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Khan EA, Grønnestad R, Krøkje Å, Bartosov Z, Johanson SM, Müller MHB, Arukwe A. Alteration of hepato-lipidomic homeostasis in A/J mice fed an environmentally relevant PFAS mixture. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107838. [PMID: 36822005 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated liver lipid homeostasis and corresponding changes in transcript and functional product levels in A/J mice exposed to environmental relevant concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mixture. Mice were fed environmentally relevant concentrations of a PFAS mixture during a period of 10 weeks. The concentrations of the 8 individual PFAS in the mixture were chosen based on measured concentrations in earthworms at a Norwegian skiing area. Our data show high liver accumulation of ∑PFAS in exposed mice, which paralleled significant elevation in body weight and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of male mice. UPC2 -MS/MS analysis in both positive and negative mode, respectively, indicated significant differences between control and exposure groups in the liver of exposed mice. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the features revealed separation of control and exposure groups in both sexes. From the significantly differential 207 lipids, only 72 were identified and shown to belong to eight different lipid classes. PCA of fatty acids (FAs) profile showed a clear separation between control and PFAS exposure groups in both female and male mice, with differential abundant levels of 5 and 4 hydrolyzed FAs, respectively. Transcript and protein analysis of genes associated with lipid homeostasis (ppar-α and β, lxr-α and β, rxr, fasn and srebp) showed that PFAS exposure produced sex- and individual response related alterations. Glutathione reductase (Gr) activity showed exposure-related changes in both female and male mice, compared with controls. Overall, the present study has demonstrated changes in lipid metabolism after PFAS exposure, showing that PFAS accumulation in the liver resulted to hepatotoxic effects, potential interference with membrane lipid profile and homeostasis, and oxidative stress. Given the structural similarity with FAs, interaction between PFAS and nuclear receptors such as PPARs may have severe consequences for general health and physiology in exposed animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essa A Khan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Randi Grønnestad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zdenka Bartosov
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silje Modahl Johanson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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2
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Roy B, Basak R, Rai U. Impact of xenoestrogens on sex differentiation and reproduction in teleosts. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Badmus SO, Amusa HK, Oyehan TA, Saleh TA. Environmental risks and toxicity of surfactants: overview of analysis, assessment, and remediation techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62085-62104. [PMID: 34590224 PMCID: PMC8480275 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This work comprehensively reviewed the toxicity and risks of various surfactants and their degraded products in the environmental matrices, various analytical procedures, and remediation methods for these surfactants. The findings revealed that the elevated concentration of surfactants and their degraded products disrupt microbial dynamics and their important biogeochemical processes, hinder plant-surviving processes and their ecological niche, and retard the human organic and systemic functionalities. The enormous adverse effects of surfactants on health and the environment necessitate the need to develop, select, and advance the various analytical and assessment techniques to achieve effective identification and quantification of several surfactants in different environmental matrices. Considering the presence of surfactants in trace concentration and environmental matrices, excellent analysis can only be achieved with appropriate extraction, purification, and preconcentration. Despite these pre-treatment procedures, the chromatographic technique is the preferred analytical technique considering its advancement and shortcomings of other techniques. In the literature, the choice or selection of remediation techniques for surfactants depends largely on eco-friendliness, cost-implications, energy requirements, regeneration potential, and generated sludge composition and volume. Hence, the applications of foam fractionation, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, thermophilic aerobic membranes reactors, and advanced adsorbents are impressive in the clean-up of the surfactants in the environment. This article presents a compendium of knowledge on environmental toxicity and risks, analytical techniques, and remediation methods of surfactants as a guide for policymakers and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suaibu O Badmus
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein K Amusa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tajudeen A Oyehan
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tawfik A Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Zheng R, Fang C, Hong F, Kuang W, Lin C, Jiang Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Bo J. Developing and applying a classification system for ranking the biological effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on male rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus in the Maowei Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:111931. [PMID: 33418343 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in marine environments has become a major environmental concern. Nonetheless, the biological effects of EDCs on organisms in coastal environments remain poorly characterized. In this study, biomonitoring of EDCs in male fish Sebastiscus marmoratus was carried out in the Maowei Sea, China. The results showed that the concentration of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) was below the detection limit, the concentrations of 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in seawater were moderate compared with those in other global regions, and the possible sources are the municipal wastewater discharge. Nested ANOVA analyses suggest significant differences of the brain aromatase activities and plasma vitellogenin (VTG) expression between the port area and the oyster farming area. A new fish expert system (FES) was developed for evaluating the biological effects of EDCs on fish. Our findings show that the FES is a potential tool to evaluate the biological effects of marine pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- RongHui Zheng
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China
| | - FuKun Hong
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - WeiMing Kuang
- Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Monitoring Pre-Warning Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Cai Lin
- Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Monitoring Pre-Warning Technology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - YuLu Jiang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - JinCan Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - YuSheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
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5
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Shirdel I, Kalbassi MR, Esmaeilbeigi M, Tinoush B. Disruptive effects of nonylphenol on reproductive hormones, antioxidant enzymes, and histology of liver, kidney and gonads in Caspian trout smolts. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 232:108756. [PMID: 32229183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine-disrupting effect of pollutants such as alkylphenols has been considered a major concern during recent years. Although the effects of nonylphenol on the reproductive hormones of fish have been investigated in several studies, the effect of this endocrine disruptor on reproductive hormones of immature fish and salmonid smolts has been less addressed. The present work studied the effects of 1, 10 and 100 μg/l concentrations of nonylphenol on the levels of plasma reproductive hormones and liver antioxidant enzymes as well as on histopathology of reproductive and non-reproductive organs of male and female Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) smolts after 21 days of exposure. The results of the present study showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of nonylphenol affected plasma levels of sex steroids; gonadotropins, phosphorus, estradiol to testosterone ratio, and also caused histopathological lesions in liver, kidney and testis tissues of immature Caspian brown trout during smolting. Nonylphenol significantly increased the levels of estradiol in plasma of both male and female smolts exposed to nonylphenol compared with the control groups. Exposure to nonylphenol decreased testosterone and FSH levels in both genders. It has also increased plasma levels of LH in females but did not affect LH levels in male fish. Liver SOD and CAT content was decreased in nonylphenol-exposed smolts. Therefore, the release of this economically valuable and endangered species into the rivers contaminated with nonylphenol should be avoided as it can have significant effects on the development and reproductive function of smolts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shirdel
- Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.
| | | | | | - Boshra Tinoush
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ibor OR, Andem AB, Eni G, Arong GA, Adeougn AO, Arukwe A. Contaminant levels and endocrine disruptive effects in Clarias gariepinus exposed to simulated leachate from a solid waste dumpsite in Calabar, Nigeria. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 219:105375. [PMID: 31812827 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid waste dumpsites (SWDs) and landfills are significant sources of emerging contaminants to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We have studied the endocrine disruptive effects of simulated leachate from a solid waste dumpsite in Calabar, Nigeria. Juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to simulated leachate, diluted to 0:0 (control), 1:10, 1:50, 1:100 for 3, 7 and 14 days. In addition, 17β-estradiol (E2: 100 μg/L)-exposed positive control group was included. Hepatic transcripts for the genes encoding vitellogenin (vtg), estrogen receptor-α (er-α), and aromatase (cyp19a1) were analyzed by real-time PCR. Protein expression for Vtg and Cyp19 were measured by immunoblotting and plasma steroid hormones (testosterone: T and E2) were measured using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Soil samples from the dumpsite were analyzed for selected group of contaminants showing that DEHP was the only detected phthalate ester (PE) at 1300 ± 400 ng/g. Further, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) such as PFBS, PFOS, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and PFDoDA were detected in the soil samples from the dumpsite. We observed significant and apparent concentration-dependent increases in mRNA (vtg, er-α, and cyp19a1) and their corresponding functional protein products, after exposure to the simulated leachates. Further, the simulated leachate produced concentration-specific changes in plasma E2 and T levels. In general, the estrogenic endocrine and reproductive alterations in the exposed fish may directly be attributed to the PFASs and DEHP detected at the dumpsites. However, in addition to PFASs and DEHP, there could be other estrogenic contaminants in the leachate. Given the rapid utilization, for residential purposes, and increases in human settlement in areas around the Lemna SWDs, this study provides a direct cause-and-effect evidence of the potential contaminants at the dumpsite with significant environmental and human health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andem B Andem
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - George Eni
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Gabriel A Arong
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | | | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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7
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Guellard T, Kalamarz-Kubiak H, Kulczykowska E. Concentrations of melatonin, thyroxine, 17β-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in different phases of the reproductive cycle. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 204:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Zheng R, Zhang Y, Fang C, Chen M, Hong F, Bo J. Joint effects of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant levels of nonylphenol and cadmium on the reproductive functions in male rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 215:25-32. [PMID: 30315922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) and Cadmium (Cd) are two common contaminants that can be detected in aquatic environments. Nevertheless, the combined toxicity of NP and Cd at environmentally relevant concentrations in aquatic organisms has not been thoroughly characterized to date. In the present study, the interactions between NP and Cd on male Sebastiscus marmoratus were studied. After 21 days of exposure, the brain aromatase activity was observed to be significantly induced by 100 ng/L NP and 40 μg/L Cd, whereas all of the concentrations of co-treatment resulted in an increase in brain aromatase activity. Additionally, NP could also reduce plasma testosterone concentration, while NP, Cd and their mixture could induce plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) concentration and VTG concentration. The interactions between NP and Cd on the reproductive physiology were antagonism. Our results also support the notion of using these indicators as biomarkers for exposure to EDCs and further extend the boundary of biomonitoring to environmental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Zheng
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Chao Fang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Mengyun Chen
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Fukun Hong
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Jun Bo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China.
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9
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Kroon FJ, Hook SE, Metcalfe S, Jones D. Altered levels of endocrine biomarkers in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer; Bloch) following exposure to commercial herbicide and surfactant formulations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1881-1890. [PMID: 25858168 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides that are known endocrine disrupting chemicals have been detected in waters in the Great Barrier Reef catchment and lagoon. Altered transcription levels of liver vitellogenin (vtg) have been documented in wild populations of 2 Great Barrier Reef fisheries species and were strongly associated with pesticide-containing runoff from sugarcane plantations. The present study examined endocrine and physiological biomarkers in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of commercial herbicide (ATRADEX(®) WG Herbicide, DIUREX(®) WG Herbicide) and surfactant (ACTIVATOR(®) 90) formulations commonly used on sugarcane in the Great Barrier Reef catchment. Estrogenic biomarkers (namely, liver vtg messenger RNA and plasma 17β-estradiol) increased following exposure to commercial mixtures but not to the analytical grade chemical, suggesting an estrogenic response to the additives. In contrast, brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) transcription levels, plasma testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations, and gill ventilation rates were not affected by any of the experimental exposures. These findings support the assertion that exposure to pesticide-containing runoff from sugarcane plantations is a potential causative agent of altered liver vtg transcription levels in wild barramundi. Whether exposure patterns in the Great Barrier Reef catchment and lagoon are sufficient to impair fish sexual and reproductive development and ultimately influence fish population dynamics remains to be determined. These findings highlight the need to consider both active and so-called inert ingredients in commercial pesticide formulations for environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederieke J Kroon
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sharon E Hook
- CSIRO Land and Water, Kirrawee, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Dean Jones
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Baatrup E, Henriksen PG. Disrupted reproductive behavior in unexposed female zebrafish (Danio rerio) paired with males exposed to low concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 160:197-204. [PMID: 25646721 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic substances, including the contraceptive pharmaceutical 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), pose a threat to aquatic wildlife causing endocrine disturbances of physiological processes and reproductive behavior. We have previously demonstrated that the reproductive behavior of male zebrafish, Danio rerio, remain intact after lifelong exposure to low concentrations of EE2 (0.05 and 0.5ngL(-1)), concentrations high enough to cause morphological alterations of the male phenotype. Despite normal courtship behavior, the reproductive output is suppressed when these males were paired with unexposed females. In this study, we include the female courtship behavior in the analyzes of EE2's effects on behavior. Groups of male zebrafish were exposed to nominally 0, 1, 3 and 10ngL(-1) of EE2 from hatching to adulthood and subsequently individually paired with an unexposed female. Eleven distinct elements of the reproductive behavior were then extracted and analyzed using an automated video tracking system. Subsequently, male brains were isolated and the expression of genes encoding estrogenic receptors ERα, ERβ1 and ERβ2, the androgen receptor AR, and the aromatase cyp19a1b were compared with the expression in brains of unexposed males. (In this article gene expression is taken synonymous to transcription, although it is acknowledged that it can also be regulated by, e.g., mRNA and protein stability, and translation). The results confirmed that the male reproductive behavior was unaffected by the EE2 treatments. Also, the expressions of genes encoding estrogen and androgen receptors were unaffected. Only the gene encoding aromatase was 0.6 fold down-regulated. In contrast, and most surprisingly, nearly all the elements in the female courtship behavior were significantly disturbed, despite the fact that these females had never been exposed to EE2; most likely elicited by differences in male morphology, pheromones or some other unrevealed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Baatrup
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus University, Building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Per G Henriksen
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus University, Building 1131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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11
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Krasnov A, Wesmajervi Breiland MS, Hatlen B, Afanasyev S, Skugor S. Sexual maturation and administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone induce complex gene expression changes in skin and increase resistance of Atlantic salmon to ectoparasite salmon louse. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 212:34-43. [PMID: 25599658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The crustacean ectoparasitic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a major problem of Atlantic salmon aquaculture in the Northern hemisphere. Host-pathogen interactions in this system are highly complex. Resistance to the parasite involves variations in genetic background, nutrition, properties of skin, and status of the endocrine and immune systems. This study addressed the relationship between sex hormones and lice infection. Field observation revealed a sharp reduction of lice prevalence during sexual maturation with no difference between male and female fish. To determine if higher resistance against lice was related to sex hormones, post-smolt salmon were administered control feed and feeds containing 17β-estradiol (20 mg/kg) and testosterone (25 mg/kg) during a 3-week pre-challenge period. After challenge with lice, counts were reduced 2-fold and 1.5-fold in fish that received 17β-estradiol and testosterone, respectively. Gene expression analyses were performed from skin of salmon collected in the field trial and from the controlled lab experiment at three time points (end of feeding-before challenge, 3 days post challenge (dpc) and 16 dpc) using oligonucleotide microarray and qPCR. Differential expression was observed in genes associated with diverse biological processes. Both studies revealed similar changes of several antibacterial acute phase proteins; of note was induction of cathelicidin and down-regulation of a defensin gene. Treatment with hormones revealed their ability to modulate T helper cell (Th)-mediated immunity in skin. Enhanced protection achieved by 17β-estradiol administration might in part be due to the skewing of Th responses away from the prototypic anti-parasitic Th2 immunity and towards the more effective Th1 responses. Multiple genes involved in wound healing, differentiation and remodelling of skin tissue were stimulated during maturation but suppressed with sex hormones. Such opposite regulation suggested that these processes were not associated with resistance to the parasite under the studied conditions. Both studies revealed regulation of a suite of genes encoding putative large mucosal proteins found exclusively in fish. Marked decrease of erythrocyte markers indicated reduced circulation while down-regulation of multiple zymogen granule membrane proteins and transporters of cholesterol and other compounds suggested limited availability of nutrients for the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Nofima AS, PO Box 6122, NO-9291 Tromsø, Norway; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza av. 44, Peterburg 194223, Russia.
| | - Stanko Skugor
- SLRC-Sea Lice Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 8146, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Maltais D, Roy RL. Effects of nonylphenol and ethinylestradiol on copper redhorse (Moxostoma hubbsi), an endangered species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:168-178. [PMID: 25063883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The copper redhorse, Moxostoma hubbsi, is an endangered species endemic to Quebec. The presence of contaminants, in particular endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), in its habitat has been advanced as partly responsible for the reproductive difficulties encountered by the species. In the present study, immature copper redhorse were exposed to the estrogenic surfactant nonylphenol (NP; 1, 10 and 50µg/l) and the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2; 10ng/l) for 21 days in a flow-through system. The endpoints investigated included general health indicators (hepatosomatic index and hematocrit), thyroid hormones, sex steroids, brain aromatase activity, plasma and mucus vitellogenin (VTG), cytochrome P4501A protein expression and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and muscle acetylcholinesterase. Exposure to 10ng EE2/l significantly increased brain aromatase activity. Exposure to 50µg NP/l resulted in a significant reduction of plasma testosterone concentrations and a significant induction of hepatic HSP70 protein expression. NP at 50µg/l also induced plasma and mucus VTG. The presence of elevated VTG levels in the surface mucus of immature copper redhorse exposed to NP, and its correlation to plasma VTG, supports the use of mucus VTG as a non-invasive biomarker to evaluate copper redhorse exposure to EDCs in the environment and contribute to restoration efforts of the species. The results of the present study indicate that exposure to high environmentally relevant concentrations of NP and EE2 can affect molecular endpoints related to reproduction in the copper redhorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domynick Maltais
- Pêches et Océans Canada, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC, Canada G5H 3Z4.
| | - Robert L Roy
- Pêches et Océans Canada, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC, Canada G5H 3Z4
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Wu F, Lin L, Qiu JW, Chen H, Weng S, Luan T. Complex effects of two presumably antagonistic endocrine disrupting compounds on the goldfish Carassius aumtus: a comprehensive study with multiple toxicological endpoints. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:43-51. [PMID: 24974122 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds nonylphenol (NP) and letrozole (LE) on the male goldfish Carassius aumtus. Exposure to NP (20 μg l(-1)) alone caused a significant up-regulation in the expression of aromatase, estrogen receptors and vitellogenin (VTG) genes, an increase in hepatic and plasma VTG concentration, but no obvious testicular impairment. Exposure to LE (1 mg kg(-1)) alone resulted in a significant decline in aromatase activity, reduced levels of plasma 17β-estradiol (E2), and enhanced sperm maturation. Co-exposure with LE (1 mg kg(-1)) could only partially affect some of the estrogenic effects caused by NP (20 μg l(-1)) (i.e. expression of hepatic and brain estrogen receptor genes, hepatic VTG concentration), but inhibit other estrogenic effects (i.e. brain and testicular aromatase activity, plasma E2). In addition, co-exposure resulted in impairment of liver mitochondria (i.e. detachment of ridges from the membrane, and uneven distribution of the cytoplasm with clusters of glycogen granules), but did not cause significant damage to the testes (i.e. the morphology, the spermatogonia and spermatozoa densities). Our results clearly showed that nonylphenol and letrozole co-exposure could induce profound effects on fish, and highlighted the importance of adopting multiple toxicological endpoints when evaluating the combined effects of endocrine disrupting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
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Xu EGB, Liu S, Ying GG, Zheng GJS, Lee JHW, Leung KMY. The occurrence and ecological risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage effluents from three different sewage treatment plants, and in natural seawater from a marine reserve of Hong Kong. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:352-362. [PMID: 24650541 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We determined the concentrations of 12 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in sewage effluents collected from three different sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Hong Kong, and found 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) were the most abundant EDCs. Effluent concentrations of NP and BPA were higher in dry season than in wet season, but opposite seasonal changes of NP were observed in receiving waters, probably due to the surface runoff. The two secondary STPs showed higher removal efficiency for these compounds than the preliminary STP, while having higher removal efficiency in wet season. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the preliminary STP and improve the EDC removal efficiency in dry season. Seawaters from the Cape D' Aguilar Marine Reserve adjacent to these STPs also exhibited elevated NP levels with a hazard quotient >1. Furthermore, diluted effluents from the STPs elicited significant transcriptional responses of EDC-related genes in the marine medaka fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis G B Xu
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gene J S Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph H W Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Depiereux S, Liagre M, Danis L, De Meulder B, Depiereux E, Segner H, Kestemont P. Intersex occurrence in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) male fry chronically exposed to ethynylestradiol. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98531. [PMID: 25033040 PMCID: PMC4102465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the male-to-female morphological and physiological transdifferentiation process in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to exogenous estrogens. The first objective was to elucidate whether trout develop intersex gonads under exposure to low levels of estrogen. To this end, the gonads of an all-male population of fry exposed chronically (from 60 to 136 days post fertilization – dpf) to several doses (from environmentally relevant 0.01 µg/L to supra-environmental levels: 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/L) of the potent synthetic estrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2) were examined histologically. The morphological evaluations were underpinned by the analysis of gonad steroid (testosterone, estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone) levels and of brain and gonad gene expression, including estrogen-responsive genes and genes involved in sex differentiation in (gonads: cyp19a1a, ER isoforms, vtg, dmrt1, sox9a2; sdY; cyp11b; brain: cyp19a1b, ER isoforms). Intersex gonads were observed from the first concentration used (0.01 µg EE2/L) and sexual inversion could be detected from 0.1 µg EE2/L. This was accompanied by a linear decrease in 11-KT levels, whereas no effect on E2 and T levels was observed. Q-PCR results from the gonads showed downregulation of testicular markers (dmrt1, sox9a2; sdY; cyp11b) with increasing EE2 exposure concentrations, and upregulation of the female vtg gene. No evidence was found for a direct involvement of aromatase in the sex conversion process. The results from this study provide evidence that gonads of male trout respond to estrogen exposure by intersex formation and, with increasing concentration, by morphological and physiological conversion to phenotypic ovaries. However, supra-environmental estrogen concentrations are needed to induce these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Depiereux
- Unit of Research in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE-NARILIS), Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SD); (PK)
| | - Mélanie Liagre
- Unit of Research in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE-NARILIS), Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Lorraine Danis
- Unit of Research in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE-NARILIS), Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Bertrand De Meulder
- Unit of Research in Molecular Biology (URBM-NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric Depiereux
- Unit of Research in Molecular Biology (URBM-NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Unit of Research in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE-NARILIS), Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SD); (PK)
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16
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Mills LJ, Gutjahr-Gobell RE, Zaroogian GE, Horowitz DB, Laws SC. Modulation of aromatase activity as a mode of action for endocrine disrupting chemicals in a marine fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 147:140-150. [PMID: 24418745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The steroidogenic enzyme aromatase catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens and therefore plays a central role in reproduction. In contrast to most vertebrates, teleost fish have two distinct forms of aromatase. Because brain aromatase activity in fish is up to 1000 times that in mammals, fish may be especially susceptible to negative effects from environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that impact aromatase activity. In this study, the effects of estradiol (E2), ethynylestradiol (EE2), octylphenol (OP), and androstatrienedione (ATD) on reproduction and aromatase activity in brains and gonads from the marine fish cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) was investigated. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between changes in aromatase activity and reproductive output in a marine fish, as well as compare aromatase activity to two commonly used indicators of EDC exposure, plasma vitellogenin (VTG) and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Results with E2, EE2, and ATD indicate that aromatase activity in cunner brain and ovary are affected differently by exposure to these EDCs. In the case of E2 and EE2, male brain aromatase activity was signficantly increased by these treatments, female brain aromatase activity was unaffected, and ovarian aromatase activity was significantly decreased. Treatment with the aromatase inhibitor ATD resulted in significantly decreased aromatase activity in male and female brain, but had no significant impact on ovarian aromatase activity. Regardless of test chemical, a decrease or an increase in male brain aromatase activity relative to controls was associated with decreased egg production in cunner and was also correlated with significant changes in GSI in both sexes. E2 and EE2 significantly elevated plasma VTG in males and females, while ATD had no significant effect. Treatment of cunner with OP had no significant effect on any measured endpoint. Overall, results with these exposures indicate EDCs that impact aromatase activity also affect reproductive output in spawning cunner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley J Mills
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882, United States.
| | - Ruth E Gutjahr-Gobell
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Gerald E Zaroogian
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Doranne Borsay Horowitz
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Susan C Laws
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Toxicity Assessment Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
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17
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Abumourad I, Bizarro C, Aragón P, Maquieira &A, Vallejo A, Zuloaga O, Alda MLD, Josep B, Barceló D, Cagaraville M, Ortiz-zarragoitia M. Hazards of the Endocrine Disruptors on Mullets ( Chelon labrosus) from the Basque Coast (Bay of Biscay) Applying a Biomarker Based Approach. CYTOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.79.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Abumourad
- CBET Research Group, UPV/EHU
- Deparment of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Division, National Research Center
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18
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Yan Z, Lu G, Wu D, Ye Q, Xie Z. Interaction of 17β-estradiol and ketoconazole on endocrine function in goldfish (Carassius auratus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 132-133:19-25. [PMID: 23434491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the effects of toxic mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on aquatic organisms is challenging as these organisms are exposed to multiple classes of contaminants in their natural habitat. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the interactions of two classes of EDCs, 17β-estradiol (E2) and ketoconazole (KTC), on endocrine function in male goldfish (Carassius auratus), including vitellogenesis, metabolic capability and serum steroid synthesis. Changes in vitellogenin (VTG) concentration, liver 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and circulating serum E2 level were examined. The expression of related genes was also determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Exposure to E2 caused a significant increase in VTG concentrations which corresponded with the gene expression of VTG and estrogen receptor (ER) in males, which were further elevated after combined exposure to E2 and KTC, indicative of a synergetic relationship. Exposure to E2 also resulted in a distinct increase in serum steroid biosynthesis and associated cytochrome P450 (CYP) aromatase expression after 10 days. However, these changes were inhibited by the presence of KTC, which acted as a steroidogenic inhibitor in fish. Moreover, KTC significantly decreased liver EROD activity and increased the related gene expression of CYP1A. However, these KTC-mediated metabolic reactions in goldfish were up-regulated following exposure to KTC in combination with E2. These findings reveal complex interactions on endocrine functions in male goldfish when exposed to multiple contaminations and may provide a better understanding of the effects of toxic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
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19
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Yan Z, Lu G, Liu J, Jin S. An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and feminization risk in fish in Taihu Lake, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:334-340. [PMID: 22906715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach, combining biological and chemical methods, was used to assess potential exposure to exogenous estrogens and their possible interference with the endocrine system of male goldfish (Carassius auratus) in Taihu Lake. A suite of biomarkers in caged fish after in situ exposure for 28 days, coupled with six selected exogenous estrogens in water, were determined at eight biomonitoring stations. The compounds estrone, 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol-A and diethylstilbestrol were detected in most of the samples and the concentrations of total estradiol equivalent (EEQ) ranged between 5.69 and 17.8 ng/L. E2 and EE2 were thought to be the major causal agents responsible for the estrogenic activities. Elevated serum vitellogenin and E2, gonadal DNA damage and reduced gonadosomatic index were observed in fish collected from most stations. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) index showed good agreement with the observed total EEQ levels in water, and feminization risk in fish may be present in northern Taihu Lake, especially in Meiliang Bay and Zhushan Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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20
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Qin F, Liu S, Wu T, Li M, Xu P, Zhang X, Wang X, Hu G, Yuan C, Wang Z. Molecular characterization of estrogen receptor genes in loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus and their expression upon 17α-ethinylestradiol exposure in juveniles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:194-205. [PMID: 22705038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The full-length cDNAs for estrogen receptor 1 (esr1), esr2a and esr2b were isolated and characterized from the loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus, Cobitidae, cypriniformes). P. dabryanus Esr1, Esr2a and Esr2b share high amino acids identities with their counterparts of cyprinid species. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the tissue distribution of esr mRNAs in one-year-old P. dabryanus. The mRNA expression of esr1 in female liver was extremely higher than that in other tissues. esr2a mRNA expression in female intestine and in male muscle was higher than that in other tissues. esr2b mRNA expression was the highest in both male and female intestine. Two-month-old P. dabryanus were exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) for 3weeks and the changes of esr mRNA expression in brain, gonad and liver were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Results showed that EE2 at 1, 5 and 25 ng/L significantly suppressed testicular esr1 mRNA expression in male. The ovarian esr2a mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated at 1 ng/L EE2. In female brain, esr1 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated at 5 ng/L EE2. Both in males and females, EE2 exposure increased the hepatic esr1 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. The present study suggests that different esrs in different tissues have differential responsiveness to EE2 and the hepatic esr1 is a sensitive biomarker to EE2 at environmental concentrations in P. dabryanus juveniles. So, the loach P. dabryanus, a typical demersal fish, is a promising ecological model organism to detect estrogenic chemicals in the sediment of aquatic environment by using molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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21
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Schlenk D, Lavado R, Loyo-Rosales JE, Jones W, Maryoung L, Riar N, Werner I, Sedlak D. Reconstitution studies of pesticides and surfactants exploring the cause of estrogenic activity observed in surface waters of the San Francisco Bay Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9106-11. [PMID: 22881714 DOI: 10.1021/es3016759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the potential role of endocrine disruption in the decline of pelagic fishes in the San Francisco Bay Delta of California, various surface water samples were collected, extracted, and found to elicit estrogenic activity in laboratory fish. Chemical analysis of the estrogenic samples indicated 2 pesticides (bifenthrin, diuron), 2 alkyphenols (AP), and mixtures of 2 types of alkyphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs). Evaluation of estrogenic activity was further characterized by in vitro bioassays using rainbow trout hepatocytes (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and in vivo studies with Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). In the in vitro bioassays, hepatocytes exposed to the pesticides alone or in combination with the AP/APEO mixtures at concentrations observed in surface waters failed to show estrogenic activity (induction of vitelloginin mRNA). In the in vivo bioassays, medaka exposed to individual pesticides or to AP/APEO alone did not have elevated VTG at ambient concentrations. However, when the pesticides were combined with AP/APEOs in the 7-day exposure a significant increase in VTG was observed. Exposure to a 5-fold higher concentration of the AP/APEO mixture alone also significantly induced VTG. In contrast to earlier studies with permethrin, biotransformation of bifenthrin to estrogenic metabolites was not observed in medaka liver microsomes and cytochrome P450 was not induced with AP/APEO treatment. These results showed that mixtures of pesticides with significantly different modes of action and AP/APEOs at environmentally relevant concentrations may be associated with estrogenic activity measured in water extracts and feral fish that have been shown to be in population decline in the San Francisco Bay Delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.
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22
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Uno T, Ishizuka M, Itakura T. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:1-13. [PMID: 22418068 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are members of the hemoprotein superfamily, and are involved in the mono-oxygenation reactions of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds in mammals and plants. Characterization of CYP genes in fish has been carried out intensively over the last 20 years. In Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes), 54 genes encoding P450s have been identified. Across all species of fish, 137 genes encoding P450s have been identified. These genes are classified into 18 CYP families: namely, CYP1, CYP2, CYP3, CYP4, CYP5, CYP7, CYP8, CYP11, CYP17, CYP19, CYP20, CYP21, CYP24, CYP26, CYP27, CYP39, CYP46 and CYP51.We pinpointed eight CYP families: namely, CYP1, CYP2, CYP3, CYP4, CYP11, CYP17, CYP19 and CYP26 in this review because these CYP families are studied in detail. Studies of fish P450s have provided insights into the regulation of P450 genes by environmental stresses including water pollution. In this review, we present an overview of the CYP families in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Uno
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku Hyogo, Japan.
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23
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Pomatto V, Palermo F, Mosconi G, Cottone E, Cocci P, Nabissi M, Borgio L, Polzonetti-Magni AM, Franzoni MF. Xenoestrogens elicit a modulation of endocannabinoid system and estrogen receptors in 4NP treated goldfish, Carassius auratus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 174:30-5. [PMID: 21855545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on pharmacological, behavioral and neuroanatomical studies, the endocannabinoids appear to be pivotal in some important neuroendocrine regulations of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Interestingly, a well developed endocannabinoid system was recently demonstrated by us in different bonyfish brain areas which control reproduction, energy balance and stress. Fish in particular are very sensitive to different types of stressors which can heavily affect their reproductive activity and negatively reverberate on aquaculture. Since recent new data have been reported on endocrine disruptors (EDs) impact on zebrafish receptor CB1 expression, in the present research we have investigated the response of the endocannabinoid system to acute treatment with an environmental stressor such as the xenoestrogen nonylphenol (4NP) in the brain and peripheral tissues of the goldfish Carassius auratus. First of all the estrogenic effects induced by 4NP were demonstrated by a dose-dependent increase of plasma levels and gene expression of the biomarker vitellogenin, then changes in cannabinoid receptors and anandamide degradative enzyme, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), were analysed by means of Real Time PCR. As the exposure to EDs may lead to an activation of estrogen receptors and affects the Aromatase (AROB) transcription, changes in mRNA levels for ER subtypes and AROB were also evaluated. Our results confirm in goldfish the effect of 4NP on ERα and ERβ1 receptors and point out a different sensitivity of CB1 and CB2 for this compound, suggesting distinct roles of these cannabinoid receptors in some adaptive processes to contrast stress induced by xenoestrogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pomatto
- Dept. of Animal and Human Biology, University of Torino, I-10123 Torino, Italy
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24
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Meier S, Morton HC, Andersson E, Geffen AJ, Taranger GL, Larsen M, Petersen M, Djurhuus R, Klungsøyr J, Svardal A. Low-dose exposure to alkylphenols adversely affects the sexual development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): acceleration of the onset of puberty and delayed seasonal gonad development in mature female cod. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:136-150. [PMID: 21722617 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a by-product of the oil-production process, contains large amount of alkylphenols (APs) and other harmful oil compounds. In the last 20 years, there have been increasing concerns regarding the environmental impact of large increases in the amounts of PW released into the North Sea. We have previously shown that low levels of APs can induce disruption of the endocrine and reproductive systems of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The aims of this follow-up study were to: (i) identify the lowest observable effect concentration of APs; (ii) study the effects of exposure to real PW, obtained from a North Sea oil-production platform; and (iii) study the biological mechanism of endocrine disruption in female cod. Fish were fed with feed paste containing several concentrations of four different APs (4-tert-butylphenol, 4-n-pentylphenol, 4-n-hexylphenol and 4-n-heptylphenol) or real PW for 20 weeks throughout the normal period of vitellogenesis in Atlantic cod from October to January. Male and female cod, exposed to AP and PW, were compared to unexposed fish and to fish fed paste containing 17β-oestradiol (E(2)). Approximately 60% of the females and 96% of the males in the unexposed groups were mature at the end of the experiment. Our results show that exposure to APs and E(2) have different effects depending on the developmental stage of the fish. We observed that juvenile females are advanced into puberty and maturation, while gonad development was delayed in both maturing females and males. The AP-exposed groups contained increased numbers of mature females, and significant differences between the untreated group and the AP-treated groups were seen down to a dose of 4 μg AP/kg body weight. In the high-dose AP and the E(2) exposed groups, all females matured and no juveniles were seen. These results suggest that AP-exposure can affect the timing of the onset of puberty in fish even at extremely low concentrations. Importantly, similar effects were not seen in the fish that were exposed to real PW.
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25
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Nadzialek S, Depiereux S, Mandiki SNM, Kestemont P. In vivo biomarkers of estrogenicity: limitation of interpretation in wild environment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 60:471-478. [PMID: 20523976 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the literature, multiple sample schemes have been developed to assess the environmental impacts of endocrine-disruptor compounds (EDCs) from sewage treatment plant (STPs). In the present work, the plan study was designed by sampling upstream and downstream wild populations of gudgeons from two STP stations (La Roche and Rochefort, Belgium). Biomarkers of feminization were assayed, such as vitellogenin expression and ovotestis screening. Parameters involved in steroidogenesis (sex steroids and brain aromatase activity) were also investigated to better characterize interactions between living organisms coping with a complex mixture of compounds loaded by treated effluent. Results displayed moderate differences between upstream and downstream populations of wild gudgeons. Moreover, accounted differences have demonstrated the difficulty of characterizing the mixture of compounds to which fish are exposed in the aquatic milieu. Actually, physiological responses were not representative of a particular group of EDC (e.g., estrogenlike compounds) but instead confirm an association between different categories of compounds. Even if powerful biomarkers of estrogenicty were developed, the interpretation of the response profile remains limited through in vivo parameters due to the complex association between compounds of various origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nadzialek
- The University of Namur (FUNDP), Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Organismes (URBO), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Masuo Y, Ishido M. Neurotoxicity of endocrine disruptors: possible involvement in brain development and neurodegeneration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:346-369. [PMID: 21790316 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors do not appear to pose a risk to human reproduction; however, their effects on the central nervous systems are less well understood. Animal studies suggested that maternal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) produced changes in rearing behavior, locomotion, anxiety, and learning/memory in offspring, as well as neuronal abnormalities. Some investigations suggested that EDC exert effects on central monoaminergic neurons, especially dopaminergic neurons. Our data demonstrated that EDC attenuate the development of dopaminergic neurons, which might be involved in developmental disorders. Perinatal exposure to EDC might affect neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus, thereby potentially modulating neuronal development, leading to impaired cognitive and memory functions. Endocrine disruptors also attenuate gender differences in brain development. For example, the locus ceruleus is larger in female rats than in males, but treatments with bisphenol-A (BPA) enlarge this region in males. Some reports indicated that EDC induce hypothyroidism, which might be evidenced as abnormal brain development. Endocrine disruptors might also affect mature neurons, resulting in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The current review focused on alterations in the brain induced by EDC, specifically on the possible involvement of EDC in brain development and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masuo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan.
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Le Page Y, Vosges M, Servili A, Brion F, Kah O. Neuroendocrine effects of endocrine disruptors in teleost fish. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:370-86. [PMID: 21790317 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Because a large proportion of potential endocrine disruptors (EDC) end up in surface waters, aquatic species are particularly vulnerable to their potential adverse effects. Recent studies identified a number of brain targets for EDC commonly present in environmentally relevant concentrations in surface waters. Among those neuronal systems disrupted by EDC are the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, the dopaminergic and serotoninergic circuits, and more recently the Kiss/GPR54 system, which regulates gonadotropin release. However, one of the most striking effects of EDC, notably estrogen mimics, is their impact on the cyp19a1b gene that encodes the brain aromatase isoform in fish. Moreover, this is the only example in which the molecular basis of endocrine disruption is fully understood. The aims of this review were to (1) synthesize the most recent discoveries concerning the EDC effects upon neuroendocrine systems of fish and (2) provide, when possible, the underlying molecular basis of disruption for each system concerned. The potential adverse effects of EDC on neurogenesis, puberty, and brain sexualization are also described. It is important to point out the future environmental, social, and economical issues arising from endocrine disruption studies in the context of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Page
- Neurogenesis and Estrogens, UMR CNRS 6026, Rennes, France.
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Wang J, Liu X, Wang H, Wu T, Hu X, Qin F, Wang Z. Expression of two cytochrome P450 aromatase genes is regulated by endocrine disrupting chemicals in rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus juveniles. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 152:313-20. [PMID: 20594974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on aromatase, the rare minnow ovarian and brain P450 aromatase (cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b) cDNA and their 5'-flanking regions were isolated and characterized. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the rare minnow cyp19a1a mRNA was predominantly expressed in ovary while cyp19a1b was predominantly expressed in brain. Sequences for binding sites of steroidogenic factor-1, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, estrogen responsive element, glucocorticoid responsive element, and retinoic acid receptor were identified on promoter regions of cyp19a1 genes. The influence of several EDCs on the transcript abundance of cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b was investigated in rare minnow juveniles. Clofibrate did not influence the expression of either cyp19a1 genes. Exposure to 1nM ethinylestradiol (EE2) for 3days significantly downregulated the expression of cyp19a1a gene, however 0.1 and 1 nM EE2 significantly increased the gene expression of cyp19a1b. Exposure to 100 and 1000 nM 4-nonylphenol (NP) significantly suppressed the cyp19a1a expression, but it had no effect on the expression of cyp19a1b gene. Bisphenol A (BPA) strongly suppressed the cyp19a1b gene expression from 0.1 to 10 nM and significantly suppressed the gene expression of cyp19a1a only at 10 nM. These results indicate that EDCs may influence the expression of cyp19a1 genes through differential transcriptional modulation in rare minnow juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Pavlikova N, Kortner TM, Arukwe A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, estrogenic responses and biotransformation system in the liver of salmon exposed to tributyltin and second messenger activator. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:176-85. [PMID: 20466441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which organotin compounds produce modulations of the endocrine systems and other biological responses are not fully understood. In this study, juvenile salmon were force-fed diet containing TBT (0: solvent control, 0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg fish) for 72 h. Subsequently, fish exposed to solvent control and 10mg TBT were exposed to waterborne concentration (200 microg/l) of the adenylate cyclase (AC) stimulator, forskolin for 2 and 4h. The overall aim of the study was to explore whether TBT endocrine disruptive effects involve second messenger activation. Liver was sampled from individual fish (n=8) at the end of the exposures. The transcription patterns of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isotype and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), aromatase isoform, estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha), pregnane X receptor (PXR), CYP3A and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Our data showed a consistent increase in PPAR alpha, PPAR beta and PPAR gamma mRNA and protein expression after TBT exposure that were inversely correlated with ACOX1 mRNA levels. Forskolin produced PPAR isotype-specific mRNA and protein effects that were modulated by TBT. ACOX1 expression was decreased (at 2h) and increased (at 4h) by forskolin and the presence of TBT potentiated these effects. TBT apparently increased mRNA and protein levels of cyp19a, compared to the solvent control, whereas cyp19b mRNA levels were unaffected by TBT treatment. Combined TBT and forskolin exposure produced respective decrease and increase of mRNA levels of cyp19a and cyp19b, compared with control. TBT decreased ER alpha mRNA at low dose (1mg/kg) and forskolin exposure alone produced a consistent decrease of ER alpha mRNA levels that were not affected by the presence of TBT. Interestingly, PXR and CYP3A mRNA levels were differentially affected, either decreased or increased, after exposure to TBT and forskolin, singly and also in combination. GST mRNA was increased by TBT exposure. Exposure to forskolin alone increased GST expression with time, and combined exposure with TBT potentiated these respective effects. Overall, the present study demonstrates multiple biological effects of TBT given singly or in combination with cAMP activator. There are no studies known to us that have evaluated the endocrine disruptive effects of TBT in the presence of a second messenger activator, and our data suggest that TBT may exert endocrine, biotransformation and lipid peroxidative effects through modulation of cAMP/PKA second messenger signaling with overt physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Pavlikova
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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