1
|
Li D, Yao H, Cao X, Han X, Song T, Zeng X. Testosterone regulates thymic remodeling by activating glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway to accelerate thymocyte apoptosis in male rats. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 164:104288. [PMID: 38924811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Thymic atrophy affects T cell generation and migration to the periphery, thereby affecting T cell pool diversity. However, the mechanisms underlying thymic atrophy have not been fully elucidated. Here, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunization and surgical castration did not affect thymocyte proliferation, but significantly reduced the apoptosis and increased the survival rate of CD4-CD8-, CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD8-, and CD4-CD8+ thymocytes. Following testosterone supplementation in rats subjected to GnRH immunization and surgical castration, thymocyte proliferation remained unchange, but the apoptosis of CD4-CD8-, CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD8-, and CD4-CD8+ thymocytes significantly increased. Transcriptome analyses of the thymus after GnRH immunization and surgical castration showed a significant reduction in the thymus's response to corticosterone. Cholesterol metabolism and the synthesis and secretion of corticosterone were significantly reduced. Analysis of the enzyme levels involved in the corticosterone synthesis pathway revealed that corticosterone synthesis in thymocytes was significantly reduced after GnRH immunization and surgical castration, whereas exogenous testosterone supplementation relieved this process. Testosterone promoted thymocyte apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, and induced corticosterone secretion in vitro. Blocking the intracellular androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway did not significantly affect thymocyte apoptosis, but blocking the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathway significantly reduced it. Our findings indicate that testosterone regulates thymus remodeling by affecting corticosterone synthesis in thymocytes, which activates GR signal transduction and promotes thymocyte apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Huan Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Xingfa Han
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Tianzeng Song
- Institute of animal science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, Xizang 850009, PR China.
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taves MD, Donahue KM, Bian J, Cam MC, Ashwell JD. Aire drives steroid hormone biosynthesis by medullary thymic epithelial cells. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabo7975. [PMID: 37595021 PMCID: PMC10732315 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) produce glucocorticoids, which antagonize negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes and promote a competent T cell antigen-specific repertoire. To characterize their source, we generated a knock-in reporter mouse in which endogenous Cyp11b1, the final enzyme in de novo production of active glucocorticoids, was fluorescently tagged with mScarlet. Here, we find that Cyp11b1 is expressed in medullary TECs (mTECs) but not cortical TECs or other cells in the thymus. A distinct characteristic of mTECs is the presence of Aire, a transcription factor that drives expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) important for establishing immune tolerance. Cyp11b1 expression was highest in Aire+ mTECs, lower in post-Aire mTECs, and absent in mTECs of Aire-deficient mice. Transcriptomic analyses found that multiple enzymatic biosynthetic pathways are expressed specifically in mTECs and are also Aire dependent. In particular, we found that the thymus expresses messenger RNA for enzymes that catalyze production of many bioactive steroids and that glucocorticoids and sex steroids were secreted by cultured thymi. Expression of the transcripts for these genes and production of their final steroid products were markedly reduced in the absence of Aire. Thus, in addition to its well-established role in inducing TRAs that promote negative selection, Aire has an additional and contrary function of inducing glucocorticoids that antagonize negative selection, which together may expand and enhance the TCR repertoire. Furthermore, because Aire drives expression of multiple enzymes responsible for production of other non-gene-encoded bioactive molecules, it might have yet other roles in thymus development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Taves
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaitlynn M. Donahue
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jing Bian
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret C. Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lagou MK, Karagiannis GS. Obesity-induced thymic involution and cancer risk. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:3-19. [PMID: 37088128 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Declining thymic functions associated either with old age (i.e., age-related thymic involution), or with acute involution as a result of stress, infectious disease, or cytoreductive therapies (e.g., chemotherapy/radiotherapy), have been associated with cancer development. A key mechanism underlying such increased cancer risk is the thymus-dependent debilitation of adaptive immunity, which is responsible for orchestrating immunoediting mechanisms and tumor immune surveillance. In the past few years, a blooming set of evidence has intriguingly linked obesity with cancer development and progression. The majority of such studies has focused on obesity-driven chronic inflammation, steroid/sex hormone and adipokine production, and hyperinsulinemia, as principal factors affecting the tumor microenvironment and driving the development of primary malignancy. However, experimental observations about the negative impact of obesity on T cell development and maturation have existed for more than half a century. Here, we critically discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms of obesity-driven thymic involution as a previously underrepresented intermediary pathology leading to cancer development and progression. This knowledge could be especially relevant in the context of childhood obesity, because impaired thymic function in young individuals leads to immune system abnormalities, and predisposes to various pediatric cancers. A thorough understanding behind the molecular and cellular circuitries governing obesity-induced thymic involution could therefore help towards the rationalized development of targeted thymic regeneration strategies for obese individuals at high risk of cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Lagou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salehzadeh M, Hamden JE, Li MX, Bajaj H, Wu RS, Soma KK. Glucocorticoid Production in Lymphoid Organs: Acute Effects of Lipopolysaccharide in Neonatal and Adult Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6453468. [PMID: 34864986 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical modulators of the immune system. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates circulating GC levels and is stimulated by endotoxins. Lymphoid organs also produce GCs; however, it is not known how lymphoid GC levels are regulated in response to endotoxins. We assessed whether an acute challenge of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases lymphoid levels of progesterone and GCs, and expression of steroidogenic enzymes and key HPA axis components (eg, corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH], adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]). We administered LPS (50 µg/kg intraperitoneally) or vehicle control to male and female C57BL/6J neonatal (postnatal day [PND] 5) and adult (PND90) mice and collected blood, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen 4 hours later. We measured progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and 11-dehydrocorticosterone via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We measured gene expression of key steroidogenic enzymes (Cyp11b1, Hsd11b1, and Hsd11b2) and HPA axis components (Crh, Crhr1, Pomc, and Mc2r) via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. At PND5, LPS induced greater increases in steroid levels in lymphoid organs than in blood. In contrast, at PND90, LPS induced greater increases in steroid levels in blood than in lymphoid organs. Steroidogenic enzyme transcripts were present in all lymphoid organs, and LPS altered steroidogenic enzyme expression predominantly in the spleen. Lastly, we detected transcripts of key HPA axis components in all lymphoid organs, and there was an effect of LPS in the spleen. Taken together, these data suggest that LPS regulates GC production by lymphoid organs, similar to its effects on the adrenal glands, and the effects of LPS might be mediated by local expression of CRH and ACTH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melody Salehzadeh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jordan E Hamden
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Michael X Li
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Hitasha Bajaj
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Ruolan S Wu
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taves MD, Ashwell JD. Glucocorticoids in T cell development, differentiation and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:233-243. [PMID: 33149283 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are small lipid hormones produced by the adrenals that maintain organismal homeostasis. Circadian and stress-induced changes in systemic GC levels regulate metabolism, cardiovascular and neural function, reproduction and immune activity. Our understanding of GC effects on immunity comes largely from administration of exogenous GCs to treat immune or inflammatory disorders. However, it is increasingly clear that endogenous GCs both promote and suppress T cell immunity. Examples include selecting an appropriate repertoire of T cell receptor (TCR) self-affinities in the thymus, regulating T cell trafficking between anatomical compartments, suppressing type 1 T helper (TH1) cell responses while permitting TH2 cell and, especially, IL-17-producing T helper cell responses, and promoting memory T cell differentiation and maintenance. Furthermore, in addition to functioning at a distance, extra-adrenal (local) production allows GCs to act as paracrine signals, specifically targeting activated T cells in various contexts in the thymus, mucosa and tumours. These pleiotropic effects on different T cell populations during development and immune responses provide a nuanced understanding of how GCs shape immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taves
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ieko T, Sasaki H, Maeda N, Fujiki J, Iwano H, Yokota H. Analysis of Corticosterone and Testosterone Synthesis in Rat Salivary Gland Homogenates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:479. [PMID: 31379745 PMCID: PMC6650613 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra-adrenal steroid hormone production has been reported in several tissues, the biological role of which is interesting in terms of hormonal regulation of metabolism, growth, and behavior. In this report, we describe for the first time steroidogenesis in rat salivary glands. Enzyme activities associated with corticosterone and testosterone production were detected in rat salivary glands by LC-MS analysis. In tissue homogenates of rat salivary glands, progesterone was produced enzymatically in vitro from pregnenolone in the presence of NADPH and NADH. Deoxycorticosterone was produced from progesterone, corticosterone from deoxycorticosterone, and testosterone from androstenedione (but not pregnenolone from cholesterol) via enzymatic reactions using the same tissue homogenates. Immunoblotting analysis indicated the expression of 11β-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 11β1; CYP11β1), which mediated the production of corticosterone from deoxycorticosterone. However, CYP family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1)-mediated production of pregnenolone from cholesterol was not detected in the salivary glands by immunoblotting using a specific antibody. These results indicate that corticosterone and testosterone are produced from pregnenolone in rat salivary glands. The initial substrate in salivary steroidogenesis and the roles of salivary corticosterone and testosterone are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ieko
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hirokuni Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Maeda
- Laboratory of Meat Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Jumpei Fujiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Yokota
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ergang P, Mikulecká A, Vodicˇka M, Vagnerová K, Mikšík I, Pácha J. Social defeat stimulates local glucocorticoid regeneration in lymphoid organs. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:1389-1396. [PMID: 30400029 PMCID: PMC6280584 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stress is an important risk factors for human diseases. It activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and increases plasma glucocorticoids, which are powerful regulators of immune system. The response of the target cells to glucocorticoids depends not only on the plasma concentrations of cortisol and corticosterone but also on their local metabolism. This metabolism is catalyzed by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases type 1 and 2, which interconvert glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone and their 11-oxo metabolites cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. The goal of this study was to determine whether stress modulates glucocorticoid metabolism within lymphoid organs - the structures where immune cells undergo development and activation. Using the resident-intruder paradigm, we studied the effect of social stress on glucocorticoid metabolism in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of Fisher 344 (F344) and Lewis (LEW) rats, which exhibit marked differences in their HPA axis response to social stressors and inflammation. We show that repeated social defeat increased the regeneration of corticosterone from 11-dehydrocorticosterone in the thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymphatic nodes (MLN). Compared with the F344 strain, LEW rats showed higher corticosterone regeneration in splenocytes of unstressed rats and in thymic and MLN mobile cells after stress but corticosterone regeneration in the stroma of all lymphoid organs was similar in both strains. Inactivation of corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone was found only in the stroma of lymphoid organs but not in mobile lymphoid cells and was not upregulated by stress. Together, our findings demonstrate the tissue- and strain-dependent regeneration of glucocorticoids following social stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mikulecká
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vodicˇka
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Mikšík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jirˇí Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Pácha:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mittelstadt PR, Taves MD, Ashwell JD. Cutting Edge: De Novo Glucocorticoid Synthesis by Thymic Epithelial Cells Regulates Antigen-Specific Thymocyte Selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1988-1994. [PMID: 29440508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) signaling in thymocytes counters negative selection and promotes the generation of a self-tolerant yet Ag-responsive T cell repertoire. Whereas circulating GC are derived from the adrenals, GC are also synthesized de novo in the thymus. The significance of this local production is unknown. In this study we deleted 11β-hydroxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of GC biosynthesis, in thymic epithelial cells (TEC) or thymocytes. Like GC receptor-deficient T cells, T cells from mice lacking TEC-derived but not thymocyte-derived GC proliferated poorly to alloantigen, had a reduced antiviral response, and exhibited enhanced negative selection. Strikingly, basal expression of GC-responsive genes in thymocytes from mice lacking TEC-derived GC was reduced to the same degree as in GC receptor-deficient thymocytes, indicating that at steady-state the majority of biologically active GC are paracrine in origin. These findings demonstrate the importance of extra-adrenal GC even in the presence of circulating adrenal-derived GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Mittelstadt
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew D Taves
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jonathan D Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pérez AR, Morrot A, Carvalho VF, de Meis J, Savino W. Role of Hormonal Circuitry Upon T Cell Development in Chagas Disease: Possible Implications on T Cell Dysfunctions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:334. [PMID: 29963015 PMCID: PMC6010535 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell response plays an essential role in the host resistance to infection by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. This infection is often associated with multiple manifestations of T cell dysfunction, both during the acute and the chronic phases of disease. Additionally, the normal development of T cells is affected. As seen in animal models of Chagas disease, there is a strong thymic atrophy due to massive death of CD4+CD8+ double-positive cells by apoptosis and an abnormal escape of immature and potentially autoreactive thymocytes from the organ. Furthermore, an increase in the release of corticosterone triggered by T. cruzi-driven systemic inflammation is strongly associated with the alterations seen in the thymus of infected animals. Moreover, changes in the levels of other hormones, including growth hormone, prolactin, and testosterone are also able to contribute to the disruption of thymic homeostasis secondary to T. cruzi infection. In this review, we discuss the role of hormonal circuits involved in the normal T cell development and trafficking, as well as their role on the thymic alterations likely related to the peripheral T cell disturbances largely reported in both chagasic patients and animal models of Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rosa Pérez
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology (IDICER-CONICET UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Ana Rosa Pérez, ,
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Faculty of Medicine, Tuberculosis Research Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Frias Carvalho
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dantzer R. Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:477-504. [PMID: 29351513 PMCID: PMC5866360 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rocamora-Reverte L, Reichardt HM, Villunger A, Wiegers GJ. T-cell autonomous death induced by regeneration of inert glucocorticoid metabolites. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2948. [PMID: 28726773 PMCID: PMC5550885 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are essential regulators of T-cell development and function. Activation of the immune system increases systemic adrenal-derived GC levels which downregulate immune activity as part of a negative feedback control system. Increasing evidence shows, however, that GC can also be derived from extra-adrenal sources such as the thymus or intestine, thus providing local control of GC-mediated effects. The thymus reportedly produces GC, but whether thymic epithelial cells or thymocytes produce GC acting either in an autocrine or paracrine fashion is not clear. We studied the expression of two main enzymes involved in de novo GC synthesis, CYP11A1 and CYP11B1, as well as the expression and activity of HSD11B1, an enzyme catalyzing interconversion of inert GC metabolites with active GC. While we found no evidence of de novo GC synthesis in both thymocytes and peripheral T cells, abundant regeneration of GC from the inactive metabolite 11-dehydrocorticosterone was detectable. Irrespective of their maturation stage, T cells that produced GC in this manner undergo autonomous cell death as this was blocked when glucocorticoid receptor-deficient T cells were treated with GC metabolites. These results indicate that both immature and mature T cells possess the capacity to undergo apoptosis in response to intrinsically generated GC. Consequently, positive selection of thymocytes, as well as survival of peripheral T cells may depend on TCR-induced escape of otherwise HSD11B1-driven autonomous T-cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Biocenter, Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - GJan Wiegers
- Biocenter, Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu K, Zhao M, Ma C, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhou L, Zhao J, Gao L, Wang D. Thyrotropin Alters T Cell Development in the Thymus in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Mouse Model. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:35-42. [PMID: 27864993 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is highly prevalent in the general population and is associated with potential deleterious effects. Although developing T cells express thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R), the changes of T cell development in thymus in SCH have not been fully clarified. SCH mouse model, which is characterized by elevated serum TSH but similar thyroid hormone levels, was used to study the role of TSH in T cell development. Thymus weight of SCH mice increased 18% compared with controls. Importantly, the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive (SP) thymocytes increased 38% and 44%, respectively. We demonstrated that TSH protected thymocytes from apoptosis as evidenced by a significant decrease of Annexin V-positive thymocytes in SCH mice. Further analysis showed that extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 in thymus were activated in SCH mice. With analysis of T cell receptor excision circles (TREC), we found that TSH increased recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in spleen tissue in SCH mice. Thus, these results suggest that TSH promoted T cell development and enhanced the thymic recent output in SCH mice, possibly by suppression of apoptosis of thymocytes, indicating that modification of the ERK signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - M Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - C Ma
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - D Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Taves MD, Hamden JE, Soma KK. Local glucocorticoid production in lymphoid organs of mice and birds: Functions in lymphocyte development. Horm Behav 2017; 88:4-14. [PMID: 27818220 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating glucocorticoids (GCs) are powerful regulators of immunity. Stress-induced GC secretion by the adrenal glands initially enhances and later suppresses the immune response. GC targets include lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system, which are well known for their sensitivity to GCs. Less appreciated, however, is that GCs are locally produced in lymphoid organs, such as the thymus, where GCs play a critical role in selection of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire. Here, we review the roles of systemic and locally-produced GCs in T lymphocyte development, which has been studied primarily in laboratory mice. By antagonizing TCR signaling in developing T cells, thymus-derived GCs promote selection of T cells with stronger TCR signaling. This results in increased T cell-mediated immune responses to a range of antigens. We then compare local and systemic GC patterns in mice to those in several bird species. Taken together, these studies suggest that a combination of adrenal and lymphoid GC production might function to adaptively regulate lymphocyte development and selection, and thus antigen-specific immune reactivity, to optimize survival under different environmental conditions. Future studies should examine how lymphoid GC patterns vary across other vertebrates, how GCs function in B lymphocyte development in the bone marrow, spleen, and the avian bursa of Fabricius, and whether GCs adaptively program immunity in free-living animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taves
- Dept of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Dept of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Jordan E Hamden
- Dept of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Dept of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Dept of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Dept of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Taves MD, Plumb AW, Korol AM, Van Der Gugten JG, Holmes DT, Abraham N, Soma KK. Lymphoid organs of neonatal and adult mice preferentially produce active glucocorticoids from metabolites, not precursors. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:271-281. [PMID: 27165988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are circulating adrenal steroid hormones that coordinate physiology, especially the counter-regulatory response to stressors. While systemic GCs are often considered immunosuppressive, GCs in the thymus play a critical role in antigen-specific immunity by ensuring the selection of competent T cells. Elevated thymus-specific GC levels are thought to occur by local synthesis, but the mechanism of such tissue-specific GC production remains unknown. Here, we found metyrapone-blockable GC production in neonatal and adult bone marrow, spleen, and thymus of C57BL/6 mice. This production was primarily via regeneration of adrenal metabolites, rather than de novo synthesis from cholesterol, as we found high levels of gene expression and activity of the GC-regenerating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), but not the GC-synthetic enzyme CYP11B1. Furthermore, incubation with physiological concentrations of GC metabolites (11-dehydrocorticosterone, prednisone) induced 11β-HSD1- and GC receptor-dependent apoptosis (caspase activation) in both T and B cells, showing the functional relevance of local GC regeneration in lymphocyte GC signaling. Local GC production in bone marrow and spleen raises the possibility that GCs play a key role in B cell selection similar to their role in T cell selection. Our results also indicate that local GC production may amplify changes in adrenal GC signaling, rather than buffering against such changes, in the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taves
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Adam W Plumb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Anastasia M Korol
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | | | - Daniel T Holmes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Almanzar G, Mayerl C, Seitz JC, Höfner K, Brunner A, Wild V, Jahn D, Geier A, Fassnacht M, Prelog M. Expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 2 in human thymus. Steroids 2016; 110:35-40. [PMID: 27025972 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) is a high affinity dehydrogenase which rapidly inactivates physiologically-active glucocorticoids to protect key tissues. 11β-HSD2 expression has been described in peripheral cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system as well as in murine thymus. In absence of knowledge of 11β-HSD2 expression in human thymus, the study aimed to localize 11β-HSD2 in human thymic tissue. Thymic tissue was taken of six healthy, non-immunologically impaired male infants below 12months of age with congenital heart defects who had to undergo correction surgery. 11β-HSD2 protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Kidney tissue, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were taken as positive controls. Significant expression of 11β-HSD2 protein was found at single cell level in thymus parenchyma, at perivascular sites of capillaries and small vessels penetrating the thymus lobuli and within Hassall's bodies. The present study demonstrates that 11β-HSD2 is expressed in human thymus with predominant perivascular expression and also within Hassall's bodies. To our knowledge, this is the first report confirming 11β-HSD2 expression at the protein level in human thymic tissue underlining a potential role of this enzyme in regulating glucocorticoid function at the thymic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Almanzar
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Mayerl
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan-Christoph Seitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Höfner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Brunner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Muellerstr. 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vanessa Wild
- Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jahn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Prelog
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Savino W, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Lepletier A, Dardenne M. Hormonal control of T-cell development in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:77-89. [PMID: 26437623 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The physiology of the thymus, the primary lymphoid organ in which T cells are generated, is controlled by hormones. Data from animal models indicate that several peptide and nonpeptide hormones act pleiotropically within the thymus to modulate the proliferation, differentiation, migration and death by apoptosis of developing thymocytes. For example, growth hormone and prolactin can enhance thymocyte proliferation and migration, whereas glucocorticoids lead to the apoptosis of these developing cells. The thymus undergoes progressive age-dependent atrophy with a loss of cells being generated and exported, therefore, hormone-based therapies are being developed as an alternative strategy to rejuvenate the organ, as well as to augment thymocyte proliferation and the export of mature T cells to peripheral lymphoid organs. Some hormones (such as growth hormone and progonadoliberin-1) are also being used as therapeutic agents to treat immunodeficiency disorders associated with thymic atrophy, such as HIV infection. In this Review, we discuss the accumulating data that shows the thymus gland is under complex and multifaceted hormonal control that affects the process of T-cell development in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Savino
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenue Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenue Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenue Brasil 4365, 21045-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mireille Dardenne
- Hôpital Necker, CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Talaber G, Jondal M, Okret S. Local glucocorticoid production in the thymus. Steroids 2015; 103:58-63. [PMID: 26102271 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Besides generating immunocompetent T lymphocytes, the thymus is an established site of de novo extra-adrenal glucocorticoid (GC) production. Among the compartments of the thymus, both stromal thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and thymocytes secrete biologically active GCs. Locally produced GCs secreted by the various thymic cellular compartments have been suggested to have different impact on thymic homeostasis. TEC-derived GCs may regulate thymocyte differentiation whereas thymocyte-derived GCs might regulate age-dependent involution. However the full biological significance of thymic-derived GCs is still not fully understood. In this review, we summarize and describe recent advances in the understanding of local GC production in the thymus and immunoregulatory steroid production by peripheral T cells and highlight the possible role of local GCs for thymus function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Talaber
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Jondal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sam Okret
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Taves MD, Plumb AW, Sandkam BA, Ma C, Van Der Gugten JG, Holmes DT, Close DA, Abraham N, Soma KK. Steroid profiling reveals widespread local regulation of glucocorticoid levels during mouse development. Endocrinology 2015; 156:511-22. [PMID: 25406014 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are produced by the adrenal glands and circulate in the blood to coordinate organismal physiology. In addition, different tissues may independently regulate their local GC levels via local GC synthesis. Here, we find that in the mouse, endogenous GCs show tissue-specific developmental patterns, rather than mirroring GCs in the blood. Using solid-phase extraction, HPLC, and specific immunoassays, we quantified endogenous steroids and found that in tissues of female and male mice, (1) local GC levels can be much higher than systemic GC levels, (2) local GCs follow age-related patterns different from those of systemic GCs, and (3) local GCs have identities different from those of systemic GCs. For example, whereas corticosterone is the predominant circulating adrenal GC in mice, high concentrations of cortisol were measured in neonatal thymus, bone marrow, and heart. The presence of cortisol was confirmed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes was detected across multiple tissues, consistent with local GC production. Our results demonstrate that local GCs can differ from GCs in circulating blood. This finding suggests that steroids are widely used as local (paracrine or autocrine) signals, in addition to their classic role as systemic (endocrine) signals. Local GC regulation may even be the norm, rather than the exception, especially during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taves
- Departments of Psychology (M.D.T., C.M., K.K.S.), Zoology (M.D.T., D.A.C., N.A., K.K.S.), Microbiology and Immunology (A.W.P., N.A.), and Fisheries (D.A.C.) and Brain Research Centre (K.K.S.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences (B.A.S.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.G.V.D.G., D.T.H.), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee JH, Patel K, Tae HJ, Lustig A, Kim JW, Mattson MP, Taub DD. Ghrelin augments murine T-cell proliferation by activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase C signaling pathways. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4708-19. [PMID: 25447526 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymic atrophy occurs during normal aging, and is accelerated by exposure to chronic stressors that elevate glucocorticoid levels and impair the naïve T cell output. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin was recently shown to attenuate age-associated thymic atrophy. Here, we report that ghrelin enhances the proliferation of murine CD4+ primary T cells and a CD4+ T-cell line. Ghrelin induced activation of the ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways, via upstream activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and protein kinase C, to enhance T-cell proliferation. Moreover, ghrelin induced expression of the cell cycle proteins cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and retinoblastoma phosphorylation. Finally, ghrelin activated the above-mentioned signaling pathways and stimulated thymocyte proliferation in young and older mice in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kalpesh Patel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Hyun Jin Tae
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Ana Lustig
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Jie Wan Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Dennis D Taub
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Center of Translational Studies, Medical Services, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yakimchuk K, Chen L, Hasni MS, Okret S, Jondal M. The selective impact of transgenically expressed glucocorticoid receptor on T cells. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:117-24. [PMID: 25401790 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.959164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) strongly impact on different T cell subsets inducing generally immunosuppressive effects, whereas much less is known about the effect of GC on natural killer (NK) cells. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of GC on T cell functions, including T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response, and on NK cells. We have used lck-GR mice, which overexpress a transgenic rat GR in both T and NK cells. These mice were found to have decreased both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations in the periphery. In contrast, both NK and NKT cells were found in normal numbers in lck-GR mice. To identify genes and pathways affected by GR overexpression in our system in T cells, we have compared gene expression profiles in wild-type and lck-GR T cells. Among the genes upregulated in T cells from lck-GR mice, the microarray analysis has identified genes regulating expansion of regulatory T cells. The analysis of genes downregulated in lck-GR mice has identified genes and gene associated with the regulation of immune response. With regard to the effects on T cell functions in lck-GR mice, transgenic expression of GR had a suppressive effect on killer cell activity in vitro. In addition, lck-GR mice showed an increased tumor growth in murine tumor model in vivo, which may be a possible consequence of reduced T cell numbers and activity. We conclude that an increased expression of the GR strongly affects numbers and possibly functions of T cell subsets, but has little effect on NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Yakimchuk
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Instutet , Novum, Huddinge , Sweden and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Most lymphomas show an increased incidence and poorer prognosis in males vs females, suggesting endocrine regulation. We have previously shown that tumor growth in vivo of a murine T-cell-derived lymphoma is repressed following activation of estrogen receptor β (ERβ, ESR2). By using ERβ-deficient mice, we now demonstrate that this inhibition is mediated via a direct effect on the tumor cells and not on the microenvironment. Furthermore, we show that the growth-suppressing effects of ERβ agonist are also valid for human B-cell lymphomas as demonstrated in tumors derived from Granta-519 mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and Raji Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells. In Granta-519 MCL tumors, activation of ERβ reduced expression of BAFF and GRB7, 2 important molecules involved in B-cell proliferation and survival. Importantly, activation of ERβ inhibited angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, possibly mediated by impaired vascular endothelial growth factor C expression. Furthermore, using disseminating Raji BL cells, we show that ERβ activation reduces dissemination of grafted Raji BL tumors. We also show by immunohistochemistry that ERβ is expressed in primary MCL tissue. These results suggest that targeting ERβ with agonists may be valuable in the treatment of some lymphomas, affecting several aspects of the malignant process, including proliferation, vascularization, and dissemination.
Collapse
|
22
|
Rezzani R, Nardo L, Favero G, Peroni M, Rodella LF. Thymus and aging: morphological, radiological, and functional overview. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:313-51. [PMID: 23877171 PMCID: PMC3889907 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a continuous process that induces many alterations in the cytoarchitecture of different organs and systems both in humans and animals. Moreover, it is associated with increased susceptibility to infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic processes. The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the production of immunocompetent T cells and, with aging, it atrophies and declines in functions. Universality of thymic involution in all species possessing thymus, including human, indicates it as a long-standing evolutionary event. Although it is accepted that many factors contribute to age-associated thymic involution, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the process. The exact time point of the initiation is not well defined. To address the issue, we report the exact age of thymus throughout the review so that readers can have a nicely pictured synoptic view of the process. Focusing our attention on the different stages of the development of the thymus gland (natal, postnatal, adult, and old), we describe chronologically the morphological changes of the gland. We report that the thymic morphology and cell types are evolutionarily preserved in several vertebrate species. This finding is important in understanding the similar problems caused by senescence and other diseases. Another point that we considered very important is to indicate the assessment of the thymus through radiological images to highlight its variability in shape, size, and anatomical conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li H, Zhao J, Chen M, Tan Y, Yang X, Caudle Y, Yin D. Toll-like receptor 9 is required for chronic stress-induced immune suppression. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:1-7. [PMID: 24080854 PMCID: PMC3896995 DOI: 10.1159/000354610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mental and physical stress can suppress the immune system in both humans and animals. The mechanism by which stress affects immune responses, however, remains poorly defined. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in modulating immune responses and cell survival. The mechanisms by which TLRs modulate chronic stress are largely unexplored. METHODS Six- to 8-week-old male mice were subjected to chronic 12-hour daily physical restraint stress. Apoptotic cells were determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. We examined cytokine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The expression of CYP11A1 was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS TLR9-deficient mice were resistant to chronic stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. In addition, in TLR9 knockout (KO) mice, chronic stress-induced upregulation of corticosterone levels was significantly decreased. Notably, lymphocytes from both TLR9 KO and wild-type mice were similarly sensitive to corticosteroid-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, TLR9 deficiency blocked the chronic stress-induced imbalance in T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokine levels. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings reveal that TLR9 plays an essential role in chronic stress-induced immune suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yang Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Corresponding author: Deling Yin, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America, Phone: 423 439 8826 (o),
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Talabér G, Jondal M, Okret S. Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis: immune regulation and aspects on local organ homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:89-98. [PMID: 23707789 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic glucocorticoids (GCs) mainly originate from de novo synthesis in the adrenal cortex under the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis. However, research during the last 1-2 decades has revealed that additional organs express the necessary enzymes and have the capacity for de novo synthesis of biologically active GCs. This includes the thymus, intestine, skin and the brain. Recent research has also revealed that locally synthesized GCs most likely act in a paracrine or autocrine manner and have significant physiological roles in local homeostasis, cell development and immune cell activation. In this review, we summarize the nature, regulation and known physiological roles of extra-adrenal GC synthesis. We specifically focus on the thymus in which GC production (by both developing thymocytes and epithelial cells) has a role in the maintenance of proper immunological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Talabér
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kowalik A, Kiernozek E, Kulinczak M, Brodaczewska K, Kozlowska E, Gieczewska K, Riccardi C, Drela N. Dexamethasone-FITC staining application for measurement of circadian rhythmicity of glucocorticoid receptor expression in mouse living thymocyte subsets. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 261:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
26
|
Lepletier A, de Frias Carvalho V, Morrot A, Savino W. Thymic atrophy in acute experimental Chagas disease is associated with an imbalance of stress hormones. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1262:45-50. [PMID: 22823434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disorders in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are associated with the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. During the acute phase of this disease, increased levels of circulating glucocorticoids (GCs) correlate with thymic atrophy. Recently, we demonstrated that this phenomenon is paralleled by a decrease of prolactin (PRL) secretion, another stress hormone that seems to counteract many immunosuppressive effects of GCs. Both GCs and PRL are intrathymically produced and exhibit mutual antagonism through the activation of their respective receptors, GR, and PRLR. Considering that GCs induce apoptosis and inhibit double-positive (DP) thymocyte proliferation and that PRL administration prevents these effects, it seems plausible that a local imbalance of GR-PRLR crosstalk underlies the thymic involution occurring in acute T. cruzi infection. In this respect, preserving PRLR signaling seems to be crucial for protecting DP from GC-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Lepletier
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
End-point effector stress mediators in neuroimmune interactions: their role in immune system homeostasis and autoimmune pathology. Immunol Res 2012; 52:64-80. [PMID: 22396175 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence has identified a direct anatomical and functional link between the brain and the immune system, with glucocorticoids (GCs), catecholamines (CAs), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) as its end-point mediators. This suggests the important role of these mediators in immune system homeostasis and the pathogenesis of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. However, although it is clear that these mediators can modulate lymphocyte maturation and the activity of distinct immune cell types, their putative role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease is not yet completely understood. We have contributed to this field by discovering the influence of CAs and GCs on fine-tuning thymocyte negative selection and, in particular, by pointing to the putative CA-mediated mechanisms underlying this influence. Furthermore, we have shown that CAs are implicated in the regulation of regulatory T-cell development in the thymus. Moreover, our investigations related to macrophage biology emphasize the complex interaction between GCs, CAs and NPY in the modulation of macrophage functions and their putative significance for the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Pilipović I, Radojević K, Perišić M, Leposavić G. Glucocorticoid-catecholamine interplay within the composite thymopoietic regulatory network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1261:34-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
29
|
Taves MD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Soma KK. Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E11-24. [PMID: 21540450 PMCID: PMC3275156 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are steroid hormones classically thought to be secreted exclusively by the adrenal glands. However, recent evidence has shown that corticosteroids can also be locally synthesized in various other tissues, including primary lymphoid organs, intestine, skin, brain, and possibly heart. Evidence for local synthesis includes detection of steroidogenic enzymes and high local corticosteroid levels, even after adrenalectomy. Local synthesis creates high corticosteroid concentrations in extra-adrenal organs, sometimes much higher than circulating concentrations. Interestingly, local corticosteroid synthesis can be regulated via locally expressed mediators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In some tissues (e.g., skin), these local control pathways might form miniature analogs of the pathways that regulate adrenal corticosteroid production. Locally synthesized glucocorticoids regulate activation of immune cells, while locally synthesized mineralocorticoids regulate blood volume and pressure. The physiological importance of extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids has been shown, because inhibition of local synthesis has major effects even in adrenal-intact subjects. In sum, while adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids into the blood coordinates multiple organ systems, local synthesis of corticosteroids results in high spatial specificity of steroid action. Taken together, studies of these five major organ systems challenge the conventional understanding of corticosteroid biosynthesis and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taves
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Talaber G, Kvell K, Varecza Z, Boldizsar F, Parnell SM, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G, Berki T, Pongracz JE. Wnt-4 protects thymic epithelial cells against dexamethasone-induced senescence. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:241-8. [PMID: 21453014 PMCID: PMC3136744 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used immunosuppressive drugs in treatment of autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies. Glucocorticoids are particularly effective immune suppressants, because they induce rapid peripheral T cell and thymocyte apoptosis resulting in impaired T cell-dependent immune responses. Although glucocorticoids can induce apoptotic cell death directly in developing thymocytes, how exogenous glucocorticoids affect the thymic epithelial network that provides the microenvironment for T cell development is still largely unknown. In the present work, we show that primary thymic epithelial cells (TECs) express glucocorticoid receptors and that high-dosage dexamethasone induces degeneration of the thymic epithelium within 24 h of treatment. Changes in organ morphology are accompanied by a decrease in the TEC transcription factor FoxN1 and its regulator Wnt-4 parallel with upregulation of lamina-associated polypeptide 2α and peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ, two characteristic molecular markers for adipose thymic involution. Overexpression of Wnt-4, however, can prevent upregulation of adipose differentiation-related aging markers, suggesting an important role of Wnt-4 in thymic senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Talaber
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varecza
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Boldizsar
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J. Jenkinson
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit E. Pongracz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen Y, Qiao S, Tuckermann J, Okret S, Jondal M. Thymus‐derived glucocorticoids mediate androgen effects on thymocyte homeostasis. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.168724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen Chen
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Microbiology Tumor, and Cell BiologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Shengjun Qiao
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Microbiology Tumor, and Cell BiologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Leibnitz Institute for Age Research‐Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Jena Germany
| | - Sam Okret
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mikael Jondal
- Department of Microbiology Tumor, and Cell BiologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wiegers GJ, Kaufmann M, Tischner D, Villunger A. Shaping the T‐cell repertoire: a matter of life and death. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:33-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Jan Wiegers
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Manuel Kaufmann
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Denise Tischner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen Y, Qiao S, Tuckermann J, Okret S, Jondal M. Thymus-derived glucocorticoids mediate androgen effects on thymocyte homeostasis. FASEB J 2010; 24:5043-51. [PMID: 20798244 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-168724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Androgens contribute to the involution process of the aging thymus gland. However, molecular mechanisms behind this effect remain largely unknown. We have investigated the influence of testosterone on the ectopic synthesis of glucocorticoids (GCs) in thymocytes, an activity recently shown by us to be important for the homeostatic regulation of these cells. Castration, which leads to a strong increase in thymus tissue and function, was associated with a reduced GC release from thymocytes caused by down-regulated expression of several enzymes involved in GC synthesis, without affecting GC synthesis in the adrenals. Testosterone treatment of castrated male mice reversed these effects, also without affecting adrenal GC synthesis. The effects of testosterone in castrated mice on thymocyte homeostasis and GC release were strongly reduced in mice pretreated with the CYP11B1 enzyme inhibitor metyrapone, acting on the last step in the corticosterone synthesis. The androgen-induced thymic involution was dependent on GC action, because this was completely absent in mice lacking GC receptor (GR) expression specifically in thymocytes. We provide here an unrecognized mechanism how androgens contribute to thymic involution by stimulating local synthesis and release of GCs in the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen Chen
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Boldizsar F, Talaber G, Szabo M, Bartis D, Palinkas L, Nemeth P, Berki T. Emerging pathways of non-genomic glucocorticoid (GC) signalling in T cells. Immunobiology 2009; 215:521-6. [PMID: 19906460 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade new glucocorticoid (GC)-signalling mechanisms have emerged. The evolving field of non-genomic GC actions was precipitated from two major directions: (i) some rapid/acute clinical GC applications could not be explained based on the relatively slowly appearing genomic GC action and (ii) accumulating evidence came to light about the discrepancy in the apoptosis sensitivity and GR expression of thymocytes and other lymphoid cell types. Herein, we attempt to sample the latest information in the field of non-genomic GC signalling in T cells, and correlate it with results from our laboratory. We discuss some aspects of the regulation of thymocyte apoptosis by GCs, paying special interest to the potential role(s) of mitochondrial GR signalling. The interplay between the T cell receptor (TcR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling pathways is described in more detail, focusing on ZAP-70, which is a novel target of rapid GC action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Boldizsar
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Talabér G, Boldizsár F, Bartis D, Pálinkás L, Szabó M, Berta G, Sétáló G, Németh P, Berki T. Mitochondrial translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor in double-positive thymocytes correlates with their sensitivity to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Int Immunol 2009; 21:1269-76. [PMID: 19737783 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling plays an important role in the selection and apoptosis of thymocytes. Besides nuclear translocation, mitochondrial translocation of the ligand-bound GR in lymphoid cells was also shown, which might determine glucocorticoid (GC)-induced apoptosis sensitivity. In the present work, we followed the ligand-induced GR trafficking in CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Using confocal microscopy, we found that upon short-term in vitro GC analog [dexamethasone (DX)] treatment, the GR translocates into the mitochondria but not into the nucleus in DP cells. We also analyzed the GR redistribution in cytosolic, nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of unseparated thymocytes by western blot and confirmed that in DX-treated cells a significant fraction of the GR translocates into the mitochondria. DX reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of DP cells within 30 min, measured by flow cytometry, which refers to a direct modulatory activity of mitochondrial GR translocation. The abundant mitochondrial GR found in DP cells well correlates with their high GC-induced apoptosis sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Talabér
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut. 12, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Qiao S, Okret S, Jondal M. Thymocyte-synthesized glucocorticoids play a role in thymocyte homeostasis and are down-regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4163-9. [PMID: 19406942 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymocytes from adult mice synthesize glucocorticoids (GCs), and some data indicate a role for this hormone production in thymic homeostasis. Here we present further support for this view by showing that the dramatic increase in thymocyte number seen after adrenalectomy (ADX) does not correlate with the decrease in systemic GCs but rather with an ACTH-mediated down-regulation of GC synthesis in thymocytes. High ACTH concentrations caused by ADX in wild-type mice down-regulated CYP11B1 mRNA expression, encoding the last enzyme required for corticosterone synthesis and as a consequence reduced GC synthesis in thymocytes. This was not seen in IL-1beta/IL-18 double-knockout mice unable to respond to ADX with high ACTH levels. However, if ADX IL-1beta/IL-18 double-knockout mice were treated with ACTH, this led to a down-regulation of CYP11B1 and GC synthesis in thymocytes. In addition, in vivo treatment of mice with the CYP11B1 antagonist metyrapone, without affecting the systemic corticosterone level, increased thymocyte numbers and in vitro treatment of isolated thymocytes prevented thymocyte loss. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that both ACTH and its receptor-induced second-messenger molecule cAMP down-regulated mRNA expression of critical enzymes in GC steroidogenesis and GC synthesis in thymocytes. We conclude that thymocyte-produced GCs are important for the homeostasis of adult mouse thymocytes and that high ACTH level, in contrast to stimulating GC synthesis in the adrenal glands, has the opposite effect in thymocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wong CP, Song Y, Elias VD, Magnusson KR, Ho E. Zinc supplementation increases zinc status and thymopoiesis in aged mice. J Nutr 2009; 139:1393-7. [PMID: 19474155 PMCID: PMC2696991 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.106021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related decline in lymphocyte development and function coincides with impaired zinc status in the elderly. Thymic involution and reduced immune responsiveness are classic hallmarks of both aging and zinc deficiency, resulting in decreased host defense and an increased susceptibility to infections. Thus, compromised zinc status associated with aging may be an important contributing factor in reduced thymopoiesis and impaired immune functions. Our goal in this study was to understand how dietary zinc supplementation affects thymopoiesis in aged mice. We hypothesized that impaired zinc status associated with aging would mediate the decline in thymic function and output and that restoring plasma zinc concentrations via zinc supplementation would improve thymopoiesis and thymic functions. In this study, groups of young (8 wk) and aged (22 mo) mice were fed a zinc-adequate (30 mg/kg zinc) or zinc-supplemented diet (300 mg/kg) for 25 d. Aged mice had impaired zinc status, with zinc supplementation restoring plasma zinc to a concentration not different from those of young male C57Bl/6 mice. Zinc supplementation in aged mice improved thymopoiesis, as assessed by increased total thymocyte numbers. In addition, improved thymic output was mediated in part by reducing the age-related accumulation of immature CD4(-)CD8(-)CD44(+)CD25(-) thymocytes, as well as by decreasing the expression of stem cell factor, a thymosuppressive cytokine. Taken together, our results showed that in mice, zinc supplementation can reverse some age-related thymic defects and may be of considerable benefit in improving immune function and overall health in elderly populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen P. Wong
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Valerie D. Elias
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Kathy R. Magnusson
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Emily Ho
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schmidt KL, Chin EH, Shah AH, Soma KK. Cortisol and corticosterone in immune organs and brain of European starlings: developmental changes, effects of restraint stress, comparison with zebra finches. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R42-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90964.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are produced in the adrenal glands and also in extra-adrenal sites, including immune organs and brain. Here, we examined regulation of systemic GC levels in plasma and local GC levels in immune organs and brain during development. We conducted two studies and examined a total of 462 samples from 70 subjects. In study 1, we determined corticosterone and cortisol levels in the plasma, immune organs, and brain of wild European starlings on posthatch day 0 (P0) and P10 (at baseline and after 45 min of restraint). Baseline corticosterone and cortisol levels were low in the immune organs and brain at P0 and P10, providing little evidence for local GC synthesis in starlings. At P0, restraint had no significant effects on corticosterone or cortisol levels in the plasma or tissues; however, there was a trend for restraint to increase both corticosterone and cortisol in the immune organs. At P10, restraint increased corticosterone levels in the plasma and all tissues, but restraint increased cortisol levels in the plasma, thymus, and diencephalon only. In study 2, we directly compared GC levels in European starlings and zebra finches at P4. In zebra finches but not starlings, cortisol levels were higher in the immune organs than in plasma. This difference in immune GC levels might be due to evolutionary lineage, life history strategy, or experiential factors, such as parasite exposure. This is the first study to measure immune GC levels in wild animals and one of the first studies to measure local GC levels after restraint stress.
Collapse
|
40
|
Stojić-Vukanić Z, Rauski A, Kosec D, Radojević K, Pilipović I, Leposavić G. Dysregulation of T-cell development in adrenal glucocorticoid-deprived rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:1067-74. [PMID: 19546352 DOI: 10.3181/0902-rm-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of different experimental approaches have been used to elucidate the impact of basal levels of adrenal gland-derived glucocorticoids (GCs) on T cell development, and thereby T cell-mediated immune responses. However, the relevance of the adrenal GCs to T cell development is still far from clear. This study was undertaken to explore the relevance of basal levels of GCs to T cell differentiation/maturation. Eight days post-adrenalectomy in adult male rats the thymocyte yield, apoptotic and proliferative rate and the relationship amongst major thymocyte subsets, as defined by TCRalphabeta/CD4/CD8 expression, were examined using flow cytometry. Adrenal GC deprivation decreased thymocyte apoptosis and altered the kinetics of T cell differentiation/maturation. In the adrenalectomized rats there was increased thymic hypercellularity and an over-representation of the CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) TCRalphabeta(low) cells entering selection, as well as increased numbers of their DP TCRalphabeta(-) immediate precursors. These changes were accompanied with under-representation of the postselected DP TCRalphabeta(high) and the most mature CD4-CD8+ and, particularly, CD4+CD8- single positive (SP) TCRalphabeta(high) cells. This data suggests that withdrawal of adrenal GCs produces alterations in the thymocyte selection processes, possibly affecting the diversity of functional T cell repertoire and generation of potentially self-reactive cells as indicated by the reduced proportion and number of CD4-CD8- double negative TCRalphabeta(high) cells. In addition, it indicates that GCs influence the post-selection maturation of thymocytes and plays a regulatory role in controlling the ratio of mature CD4+CD8-/CD4-CD8+ SP TCRalphabeta(high) cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
D'Elia M, Patenaude J, Bernier J. Regulation of glucocorticoid sensitivity in thymocytes from burn-injured mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E97-104. [PMID: 19001548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90582.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are important steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, development, and the immune system. GC are produced continuously, and maximal levels are reached following stress-related stimuli. Previous studies have demonstrated that increased GC production following thermal injury was responsible for thymic involution. Although GC are mainly synthesized by the adrenal glands, there is increasing evidence that GC may also be produced in nonadrenal tissues. The thymus was reported to express steroidogenic enzymes and to release GC. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is predominantly a reductase in cells and is essential for the local reactivation of GC. Here, we report that increased GC-induced apoptosis in thymocytes from burn-injured mice is related to increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and 11beta-HSD1 expression in thymocytes at day 1 postburn injury. In vitro, thymocytes were able to convert 11-dehydrocorticosterone (DHC) to corticosterone (CORT), which induced their apoptosis, and this was pharmacologically inhibited by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, a specific 11beta-HSD inhibitor. Moreover, 11beta-HSD1 expression was confirmed in the 267S3 thymoma-derived cell line, and its activity was responsible for greater sensitivity of these cells to CORT-induced apoptosis. Finally, proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6] increased thymocyte sensitivity to DHC-induced apoptosis through a mechanism involving 11beta-HSD1. Overall, we have shown that burn injury induced 11beta-HSD1 expression in thymocytes, which led to a greater sensitivity of these cells to CORT-induced apoptosis. Increased expression of 11beta-HSD1 and GR may play a role in intrathymic T cell development and can be major determinants of GC sensitivity after a trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele D'Elia
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|