorinated drinking water, concentrating on three primary DBP categories (aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic). Additionally, it explores pivotal factors influencing DBP formation, encompassing disinfectant types, water source characteristics, and environmental conditions, such as the presence of natural materials in water. The main objective is to discern the most hazardous DBPs, considering criteria such as regulation standards, potential health impacts, and chemical diversity. It provides a catalog of 63 key DBPs alongside their corresponding parameters. From this set, 28 compounds are meticulously chosen for in-depth analysis based on the above criteria. The findings strive to guide the advancement of water treatment technologies and intelligent sensory systems for the efficient water quality surveillance. This, in turn, enables reliable DBP detection within water distribution networks. By enriching the understanding of DBP-associated health hazards and offering valuable insights, this research is aimed to contribute to influencing policy-making in regulations and treatment strategies, thereby protecting public health and improving safety related to chlorinated drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Kalita
- Computing
& Data Sciences (CDS), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- CYENS
Centre of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kamilaris
- CYENS
Centre of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus
- Pervasive
Systems Group, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, Netherlands
| | - Paul Havinga
- Pervasive
Systems Group, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, Netherlands
| | - Igor Reva
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, CERES, University
of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
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Oliveira IM, Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. A review of research advances on disinfection strategies for biofilm control in drinking water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121273. [PMID: 38359597 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is responsible for water quality deterioration and a possible source of public health risks. Different factors impact the biological stability of drinking water (DW) in the distribution networks, such as the presence and concentration of nutrients, water temperature, pipe material composition, hydrodynamic conditions, and levels of disinfectant residual. This review aimed to evaluate the current state of knowledge on strategies for DW biofilm disinfection through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the literature published over the last decade. A systematic review method was performed on the 562 journal articles identified through database searching on Web of Science and Scopus, with 85 studies selected for detailed analysis. A variety of disinfectants were identified for DW biofilm control such as chlorine, chloramine, UV irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and others at a lower frequency, namely, electrolyzed water, bacteriophages, silver ions, and nanoparticles. The disinfectants can impact the microbial communities within biofilms, reduce the number of culturable cells and biofilm biomass, as well as interfere with the biofilm matrix components. The maintenance of an effective residual concentration in the water guarantees long-term prevention of biofilm formation and improves the inactivation of detached biofilm-associated opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, strategies based on multi-barrier processes by optimization of primary and secondary disinfection combined with other water treatment methods improve the control of opportunistic pathogens, reduce the chlorine-tolerance of biofilm-embedded cells, as well as decrease the corrosion rate in metal-based pipelines. Most of the studies used benchtop laboratory devices for biofilm research. Even though these devices mimic the conditions found in real DWDS, future investigations on strategies for DW biofilm control should include the validity of the promising strategies against biofilms formed in real DW networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Maria Oliveira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Bezerra Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Chaves Simões
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Chen W, Wang X, Wan S, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Zhao J, Mi C, Zhang H. Dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid as disinfection by-products in drinking water are endocrine-disrupting chemicals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133035. [PMID: 38266585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) are two typical non-volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that they show reproductive toxicity. However, whether they might have endocrine disrupting properties remains largely unknown. To discover this, we treated male mice or pregnant mice with 0, 1-, 102-, 103-, 104-, or 5 × 104-fold maximal concentration level (MCL) of DCAA or TCAA in drinking water. In male mice, the levels of testosterone in serum and androgen receptor (AR) in testis were declined with ≥ 103-fold MCL of DCAA (26.4 mg/kg/d) or TCAA (52.7 mg/kg/d). In pregnant mice, miscarriage rates were increased with ≥ 104-fold MCL of DCAA (264 mg/kg/d) or ≥ 103-fold MCL of TCAA. The levels of FSH in serum were increased and those of estradiol and progesterone were reduced with ≥ 103-fold MCL of DCAA or TCAA. The protein levels of estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in ovary were reduced with ≥ 102-fold MCL of DCAA (2.64 mg/kg/d) or TCAA (5.27 mg/kg/d). Exposure to some certain fold MCL of DCAA or TCAA also altered the protein levels of ERα and ERβ in uterus and placenta. Exposure to 5 × 104-fold MCL of both DCAA and TCAA showed the combined effects. Therefore, both DCAA and TCAA could be considered as novel reproductive endocrine disrupting chemicals, which might be helpful for further assessment of the toxicological effects of DCAA and TCAA and the awareness of reproductive endocrine disrupting properties caused by DCAA and TCAA in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Shukun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Zhongyan Xu
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Jingsong Zhao
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Chenyang Mi
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Huidong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China.
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10
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Martinez Paz EF, Raskin L, Wigginton KR, Kerkez B. Toward the autonomous flushing of building plumbing: Characterizing oxidation-reduction potential and temperature sensor dynamics. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121098. [PMID: 38219686 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Manual flushing of building plumbing is commonly used to address water quality issues that arise from water stagnation. Autonomous flushing informed by sensors has the potential to aid in the management of building plumbing, but a number of knowledge gaps hinder its application. This study evaluates autonomous flushing of building plumbing with online sensor and actuator nodes deployed under kitchen sinks in five residential houses. Online oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and temperature data were collected for nine weeks during the winter and summer in houses with both free chlorine and chloramine. ORP levels in houses with free chlorine residuals decreased after overnight stagnation. The overnight decrease in ORP was not observed when tap water was automatically flushed for five minutes at 6:00 h every morning. ORP levels in houses with chloramine residuals did not decrease consistently after overnight stagnation, and daily automated flushes did not have an observable effect on the ORP signals. Additional laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate ORP signals during chlorine decay and after incremental changes in chlorine, as would be expected in building plumbing conditions. Results from the lab and field deployments suggest on-line ORP sensors may be used to detect free chlorine decay due to stagnating water, but are not as effective in detecting chloramine decay. However, field results also suggest ORP may not respond as expected on a timely manner after free chlorine or chloramine have been restored, hindering their applicability in developing control algorithms. In this paper we tested twice-daily five-minute automatic flushing and found that it counteracts water quality degradation associated with overnight stagnation in free chlorine systems. An automatic sensor-based flushing is proposed using online temperature sensor data to determine when flushing has reached water from the main. The results suggest that flushing informed by temperature sensors can reduce the flushing time by 46 % compared to the preset five-minute static flush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto F Martinez Paz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Ave., 2044 GG Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Ave., 2044 GG Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Krista R Wigginton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Ave., 2044 GG Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Branko Kerkez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Ave., 2044 GG Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Ma X, Cheng J, Zhang P, Wu Y, Deng J, Dong F, Li X, Dietrich AM. Impact of boiling on chemical and physical processes for reduction of halomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetic acids in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167657. [PMID: 37806591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Tap water is boiled by families across the globe in their daily life for cooking food and beverages, as well as for controlling some chlorine-resistant organisms to improve the water quality. However, the effects of boiling methods (heating temperature, heating modes, open or closed containers) on water quality, in particular the reduction of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), are unclear. This comprehensive research demonstrates that during the heating process, trihalomethanes (THMs) were markedly decreased, haloacetonitriles (HANs) were drastically reduced and sometimes completely removed, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) were reduced the least. Heating to boiling in open containers reduced DBPs concentrations more than heating in the closed containers. Residual chlorine from 0.1 to 5.0 mg/L did not affect the removal of HANs, but could increase concentrations of HAAs likely due to reaction of organic matter with chlorine at elevated temperatures. THMs demonstrated good removal at 0.1-1 mg/L residual chlorine, but less removal at 5 mg/L residual chlorine. Sodium chloride (salt), often added as seasoning agent in the process of family cooking, was found to have little effect on the removal of DBPs during cooking and boiling. Compared with the toxicity of DBPs in tap water, boiling could greatly reduce both the cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity through removal of DBPs. Consequently, boiling of tap water had a significant effect on reducing human exposure to DBPs and their associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiayi Cheng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Peifeng Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yifei Wu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312085, China.
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Andrea M Dietrich
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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12
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Moeini M, Sela L, Taha AF, Abokifa AA. Bayesian Optimization of Booster Disinfection Scheduling in Water Distribution Networks. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120117. [PMID: 37393806 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine remains the most widely used disinfectant in drinking water treatment and distribution systems worldwide. To maintain a minimum residual throughout the distribution network, chlorine dosage needs to be regulated by optimizing the locations of chlorine boosters and their scheduling (i.e., chlorine injection rates). Such optimization can be computationally expensive since it requires numerous evaluations of water quality (WQ) simulation models. In recent years, Bayesian optimization (BO) has garnered considerable attention due to its efficiency in optimizing black-box functions in a wide range of applications. This study presents the first attempt to implement BO for the optimization of WQ in water distribution networks. The developed python-based framework couples BO with EPANET-MSX to optimize the scheduling of chlorine sources, while ensuring the delivery of water that satisfies water quality standards. Using Gaussian process regression to build the BO surrogate model, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of different BO methods. To that end, systematic testing of different acquisition functions, including the probability of improvement, expected improvement, upper confidence bound, and entropy search, in conjunction with different covariance kernels, including Matérn, squared-exponential, gamma-exponential, and rational quadratic, was conducted. Additionally, a thorough sensitivity analysis was performed to understand the influence of different BO parameters, including the number of initial points, covariance kernel length scale, and the level of exploration vs exploitation. The results revealed substantial variability in the performance of different BO methods and showed that the choice of the acquisition function has a more profound influence on the performance of BO than the covariance kernel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Moeini
- Ph.D. Student; Department of Civil, Materials, and Environmental Engineering; The University of Illinois Chicago; Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Lina Sela
- Associate Professor; Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Ahmad F Taha
- Associate Professor; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Ahmed A Abokifa
- Assistant Professor; Department of Civil, Materials, and Environmental Engineering; The University of Illinois Chicago; Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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13
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Oliveira IM, Gomes IB, Plácido A, Simões LC, Eaton P, Simões M. The impact of potassium peroxymonosulphate and chlorinated cyanurates on biofilms of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: effects on biofilm control, regrowth, and mechanical properties. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:691-705. [PMID: 37811587 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2254704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The activity of two chlorinated isocyanurates (NaDCC and TCCA) and peroxymonosulphate (OXONE) was evaluated against biofilms of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an emerging pathogen isolated from drinking water (DW), and for the prevention of biofilm regrowth. After disinfection of pre-formed 48 h-old biofilms, the culturability was reduced up to 7 log, with OXONE, TCCA, and NaDCC showing more efficiency than free chlorine against biofilms formed on stainless steel. The regrowth of biofilms previously exposed to OXONE was reduced by 5 and 4 log CFU cm-2 in comparison to the unexposed biofilms and biofilms exposed to free chlorine, respectively. Rheometry analysis showed that biofilms presented properties of viscoelastic solid materials, regardless of the treatment. OXONE reduced the cohesiveness of the biofilm, given the significant decrease in the complex shear modulus (G*). AFM analysis revealed that biofilms had a fractured appearance and smaller bacterial aggregates dispersed throughout the surface after OXONE exposure than the control sample. In general, OXONE has been demonstrated to be a promising disinfectant to control DW biofilms, with a higher activity than chlorine. The results also show the impact of the biofilm mechanical properties on the efficacy of the disinfectants in biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Oliveira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I B Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Plácido
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L C Simões
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - P Eaton
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- The Bridge, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Pan R, Zhang TY, Zheng ZX, Ai J, Ye T, Zhao HX, Hu CY, Tang YL, Fan JJ, Geng B, Xu B. Insight into mixed chlorine/chloramines conversion and associated water quality variability in drinking water distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163297. [PMID: 37028653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mixed chlorine/chloramines are common in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs); however, their transformation and impact on chemical and microbial characteristics are not well understood. We systematically investigated water quality parameters associated with mixed chlorine/chloramine species conversion in 192 samples (including raw, finished, and tap water) collected throughout the year in a city in East China. Various chlorine/chloramine species (free chlorine, monochloramine [NH2Cl], dichloramine [NHCl2], and organic chloramines [OC]) were detected in both chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs. NHCl2 + OC increased with transport distance along the pipeline network. The maximum proportion of NHCl2 + OC in over total chlorine in tap water reached 66 % and 38 % from chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs, respectively. Both free chlorine and NH2Cl showed a rapid decay in the water pipe systems, but NHCl2 and OC were more persistent. Correlations between chlorine/chloramine species and physicochemical parameters were established. Models for predicting the sum of chloroform/TCM, bromodichloromethane/BDCM, chlorodibromomethane/CBDM, and bromoform/TBM (THM4) (R2 = 0.56) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) (R2 = 0.65) exhibited greater accuracy based on machine learning tuned with chlorine/chloramine species, particularly NHCl2 + OC. The predominant bacterial communities in mixed chlorine/chloramine systems were those resistant to chlorine or chloramine such as proteobacteria. NH2Cl was the most significant explanatory factor (28.1 %) for the variation in microbial community assemblage in chloraminated DWDSs. Although residual free chlorine and NHCl2 + OC, accounted for a smaller proportion of chlorine species in chloraminated DWDSs, they played an essential role (12.4 % and 9.1 %, respectively) in the microbial community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jian Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Heng-Xuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Fan
- Shanghai Chengtou Water (Group) Co. LTD, Shanghai 200002, PR China
| | - Bing Geng
- Shanghai Chengtou Water (Group) Co. LTD, Shanghai 200002, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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15
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Sun W, Jing Z. Migration of rare and abundant species, assembly mechanisms, and ecological networks of microbiomes in drinking water treatment plants: Effects of different treatment processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131726. [PMID: 37257378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms play an important role in the degradation of pollutants. However, they also cause problems in drinking water distribution systems, such as pipe corrosion and biofilm growth. The microbial assembly mechanisms and molecular ecological networks associated with different drinking water treatment processes have not yet been clearly analyzed. Therefore, this study investigated the microbiomes of three processes (coal filtration-activated carbon, ozone-activated carbon and UV, and ozone-activated carbon) during different seasons. The results showed that the microbial composition and diversity among the different processes and during different seasons. Water treatment processes had deterministic effects on the microbial assembly process and significantly changed the composition of rare and abundant species, altering the size and modules of molecular ecology networks. Rare species considered as keystone species play important roles in microbial ecology and microbial community construction. Ozone-activated carbon and UV/chlorination decreased the bacterial concentration, increased the deterministic process of microbial assembly, and significantly reduced the size of the network, which is of great significance to microbial control in drinking water. This research broadens our perspectives on the microbial assembly associated with drinking water treatment processes and contributes to ensuring the safe supply of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
| | - Zibo Jing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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16
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Lee J, Nam SH, Koo JW, Shin Y, Kim E, Hwang TM. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis to determine chlorine decay constants in urban water distribution system. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138733. [PMID: 37105307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study applied a method for estimating chlorine decay constant (k) in urban water distribution systems using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy-parallel factor analysis (FEEM-PARAFAC), considering that it accounts for the influence of organic matter in the target area. The simultaneous impacts of seasonal variations on chlorine consumption and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition were investigated for a year in three full-scale water distribution systems in I city (areas S, K, and G). Bulk decay constants (kb) were obtained through bottle tests, and the kb value was observed to differ by season and significantly affected by temperature. It exhibited its highest value, 0.794 d-1, in summer at area G. As a result of analyses through F-EEM-PARAFAC, it was determined that the components of the target raw water were humic-like and tryptophan-like. The quantitative analysis of organic substances through PARAFAC revealed that area G had the highest score (C1+C2) than other areas. 11.568, 10.578, and 11.771 in summer at areas S, K, and G, respectively. The model equations were derived such that the significant (R2 = 0.85-0.95) correlation between the C1 and C2 model scores and total chlorine decay constants (kt) verified via PARAFAC analysis of the target raw water was considered. Furthermore, a method for obtaining the wall decay constants at a target point based on the correlation equation was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Lee
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdar-Ro, Ilsan-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, Republic of Korea; Korea University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajung-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Hyun Nam
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdar-Ro, Ilsan-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wuk Koo
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdar-Ro, Ilsan-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Shin
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdar-Ro, Ilsan-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdar-Ro, Ilsan-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Mun Hwang
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdar-Ro, Ilsan-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, Republic of Korea; Korea University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajung-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Guo Y, Chen C, Lin C, Zhu L, Liu H. High‐performance quaternized hollow fiber membrane with sponge pore structure for fast adsorbing dichloroacetic acid from water by flow‐through adsorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao‐Shen Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Ningbo Fotile Kitchen Ware Company Ningbo China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy & Intelligent Kitchen System Integration of Zhejiang Province Ningbo China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Ningbo Fotile Kitchen Ware Company Ningbo China
| | - Chun‐Er Lin
- Ningbo Fotile Kitchen Ware Company Ningbo China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy & Intelligent Kitchen System Integration of Zhejiang Province Ningbo China
| | - Li‐Ping Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Hong‐Xing Liu
- Ningbo Fotile Kitchen Ware Company Ningbo China
- Healthy & Intelligent Kitchen Engineering Research Center of Zhejiang Province Ningbo China
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18
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Wawryk NP, Huang G, Craven C, Qiu J, Jmaiff Blackstock LK, Li XF. Aspartame-Sweetened Tap Water: Transformation Products and 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-Benzoquinone Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1332-1341. [PMID: 36628463 PMCID: PMC9878719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aspartame (APM), a dipeptide of aspartic acid (ASP) and phenylalanine (PHE), is a widely used artificial sweetener in beverages. It is unclear whether residual chlorine in tap water can react with APM to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Therefore, we investigated the formation of DBPs from the reaction of APM with residual chlorine in authentic tap water. APM and a commercial sweetener (CS) packet containing APM were studied under authentic and simulated tap water conditions. Eight chlorinated products of APM were detected using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS). These new chloro-products were tentatively identified based on accurate masses, isotopic patterns of 35,37Cl, and MS/MS spectra. Furthermore, we identified APM as a precursor to 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ). DCBQ significantly increased to 2.3-12 ng/L with the addition of APM or CS in tap waters collected from different locations compared to 1.4-1.8 ng/L in the same tap water samples without sweetener. DCBQ and two of the chlorinated transformation products were identified in cold prepared tea containing APM. DCBQ formation was eliminated when the residual chlorine in tap water was reduced by ascorbic acid or boiling prior to the addition of APM or CS. This study found that eight new DBPs and DCBQ were produced by the reactions of residual chlorine with APM and CS. These findings show an unintended exposure source of emerging DBPs via APM sweetened beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
J. P. Wawryk
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Guang Huang
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department
of Hygiene Analysis and Detection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Caley Craven
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lindsay K. Jmaiff Blackstock
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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19
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When material science meets microbial ecology: Bacterial community selection on stainless steels in natural seawater. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 221:112955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Liao P, Zhang T, Fang L, Jiang R, Wu G. Chlorine decay and disinfection by-products transformation under booster chlorination conditions: A pilot-scale study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158115. [PMID: 35985588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Booster chlorination was usually employed in water distribution systems with a long hydraulic retention time. The free chlorine decay and disinfection by-products (DBPs) transformation under booster chlorination conditions were investigated within a pilot-scale water distribution system (WDS). Compared with the initial chlorination in water plants, the loss of chlorine was relatively slow and could be described with first-order kinetic model. The rate of chlorine decay and the generation of DBPs in WDS were much greater than those in beaker. High flow rate and the hydraulic transients both promoted chlorine decay and DBPs formation, especially for dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN). The formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was higher in the ductile iron pipe than in the steel pipe. After booster chlorination, THMs, HAAs, and DCAN all climbed up and then declined continuously, but the peak times were different during the reaction process. The results showed the generation period of DBPs followed the order: THMs (27 h) > HAAs (22 h) > DCAN (5 h). DCAN was not stable in WDS and could be decomposed for a long hydraulic retention time (HRT). The decrease of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and increase of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) indicated that DCAA may turn into TCAA. Linear relationships between the free chlorine demand (FCD) and the generation of THMs that considered both buck water and the pipe wall, as well as the different hydraulic conditions, were established to predict the formation of DBPs in WDS after booster chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubin Liao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Lei Fang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Guojian Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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21
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Chaves RS, Rodrigues JE, Santos MM, Benoliel MJ, Cardoso VV. Development of multi-residue gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry methodologies for the measurement of 15 chemically different disinfection by-products (DBPs) of emerging concern in drinking water from two different Portuguese water treatment plants. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4967-4976. [PMID: 36441195 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In water treatment plants (WTPs), chemical agents, such as chlorine and ozone, might react with organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants, forming a high diversity of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Due to the potential toxicological effects, the identification of unregulated DBPs (UR-DBPs) is critical to help water managers in the selection of effective water treatment processes, contributing to improving water safety plans. Given the limited validated analytical methods to detect UR-DBPs, here we developed new multi-residue gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry methodologies for the detection and quantification of 15 UR-DBPs, including aldehydes, haloketones (HKs), nitrosamines and alcohols, in drinking water matrices. Solid-phase extraction (SPE), for the nitrosamine group, and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME), for the remaining DBPs, were used as sample preparation methods. The developed methodologies allowed the quantification of target UR-DBPs at trace concentration levels (ng L-1), with method quantification limits (MQLs) ranging from 14.4 ng L-1 to 26.0 ng L-1 (SPE-GC-MS) and 2.3 ng L-1 and 1596 ng L-1 (SPME-GC-MS). The methods were applied to different drinking water matrices, considering distinct delivery points of EPAL - Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres WTPs. Overall, the aldehyde group, represented by decanal, nonanal and 2-ethylheaxanal, showed the highest occurrence, followed by HKs and nitrosamines. The results of this study suggested that the formation of these UR-DBPs should be further monitored in WTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Chaves
- Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
- Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joao E Rodrigues
- Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal.
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Benoliel
- Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitor V Cardoso
- Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Pang Z, Zhang P, Chen X, Dong F, Deng J, Li C, Liu J, Ma X, Dietrich AM. Occurrence and modeling of disinfection byproducts in distributed water of a megacity in China: Implications for human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157674. [PMID: 35926603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are initially formed in the process of chlorination in the drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), then further formed in the distribution system due to the presence of residual chlorine and reactive organic matters. However, in China, DBPs are monitored in the effluent from the DWTPs, but less is known about concentrations of DBPs in tap water since they are usually monitored once per half a year. The smart water service system is establishing real-time monitoring of water indices, although DBPs are an urgent need, they are difficult to monitor in real-time due to their diversity and complicated detection methods. If the correlation between DBP concentration and routinely real-time monitored water quality parameters (e.g., pH value, residual chlorine, ammonia) can be evaluated, the concentration of DBPs can be predicted, which will strengthen the control of tap water safety. This article comprehensively assessed the physicochemical parameters and the occurrence of DBP formation in the tap water with an 18-month investigation in Z city (China). DBP formation in tap water of different seasons and different water sources were compared. Based on the relationship between DBPs and physicochemical parameters, linear prediction and nonlinear prediction models of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were established, and the accuracy of these models was verified by measured data. Finally, the toxicity and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of DBPs in tap water were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Pang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Peifeng Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junping Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Andrea M Dietrich
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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23
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Cui Y, Wang R, Brady B, Wang X. Fully inkjet-printed paper-based Pb 2+ optodes for water analysis without interference from the chloramine disinfectant. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7585-7595. [PMID: 35997814 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a paper-based colorimetric sensor for facile and cost-effective detection of Pb2+ in drinking and environmental water samples. The Pb2+ ion-selective optodes are fabricated by inkjet printing of ionophore, chromoionophore, and ion exchanger on cellulose paper. Pb2+ in water samples induces deprotonation of the pH chromoionophore and changes the optode color, which is acquired and analyzed by a smartphone. The paper-based optode without any plasticizer or polymer has a dynamic range and selectivity comparable to those of traditional optodes using PVC polymer and/or plasticizer. Furthermore, the response time of the plasticizer/polymer-free paper-based optode is much shorter than those of plasticized PVC-based optodes on paper and glass (5 min vs. 15 and 50 min). Moreover, the plasticizer/polymer-free optode preserves the water-wicking capability of porous cellulose paper, allowing for the design of pump-free microfluidic devices. Chloramine, a widely used disinfectant in drinking water, was found to be a strong and generic interference species for heavy metal ion detection via ion-selective optodes. A fully inkjet-printed lateral-flow paper-based device consisting of a sodium thiosulfate-based chloramine elimination zone and a plasticizer/polymer-free sensing zone was designed for Pb2+ detection in tap water disinfected by chloramine. The dynamic range of the Pb2+ sensor may be shifted from the current 10-6 to 10-5 M to lower concentrations by using stronger ionophores, but this work lays a foundation for the design of paper-based heavy metal ion sensors without detrimental interference from disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
| | - Brock Brady
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
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24
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Liu Z, Shen Z, Xiang S, Sun Y, Cui J, Jia J. Evaluation of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives as antibacterial agents: activity and mechanistic studies. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 17:31. [PMID: 36313056 PMCID: PMC9589524 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-023-1631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The diverse and large-scale application of disinfectants posed potential health risks and caused ecological damage during the 2019-nCoV pandemic, thereby increasing the demands for the development of disinfectants based on natural products, with low health risks and low aquatic toxicity. In the present study, a few natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives bearing the 1,4-naphthoquinone skeleton were synthesized, and their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains was evaluated. In vitro antibacterial activities of the compounds were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Under the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ⩽ 0.125 µmol/L for juglone (1a), 5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (1f), and 7-methyl-5-acetoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3c), a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus was observed. All 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives exhibited a strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging between 15.625 and 500 µmol/L and EC50 values ranging between 10.56 and 248.42 µmol/L. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Among these compounds, juglone (1a) showed the strongest antibacterial activity. The results from mechanistic investigations indicated that juglone, a natural naphthoquinone, caused cell death by inducing reactive oxygen species production in bacterial cells, leading to DNA damage. In addition, juglone could reduce the self-repair ability of bacterial DNA by inhibiting RecA expression. In addition to having a potent antibacterial activity, juglone exhibited low cytotoxicity in cell-based investigations. In conclusion, juglone is a strong antibacterial agent with low toxicity, indicating that its application as a bactericidal agent may be associated with low health risks and aquatic toxicity. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11783-023-1631-2 and is accessible for authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhuo Liu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Shouyan Xiang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jiahua Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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25
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Dong J, Yang P, Chen J, Ji Y, Lu J. Nitrophenolic byproducts formation during sulfate radical oxidation and their fate in simulated drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119054. [PMID: 36088770 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite can be transformed to nitrophenolic byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). These nitrophenols are highly mobile in subsurface and can potentially contaminate drinking water sources. However, their fate in a drinking water treatment remains ambiguous. Herein, the removal and transformation of four nitrophenolic byproducts formed during a heat activated peroxydisulfate oxidation process, i.e., 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, in a simulated drinking water treatment train were comprehensively examined. The removal of these nitrophenolic compounds in coagulation by either aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride ranged from 3.8% to 13.4%. In the chlorination process, 4-nitrophenol was removed only by 45.4% in 24 h at a chlorine dose of 5.0 mg/L. The removal of the other three nitrophenolic byproducts were less than 20%. Reaction between nitrophenolic byproducts and chlorine via electrophilic substitution gave rise to their chlorinated derivatives. Chlorinated nitrophenolic byproducts were more recalcitrant and toxic than their parent compounds, but still a tiny fraction of them could undergo further oxidation to form trichloronitromethane. This work implied that once nitrophenolic byproducts enter water source, they can penetrate the drinking water treatment train and react with the residual chlorine in distribution pipelines to form more hazardous byproducts. The findings raised additional concerns to the potential risk of the nitrophenolic byproducts formed in SR-AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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26
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Schubert A, Pifer L, Cheng J, McElmurry SP, Kerkez B, Love NG. An Automated Toolchain for Camera-Enabled Sensing of Drinking Water Chlorine Residual. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2022; 2:1697-1708. [PMID: 36120115 PMCID: PMC9469768 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.2c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine residual concentration is an important parameter to prevent pathogen growth in drinking water. Disposable color changing test strips that measure chlorine in tap water are commercially available to the public; however, the color changes are difficult to read by eye, and the data are not captured for water service providers. Here we present an automated toolchain designed to process digital images of free chlorine residual test strips taken with mobile phone cameras. The toolchain crops the image using image processing algorithms that isolate the areas relevant for analysis and automatically white balances the image to allow for use with different phones and lighting conditions. The average red, green, and blue (RGB) color values of the image are used to predict a free chlorine concentration that is classified into three concentration tiers (<0.2 mg/L, 0.2-0.5 mg/L, or >0.5 mg/L), which can be reported to water users and recorded for utility use. The proposed approach was applied to three different phone types under three different lighting conditions using a standard background. This approach can discriminate between concentrations above and below 0.5 mg/L with an accuracy of 90% and 94% for training and testing data sets, respectively. Furthermore, it can discriminate between concentrations of <0.2 mg/L, 0.2-0.5 mg/L, or >0.5 mg/L with weighted-averaged F1 scores of 79% and 88% for training and testing data sets, respectively. This tool sets the stage for tap water consumers and water utilities to gather frequent measurements and high-resolution temporal and spatial data on drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Schubert
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Leah Pifer
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jianzhong Cheng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shawn P. McElmurry
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Branko Kerkez
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nancy G. Love
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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27
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Wang T, Zhang T, Dai X, Wang W, Wang J. Control strategies for biofilm control in reclaimed water distribution systems from the perspective of microbial antagonism and electrochemistry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155289. [PMID: 35447190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation in reclaimed water (RW) distribution systems presents significant technical challenges to RW utilization. Two main technologies to control biofilm formation, microbial antagonism (MA) and electrochemical oxidation (EO), are not yet widely used in drip irrigation systems (DIS) and their mechanisms of action need further clarification. In this study, we first showed that the MA and EO treatments reduced biofilm formation by about 62% and 68%, respectively, and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content by 14% and 49%, respectively, in biofilms compared with raw RW type 1 (R-RW1) in unused pipes, thus effectively improving the performance of DIS. When MA-RW and EO-RW were applied to already clogged systems, the degree of clogging alleviation varied depending on the severity of the original clogging. We recommend adding the antagonist, Bacillus subtilis, to RW at 25% clogging for the maximum effect and to slow the microbial adaptation process. Compared to MA, the recovery effect of EO was slower initially but lasted longer and had a significantly better alleviating effect on severely clogged pipelines. Illumina Mi-SEQ high-throughput sequencing data showed that both MA and EO resulted in a significant decrease in microbial diversity, dynamic changes in bacterial community structure, and disruption of network interaction and network modularity. Meanwhile, both treatments promoted the growth of specific microorganisms, enhanced the interaction between certain microbial components, and improved the efficiency of information, matter, and energy exchange within the modules. In summary, we verified the dredging effect of two strategies on DIS under different water conditions, revealed the differences in their mechanisms of action, and proposed their application scenarios. Our results will help improve the efficiency of RW in agricultural drip irrigation systems and effectively reduce maintenance costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Wang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xingda Dai
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiehua Wang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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28
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Li RA, McDonald JA, Sathasivan A, Khan SJ. Multivariate experimental design provides insights for the optimisation of rechloramination conditions and water age to control disinfectant decay and disinfection by-product formation in treated drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154324. [PMID: 35283134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The stability of drinking water disinfectant residuals is known to be influenced by multiple variables. To evaluate the effects of various influencing variables on disinfectant stability, a multivariate analysis of chloramine decay and associated disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation was investigated in a series of bench-scale experiments. Of nine water quality variables previously identified, monochloramine dose, pH, and bromide concentration were selected as key water quality variables based on previous investigations and modelling. Co-effects of these key variables on monochloramine decay and formation of 33 halogenated and nitrogen-containing DBPs were investigated using response surface experimental design. Rechloramination conditions, including monochloramine dose, pH and bromide concentration, were optimised via a 3-factorial multivariate analysis of monochloramine stability in post-treatment drinking water. Effects of influencing variables on disinfectant decay and DBP formation were assessed and graphically presented as response surfaces with minimal experiments using Doehlert matrix experimental design compared to other multivariate experimental designs. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and N-nitrosamines were found to increase with water age, whereas opposite phenomenon was observed in the net production of haloacetonitriles (HANs). Increasing pH was found to stabilise monochloramine but it could cause DBP speciation to shift. Furthermore, increasing bromide concentration elevated Br-DBP formation. In bromide-containing water, pH = 7.8-8.0 should be considered as higher pH increases Br-THMs formations and lower pH increases formations of Br-HAAs and Br-HANs. However, water age or pH has insignificant impacts on DBP formation after significant monochloramine decay or at low initial monochloramine dose. These findings indicate that effective combined control measures to maintain monochloramine stability should include the application of high monochloramine dose (>1.5 mg-Cl2.L-1) under conditions of moderate to high pH (pH = 7.8-8.0) and minimal bromide concentration. This study provides relevant insights to water utilities aiming to design effective disinfectant residual management strategies for controlling monochloramine decay and DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Li
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James A McDonald
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Arumugam Sathasivan
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Stuart J Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia.
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29
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Wang J, Zhang J, Liu J, Hou N, Li Q, Zhou G, Li K, Mu Y. Generation of iodinated trihalomethanes during chloramination in the presence of solid copper corrosion products. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118630. [PMID: 35609430 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper water pipelines are widely used in water distribution systems, but the effects of solid copper corrosion products (CCPs) including CuO, Cu2O and Cu2(OH)2CO3 on the generation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during chloramination remain unknown. This study found that the formation of I-THMs during chloramination of humic acid (HA) was inhibited by the presence of CuO and Cu2O, but promoted with the addition of Cu2(OH)2CO3. The negative effect of CuO and Cu2O is mainly exerted by promoting the decay of both NH2Cl and HOI. Although Cu2(OH)2CO3 also accelerated the decomposition of NH2Cl and HOI, it was found that the complexes formed between Cu2(OH)2CO3 and HA facilitated, through carboxyl functional groups, the reaction between HA and HOI, leading to an enhancement of I-THM generation during chloramination, which was further confirmed by model compound experiments. Additionally, this study demonstrated that the effects of solid CCPs on I-THM generation during chloramination were solid CCP- and HA-concentration dependent, but almost unaffected by different initial I- and Br- concentrations. This study provides new insights into the health risks caused by the corrosion of copper water pipelines, especially in areas intruded by sea water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nannan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guannan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kewan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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30
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Pandian AMK, Rajamehala M, Singh MVP, Sarojini G, Rajamohan N. Potential risks and approaches to reduce the toxicity of disinfection by-product - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153323. [PMID: 35066044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination through anthropogenic and industrial activities has led to the emergence and necessity of disinfection methods. Chlorine and bromine gases, often used to disinfect water, resulted in the by-product formation by reacting with organic matter. The Disinfectant by-products (DBP) led to the formation of Trihaloaceticacid (TAA), Trihalomethane (THM), and other minor components. The release of chemicals has also led to the outbreak of diseases like infertility, asthma, stillbirth, and types of cancer. There are new approaches that are found to be useful to compensate for the generation of toxic by-products and involve membrane technologies, namely reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration. This review mainly focuses on the toxicology effects of DBPs and various approaches to mitigate the same. The health hazards caused by different DBPs and the various treatment techniques available for the removal are discussed. In addition, a critical comparison of the different removal techniques was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muthu Kumara Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637205, India.
| | - M Rajamehala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637205, India
| | - M Vijay Pradhap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637205, India
| | - G Sarojini
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, SVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
| | - N Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Sohar University, Sohar, Oman
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31
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Zhang H, Wang F, Akakuru OU, Wang T, Wang Z, Wu A, Zhang Y. Nature-Inspired Polyethylenimine-Modified Calcium Alginate Blended Waterborne Polyurethane Graded Functional Materials for Multiple Water Purification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17826-17836. [PMID: 35380790 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods have become more frequent, which usually leads to the pollution of drinking water. Drinking contaminated water may cause public health emergencies. The demand for healthy drinking water in disaster-affected areas is huge and urgent. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple water treatment technology suitable for emergencies. Inspired by nature, a fractional spray method was used to prepare graded purification material under mild conditions. The material consists of a calcium alginate isolation layer and a functional layer composed of calcium alginate, polyethylenimine, and water-based polyurethane, which can purify complex pollutants in water such as heavy metals, oils, pathogens, and micro/nano plastics through percolation. It does not require additional energy and can purify polluted water only under gravity. A disposable paper cup model was also designed, which can be used to obtain purified water by immersing in polluted water directly without other filtering devices. The test report shows that the water obtained from the paper cup was deeply purified. This design makes the material user-friendly and has the potential as a strategic material. This discovery can effectively improve the safety of drinking water after disasters and improve people's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Zhejiang Cixi High School, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315300, P. R. China
| | - Zongbao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Automated Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Trihalomethane and Typical Nitrogenous Disinfection By-products in Water. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Holsinger H, Tucker N, Regli S, Studer K, Roberts VA, Collier S, Hannapel E, Edens C, Yoder JS, Rotert K. Characterization of reported legionellosis outbreaks associated with buildings served by public drinking water systems: United States, 2001-2017. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:702-711. [PMID: 35482386 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined 184 legionellosis outbreaks in the United States reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System, from 2001 to 2017. Drinking water characteristics examined include source water type, disinfectant type, exposure setting, geographical distribution by U.S. Census Divisions, and the public water system size (population served). This study found that most of the reported drinking water-associated legionellosis outbreaks occurred in eastern United States, including 35% in the South Atlantic, 32% in the Middle Atlantic, and 16% in the East North Central Census Divisions were linked with building water systems in healthcare and hotel settings; and were associated with buildings receiving drinking water from public water systems serving >10,000 people. Targeted evaluations and interventions may be useful to further determine the combination of factors, such as disinfectant residual type and drinking water system size that may lead to legionellosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Holsinger
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA E-mail:
| | - Nicole Tucker
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA E-mail:
| | - Stig Regli
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA E-mail: ; Retired
| | - Kirsten Studer
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA E-mail:
| | - Virginia A Roberts
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sarah Collier
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hannapel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Chris Edens
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jonathan S Yoder
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kenneth Rotert
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA E-mail:
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Can Aggregate-Associated Organisms Influence the Fouling in a SWRO Desalination Plant? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040682. [PMID: 35456734 PMCID: PMC9032733 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study investigates the formation of aggregates within a desalination plant, before and after pre-treatment, as well as their potential impact on fouling. The objective is to provide an understanding of the biofouling potential of the feed water within a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant, due to the limited removal of fouling precursors. The 16S and 18S rRNA was extracted from the water samples, and the aggregates and sequenced. Pre-treatment systems, within the plant remove < 5 µm precursors and organisms; however, smaller size particles progress through the plant, allowing for the formation of aggregates. These become hot spots for microbes, due to their nutrient gradients, facilitating the formation of niche environments, supporting the proliferation of those organisms. Aggregate-associated organisms are consistent with those identified on fouled SWRO membranes. This study examines, for the first time, the factors supporting the formation of aggregates within a desalination system, as well as their microbial communities and biofouling potential.
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Lou X, Liu Z, Fang C, Tang Y, Guan J, Guo Y, Zhang X, Shi Y, Huang D, Cai Y. Fate of sulfamethoxazole and potential formation of haloacetic acids during chlorine disinfection process in aquaculture water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111958. [PMID: 34478721 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There exist two common processes in fishery culture, i.e. antibiotic addition to reduce disease in fishery, and chlorination disinfection to inhibit infectious pathogenic microorganisms. However, antibiotic residues might play important reverse side roles for both aquaculture water pollution and potential formation of chlorination side products. Herein, the transformation behaviour, intermediates analyses and conversion pathway of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and potential generation of halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) in the process of chlorination in fishery water were examined, and the results revealed that the decomposing of SMX satisfied a pseudo first-order kinetic equation. Both the addition of available chlorine and high temperature had affirmative influences on the decontamination of SMX and production of HAAs, and the near-neutral pHs promoted the removal of SMX and generation of HAAs. Br- was favorable for the removal of SMX and yields of brominated acetic acids (Br-AAs). Based on the identified intermediate products, the transformation path of SMX in chlorination process was propounded, to wit, the C-S and S-N bonds in the SMX molecules were firstly cracked, and the primeval intermediate groups are then transformed to form chloroanilines, chlorophenols, etc., and subsequently, chlorophenols were chlorinated and ring-opened to generate toxic HAAs. This study might be meaningful to evaluate the effective removal of sulfonamide antibiotic residues and the potential generation of halogenated DBPs (H-DBPs) when chlorinated in aquaculture water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Lou
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Changling Fang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yunyu Tang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jie Guan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Yaoguang Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yongfu Shi
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Youqiong Cai
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
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36
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Yan X, Lin T, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhou K. Effects of pipe materials on the characteristic recognition, disinfection byproduct formation, and toxicity risk of pipe wall biofilms during chlorination in water supply pipelines. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117980. [PMID: 34974347 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There are growing concerns over the contributions of biofilms to disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in engineered water systems (EWSs). Three kinds of water supply pipes, ductile iron (DI), cement-lined stainless steel (SS) and polyethylene (PE) pipes, were selected for the experiment conducted in this study. Based on test results, the three pipe biofilms showed relatively obvious differences in growth, morphological characteristics, organic components and bacterial diversity. Secreted extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) accounted for more than 90% of the biofilm and had greater disinfection byproduct formation potential (DBPFP) than the cell phases. DI pipe wall biofilms had the highest DBPFP, which to a certain extent means that denser and richer organic matter can be produced as the precursor of different types of DBPs. UHPLC-Q Exactive was used to identify the types of DBPs generated from the chlorination of histidine (His), alanine (Ala) and tryptophan (Trp) shared by the three pipe materials and their formation pathways. Compared to carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs), nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) had a significant advantage in toxicity generation potentials in the biofilms, especially dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). DCAN and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the key to cytotoxicity in biofilms, while TCNM was dominant in biofilm genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shisheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Kemei Zhou
- Nanjing Water Group CompanyLimited, Nanjing, 210002, China
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37
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Dong F, Pang Z, Yu J, Deng J, Li X, Ma X, Dietrich AM, Deng Y. Spatio-temporal variability of halogenated disinfection by-products in a large-scale two-source water distribution system with enhanced chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127113. [PMID: 34523488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Distributions of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in a two-source water distribution system (WDS) with enhanced chlorination were investigated. The WDS was divided into different sub-service areas based on different electrical conductivity of two water sources. Results clearly show that the principal halogenated DBPs were trihalomethanes (THMs) (5.06-82.69 μg/L), varying within the concentration range as 2-5 times as the levels of haloacetic acids (HAAs) (1.41-61.48 μg/L) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) (0.21-15.13 μg/L). Different water sources, treatment trains, and enhanced chlorination within the WDS had significant effects on seasonal and spatial variations of the DBP distributions over water conveyance. THM and HAA formation followed the sequence of summer > autumn > winter > spring. On the other hand, the DBP spatial distributions were visualized using the ArcGIS enabled Inverse distance weighting technique. The superposition of different DBP spatial distributions allowed for the identification of the high-risk THMs and HAAs areas based on the average values of THMs (27.49 μg/L) and HAAs (14.06 μg/L). Beyond the comprehensive analyses of DBP distribution in a municipal WDS, the project proposed and validated an innovative methodology to locate the DBP high-risk areas and to reveal the effects of different factors on DBPs distribution in a two-source WDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhen Pang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianquan Yu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Andrea M Dietrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
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38
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Chaves RS, Salvador D, Nogueira P, Santos MM, Aprisco P, Neto C, Cardoso V, Benoliel MJ, Rodrigues JE, Carneiro RN. Assessment of Water Quality Parameters and their Seasonal Behaviour in a Portuguese Water Supply System: a 6-year Monitoring Study. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 69:111-127. [PMID: 34859264 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-021-01572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water quality monitoring is a fundamental tool in the management of freshwater resources. The purpose of monitoring is to provide meaningful quality data for local action planning and catchment-wide decision making. The assessment of water quality is crucial to guarantee the efficient operation of the Water Treatment Plants (WTPs), promoting health conditions and contributing for a more sustainable urban water cycle. In accordance, the objective of this study was to evaluate key target chemical and microbiological water quality parameters, some of them already monitored within Portuguese/EU legal framework and others still not regulated, but with environmental and human heath relevance. A local monitoring database model, using a 6-year period (from 2014 to 2019) of water quality data, regarding water samples collected on representative sampling locations covering the freshwater abstraction sites, conventional WTPs and distribution network was assessed. This work provides new knowledge regarding occurrence and seasonal behaviour for both microbiological and chemical water quality parameters, essential to understand/manage the water supply system. Additionally, relationships between the target variables were also assessed. Particularly, strong correlations were identified between TOC and THMs formation at distribution network (r = 0.69; p ≤ 0.001); nitrates were the water quality parameter that revealed the best correlation between surface water source and treated water (r = 0.81; p ≤ 0.001), suggesting that treatment yield/performance is dependent on surface water load. The local and continuous monitoring of water systems are crucial to implement new approaches to guarantee the best quality of drinking water throughout the supply system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Chaves
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Direção de Laboratórios e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Lisboa, Portugal.
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Pollutants, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Daniel Salvador
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Direção de Laboratórios e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Nogueira
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Pollutants, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Aprisco
- Direção de Laboratórios e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Neto
- Direção de Laboratórios e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vítor Cardoso
- Direção de Laboratórios e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria J Benoliel
- Direção de Laboratórios e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João E Rodrigues
- Direção de Laboratórios e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rui N Carneiro
- Direção de Laboratórios e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Lisboa, Portugal
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Geng B, Fan J, Shi M, Zhang S, Li J. Control of maximum water age based on total chlorine decay in secondary water supply system. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132198. [PMID: 34517238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
97% of residential buildings are installed with secondary water supply system (SWSS) in China. In order to meet the water pressure demand, the SWSS has become a key solution to store and transport drinking water. The water age of the SWSS directly determines the quality of tap water, while total chlorine is a key indicator to evaluate the quality and safety of the water supply network. This study revealed the relationship between total chlorine and water age controlled by adjusting the liquid level of the secondary water supply tank. Models governing water age and the total chlorine concentration were developed based on the variation of the liquid level and the attenuation rate of the total chlorine in the SWSS. Furthermore, the validation was performed through case studies. The developed models can gain effective insights for determining the longest water age while guaranteeing the concentration of total chlorine meets the demand of the lower standard in SWSS. The secondary chlorine dosage would be quantified and added to the pipe network. The integration of the SWSS would be guided by water age in some old communities. The taste of tap water for direct drinking water could be improved by adjusting of water age using this model. The optimization method is easy to use for identifying efficient solutions for SWSS operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Geng
- Shanghai Urban Water Resource Development and Utilization National Engineering Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Water Supply Branch Company of Shanghai SMIW, Shanghai, 200002, China
| | - Minghao Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jiuling Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, Building 60, Research Road, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Hu W, Lee Y, Allard S. Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the decomposition of bromamines in the presence of Cu(II). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117791. [PMID: 34740164 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that Cu(II) can significantly enhance the decomposition rate of bromamines. Apparent second order rate constants of 2.31 ± 0.01 M-1s-1 and 0.36 ± 0.01 M-1s-1 at pH 7.5 were determined for the reaction of Cu(II) with bromamines and the self-decomposition of bromamines, respectively. Increasing the pH from 6.0 to 8.5, the rate of bromamines self-decomposition decreased while the rate of Cu(II)-catalysed decomposition of bromamines increased. Species-specific rate constants indicated that Cu(OH)2 was the most reactive copper species towards NH2Br and NHBr2. Experiments were carried out with 15N-labelled bromamines to analyse the nitrogenous degradation products of bromamines in the presence and absence of Cu(II). Nitrogen gas (N2) was found to be the major product from the self-decomposition of bromamines, with N2O, NO2-, and NO3- as additional minor products. When Cu(II) was present, the product distribution changed and NO2- and N2O became significant, while N2 and NO3- were produced at low levels. Increasing the Cu(II) concentration from 1.0 to 5.0 mg/L increased the N2O production while decreased the NO2- formation. Based on these results, a mechanism for Cu(II)-catalysed decomposition of bromamines is proposed. This work provides new insights related to the chemistry of bromamines in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems where copper is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Liu C. The role of metal oxides on oxidant decay and disinfection byproduct formation in drinking waters: Relevance to distribution systems. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:140-149. [PMID: 34593185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a residual disinfectant/oxidant (e.g., chlorine and chlorine dioxide), is a generally used strategy to control microbial contaminants and bacterial regrowth in distribution systems. Secondarily oxidant, such as hypobromous acid (HOBr), can be formed during chlorination of bromide-containing waters. The decay of oxidants and formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) due to the interaction between oxidants and selected metal oxides were studied. Selected metal oxides generally enhanced the decay of these halogen-containing oxidants via three pathways: (1) catalytic disproportionation to yield an oxidized form of halogen (i.e., halate) and reduced form (halide for chlorine and bromine or chlorite for chlorine dioxide), (2) oxygen formation, and (3) oxidation of a metal in a reduced form (e.g., cuprous oxide) to a higher oxidation state. Cupric oxide (CuO) and nickel oxide (NiO) showed significantly strong abilities for the first pathway, and oxygen formation was a side reaction. Cuprous oxide can react with oxidants via the third pathway, while goethite was not involved in these reactions. The ability of CuO on catalytic disproportionation of HOBr remained stable up to four cycles. In chlorination process, bromate formation tends to be important (exceeding 10 µg/L) when initial bromide concentration is above 400 µg/L in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Increasing initial bromide concentrations increased the formation of DBPs and calculated cytotoxicity, and the maximum was observed at pH 8.6 during chlorination process. Therefore, the possible disinfectant loss and DBP formation should be carefully considered in drinking water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Zeng JS, Tung HH, Wang GS. Effects of temperature and microorganism densities on disinfection by-product formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148627. [PMID: 34217083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of microorganisms on the correlation between temperature changes and disinfection by-product formation in natural waters. Climate changes have resulted in an increase in the global surface temperature. Studies have revealed that increases in temperature may change the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which may contain major disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors. This change in the DOM composition may affect DBP formation after conventional water treatment processes. Understanding the role of microorganisms in DOM composition as well as DBP formation and speciation is critical for controlling DBP formation. In this study, laboratory stimulatory experiments were conducted on water samples from various sources, at various temperatures, and with various microbial concentrations. The results revealed a decreasing trend of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), and haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP) at high temperature incubations irrespective of microbial concentrates. This result may be attributed to the fact that microorganism activities or concentrations in water increase at higher temperatures, which may result in higher DOC consumption and lower DBP formation. Water samples spiked with bacteria concentrates exhibited higher THMFP or HAAFP reduction than did samples without bacteria concentrates. A higher biomass in water may contribute to a higher consumption of DOC and consequently lower DBP formation potentials, especially at high incubation temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Syuan Zeng
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Tung
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gen-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zhang C, Struewing I, Mistry JH, Wahman DG, Pressman J, Lu J. Legionella and other opportunistic pathogens in full-scale chloraminated municipal drinking water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117571. [PMID: 34628111 PMCID: PMC8629321 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Water-based opportunistic pathogens (OPs) are a leading cause of drinking-water-related disease outbreaks, especially in developed countries such as the United States (US). Physicochemical water quality parameters, especially disinfectant residuals, control the (re)growth, presence, colonization, and concentrations of OPs in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), while the relationship between OPs and those parameters remain unclear. This study aimed to quantify how physicochemical parameters, mainly monochloramine residual concentration, hydraulic residence time (HRT), and seasonality, affected the occurrence and concentrations of four common OPs (Legionella, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Vermamoeba vermiformis) in four full-scale DWDSs in the US. Legionella as a dominant OP occurred in 93.8% of the 64 sampling events and had a mean density of 4.27 × 105 genome copies per liter. Legionella positively correlated with Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, and total bacteria. Multiple regression with data from the four DWDSs showed that Legionella had significant correlations with total chlorine residual level, free ammonia concentration, and trihalomethane concentration. Therefore, Legionella is a promising indicator of water-based OPs, reflecting microbial water quality in chloraminated DWDSs. The OP concentrations had strong seasonal variations and peaked in winter and/or spring possibly because of reduced water usage (i.e., increased water stagnation or HRT) during cold seasons. The OP concentrations generally increased with HRT presumably because of disinfectant residual decay, indicating the importance of well-maintaining disinfectant residuals in DWDSs for OP control. The concentrations of Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, and V. vermiformis were significantly associated with total chlorine residual concentration, free ammonia concentration, and pH and trihalomethane concentration, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates how the significant spatiotemporal variations of OP concentrations in chloraminated DWDSs correlated with critical physicochemical water quality parameters such as disinfectant residual levels. This work also indicates that Legionella is a promising indicator of OPs and microbial water quality in chloraminated DWDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiqian Zhang
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian Struewing
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jatin H Mistry
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David G Wahman
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan Pressman
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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de Alwis C, Trought M, Lundeen J, Perrine KA. Effect of Cations on the Oxidation and Atmospheric Corrosion of Iron Interfaces to Minerals. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8047-8063. [PMID: 34491752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Surface corrosion involves a series of redox reactions that are catalyzed by the presence of ions. On infrastructure surfaces and in complex and natural environments, iron surfaces readily undergo redox reactions, impacting chemical processes. In this study, the effect of how cations influence the formation of the mineral scale on iron surfaces and its connection to surface corrosion was investigated in CaCl2(aq) and NaCl(aq) electrolytes. Polarized modulated-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) measurements were used to measure the oxidation and formation of carbonates at the air/electrolyte/iron interface, which confirmed that the iron surface oxidized faster in CaCl2(aq) than in NaCl(aq). PM-IRRAS, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show that after the adsorption of atmospheric O2 and CO2, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of calcite and aragonite was produced on iron in the presence of CaCl2(aq), whereas siderite (FeCO3) was produced on the surface of iron in the presence of NaCl(aq). However, in either solution without gradual O2 and CO2 exposure, a heterogeneous mixture of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) and an iron hydroxy carbonate (Fex(OH)yCO3) was grown on the iron surface. In situ liquid AFM was used to measure the surface roughness in CaCl2(aq) and NaCl(aq), as an estimation of the corrosion rate. In CaCl2(aq), Fe was found to corrode faster than Fe in NaCl(aq) due to more ions at equimolar concentrations. Surface physical changes, as measured by ex situ AFM, confirmed the presence of a heterogeneous mixture of γ-FeOOH and an Fex(OH)yCO3 in the submerged region. This indicates that the cation does not affect the type of mineral grown on the Fe surface in the region completely submerged in the electrolyte. These results suggest that the cations play a unique role in the initial stages of corrosion at the interface region, influencing the uptake of atmospheric CO2 and mineral nucleation. The knowledge gained from these interfacial reactions are important for understanding the connection between surface corrosion, mineral grown, and CO2 capture for sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura de Alwis
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Mikhail Trought
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Julia Lundeen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Kathryn A Perrine
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Duan SY, Chen X, Huang H, Yang X, Lu X. Enhanced formation of dichloroacetamide and dichloroacetonitrile during chloramination of drinking water and model organic matters in the presence of copper corrosion products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147242. [PMID: 33932657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) occurs in chloraminated water in drinking water distribution systems and may be affected by metal pipe materials and their corrosion products. The effect of copper corrosion products, including Cu2+, CuO, and Cu2O, on the formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) was investigated during chloramination of natural organic matter (NOM), model precursors (carboxylic acids and amino acids), and real water samples. Copper corrosion products enhanced DCAN and DCAcAm formation during chloramination of NOM by 33%-72% and 11%-80%, respectively. Addition of 15N-labeled monochloramine showed that the copper corrosion products primarily enhanced the formation of DCAN using organic nitrogen and monochloramine as nitrogen sources, and the formation of DCAcAm using monochloramine as the nitrogen source, but had a limited impact on the formation of DCAcAm using organic nitrogen as the nitrogen source. A distinct N-DBP formation pathway in the presence of Cu2+ and CuO was observed using tyrosine as a model compound, which included the formation of 1,4-benzoquinone as a dominant intermediate. On reaction with monochloramine, the 1,4-benzoquinone greatly contributed to enhancement of DCAN and DCAcAm formation using monochloramine as the nitrogen source. During chloramination of real water samples, Cu2+ and CuO enhanced DCAN formation by 9-40% and DCAcAm formation by 16-33%. This study increases our knowledge of copper catalyzed DCAN and DCAcAm formation in copper pipes, which will be meaningful for water safety in distribution systems using chloramine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Huang Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin Lu
- Petrochina North China Gas Marketing Company, Beijing 100029, PR China
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Sitzenfrei R. Using complex network analysis for water quality assessment in large water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117359. [PMID: 34171648 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Assessing and modelling the water quality in a water distribution system (WDS) are highly important to ensure a reliable supply with sufficient water quality. Owing to the high computational burden of such an analysis, frequently, simplifications are required or surrogate models are used (e.g., reducing the level of detail of the network model), neglecting significant aspects. For large (currently all-pipe) models and/or recurrent simulations (e.g., integrated studies, sensitivity analysis, deep uncertainty analysis, design, and optimization), the computational burden further increases. In this study, a novel complex network analysis-based approach for high-computational efficiency water quality assessment in a WDS is developed and comprehensively tested (R² values in comparison with state-of-the-art nodal water qualities in median of 0.95 are achieved). The proposed model is successfully utilized in a design study to identify the design solutions exceeding water quality thresholds with a correct identification rate between 96% and 100%. The computational efficiency is determined to be a factor 4.2e-06 less than that of state-of-the-art models. Therefore, the proposed model significantly improves the water quality assessment for such tasks in large WDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sitzenfrei
- Unit of Environmental Engineering, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 13, Innsbruck 6020 Tirol, Austria.
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Zhang C, Lu J. Optimizing disinfectant residual dosage in engineered water systems to minimize the overall health risks of opportunistic pathogens and disinfection by-products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145356. [PMID: 33736415 PMCID: PMC8428770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This Discussion argues that municipal water utilities may need to consider the health risks of both opportunistic pathogens (OPs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) while selecting disinfectant residual dosages or levels in engineered water systems. OPs are natural inhabitants in municipal water systems and the leading cause of drinking-water-related disease outbreaks threatening public health. DBPs in water systems are genotoxic/carcinogenic and also significantly affect public health. Disinfectant residuals (such as free chlorine and chloramine residuals) dictate OP (re)growth and DBP formation in engineered water systems. Therefore, regulating the dosages or levels of disinfectant residuals is effective in controlling OP (re)growth and DBP formation. Existing effects assessing optimal disinfectant residual dosages focus solely on minimizing OP (re)growth or solely on DBP formation. However, selecting disinfectant residual dosages aiming to solely limit the formation of DBPs might compromise OP (re)growth control, and vice versa. An optimal disinfectant residual level for DBP formation control or OP (re)growth control might not be optimal for minimizing the overall or combined health effects of OPs and DBPs in drinking water. To better protect public health, water authorities may need to update the current residual disinfection practice and maintain disinfectant residuals in engineered water systems at an optimal level to minimize the overall health risks of OPs and DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiqian Zhang
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.
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Zhou W, Fu L, Zhao L, Xu X, Li W, Wen M, Wu Q. Novel Core-Sheath Cu/Cu 2O-ZnO-Fe 3O 4 Nanocomposites with High-Efficiency Chlorine-Resistant Bacteria Sterilization and Trichloroacetic Acid Degradation Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10878-10890. [PMID: 33635062 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to solve two issues of chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in tap water after the chlorine-containing treatment process, an innovative core-sheath nanostructured Cu/Cu2O-ZnO-Fe3O4 was designed and synthesized. The fabrication mechanism of the materials was then systematically analyzed to determine the component and valence state. The properties of CRB inactivation together with trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) photodegradation by Cu/Cu2O-ZnO-Fe3O4 were investigated in detail. It was found that Cu/Cu2O-ZnO-Fe3O4 displayed excellent antibacterial activity with a relatively low cytotoxicity concentration due to its synergism of nanowire structure, ion release, and reactive oxygen species generation. Furthermore, the Cu/Cu2O-ZnO-Fe3O4 nanocomposite also exhibited outstanding photocatalytic degradation activity on TCAA under simulated sunlight irradiation, which was verified to be dominated by the surface reaction through kinetic analysis. More interestingly, the cell growth rate of Cu/Cu2O-ZnO-Fe3O4 was determined to be 50% and 10% higher than those of Cu/Cu2O and Cu/Cu2O-ZnO after 10 h incubation, respectively, manifesting a weaker cytotoxicity. Therefore, the designed Cu/Cu2O-ZnO-Fe3O4 could be a promising agent for tap water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lin Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Long Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Weiying Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ming Wen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qingsheng Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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49
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Wang J, Wu Y, Bu L, Zhu S, Zhang W, Zhou S, Gao N. Simultaneous removal of chlorite and contaminants of emerging concern under UV photolysis: Hydroxyl radicals vs. chlorate formation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116708. [PMID: 33279746 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a disinfectant inevitably produces a common disinfection byproducts chlorite (ClO2‒). In this study, we found that UV photolysis after ClO2 disinfection can effectively eliminate both ClO2‒ and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). However, the kinetic mechanisms of UV/ClO2‒ process destructing CECs, as well as transformation of ClO2‒ in UV/ClO2‒ system are not clear yet. Therefore, we systematically investigated the UV/ClO2‒ system to assist us appropriately design this process under optimal operational conditions. In this work, we first investigated the impact of water matrix conditions (i.e., pH, bicarbonate and natural organic matter (NOM)) and ClO2‒ dosage on the UV/ClO2‒ process. We found that bicarbonate and NOM have inhibition effects, while lower pH and higher ClO2‒ dosage have enhancement effects. Besides, hydroxyl radical (HO•) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) are generated from UV/ClO2‒ system, and RCS are main contributors to CBZ degradation. Then we proposed a possible degradation pathway of CBZ based on the determined products from experiments. Additionally, we found that photolysis of ClO2‒ resulted in the generation of chloride (Cl‒) and chlorate (ClO3‒). As the ClO2‒ dosage increases, the yield of ClO3‒ increased while that of Cl‒ decreased. Finally, we elucidated the second order rate constant of the target organic compound with HO• has a strong correlation with the formation of ClO3‒.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Weiqiu Zhang
- Brook Byer Institute for Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China.
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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50
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Li RA, McDonald JA, Sathasivan A, Khan SJ. A multivariate Bayesian network analysis of water quality factors influencing trihalomethanes formation in drinking water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116712. [PMID: 33310438 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlling disinfection by-products formation while ensuring effective drinking water disinfection is important for protecting public health. However, understanding and predicting disinfection by-product formation under a variety of conditions in drinking water distribution systems remains challenging as disinfection by-product formation is a multifactorial phenomenon. This study aimed to assess the application of Bayesian Network models to predict the concentration of trihalomethanes, the dominant halogenated disinfection by-product class, using various water quality parameters. Naïve Bayesian and semi-naïve Bayesian models were constructed from Sydney and South East Queensland datasets across 15 drinking water distribution systems in Australia. The targeted variable, total trihalomethanes concentration, was discretised into 3 bins (<0.1 mg L-1, 0.1 - 0.2 mg L-1 and >0.2 mg L-1). The Bayesian network structures were built using water quality parameters including concentrations of individual and total trihalomethanes, disinfectant species (free chlorine, monochloramine, dichloramine, total chlorine), nitrogen species (free ammonia, total ammonia, nitrate, nitrite), and other physical/chemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved solids, conductivity and turbidity). Seven performance parameters, including predictive accuracy and the rates of true and false positive and negative results, were used to assess the accuracy and precision of the Bayesian network models. After evaluating the model performance, the optimum models were selected to be Bayesian network augmented naïve models. These were observed to have the highest predictive accuracies for Sydney (78%) and South East Queensland (94%). Although disinfectant residuals are among the key variables that lead to trihalomethanes formation, potential concentrations of trihalomethanes in distribution systems can be more confidently predicted, in terms of probability associated with a wider range of water quality variables, using Bayesian networks. The modelling procedure developed in this work can now be applied to develop system-specific Bayesian network models for trihalomethanes prediction in other drinking water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Li
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - James A McDonald
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Arumugam Sathasivan
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, 2747, Australia.
| | - Stuart J Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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