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Watkins JM, Brunnemer JE, Heeter KN, Medellin AM, Churchill WC, Goss JM, Hobson JM, Werner NE, Weaver RG, Kercher VMM, Kercher KA. Evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of a co-designed physical activity intervention for rural middle schoolers: a pilot study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1830. [PMID: 38982408 PMCID: PMC11234612 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of physical activity is a concern for children across diverse backgrounds, particularly affecting those in rural areas who face distinct challenges compared to their urban counterparts. Community-derived interventions are needed that consider the unique context and additional physical activity barriers in under-resourced rural settings. Therefore, a prospective pre-post pilot/feasibility study of Hoosier Sport was conducted over 8-weeks with 6th and 7th grade children in a low-socioeconomic rural middle school setting. The primary objective of the present study was to assess trial- and intervention-related feasibility indicators; and the secondary objective was to collect preliminary assessment data for physical activity levels, fitness, psychological needs satisfaction, and knowledge of physical activity and nutrition among participating youth. METHODS This prospective 8-week pilot/feasibility study took place in the rural Midwestern United States where twenty-four middle school students participated in a mixed-methods pre-post intervention during physical education classes. The intervention included elements like sport-based youth development, individualized goal setting, physical activity monitoring, pedometer usage, and health education. Data were collected at baseline (T1) and post-intervention (T3), with intermediate measures during the intervention (T2). Qualitative data were integrated through semi-structured interviews. Analytical methods encompassed descriptive statistics, correlations, repeated measures ANOVA, and thematic analysis. RESULTS Key findings indicate robust feasibility, with intervention-related scores (FIM, AIM, and IAM) consistently surpassing the "good" threshold and 100% retention and recruitment success. Additionally, participants showed significant physical performance improvement, shifting from the 25th to the 50th percentile in the 6-minute walk test (p < 0.05). Autonomy and competence remained high, reflecting positive perceptions of program practicality. Nutrition knowledge, initially low, significantly improved at post-intervention (p < 0.01), highlighting the efficacy of targeted nutritional education in Hoosier Sport. CONCLUSIONS This study pioneers a community-engaged model for physical activity intervention in under-resourced rural settings. Positive participant feedback, coupled with improvements in physical fitness and psychosocial factors, highlights the potential of the co-design approach. The findings offer valuable insights and a practical template for future community-based research, signaling the promising impact of such interventions on holistic well-being. This research lays the foundation for subsequent phases of the ORBIT model, emphasizing collaborative, community-driven approaches to address the complex issue of declining physical activity levels among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette M Watkins
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Julia E Brunnemer
- Department of Health & Wellness Design, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kathleen N Heeter
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrew M Medellin
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William C Churchill
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Janelle M Goss
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | | | - Nicole E Werner
- Department of Health & Wellness Design, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Vanessa M Martinez Kercher
- Department of Health & Wellness Design, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kyle A Kercher
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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Von Seggern MJ, Rogers AE, Schenkelberg MA, Kellstedt DK, Welk GJ, High R, Dzewaltowski DA. Sociodemographic influences on youth sport participation and physical activity among children living within concentrated Hispanic/Latino rural communities. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1345635. [PMID: 38450148 PMCID: PMC10916700 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1345635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lack of physical activity (PA) among children living in rural communities is a documented public health problem. Although studies have examined community conditions defined by a rural-urban dichotomy, few have investigated rural community conditions with a concentration of Hispanic/Latino people. This cross-sectional study examined sociodemographic characteristics associated with youth sport (YS) participation and daily PA among children living within concentrated Hispanic/Latino rural U.S. Midwest communities. Methods During spring 2022, 97% of 3rd-6th grade children (n = 281, aged approximately 8-12 years) attending school in rural Midwestern communities (n = 2) with >50% concentration of Hispanic students participated in the Wellscapes Project, a community randomized trial. Participants completed the Youth Activity Profile and supplemental National Survey of Children's Health questions assessing PA behaviors and YS participation. Caregivers of a subsample of children (n = 215; males, n = 93; females, n = 122) consented to pair their child's survey results with school enrollment records (e.g., free/reduced lunch status and race and ethnicity). Mixed models with community as a random effect examined main and interaction effects of grade, sex, ethnoracial status, and family income on YS participation and these sociodemographic characteristics and YS participation on daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Results Approximately half of children participated in YS. Non-Hispanic White children (n = 82) were over five times more likely to participate in YS than Hispanic peers (n = 133) (OR = 5.54, 95% CI = 2.64-11.61, p < 0.001). YS participants accumulated 8.3 ± 2.3 more minutes of daily MVPA than non-participants (p < 0.001). Sixth graders, females, and Hispanic children reported lower daily MVPA than comparison groups (p < 0.05). Significant interaction effects on daily MVPA between grade and ethnoracial status (F(3, 204) = 3.04, p = 0.030) were also found. Discussion Disparities in sport participation and PA outcomes based on sociodemographic characteristics exist among children living in ethnoracially diverse rural communities. Strategies to promote YS participation, including community structural changes, may help reduce PA disparities. The research provides valuable insights for policymakers, public health professionals, and community members to address YS participation barriers, not limited to cost, while considering other PA-promotion efforts to improve child population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Von Seggern
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ann E. Rogers
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michaela A. Schenkelberg
- School of Health and Kinesiology, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Debra K. Kellstedt
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Family and Community Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gregory J. Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Robin High
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - David A. Dzewaltowski
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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3
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Bole A, Bernstein A, White MJ. The Built Environment and Pediatric Health. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023064773. [PMID: 38105697 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Buildings, parks, and roads are all elements of the "built environment," which can be described as the human-made structures that comprise the neighborhoods and communities where people live, work, learn, and recreate (https://www.epa.gov/smm/basic-information-about-built-environment). The design of communities where children and adolescents live, learn, and play has a profound impact on their health. Moreover, the policies and practices that determine community design and the built environment are a root cause of disparities in the social determinants of health that contribute to health inequity. An understanding of the links between the built environment and pediatric health will help to inform pediatricians' and other pediatric health professionals' care for patients and advocacy on their behalf. This technical report describes the range of pediatric physical and mental health conditions influenced by the built environment, as well as historical and persistent effects of the built environment on health disparities. The accompanying policy statement outlines community design solutions that can improve pediatric health and health equity, including opportunities for pediatricians and the health care sector to incorporate this knowledge in patient care, as well as to play a role in advancing a health-promoting built environment for all children and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Bole
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Aaron Bernstein
- Department of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle J White
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Johnson AM, Bocarro JN, Saelens BE. Youth Sport Participation by Metropolitan Status: 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:895-904. [PMID: 35580038 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2069662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health to examine the association between metropolitan statistical area (MSA) status and sports participation among American youth ages 6-17. Methods: Weighted prevalence statistics were computed for sports participation by MSA status (non-MSA, MSA), overall and by child sex and age. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for non-MSA versus MSA youth, before and after adjusting for special health-care needs, race/ethnicity, household income, parent education, and family structure. Results: The final sample included 30,029 youth [Mage = 11.6 years (SD = 0.4), 51.4% female, 49.0% White]. About 56% participated in sports in the past year. Sports participation was significantly higher among females versus males [59.1% (95% CI: 57.4%-60.7%) versus 52.1% (95% CI: 50.4%-53.8%), p < .001]. Among ages 6-11, those in non-MSAs (versus MSAs) were less likely to participate in sports [PR 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.99), p = .033], which was non-significant after adjustment. In adjusted models, youth ages 12-17 in non-MSAs (versus in MSAs) were more likely to participate in sports overall [aPR 1.07 (95% CI: 1.00-1.15), p = .042] and among males [aPR 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01-1.23), p = .026]. Conclusion: The relationship between MSA status and sports participation may be largely driven by factors that affect youth's ability to participate in sports. Sports participation was higher among females versus males overall. In the models adjusted for demographics, non-MSA youth ages 12-17 were more likely to participate, particularly males. Efforts promoting youth sports should consider differences in socio-demographic factors between MSA versus non-MSA areas to help increase participation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian E Saelens
- Seattle Children's Research Institute
- University of Washington
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5
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Samuel-Hodge CD, Gizlice Z, Guy AR, Bernstein K, Victor AY, George T, Hamlett TS, Harrison LM. A Mixed-Method Evaluation of a Rural Elementary School Implementing the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) Program. Nutrients 2023; 15:2729. [PMID: 37375633 PMCID: PMC10304257 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite children living in rural US areas having 26% greater odds of being affected by obesity compared to those living in urban areas, the implementation of evidence-based programs in rural schools is rare. We collected quantitative data (weight and height) from 272 racially and ethnically diverse students at baseline, and qualitative data from students (4 focus groups), parents, and school staff (16 semi-structured interviews and 29 surveys) to evaluate program outcomes and perceptions. At the 2-year follow-up, paired data from 157 students, represented by racial/ethnic groups of 59% non-Hispanic White, 31% non-Hispanic Black, and 10% Hispanic, showed an overall mean change (SD) in BMI z-score of -0.04 (0.59), a decrease of -0.08 (0.69) in boys, and a significant -0.18 (0.33) decrease among Hispanic students. Boys had a mean decrease in obesity prevalence of 3 percentage points (from 17% to 14%), and Hispanic students had the largest mean decrease in BMI percentile. Qualitative data showed positive perceptions of the CATCH program and its implementation. This community-engaged research, with collaboration from an academic institution, a health department, a local wellness coalition, and a rural elementary school, demonstrated successful CATCH program implementation and showed promising outcomes in mean BMI changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen D. Samuel-Hodge
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Center for Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Room 216, CB #7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA
| | - Ziya Gizlice
- Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., CB #7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA; (Z.G.); (A.R.G.); (K.B.); (A.Y.V.); (T.S.H.)
| | - Alexis R. Guy
- Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., CB #7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA; (Z.G.); (A.R.G.); (K.B.); (A.Y.V.); (T.S.H.)
| | - Kathryn Bernstein
- Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., CB #7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA; (Z.G.); (A.R.G.); (K.B.); (A.Y.V.); (T.S.H.)
| | - Aurore Y. Victor
- Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., CB #7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA; (Z.G.); (A.R.G.); (K.B.); (A.Y.V.); (T.S.H.)
| | - Tyler George
- Division of General Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 102 Mason Farm Rd. #3100, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Trevor S. Hamlett
- Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., CB #7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7426, USA; (Z.G.); (A.R.G.); (K.B.); (A.Y.V.); (T.S.H.)
| | - Lisa M. Harrison
- Granville Vance Public Health, 1032 College St., Oxford, NC 27565, USA;
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Duncan GE, Sun F, Avery AR, Hurvitz PM, Moudon AV, Tsang S, Williams BD. Cross-Sectional Study of Location-Based Built Environments, Physical Activity, Dietary Intake, and Body Mass Index in Adult Twins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4885. [PMID: 36981789 PMCID: PMC10049069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined relationships between walkability and health behaviors between and within identical twin pairs, considering both home (neighborhood) walkability and each twin's measured activity space. Continuous activity and location data (via accelerometry and GPS) were obtained in 79 pairs over 2 weeks. Walkability was estimated using Walk Score® (WS); home WS refers to neighborhood walkability, and GPS WS refers to the mean of individual WSs matched to every GPS point collected by each participant. GPS WS was assessed within (WHN) and out of the neighborhood (OHN), using 1-mile Euclidean (air1mi) and network (net1mi) buffers. Outcomes included walking and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) bouts, dietary energy density (DED), and BMI. Home WS was associated with WHN GPS WS (b = 0.71, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001 for air1mi; b = 0.79, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001 for net1mi), and OHN GPS WS (b = 0.18, SE = 0.04, p < 0.001 for air1mi; b = 0.22, SE = 0.04, p < 0.001 for net1mi). Quasi-causal relationships (within-twin) were observed for home and GPS WS with walking (ps < 0.01), but not MVPA, DED, or BMI. Results support previous literature that neighborhood walkability has a positive influence on walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen E. Duncan
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Feiyang Sun
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ally R. Avery
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Philip M. Hurvitz
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Studies in Demography & Ecology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anne Vernez Moudon
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Siny Tsang
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Bethany D. Williams
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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Ausenhus C, Gold JM, Perry CK, Kozak A, Wang ML, Jang SH, Leong J, Rodriguez E, Duggan C, Ko LK. Factors impacting implementation of nutrition and physical activity policies in rural schools. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:308. [PMID: 36765324 PMCID: PMC9921364 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rural Latino children have higher rates of obesity compared to non-Latino Whites. Schools are in a unique position to address rural childhood obesity through policies. While evidence exists on factors that promote or impede school-based physical activity (PA) and nutrition policies, only a fraction has been in rural communities. This study seeks to understand 1) the knowledge and perceptions of school nutrition and PA policies and 2) barriers and facilitators to their implementation among rural school stakeholders from Washington State. METHODS We conducted 20 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with school stakeholders (e.g., principals and school nutrition directors) from four K-12 school districts in the Lower Yakima Valley of Eastern Washington State. Thematic analysis was conducted using inductive, constant comparison approach to identify themes around knowledge and perceptions of policies and barriers and facilitators of policy implementation. RESULTS Three main themes were identified: perceptions and knowledge of school PA and nutrition policies, barriers to policy implementation, and facilitators of policy implementation. The majority of stakeholders were supportive of school-based policies promoting PA and a healthy diet, even when lacking a specific understanding of these policies. Four subthemes were identified as barriers to policy implementation: viewing PA as a low priority, misuse of recess time, funding constraints, and lack of strong leadership. Facilitators of implementation included strong leadership at the district level, creating healthy norms through school-community linkages and pooling community resources to improve nutrition and PA among children. CONCLUSIONS Schools provide a unique setting to promote healthy diet and PA behaviors among children and their families. Study findings show that while knowledge of specific nutrition and PA policies may vary, support for such policies were high among rural stakeholders. Study findings can inform policy development and support strategies for policy implementation in rural settings. Future studies may want to examine whether implementation of strategies addressing the barriers and enhancing facilitators lead to success in rural school settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Ausenhus
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, M3-B232, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Joshua M. Gold
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, M3-B232, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Cynthia K. Perry
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Health & Science University, School of Nursing, 3455 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., SN-ADM, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Andrea Kozak
- grid.261277.70000 0001 2219 916XDepartment of Psychology, Oakland University, 654 Pioneer Drive, Rochester, MI 48309 USA
| | - Monica L. Wang
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Sou Hyun Jang
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Sociology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Judy Leong
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Edgar Rodriguez
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, M3-B232, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Catherine Duggan
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, M3-B232, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Linda K. Ko
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Kramer-Kostecka EN, Folk AL, Friend S, Coan B, Kne L, Beaudette J, Barr-Anderson DJ, Fulkerson JA. A novel method to map community- and neighborhood-level access to rural physical activity built environments in the United States. Prev Med Rep 2022; 30:102066. [PMID: 36531106 PMCID: PMC9747658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) built environments may support PA among rural youth and families. In the United States (U.S.), differences between rural and urban PA built environments are assessed using coarse scale, county-level methods. However, this method insufficiently examines environmental differences within rural counties. The present study uses rural-specific geospatial mapping techniques and a fine scale, within-rural grouping strategy to identify differing levels of access to the PA built environment among a rural sample. First, PA infrastructure variables (parks, sidewalks) within a rural region of the Midwest U.S. were mapped. Then, households (N = 112) of participants in the NU-HOME study, a childhood obesity prevention trial, were categorized to community-level and neighborhood-level PA built environment groups using two access indicators; Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes and Walk Scores®, respectively. Finally, households were categorized to new groups that combined community-level RUCA codes and neighborhood-level Walk Scores® to indicate the diverse ways in which rural families might access PA built environments, including by vehicle travel and pedestrian commuting. Household access to PA infrastructure (per geospatial proximity and density analyses), parent perceptions of the PA environment, and child PA were examined across the new combined access groups. All measures of household access to PA infrastructure significantly differed by group (p <.0001). Several parent PA perceptions differed by group; child PA did not. The present study provides future researchers with innovative strategies to map and examine how access to the PA built environment differs within a rural area. Due to the public availability of the access indicators used (RUCA codes, Walk Scores®), study methods can be replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eydie N. Kramer-Kostecka
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. S.E, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Amanda L. Folk
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 209 Cooke Hall, 1900 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Sarah Friend
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Brian Coan
- U-Spatial, Research Computing, University of Minnesota, 420 Blegen Hall, 269 19th Ave. S Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Len Kne
- U-Spatial, Research Computing, University of Minnesota, 420 Blegen Hall, 269 19th Ave. S Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jennifer Beaudette
- Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, 920 E 28th St #100, Minneapolis, MN 55407, United States
| | - Daheia J. Barr-Anderson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 209 Cooke Hall, 1900 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jayne A. Fulkerson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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Prochnow T, Patterson M, Umstattd Meyer MR, Lightner J, Gomez L, Sharkey J. Conducting Physical Activity Research on Racially and Ethnically Diverse Adolescents Using Social Network Analysis: Case Studies for Practical Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11545. [PMID: 36141817 PMCID: PMC9517360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent physical activity (PA) is significantly impacted by peer behaviors through peer influence, peer selection, and popularity. However, the scales for these social constructs may not fully capture the detailed social networks and mechanisms responsible for PA behavior changes. This level of detail and granularity can be quantified and analyzed through social network analysis (SNA). To demonstrate the variety, utility, and efficacy of SNA in adolescent PA research, this article aims to provide four case studies on the collection of social network and PA data on ethnically and racially diverse adolescents. Through case studies, this article provides tangible ways in which SNA can be used to evaluate social influences on PA behaviors. Case studies are presented on: (1) Youth Engagement in Sport-an egocentric analysis of middle school youth participation in an experiential sport program with 3- and 6-month follow-ups; (2) Summer care program networks-an egocentric and whole network longitudinal study of adolescents at summer care programs; (3) The Convoy method-a qualitative egocentric discussion activity with adolescents from colonias on the Texas-Mexico border; and (4) A father-focused, family-centered health program-an egocentric experimental analysis of children participating in a health program. Data collection procedures are listed and example surveys are provided. Descriptive analyses are included, as are recommendations on further analysis techniques for each type of network data. Using SNA, researchers can understand social contexts in a more specific manner, better positioning interventions to alter such influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Prochnow
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Meg Patterson
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Joseph Lightner
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Luis Gomez
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joseph Sharkey
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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10
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Pate RR, Saunders RP, Taverno Ross SE, Dowda M. Patterns of age-related change in physical activity during the transition from elementary to high school. Prev Med Rep 2022; 26:101712. [PMID: 35145840 PMCID: PMC8819127 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed: 1) to describe patterns of age-related change in total and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children as they transitioned from elementary school to high school, and 2) to determine if those patterns differed across demographic sub-groups formed on the basis of gender, race/ethnicity, parent education (socioeconomic status), and urbanicity. A cohort of children (analysis sample, N = 951) was comprised of students drawn from two public school districts in South Carolina. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry on at least two and up to five occasions between 2010 and 2017. Growth curve analyses were performed to describe the pattern of age-related change in the physical activity variables for the full sample and for demographic sub-groups. A relatively steep age-related decline in total physical activity was observed in children before age 14, with a slower rate after that age. Physical activity was lower in girls than boys, and the age-related rate of decline was steeper in girls. Physical activity patterns did not differ across race/ethnicity groups, but children of parents with less education were more active than children of parents with more education. Children living in rural areas participated in less MVPA than children living in urban settings, and this difference increased with increasing age. These findings indicate that children experience a particularly steep decrease in physical activity as they transition from elementary to middle school, and this trend is particularly prominent in girls, children living in rural areas, and children of parents with college education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell R. Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Ruth P. Saunders
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sharon E. Taverno Ross
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marsha Dowda
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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11
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Participation and engagement of a rural community in Ciclovía: progressing from research intervention to community adoption. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1964. [PMID: 34717591 PMCID: PMC8556949 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Open streets events, where roads are temporarily closed to motorized vehicles, can provide safe spaces for physical activity (PA) and become sustainable community infrastructure. Since 2016, we have collaborated with a rural community to implement an open streets event, named ciclovía. In 2019, ciclovía was adopted as a community-wide program. This paper describes the process of building and progressing a ciclovía from a research intervention to a community-adopted program and participation of a rural community in ciclovía. Methods We used community-based participatory research to foster bidirectional learning on how to optimize the content and implementation of ciclovía to be feasible and acceptable for rural communities. The community-academic partnership focused on: 1) understanding the science of ciclovía; 2) learning the implementation process; 3) creating tools to facilitate planning, implementation, and evaluation of ciclovía; and 4) developing transition steps from a research intervention to a community-adopted program. Results The progression of the research intervention to community adoption spanned 2 years. First, the partnership met quarterly to discuss the science of ciclovía, its utility, and its adaptation for rural communities. Second, the partnership studied processes that facilitated ciclovía implementation. Third, the partnership created the ciclovía planning guide and tools for communities to establish their own ciclovía. The guide included forming a planning committee, setting meeting and communication plans, marketing and promotion, and selecting evaluation tools. Fourth, the transition steps from research intervention to community adoption included creating roles and responsibilities, implementing ciclovía using the planning guide, and convening listening sessions for improvement on implementation. Community attendance at ciclovía doubled from 189 individuals (126 children and 63 adults) when it was a research intervention to 394 individuals (277 children and 117 adults) when it was a community program. Conclusions The progression from a research intervention to a community-adopted program encompasses multiple steps that involve bidirectional learning and partnership with the community. Lessons learned from this study are integrated into a disseminatable ciclovía planning guide. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11980-6.
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Pfledderer CD, Burns RD, Byun W, Carson RL, Welk GJ, Brusseau TA. Parent Preferences for Physical Activity in Before and After School Programs in Rural and Suburban Communities: A Discrete Choice Experiment. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:1479-1489. [PMID: 34697256 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine and compare parent preferences of before and after school physical activity program components in rural and suburban elementary schools. METHODS A discrete choice experiment was conducted to measure parent preferences for components of before/after school programs. A total of 183 parents (age = 37.2 [8.2] y, 155 females) sampled from 15 elementary schools (K-6 grades) in the Western United States took part in the study, half of which were from a rural community (n = 93, 50.8%). Results from the discrete choice experiment were analyzed using hierarchic Bayesian methodology, which estimated utility scores and was used to calculate important scores for program components. RESULTS The specific goal of the before/after school program was the strongest determinant of parents' stated choice overall, followed by leaders, time of day, length, and main focus. Learning sports as the physical activity goal was the top-rated attribute. Subgroup analyses revealed discrepancies between suburban and rural parents and parents of boys and girls. CONCLUSION This study extends the application of discrete choice experiments to school-based programming, providing a unique way to design empirically based, stakeholder informed school programs, specifically within before and after school settings.
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Tian Y, Liu L, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhai Y, Wang K, Liu J. Urban-Rural Differences in Physical Fitness and Out-of-School Physical Activity for Primary School Students: A County-Level Comparison in Western China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10813. [PMID: 34682557 PMCID: PMC8535605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization of China has brought lifestyle changes resulting in a continuous decline in children's physical fitness (PF) and out-of-school physical activity (PA). To date, studies have been focused on correlates of PF and out-of-school PA, and patterns and trends based on geographic diversity and urban-rural contrasts. Western China, with a large rural population, has substantial urban-rural differences, but little work has been done to compare its children's physical fitness (PF) and out-of-school physical activity (PA) at a county level. A total of 715 primary school students (grades 3-6) were surveyed from one urban school (n = 438) and four rural schools (n = 277) in a county-level administrative unit, Yangling District, Shaanxi, in western China. Physical fitness index (PFI) was measured and calculated based on the revised Chinese Student Physical Fitness Standards. Out-of-school PA and other variables of demographics, behavior and perception were collected using questionnaires. Statistical analyses explored urban-rural differences and correlates of PFI and out-of-school PA. We found that the PFI (72.86 vs. 79.67) and weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) duration (167.57 vs. 220.08) of urban students were significantly lower than those of rural students. Weekly MVPA duration had the largest positive impact on PFI. Perceived availability of PA spaces was positively associated with both the urban and rural students' PF and PA, while screen time was negatively associated with PF and PA, especially for rural students. Facilitators of PA frequency include the perceived availability of PA time and parental educational level. Parents' PA habits had a positive impact on urban students' PA. No association between active school commuting and PF or PA was found. Our findings revealed that PF and out-of-school PA of urban students were clearly lower than among rural students. The health of rural children at the county level in western China should be paid much more attention during the process of rapid urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.T.); (L.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.T.); (L.L.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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14
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Maternal Perceptions of Physical Activity Spaces for Children in Texas Border colonias. HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/07399863211044887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined differences in mother-reported physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) based on child sex and mothers’ perceptions of PA resources for Mexican-heritage (MH) children residing in Texas-Mexico border colonias. Mothers with children 8 to 10 years old ( n = 335) from colonias in south Texas reported if there were places for their child to be physically active and their child’s hours of PA and ST per day during the week and weekend. Two-way ANCOVAs examined differences in child PA and ST based on presence of PA places and child sex. Only 46.0% of mothers ( n = 159) reported places for their child to be physically active; with no significant difference based on sex. Mothers’ perceptions of a place to play was differentially beneficial for girls’ weekday PA and ST. Findings suggest a need to increase perceived and/or actual access to PA places in colonias communities, particularly for girls.
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15
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Pfledderer CD, Burns RD, Byun W, Carson RL, Welk GJ, Brusseau TA. School-based physical activity interventions in rural and urban/suburban communities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13265. [PMID: 33938109 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disparities in physical activity and health outcomes exist between urban and rural youth. School settings can be utilized to promote physical activity in youth regardless of urban-rural status. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess and compare the effect of rural and urban/suburban school-based physical activity programs on total physical activity in youth. A search of five databases was conducted. A total of 33 studies remained after the exclusion process, 28 of which took place in urban/suburban schools and five of which took place in rural schools. The DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was employed with the estimates of heterogeneity taken from the inverse-variance fixed-effect model. For rural studies, the Hartung-Knapp-Sidak-Jonkman method was used to obtain error estimates. Results from the total sample indicated a significant but small pooled increase in daily physical activity (Hedge's g = 0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06-0.18), which held for interventions conducted in urban/suburban schools (Hedge's g = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06-0.19). For rural school-based interventions, there was no significant pooled effect (Hedge's g = 0.06, 95% CI: -0.50 to 0.61). This meta-analysis provides evidence that school-based interventions can be marginally effective for increasing daily physical activity in children and adolescents; however, no effect was observed for interventions implemented in rural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan D Burns
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Wonwoo Byun
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Russell L Carson
- Research, Health and Wellness, PlayCore, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gregory J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Timothy A Brusseau
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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16
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Christiana RW, Bouldin ED, Battista RA. Active living environments mediate rural and non-rural differences in physical activity, active transportation, and screen time among adolescents. Prev Med Rep 2021; 23:101422. [PMID: 34159049 PMCID: PMC8193609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Disparities in physical activity-related behaviors among rural and non-rural adolescents are important to consider given the relatively recent concerns surrounding the health of rural populations. Differences in rural and non-rural environments may facilitate or hinder physical activity opportunities. The purpose of this study is to examine differences between non-rural and rural adolescents' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), screen time, and active transportation, including the mediating role of neighborhood resources. Data came from 1,128 adolescents (207 rural, 18%) aged 12-17 years old and their parents living in the United States in the 2014 Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) study. Counterfactual mediation models were used to compare MVPA and screen time (linear regression) and active transit (log-binomial regression) among rural and non-rural adolescents, adjusting for demographics and health and measuring the mediating influence of neighborhood resources for PA. In adjusted models, rural adolescents engaged in less MVPA at school compared to non-rural adolescents (B = -1.14 min/day, p = 0.031) while no difference was found in MVPA at home or on weekends. Rural adolescents had less screen time (B = -2.1 min/day, p = 0.036) than their non-rural peers and were less likely to report active transit trips than non-rural adolescents (OR = 0.66, p = 0.016). Much of the differences in MVPA (70%) and active transit (54%) were mediated by differences in neighborhood resources. Improving the neighborhood resources in rural areas may encourage adolescents to be more active. This includes providing physical activity resources in rural areas such as sidewalks, bike lanes, greenways, playgrounds, fitness facilities, and parks/green space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Christiana
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, 1179 State Farm Road, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Erin D. Bouldin
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, 1179 State Farm Road, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Battista
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, 1179 State Farm Road, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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17
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Abshire DA, Pinto BM, Wilson DK. Physical Activity From Transportation: New Insights and Lingering Questions. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:187-188. [PMID: 34303442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernardine M Pinto
- College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Dawn K Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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18
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Prochnow T, Umstattd Meyer MR, Patterson MS, Trost SG, Gómez L, Sharkey J. Active Play Network Influences on Physical Activity Among Children Living in Texas Colonias. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2021; 44:154-161. [PMID: 33464765 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for child health; however, few children meet PA guidelines. Social relationships impact child PA behaviors; however, little is known about this effect in Mexican-heritage populations. This study aims to understand associations between self-reported play networks and PA among Mexican-heritage children. Mexican-heritage children from colonias along the Texas-Mexico border (n = 44; 54.5% girls; mean age = 9.89 years, SD = 0.97) reported information on up to 5 people they played with most often. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between composition of children's social network and minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) and sedentary minutes per day measured by accelerometers. Children who reported a higher percentage of friends as opposed to family members attained significantly more minutes of MVPA per day (β = .27, P = .04). Children who reported playing with individuals in their network more often (β = ‒.28, P = .03) were sedentary for fewer minutes per day. Increasing the connections between children in the neighborhood or community, as well as increasing a child's frequency of active play, may be promising approaches to increasing MVPA and decreasing sedentary behaviors among Mexican-heritage children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Prochnow
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas (Mr Prochnow and Dr Umstattd Meyer); Department of Health and Kinesiology (Dr Patterson) and Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences (Mr Gómez and Dr Sharkey), Texas A&M University, College Station; and Queensland University of Technology, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Dr Trost)
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Parental Factors Related to Physical Activity among Adolescent Men Living in Built and Natural Environment: A Population-Based MOPO Study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2021:3234083. [PMID: 34122561 PMCID: PMC8169255 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3234083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Physical inactivity is a global concern, especially among adolescent men. Little research has been done on the association between parental factors and young adults' physical activity in the context of residential environment. We aimed to reveal what parental factors are associated with physical activity among adolescent men living in built and natural environments. Methods A population-based sample of 1,904 men (mean age = 17.9, SD = 0.7 years) completed a questionnaire regarding physical activity, parental factors, and lifestyle in Northern Finland in 2012 and 2013. Geographical information system methods and dominant land-use type were used to define the residential environment in a 1-kilometer radius buffer zone surrounding each participant's home address. If the residential area included more artificial surfaces, it was defined as a built environment, and areas including more nature were defined as natural environments. Results According to multivariable analyses, a mother's physical activity (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.8) was positively associated with the physical activity of adolescent men living in built environments, and the father's physical activity was positively associated with the physical activity of adolescent men living in natural environments (2.8; 1.7-4.8). Self-rated health (built 5.9 [4.0-8.7]; natural 5.2 [3.0-9.0]) was positively associated with physical activity level. Those with symptoms of depression were more likely to be physically inactive (built 0.5 [0.3-0.8]; natural 0.3 [0.1-0.6]). Adolescent men were equally physically active regardless of the living environment. Conclusions The level of physical activity of parents, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms should be considered when designing physical activity promotions for adolescent men according to their residential environments.
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Prochnow T, Umstattd Meyer MR, Johnson C, Delgado H, Gómez L, Sharkey J. The Development and Pilot Testing of the ¡Haz Espacio Para Papi! Program Physical Activity Curriculum for Mexican-heritage Fathers and Children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2021.1902888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Prochnow T, Patterson MS, Umstattd Meyer MR. A social network analysis approach to group and individual perceptions of child physical activity. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2020; 35:564-573. [PMID: 32918452 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Child physical activity (PA) is influenced by social environment. Self-perception and perception of others' behaviors may impact health behaviors such as PA. This study examines associations between child networks, perception of their own PA and the network's perception of their PA. Children (n = 89, M age = 10.00, SD = 1.34) at a summer care program reported demographics (54% female; 46% Black), PA, and physical skill competency. Children indicated up to five people they interacted with the most while at the program and how active they perceived each person to be. Multilevel modeling was used to determine significant associations between skill competency, network measures, and child's perception of their own PA, the network's perception of their PA, and the absolute difference between the two. Children perceived themselves to be more physically active if they perceived their friends were more physically active. Children who were central in the network and more physically competent were perceived as more active by their peers. Absolute differences between self-reported and network perceived PA were significantly larger for females. This work builds on understanding of how network position may impact child PA perceptions at summer care programs. Implications of these perceptions for PA promotion programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Prochnow
- Baylor University, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, One Bear Place No. 97313, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Megan S Patterson
- Texas A&M University, Department of Health and Kinesiology, MS 4243 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M Renee Umstattd Meyer
- Baylor University, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, One Bear Place No. 97313, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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Reed JA, Ballard RM, Hill M, Berrigan D. Identification of Effective Programs to Improve Access to and Use of Trails among Youth from Under-Resourced Communities: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7707. [PMID: 33105592 PMCID: PMC7659949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this paper is to identify and review studies evaluating the effectiveness of programs to increase access to trails and trails use (physical activity) among youth from under-resourced communities. Three additional goals include identifying: (1) Correlates of physical activity/trail use and features of transportation systems and/or built environment and land use destinations, that may inform and support the planning and implementation of programs to promote trail use among youth, (2) benefits associated with trail use, and (3) barriers to trail use. Under-resourced communities are defined as those lacking sufficient resources (i.e., under-funded). METHODS A review of the literature was conducted to identify, abstract, and evaluate studies related to programs to promote trail use among youth and youth from under-resourced communities. In anticipation of very few studies being published about this topic, studies were also reviewed to identify correlates of transportation systems and built environment and land use destinations related to increases in physical activity, and benefits of, and barriers to trail use. PUBMED, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sportdiscus, Annual Reviews, American Trails, and Google Scholar databases were searched using terms including trails, built environment, physical activity, exercise, walking, children, adolescents, and youth to identify studies that potentially related to the purposes for conducting this review. Review methods identified, 5278 studies based on our search terms. A review of study titles, abstracts, and select full article screens determined that 5049 studies did not meet the study inclusion criteria, leaving 221 studies included in this review. RESULTS No studies were located that evaluated programs designed to promote and increase trail use among youth, including youth from under-resourced communities. Eight studies used longitudinal or quasi-experimental designs to evaluate physical activity and neighborhood characteristics prospectively among adolescent girls (n = 1), the effects of the path or trail development on physical activity behaviors of children, youth, and adults (n = 4), marketing or media campaigns (n = 2), and wayfinding and incremental distance signage (n = 1) to promote increased trail use. Correlates of transportation systems (e.g., trail access, road traffic congestion related to safe active travel, lack of sidewalks, closer proximity to trails, access to transportation), destinations (e.g., park availability and access, park improvements, greenspaces), or both routes and destinations (e.g., perceptions of safety, lighting), were identified. These correlates may support the planning and implementation of programs to increase trail use among youth, or may facilitate the connection of trails or routes to destinations in communities. Barriers to trail use included costs, crime, lack of transportation, lack of role models using trails, and institutional discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Scientific evidence in support of addressing the underrepresentation of trail use by youth from under-resourced communities is lacking. However, there is a related body of evidence that may inform how to develop programs that support trail use by youth from under-resourced areas. Dedicated, deliberate, and systematic efforts will be required to address research and knowledge gaps, and to evaluate programs and practice related to trail use among youth from low income, often racially or ethnically diverse under-resourced neighborhoods or communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Reed
- Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
| | - Rachel M. Ballard
- Prevention Research Coordination, Office of Disease Prevention, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Michael Hill
- Landscape Architect, Enterprise Program, U.S. Forest Service, Washington, DC 20250, USA;
| | - David Berrigan
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive MSC 7344, Bethesda, MD 20892-7344, USA;
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McCrorie P, Mitchell R, Macdonald L, Jones A, Coombes E, Schipperijn J, Ellaway A. The relationship between living in urban and rural areas of Scotland and children's physical activity and sedentary levels: a country-wide cross-sectional analysis. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:304. [PMID: 32156285 PMCID: PMC7065337 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Living in urban or rural environments may influence children’s levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviours. We know little about variations in device-measured physical activity and sedentary levels of urban and rural children using nationally representative samples, or if these differences are moderated by socioeconomic factors or seasonal variation. Moreover, little is known about the influence of ‘walkability’ in the UK context. A greater understanding of these can better inform intervention strategies or policy initiatives at the population level. Methods Country-wide cross-sectional study in Scotland in which 774 children (427 girls, 357 boys), aged 10/11 years, wore an accelerometer on one occasion for at least four weekdays and one weekend day. Mean total physical activity, time spent in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), per day were extracted for weekdays, weekend days, and all days combined. Regression analyses explored associations between physical activity outcomes, urban/rural residence, and a modified walkability index (dwelling density and intersection density); with interactions fitted for household equivalised income and season of data collection. Sensitivity analyses assessed variation in findings by socioeconomic factors and urbanicity. Results Rural children spent an average of 14 min less sedentary (95% CI of difference: 2.23, 26.32) and 13 min more in light intensity activity (95% CI of difference, 2.81, 24.09) per day than those from urban settlements. No urban-rural differences were found for time spent in MVPA or in total levels of activity. Our walkability index was not associated with any outcome measure. We found no interactions with household equivalised income, but there were urban/rural differences in seasonal variation; urban children engaged in higher levels of MVPA in the spring months (difference: 10 mins, p = 0.06, n.s) and significantly lower levels in winter (difference: 8.7 mins, p = 0.036). Conclusions Extrapolated across one-year, rural children would accumulate approximately 79 h (or just over 3 days) less sedentary time than urban children, replacing this for light intensity activity. With both outcomes having known implications for health, this finding is particularly important. Future work should prioritise exploring the patterns and context in which these differences occur to allow for more targeted intervention/policy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McCrorie
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Rich Mitchell
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Laura Macdonald
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Andrew Jones
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Emma Coombes
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Ellaway
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Nordbø ECA, Nordh H, Raanaas RK, Aamodt G. Promoting activity participation and well-being among children and adolescents. JBI Evid Synth 2020; 18:370-458. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Social Network Analysis in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity Research: A Systematic Literature Review. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:250-260. [PMID: 31923901 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity (PA) has many benefits for children and adolescents, yet many do not meet PA recommendations. Social context is important for promoting or discouraging PA among children and adolescents. This review aimed to identify social network variables related to PA among children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted in September 2018 using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Included articles needed to (1) be focused on children (aged 5-11 y) or adolescents (aged 12-17 y), (2) include a measure of PA, (3) include a measure of egocentric or sociocentric social connection in which alters were nominated, and (4) perform an analysis between network data and PA. RESULTS A search of 11,824 articles was refined to a final sample of 29 articles. Social network themes and concepts such as homophily, centrality, and network composition were related to child and adolescent PA behavior across the literature. CONCLUSIONS The impact of an individual's social network is evident on their PA behaviors. More research is needed to examine why these networks form in relation to PA and how interventions can utilize social network analysis to more effectively promote PA, especially in underserved and minority populations.
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Umstattd Meyer MR, Bridges Hamilton CN, Prochnow T, McClendon ME, Arnold KT, Wilkins E, Benavidez G, Williams TD, Abildso CG, Pollack Porter KM. Come together, play, be active: Physical activity engagement of school-age children at Play Streets in four diverse rural communities in the U.S. Prev Med 2019; 129:105869. [PMID: 31654727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Across the U.S., Play Streets - temporary street closures creating safe places for play for a few hours- are being implemented in urban areas during summer. Play Streets have never been implemented or evaluated in rural communities but have the potential to address challenges residents face accessing safe physical activity opportunities in these areas. Community organizations in four diverse low-income rural communities (selected to represent African American, American Indian, Latino, or White, non-Hispanic populations) received mini-grants in 2017 to implement four, three-hour Play Streets during the summer focusing on school-aged children in elementary-to-middle school. Physical activity was measured using Digi-walker (Yamax-SW200) pedometers and the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC/iSOPARC). Sixteen Play Streets were implemented in rural Maryland, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Texas communities during June-September 2017. A total of 370 children (mean age = 8.81 years [SD = 2.75]; 55.0% female) wore pedometers across all 16 Play Streets (μ = 23.13 [SD = 8.59] children/Play Street). School-aged children with complete data (n = 353) wore pedometers for an average of 92.97 min (SD = 60.12) and accrued a mean of 42.08 steps/min (SD = 17.27), with no significant differences between boys (μ = 43.82, SD = 15.76) and girls (μ = 40.66, SD = 18.34). iSOPARC observations revealed no significant differences in child activity by sex; however, male teens were more active than female teens. Most adults were sedentary during Play Streets according to pedometer and iSOPARC data. Children in diverse rural communities are physically active at Play Streets. Play Streets are a promising intervention for promoting active play among children that lack safe opportunities to be active.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renée Umstattd Meyer
- Baylor University, Department of Public Health, One Bear Place #97343, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
| | | | - T Prochnow
- Baylor University, College of Health and Human Sciences, One Bear Place #97311, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Megan E McClendon
- Baylor University, College of Health and Human Sciences, One Bear Place #97311, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Texas State University, USA
| | - Kimberly T Arnold
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House 380A, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Wilkins
- Baylor University, Department of Public Health, One Bear Place #97343, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Gabriel Benavidez
- Baylor University, Department of Public Health, One Bear Place #97343, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Tiffany D Williams
- Gramercy Research Group, 7990 North Point Boulevard, Suite 108, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
| | - Christiaan G Abildso
- West Virginia University School of Public Health, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506-9190, USA
| | - Keshia M Pollack Porter
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House 380A, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Foster BA, Weinstein K, Mojica CM, Davis MM. Parental Mental Health Associated With Child Overweight and Obesity, Examined Within Rural and Urban Settings, Stratified by Income. J Rural Health 2019; 36:27-37. [PMID: 31508862 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rural areas experience greater childhood obesity compared with urban areas. Differences in reported physical activity and dietary intake do not fully explain the disparity. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between parental mental health and childhood obesity within urban and rural areas. METHODS We used data from the National Survey of Children's Health, 2016, subset to children age 10-17 with available weight data. We stratified the sample by rural and urban settings and examined whether maternal or paternal mental health was associated with child overweight or obesity, accounting for income stratum (low-income: ≤200% federal poverty line; high-income: >200% federal poverty line). We used multivariable analyses to test if associations remained after including covariates of food security, physical activity, and screen time. FINDINGS For the 14,733 children 10-17 years of age in our sample, family income but not rurality was associated with overweight or obesity. Among high-income families, positive mental health of either the mother or the father was associated with lower odds of overweight or obesity. In multivariable models, the association between positive maternal mental health and lower odds of child overweight/obesity persisted after adjustment for family food security, child physical activity, and child screen time. For paternal mental health, the association was not significant after adjusting for these covariates. CONCLUSIONS After stratification by income, there were no differences in childhood overweight/obesity by rurality. Both maternal and paternal mental health are associated with children's weight, though only the maternal association remains after adjusting for covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron A Foster
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kelsey Weinstein
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cynthia M Mojica
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Melinda M Davis
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Abi Nader P, Hilberg E, Schuna JM, John DH, Gunter KB. Association of Teacher-Level Factors With Implementation of Classroom-Based Physical Activity Breaks. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2019; 89:435-443. [PMID: 30937920 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classroom-based physical activity (CBPA) breaks are a common strategy to increase elementary school children's physical activity (PA) levels. There is limited research examining how teacher-level factors impact teacher implementation of CBPA breaks. In this study, we assessed the relationship of teacher-level factors with teacher use of a CBPA resource. METHODS We randomized 6 elementary schools in rural Oregon into control (N = 3) or intervention (N = 3) conditions. Each teacher at intervention schools received the CBPA resource. Teachers at control schools received 1 CBPA-Toolkit per grade level to share, and received no training. We surveyed teachers on their use of the toolkit, implementation support and self-efficacy, and value for PA. Logistic regression was used to examine the odds of toolkit use by teacher-level factors. RESULTS Among survey respondents (N = 83), 57% were self-identified toolkit users and 48% attended a training. Training participation and teacher implementation self-efficacy were associated with greater odds of using the toolkit (odds ratio, OR = 7.76 [95% confidence interval, CI = 1.39-43.19] and OR = 5.54 [95% CI = 1.24-23.87], respectively). CONCLUSION CBPA tools supported with training aimed at developing teachers' implementation self-efficacy increased the likelihood of teachers employing CBPA tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Abi Nader
- Université de Moncton, Pavillon J.-Raymond-Frenette, 100 rue des Aboiteaux, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Evan Hilberg
- Hallie E. Ford Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - John M Schuna
- Oregon State University, 118H Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Deborah H John
- Oregon State University, 105F Ballard Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Euler R, Jimenez EY, Sanders S, Kuhlemeier A, Van Horn ML, Cohen D, Gonzales-Pacheco D, Kong AS. Rural-Urban Differences in Baseline Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Levels of Adolescents. Prev Chronic Dis 2019; 16:E01. [PMID: 30605423 PMCID: PMC6341819 DOI: 10.5888/pcd16.180200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Differences in dietary intake and physical activity may explain the higher prevalence of obesity among adolescents living in rural versus urban settings. The objective of this cross-sectional secondary analysis was to compare baseline dietary intake and physical activity of adolescents by rurality. METHODS We analyzed data on 940 adolescents who participated in ACTION PAC (Adolescents Committed to Improvement of Nutrition and Physical Activity), an obesity prevention and management intervention trial conducted from 2014 through 2017 in 8 public high schools in the southwestern United States. Dietary intake was assessed with the Block Food Screener, and participants completed an exercise log and wore an accelerometer to provide data on physical activity. We compared data by rural-urban commuting area (RUCA) codes and log population density by using multilevel models, with students nested within zip code and repeated measures for accelerometer analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for socioeconomic status and ethnicity, accelerometer data indicated that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was 8.17 min/d (P = .02) higher and sedentary time was 20.42 min/d (P = .02) lower in moderately urban areas than in the urban reference area. Each 1-unit increase in log population density was associated with higher reported intake of whole grains (0.02 ounce equivalents, P = .03), potatoes (0.01 cup equivalents, P = .02), and added sugar (0.37 tsp, P = .02) after adjusting for socioeconomic status and ethnicity. CONCLUSION Differences in reported dietary intake and physical activity level by measures of rurality were small and inconsistent in direction to explain the disparities observed in rural versus urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Euler
- Nutrition Program, Department of Individual, Family and Community Education, MSC05 3040, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131. E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico,Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sarah Sanders
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Alena Kuhlemeier
- Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - M. Lee Van Horn
- Department of Individual, Family and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Deborah Cohen
- Department of Individual, Family and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Diana Gonzales-Pacheco
- Department of Individual, Family and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Alberta S. Kong
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Taylor LG, Clark AF, Wilk P, Button BL, Gilliland JA. Exploring the Effect of Perceptions on Children's Physical Activity in Varying Geographic Contexts: Using a Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Examine a Cross-Sectional Dataset. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5120159. [PMID: 30486424 PMCID: PMC6306871 DOI: 10.3390/children5120159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Most Canadian children are not meeting the recommended 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day. Research suggests that children’s perceptions of their environment have an influence on their physical activity behaviours, but there is a lack of generalizability among previous work. The purpose of this study was to assess the mediating effect of children’s perceptions of barriers to physical activity on the relationship between their environments and their level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (measured with accelerometers). Structural equation modelling stratified by gender was used to assess the research objective in a sample of 546 participants aged 8–14 years old from Northwestern and Southwestern Ontario, Canada. In both models stratified by gender, perceptions of barriers did not significantly mediate the relationship between urbanicity and physical activity. Independent of all other factors, there was no significant relationship between urbanicity and physical activity in girls, but there was in boys. These results offer insight into potential processes by which perceptions impact physical activity and provide initial information to further our understanding of the behavioural aspects of physical activity through multiple levels of analysis. Researchers must continue to improve efforts for quantifying the experience of children’s daily activity contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Taylor
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - Andrew F Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Brenton L Button
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- School of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Taylor LG, Clark AF, Gilliland JA. Context Matters: Examining children's perceived barriers to physical activity across varying Canadian environments. Health Place 2018; 54:221-228. [PMID: 30368100 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Children's perceptions of their environment have been associated with their physical activity (PA) levels, however a better understanding of the formation of perceptions within different contexts is needed. This will help to inform decision making related to physical inactivity trends in Canadian children. We examined socio-ecological factors influencing children's perceptions of barriers to PA in Ontario, Canada. Binary logistic regression models measured the relationship between perceptions of barriers and PA for 892 children in Ontario. At the intrapersonal level, girls reported the most barriers to PA. Interpersonally, children whose mother was employed reported the most barriers. At the physical environment level, children in urban and suburban neighbourhoods of large cities, and rural areas reported the most barriers, differing relative to population size. The major contribution of this paper is a new perspective of environmental influences on children's perceptions of PA, using an urbanicity spectrum, and highlighting place specific needs of Canadian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Taylor
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C2; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada N6C 2V5
| | - Andrew F Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C2; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada N6C 2V5
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C2; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada N6C 2V5; Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Studies, Western University, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B9; Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C2; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C2.
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Hayball FZL, Pawlowski CS. Using participatory approaches with children to better understand their physical activity behaviour. HEALTH EDUCATION JOURNAL 2018; 77:542-554. [PMID: 30166649 PMCID: PMC6094501 DOI: 10.1177/0017896918759567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The importance of childhood physical activity is widely recognised. Helping children to articulate their opinions is a crucial factor in improving their health and well-being, yet the field is predominantly focused on adult-led quantitative methods and lacks deeper understanding from a child perspective. METHODS This paper draws on experiences from a Danish study in which children depicted their physical activity behaviour in go-along group interviews in schoolyards (n = 111), and a Scottish study in which children photographed or drew meaningful places and discussed physical activity in these places (n = 25). RESULTS The benefits and challenges associated with using participatory methods to understand how children perceive the environment in relation to their physical activity behaviour are described. CONCLUSION Findings contribute to the literature by suggesting that participatory approaches are valuable in capturing children's perceptions of physical activity behaviour in outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity ZL Hayball
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Felicity ZL Hayball, Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Charlotte Skau Pawlowski
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Smith LH, Petosa RL, Shoben A. Peer mentor versus teacher delivery of a physical activity program on the effects of BMI and daily activity: protocol of a school-based group randomized controlled trial in Appalachia. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:633. [PMID: 29769106 PMCID: PMC5956615 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rural Appalachian populations have poorer health and fewer positive health-related behaviors compared to other United States populations. Appalachians are the most sedentary U.S. population and teens are particularly sedentary. Obesity prevention through improving physical activity is a top priority in Rural Healthy People 2020. Obesity prevalence among Appalachian teens exceeds the national rates of 13.9% and has consistently been greater than 26%. Organized sports has not been effective at improving daily physical activity or health outcomes for Appalachian teens. The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy of a 10-week school-based intervention in promoting self-regulation of physical activity among adolescents not participating in organized sports. By using accelerometers, our study will measure both sedentary time and planned exercise during waking hours. METHODS The design for this four-year study is a group-randomized controlled trial (G-RCT). We will recruit high schools in 3 waves, with 4 in Wave 1, 8 in Wave 2, and 8 in Wave 3, for a total of 20 schools. For each wave of schools, we will randomly assign half of the schools to each condition--intervention (peer-to-peer mentoring [MBA]) and comparison (teacher-led [PBA])--for a total of 10 schools in each of the two conditions by study's end. We will collect data at baseline (T1), 3 months post intervention (T2), and 6 months post intervention (T3). Linear Mixed Models (LMMs) and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) will be used to test the main hypotheses. Power for this study was based the primary analysis comparing BMI outcomes at T2 between the groups, adjusting for baseline BMI values. DISCUSSION This study provides age-appropriate lifestyle education and skill building. Peer-to-peer mentoring by local high school students and school-based tailored support strengthens sustainable behavioral change. Focusing on unique healthy-lifestyle challenges prevalent in low-resource areas such as Appalachia such as overcoming environmental, social, and psychological barriers may improve adherence to physical activity. Serving as role models, peer mentors may improve their own lifestyle behaviors, providing a dual intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02329262 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen H Smith
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, 240 Newton Hall, 1595 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Rick L Petosa
- The Ohio State University College of Education and Human Ecology, Physical Activity and Exercise Science Room 048, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Abigail Shoben
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, 249 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
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Teacher-Level Factors, Classroom Physical Activity Opportunities, and Children's Physical Activity Levels. J Phys Act Health 2018; 15:637-643. [PMID: 29584527 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classroom-based physical activity (CBPA) breaks are a cost-effective strategy to promote physical activity (PA) at school. Despite teachers' critical roles in sustained implementation of CBPA breaks, few studies examined the association of teacher-level factors with student PA levels, and none focused on rural schools. METHODS We monitored children's PA levels over 4 consecutive school days at 6 rural Oregon elementary schools with Walk4Life pedometers. During the same week, teachers recorded all student PA opportunities (recess, PE, and CBPA breaks) and answered a 26-item questionnaire about factors influencing their use of CBPA breaks. Mixed-effects models were used to associate teacher-level factors and PA opportunities with children's moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA; in minutes per day), controlling for child-level covariates. RESULTS When teachers valued PA, students accumulated more MVPA (1.07 min/d; P < .01) than students of teachers reporting low PA value. Students did more MVPA (1 min/d; P < .001) when teachers agreed the school operating conditions posed barriers to providing PA than when teachers disagreed that barriers existed. PE classes contributed significantly to student's PA levels. CONCLUSION Provision of PE, increasing teacher value for PA, and further investigation of how teacher-level factors relate to students' MVPA levels during CBPA breaks at rural elementary schools are warranted.
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Abstract
Rural residents are less physically active than their urban counterparts and disproportionately affected by chronic diseases and conditions associated with insufficient activity. While the ecological model has been successful in promoting and translating active living research in urban settings, relatively little research has been conducted in rural settings. The resulting research gap prohibits a comprehensive understanding and application of solutions for active living in rural America. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to assess the evidence base for an ecological model of active living for rural populations and outline key scientific gaps that inhibit the development and application of solutions. Specifically, we reexamined the 4 domains conceptualized by the model and suggest that there is a dearth of research specific to rural communities across all areas of the framework. Considering the limited rural-specific efforts, we propose areas that need addressing to mobilize rural active living researchers and practitioners into action.
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Poulsen MN, Knapp EA, Hirsch AG, Bailey-Davis L, Pollak J, Schwartz BS. Comparing objective measures of the built environment in their associations with youth physical activity and sedentary behavior across heterogeneous geographies. Health Place 2017; 49:30-38. [PMID: 29161656 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We compared two strategies for measuring built environment features in their associations with youth physical activity and sedentary behavior across heterogeneous geographies of Pennsylvania. Physical activity environments of communities representing a rural-to-urban gradient were characterized through direct observation and spatially referenced archival data subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. Stratified regression analyses assessed associations between environmental measures and behavioral outcomes by community type. Neither strategy was consistently associated with behavior across communities. Findings highlight the importance of differentiating community type in evaluating associations of the built environment, and the challenge of measuring meaningful differences that influence youth behavior across heterogeneous geographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Poulsen
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, MC 44-00, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
| | - Emily A Knapp
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Annemarie G Hirsch
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, MC 44-00, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
| | - Lisa Bailey-Davis
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, MC 44-00, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
| | - Jonathan Pollak
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Brian S Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, MC 44-00, Danville, PA 17822, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Adachi-Mejia AM, Lee C, Lee C, Carlos HA, Saelens BE, Berke EM, Doescher MP. Geographic variation in the relationship between body mass index and the built environment. Prev Med 2017; 100:33-40. [PMID: 28344118 PMCID: PMC5559354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining associations between weight status and neighborhood built environment (BE) have shown inconsistent results and have generally focused on urban settings. However, many Americans do not live in metropolitan areas and BE impacts may be different outside of metropolitan areas. We sought to examine whether the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and neighborhood BE exists and varies by geographic region across small towns in the United States. We conducted telephone surveys with 2156 adults and geographic information systems data in nine towns located within three geographic regions (Northeast, Texas, Washington) in 2011 and 2012. Multiple regression models examined the relationship between individual BMI and BE measures. Most physical activity variables were significantly associated with lower BMI in all geographic regions. We saw variation across geographic region in the relationship between characteristics of the BE variables and BMI. Some perceived and objectively-measured characteristics of the BE were significantly associated with adult BMI, but significant relationships varied by geographic region. For example, in the Northeast, perceived attractiveness of the neighborhood as a reason for why they chose to live there was associated with lower BMI; in Texas, the perceived presence of a fast food restaurant was negatively associated with BMI; in Washington, perceived presence of trees along the streets was associated with lower BMI. Our findings suggest that regional variation plays a role in the relationship between adult BMI and BE characteristics in small towns. Regardless of geographic location, interventions should encourage utilitarian walking and other forms of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Adachi-Mejia
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, NH, USA; The Dartmouth Institute of Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Chanam Lee
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chunkuen Lee
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Heather A Carlos
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Brian E Saelens
- Seattle Children's Research Institute and the University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ethan M Berke
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, NH, USA; The Dartmouth Institute of Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Mark P Doescher
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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McCormack LA, Meendering J. Diet and Physical Activity in Rural vs Urban Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Narrative Review. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116:467-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hansen AY, Umstattd Meyer MR, Lenardson JD, Hartley D. Built Environments and Active Living in Rural and Remote Areas: a Review of the Literature. Curr Obes Rep 2015; 4:484-93. [PMID: 26364307 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rural children and adults are more likely to have obesity than their urban counterparts even after adjustment for individual-level behaviors, suggesting that rural environments may promote obesity. The rural built environment may be an important area of research that can help us understand rural-urban disparities in obesity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the rural built environment and active living literature, and to address key issues, gaps, and observations in the field. A literature review was conducted in spring 2015 to identify research published from 2000 to 2015. Our review suggests that limited active living built environments in rural communities and unique rural barriers to physical activity may contribute to a higher prevalence of obesity compared to urban populations. More empirical research is needed to build the evidence-base for the association between rural built environments, active living, and obesity. School- and community-based policies that expand active living opportunities in rural areas should also be closely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anush Yousefian Hansen
- Maine Rural Health Research Center, University of Southern Maine, 404G Wishcamper Center, 34 Bedford Street, Portland, ME, 04104, USA.
| | - M Renée Umstattd Meyer
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, One Bear Place, #97313, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
| | - Jennifer D Lenardson
- Maine Rural Health Research Center, University of Southern Maine, 432B Wishcamper Center, 34 Bedford Street, Portland, ME, 04104, USA.
| | - David Hartley
- Maine Rural Health Research Center, University of Southern Maine, 418 Wishcamper Center, 34 Bedford Street, Portland, ME, 04104, USA.
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Perry CK, Nagel C, Ko LK, Duggan C, Linde S, Rodriguez EA, Thompson B. Active living environment assessments in four rural Latino communities. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:818-23. [PMID: 26844156 PMCID: PMC4721311 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Latinos and rural residents are less active and have a greater prevalence of overweight/obesity compared with their non-Latino white and urban counterparts. The objective of this study was to assess the active living environment in four rural, predominantly Latino communities. METHODS Assessments were taken using the Rural Active Living Assessment (RALA) in four rural predominantly Latino communities in Central Washington from September-November 2013. Street Segment Assessments of town center, thoroughfare, neighborhood and school zones were assessed for features related to walkability. Physical activity amenities, programs and policies in each town were assessed. Scores were generated for amenities, programs and policies. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 103 segments were assessed. Sidewalks in good condition were present in 32% of segments and shoulders in 44% of segments. Half of street segments were rated as walkable. Parks and playgrounds were available; however, half of these were rated in poor condition. All four districts offered after school physical activity programming but only two had a late bus option. CONCLUSIONS These four rural towns have some policies, programming and infrastructure in place that support active living. The information from the RALA can be used to inform program and policy development to enhance physical activity in these rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia K. Perry
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, 3455 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Corey Nagel
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, 3455 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Linda K. Ko
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Catherine Duggan
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sandra Linde
- Sunnyside Community Hospital, 1016 Tacoma Ave, Sunnyside, WA 98944, USA
| | - Edgar A. Rodriguez
- Quality Control-Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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Eichinger M, Titze S, Haditsch B, Dorner TE, Stronegger WJ. How are physical activity behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors associated with characteristics of the built and social residential environment? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126010. [PMID: 26035294 PMCID: PMC4452766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to identify perceptions of built and social residential characteristics and their association with behaviors such as physical activity (PA), nutrition and smoking and with cardiovascular risk factors (elevated BMI and fasting blood glucose). Methods Among participants of a preventive medical checkup at an Austrian District Health Insurance Fund (n=904, response rate = 82.2%, 42% women, 18-91 years) self-reported and measured data were collected. Results Total PA was positively associated with the presence of trees along the streets and high levels of pro-physical activity social modeling (SM) and it was negatively related to perceived safety from crime. More leisure-time PA was associated with higher levels of cycling/walking infrastructure and high levels of SM. PA for transportation was positively related to high levels of connectivity and high levels of SM. Better behavioral cardiovascular risk factor profiles (smoking and nutrition) were associated with high levels of SM and high levels of total PA. Lower BMI values were associated with high levels of infrastructure and high levels of SM. Conclusions Both built and social residential characteristics are important correlates of PA as well as of major cardiovascular risk factors besides PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eichinger
- Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvia Titze
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Haditsch
- Styrian District Health Insurance Fund, Friedrichgasse 18, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas E. Dorner
- Institute of Social Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Rooseveltplatz 3, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Willibald J. Stronegger
- Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Assessing environmental support for better health: active living opportunity audits in rural communities in the southern United States. Prev Med 2014; 66:28-33. [PMID: 24954744 PMCID: PMC4138048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leisure-time physical activity in the United States is lower rural areas and the South and has been linked to socioeconomic and environmental aspects of where people live. The purpose of this study is to assess the built environment and policies for physical activity in rural communities. METHODS Eight rural communities in Alabama and Mississippi were assessed in 2011 using the Rural Active Living Assessment (RALA) street segment (SSA), town-wide (TWA), and town program and policies (PPA) assessment tools. Community Health Advisors Trained as Research Partners (CHARPS) and local staff conducted the assessments. The TWA and PPA were scored by domain and total scores. Data were analyzed using descriptive and nonparametric statistics. RESULTS 117 segments were assessed in 22 towns in 8 counties. Built environmental barriers existed in all communities. Sidewalks were available in only 10-40% of the segments. TWA identified parks and playgrounds as the most available community feature. PPA scores indicated few policies for physical activity outside of school settings with mean scores higher in Mississippi compared to Alabama (61 vs. 49, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Multiple components of rural communities can be successfully assessed by CHARPs using RALA tools, providing information about resources and barriers for physical activity.
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Andrade S, Ochoa-Avilés A, Lachat C, Escobar P, Verstraeten R, Van Camp J, Donoso S, Rojas R, Cardon G, Kolsteren P. Physical fitness among urban and rural Ecuadorian adolescents and its association with blood lipids: a cross sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:106. [PMID: 24745348 PMCID: PMC3997748 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical fitness has been proposed as a marker for health during adolescence. Currently, little is known about physical fitness and its association with blood lipid profile in adolescents from low and middle-income countries. The aim of this study is therefore to assess physical fitness among urban and rural adolescents and its associations with blood lipid profile in a middle-income country. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2008 and April 2009 in 648 Ecuadorian adolescents (52.3% boys), aged 11 to 15 years, attending secondary schools in Cuenca (urban n = 490) and Nabón (rural n = 158). Data collection included anthropometric measures, application of the EUROFIT battery, dietary intake (2-day 24 h recall), socio-demographic characteristics, and blood samples from a subsample (n = 301). The FITNESGRAM standards were used to evaluate fitness. The associations of fitness and residential location with blood lipid profile were assessed by linear and logistic regression after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS The majority (59%) of the adolescents exhibited low levels of aerobic capacity as defined by the FITNESSGRAM standards. Urban adolescents had significantly higher mean scores in five EUROFIT tests (20 m shuttle, speed shuttle run, plate tapping, sit-up and vertical jump) and significantly most favorable improved plasma lipid profile (triglycerides and HDL) as compared to rural adolescents. There was a weak association between blood lipid profile and physical fitness in both urban and rural adolescents, even after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Physical fitness, in our sample of Ecuadorian adolescents, was generally poor. Urban adolescents had better physical fitness and blood lipid profiles than rural adolescents. The differences in fitness did not explain those in blood lipid profile between urban and rural adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Andrade
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Universidad de Cuenca, Avenida 12 de Abril s/n Ciudadela Universitaria, Cuenca, Ecuador EC010107.
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Hinckson EA, Duncan S, Oliver M, Mavoa S, Cerin E, Badland H, Stewart T, Ivory V, McPhee J, Schofield G. Built environment and physical activity in New Zealand adolescents: a protocol for a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004475. [PMID: 24736036 PMCID: PMC4010838 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Built-environment interventions have the potential to provide population-wide effects and the means for a sustained effect on behaviour change. Population-wide effects for adult physical activity have been shown with selected built environment attributes; however, the association between the built environment and adolescent health behaviours is less clear. This New Zealand study is part of an international project across 10 countries (International Physical Activity and the Environment Network-adolescents) that aims to characterise the links between built environment and adolescent health outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSES An observational, cross-sectional study of the associations between measures of the built environment with physical activity, sedentary behaviour, body size and social connectedness in 1600 New Zealand adolescents aged 12-18 years will be conducted in 2013-2014. Walkability and neighbourhood destination accessibility indices will be objectively measured using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Physical activity and sedentary behaviours will be objectively measured using accelerometers over seven consecutive days. Body mass index will be calculated as weight divided by squared height. Demographics, socioeconomic status, active commuting behaviours and perceived neighbourhood walkability will be assessed using the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth and psychosocial indicators. A web-based computer-assisted personal interview tool Visualisation and Evaluation of Route Itineraries, Travel Destinations, and Activity Spaces (VERITAS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers will be used in a subsample of 300 participants. A qualitative research component will explore barriers and facilitators for physical activity in adolescents with respect to the built and social environment in a subsample of 80 participants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study received ethical approval from the Auckland University of Technology Ethics Committee (12/161). Data will be entered and stored into a secure (password protected) database. Only the named researchers will have access to the data. Data will be stored for 10 years and permanently destroyed thereafter. The results papers will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Hinckson
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Scott Duncan
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melody Oliver
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne Mavoa
- SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ester Cerin
- Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hannah Badland
- McCaughey Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom Stewart
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivienne Ivory
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Julia McPhee
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Grant Schofield
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Moore JB, Beets MW, Morris SF, Kolbe MB. Comparison of objectively measured physical activity levels of rural, suburban, and urban youth. Am J Prev Med 2014; 46:289-92. [PMID: 24512868 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nationally, youth are generally not achieving 60 minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Studies suggest that rural adults are less active than their urban counterparts, although studies of children are equivocal. PURPOSE To compare objectively measured physical activity across the rural-urban continuum in a sample of fourth- to eighth-grade youth. METHODS In fall 2010, youth from 20 North Carolina counties wore an accelerometer a minimum of 4 monitored days (n=804, 54% female, 25% African American, 54% urban). In spring 2013, two random-effects regression models were estimated separately for boys and girls. Comparisons among minutes of MVPA/day continuous and binary (≥60 minutes vs <60 minutes MVPA/day) among rural, suburban, and urban children were made, controlling for race, monitor wear time, and grade. RESULTS For boys, there were no differences in MVPA/day among urbanicity categories. However, a 4.2 minutes/day decrease in MVPA occurred with each increase in grade. For girls, rural girls accumulated 9.3 minutes MVPA/day and 8.0 minutes MVPA/day more than suburban and urban girls, respectively. A 3 minutes/day decrease in MVPA occurred with each increase in grade. Rural girls were 4.6 times and 2.8 times more likely to accumulate ≥60 minutes MVPA/day compared to suburban and urban girls, respectively. No interactions across all models were significant for boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between urbanicity and MVPA in youth appears to be more complex than previously envisioned. Rural residence appears to be supportive of MVPA in girls but not boys. Future research should consider urbanicity when investigating correlates/determinants of MVPA in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Moore
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior and Office of Public Health Practice, Columbia, South Carolina.
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Sara F Morris
- Durham Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham
| | - Mary Bea Kolbe
- Chronic Disease and Injury Section, North Carolina Division of Public Health, DHHS, Raleigh, North Carolina
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