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Drapeau HF, Singh P, Benyaminov F, Wright K, Spence JC, Nuzhat S, Walsh A, Islam K, Azarm Z, Lee KK. Meteorological gaps in audits of pedestrian environments: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2010. [PMID: 39068394 PMCID: PMC11282675 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weather and season are determinants of physical activity. Therefore, it is important to ensure built environments are designed to mitigate negative impacts of weather and season on pedestrians to prevent these losses. This scoping review aims to identify built environment audits of pedestrian environments developed for use during a specific weather condition or season. Secondly, this review aims to investigate gaps in the inclusion of relevant weather mitigating built environment features in pedestrian environment audit tools. METHODS Following a standard protocol, a systematic search was executed in CINAHL, Medline and Web of Science to identify built environment audit tools of pedestrian spaces. These databases were chosen since they are well-known to comprehensively cover health as well as multi-disciplinary research publications relevant to health. Studies were screened, and data were extracted from selected documents by two independent reviewers (e.g., psychometric properties and audit items included). Audit items were screened for the inclusion of weather mitigating built environment features, and the tool's capacity to measure temperature, precipitation, seasonal and sustainability impacts on pedestrians was calculated. RESULTS The search returned 2823 documents. After screening and full text review, 27 articles were included. No tool was found that was developed specifically for use during a specific weather condition or season. Additionally, gaps in the inclusion of weather mitigating items were found for all review dimensions (thermal comfort, precipitation, seasonal, and sustainability items). Poorly covered items were: (1) thermal comfort related (arctic entry presence, materials, textures, and colours of buildings, roads, sidewalk and furniture, and green design features); (2) precipitation related (drain presence, ditch presence, hazards, and snow removal features); (3) seasonal features (amenities, pedestrian scale lighting, and winter destinations and aesthetics); and (4) sustainability features (electric vehicle charging stations, renewable energy, car share, and bike share facilities). CONCLUSIONS Current built environment audit tools do not adequately include weather / season mitigating items. This is a limitation as it is important to investigate if the inclusion of these items in pedestrian spaces can promote physical activity during adverse weather conditions. Because climate change is causing increased extreme weather events, a need exists for the development of a new built environment audit tool that includes relevant weather mitigating features.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Drapeau
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - P Singh
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - F Benyaminov
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - K Wright
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J C Spence
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S Nuzhat
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Walsh
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - K Islam
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Z Azarm
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - K K Lee
- Housing for Health, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Bliekendaal S, Nauta J. Promoting public playgrounds usage and children's physical activity with sports activities: A quasi-experimental study. Health Place 2024; 87:103248. [PMID: 38631215 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the children's usage and their physical activity levels at playgrounds with (N = 4) and without (N = 4) organized sports activities, following a quasi-experimental study design. Direct observations were used to assess the playground usage and estimate the playground users' age category, sex, and physical activity intensity level. The results indicated that playgrounds with sports activities were associated with 53% more users at the time of the activities. However, this increase was only seen in boys. Furthermore, playgrounds with sport activities were not associated with different physical activity levels in children as compared to children on regular playgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bliekendaal
- AERES University of Applied Sciences Almere, Almere, the Netherlands.
| | - J Nauta
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Sports, Physical Activity and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Han B, Zarr R, Estrada EL, Zhong H, Cohen DA. Association Between Park Use and Moderate-to-Vigorous Activity During COVID-19 Years among a Cohort of Low-Income Youth. J Urban Health 2024; 101:300-307. [PMID: 38575726 PMCID: PMC11052949 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Neighborhood parks are important venues to support moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) activity. There has been a noticeable increase promoting physical activity among youth in neighborhood parks. This paper aims to assess the association between park use and MVPA among low-income youth in a large urban area. We recruited a cohort of 434 youth participants during the COVID pandemic years (2020-2022) from low-income households in Washington, D.C. We collected multiple data components: accelerometry, survey, and electronic health record data. We explored the bivariate relationship between the accelerometer-measured daily MVPA time outcome and survey-based park use measures. A mixed-effect model was fitted to adjust the effect estimate for participant-level and time-varying confounders. The overall average daily MVPA time is 16.0 min (SD = 12.7). The unadjusted bivariate relation between daily MVPA time and frequency of park visit is 1.3 min of daily MVPA time per one day with park visits (p < 0.0001). The model-adjusted estimate is 0.7 daily MVPA minutes for 1 day with park visit (p = 0.04). The duration of a typical park visit is not a significant predictor to daily MVPA time with or without adjustments. The initial COVID outbreak in 2020 resulted in a significant decline in daily MVPA time (- 4.7 min for 2020 versus 2022, p < 0.0001). Park visit frequency is a significant predictor to low-income youth's daily MVPA time with considerable absolute effect sizes compared with other barriers and facilitators. Promoting more frequent park use may be a useful means to improve low-income youth's MVPA outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 S Los Robles, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA.
| | - Robert Zarr
- Unity Health Care, Inc, Washington, D.C, USA
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Erika L Estrada
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 S Los Robles, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Haoyuan Zhong
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 S Los Robles, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Deborah A Cohen
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 S Los Robles, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
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Jeschke AM, Caljouw SR, Zaal FTJM, Withagen R. Designing stepping-stones landscapes: a 2D perspective does not lead to more standardization than an in-situ perspective. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1360198. [PMID: 38469219 PMCID: PMC10925747 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1360198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research found that when participants across the lifespan could be the architect of their own stepping-stones landscapes, they create nonstandardized configurations with gap-width variation. Yet, architects often use standardized dimensions in their designs for playgrounds and outdoor fitness areas. To scrutinize why architects tend to seek for more standardized designs than the examined target users, we tested the hypothesis that the difference is caused by a different perspective during the making process. After all, landscape architects generally design on 2D maps, while the participants designed in situ. We asked 67 participants to design a stepping-stones landscape on a 2D map and 67 other participants to create the landscape in situ. Contrary to our expectations, we found no indications that designing on a 2D map leads to more standardized configurations. We end with discussing other characteristics of the design processes that could potentially explain the omnipresent standardization in design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Jeschke
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Hallum SH, Wende ME, Hesam Shariati F, Thomas KM, Chupak AL, Witherspoon E, Kaczynski AT. Unearthing Inequities in the Relationship between Multiple Sociodemographic Factors and Diverse Elements of Park Availability and Quality in a Major Southern Metropolitan Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:204. [PMID: 38397693 PMCID: PMC10888646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Parks are critical components of healthy communities. This study explored neighborhood socioeconomic and racial/ethnic inequalities in park access and quality in a large U.S. southeastern metropolitan region. A total of 241 block groups were examined, including 77 parks. For each block group, we obtained multiple sociodemographic indicators, including unemployment rate, education level, renter-occupied housing, poverty rate, and racial/ethnic minority composition. All parks were mapped using geographical information systems and audited via the Community Park Audit Tool to evaluate their features and quality. We analyzed seven diverse elements of park quality (transportation access, facility availability, facility quality, amenity availability, park aesthetics, park quality concerns, and neighborhood quality concerns), as well as an overall park quality score by calculating the mean for all parks within each block group. The mean percent of residents below 125% of the poverty level and the percentage of renter-occupied housing units were significantly higher among block groups with any parks in comparison to block groups with no parks. In addition, there were significant positive associations between park transportation access scores and both the percentage of residents with less than high school education and the percent identifying as non-Hispanic white. Moreover, there was a significant negative association between park amenity availability and the block group's unemployed population. Further, a significant negative association between park aesthetics and the population with a lower than high school education percentage was observed. Revealed differences in park availability, park acreage, and park quality dimensions emphasized the need for targeted policy, programmatic, and infrastructure interventions to improve park access and quality and address health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirelle H. Hallum
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (S.H.H.); (F.H.S.); (K.M.T.); (A.L.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Marilyn E. Wende
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Farnaz Hesam Shariati
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (S.H.H.); (F.H.S.); (K.M.T.); (A.L.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Kelsey M. Thomas
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (S.H.H.); (F.H.S.); (K.M.T.); (A.L.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Anna L. Chupak
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (S.H.H.); (F.H.S.); (K.M.T.); (A.L.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Eleanor Witherspoon
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (S.H.H.); (F.H.S.); (K.M.T.); (A.L.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Andrew T. Kaczynski
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (S.H.H.); (F.H.S.); (K.M.T.); (A.L.C.); (E.W.)
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Müller C, Domokos B, Amersbach T, Hausmayer EM, Roßmann C, Wallmann-Sperlich B, Bucksch J. Development and reliability testing of an audit toolbox for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1153088. [PMID: 37637797 PMCID: PMC10449332 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1153088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background According to socio-ecological theories, physical activity behaviors are linked to the physical and social neighborhood environment. Reliable and contextually adapted instruments are needed to assess environmental characteristics related to physical activity. This work aims to develop an audit toolbox adapted to the German context, to urban and rural settings, for different population groups, and different types of physical activity; and to evaluate its inter-rater reliability. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search to collect existing audit tools and to identify the latest evidence of environmental factors influencing physical activity in general, as well as in German populations. The results guided the construction of a category system for the toolbox. Items were assigned to the categories based on their relevance to physical activity and to the German context as well as their comprehensibility. We piloted the toolbox in different urban and rural areas (100 street segments, 15 parks, and 21 playgrounds) and calculated inter-rater reliability by Cohen's Kappa. Results The audit toolbox comprises a basic streetscape audit with seven categories (land use and destinations, traffic safety, pedestrian infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, attractiveness, social environment, and subjective assessment), as well as supplementary tools for children and adolescents, seniors and people with impaired mobility, parks and public open spaces, playgrounds, and rural areas. 76 % of all included items had moderate, substantial, or almost perfect inter-rater reliability (κ > 0.4). Conclusions The audit toolbox is an innovative and reliable instrument for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Müller
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
- Department of Prevention and Health Promotion, Faculty of Natural and Sociological Sciences, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Domokos
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
- Department of Prevention and Health Promotion, Faculty of Natural and Sociological Sciences, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Amersbach
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
- Department of Prevention and Health Promotion, Faculty of Natural and Sociological Sciences, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hausmayer
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
- Department of Prevention and Health Promotion, Faculty of Natural and Sociological Sciences, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Bucksch
- Department of Prevention and Health Promotion, Faculty of Natural and Sociological Sciences, Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
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Stewart MT, Verma M, Rajbhandari A, Antonakos CL, Colabianchi N. Park Area and Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents: Findings From the Healthy Communities Study. J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:792-798. [PMID: 37290766 PMCID: PMC10897581 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a nationwide effort to bring parks and green spaces within a 10-minute walk of the home. We examined the association between park area within 1 km of a child's residence and self-reported park-specific physical activity (PA) along with accelerometer-derived moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). METHODS A subsample of K through eighth-grade youth (n = 493) from the Healthy Communities Study reported whether they engaged in park-specific PA during the last 24 hours and wore an accelerometer for up to 7 days. Park area was defined as the percentage of park land in a 1 km Euclidean buffer around the participant's residence, categorized into quintiles. Analysis consisted of logistic and linear regression modeling with interaction effects that controlled for clustering within communities. RESULTS Regression models estimated greater park-specific PA for participants in the fourth and fifth quintiles of park land. Age, sex, race ethnicity, and family income were unrelated to park-specific PA. Accelerometer analysis indicated that total MVPA was unrelated to park area. Older children (β = -8.73, P < .001) and girls (β = -13.44, P < .001) engaged in less MVPA. Seasonality significantly predicted both park-specific PA and total MVPA. CONCLUSION Increasing park area is likely to improve youth PA patterns, lending support for the 10-minute walk initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Verma
- Consulting for Statistics, Computing & Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,USA
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Gustat J, Anderson CE, Slater SJ. Association of Playground "Playability" With Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure. Prev Chronic Dis 2023; 20:E33. [PMID: 37115105 PMCID: PMC10159344 DOI: 10.5888/pcd20.220247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children's physical activity, especially play, is important for healthy physical, social, and psychological development. Playgrounds are public spaces for children, but not all playgrounds are conducive to play and physical activity. We examined "playability," the ability of a space to promote active play, and associations with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and energy expenditure. METHODS This cross-sectional study assessed playground features with the Play Space Audit Tool; we calculated playability scores from audit data, overall and by domain (general amenities, surface, path, and play structure), from playgrounds in 70 parks in Chicago, Illinois, in 2017. We observed 2,712 individuals during the audits and used the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities tool to assess MVPA and energy expenditure. We used generalized estimating equation negative binomial regression to calculate incidence rate ratios for MVPA and mixed effects models to calculate energy expenditure (in kcal/kg/min) associated with playability scores. RESULTS General amenities and play structure scores were associated with 1.28 (95% CI, 1.08-1.52) and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.00-1.31) times as many individuals (any age) engaged in MVPA, respectively. The general amenities score was significantly associated with 0.51 (95% CI, 0.24-0.79) and 0.42 (95% CI, 0.15-0.68) higher energy expenditure in renovated playgrounds and in all playgrounds, respectively. CONCLUSION Overall, general amenities and play structure scores were associated with MVPA and were robust to adjustment for weather, neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics, and crime. These playground playability indices may strengthen future evaluations of community infrastructure for children's physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Gustat
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Epidemiology, Prevention Research Center, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, Ste 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Christopher E Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sandy J Slater
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin
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Cohen DA, Talarowski MR, Han B, Williamson SL, Galfond EC, Young DR, Eng S, McKenzie TL. Playground Design and Physical Activity. Am J Prev Med 2023; 64:326-333. [PMID: 36526541 PMCID: PMC10264149 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study compares traditional post-and-platform playgrounds with innovatively designed playgrounds to assess the degree to which design influences use and physical activity. Innovative playgrounds are defined as having (1) a variety of surface types; (2) naturalized and planted areas designed for play; (3) open-ended structures that do not dictate play sequences; (4) loose, movable equipment; and (5) not comprised solely of traditional post-and-platform structures. This study also examines how neighborhood contextual factors contribute to playground use and physical activity. METHODS The authors selected 30 traditional and 30 innovative playgrounds in 10 U.S. cities and used the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities to document the number and characteristics of users during 19 hourly observations over 1 week at each playground in the summer of 2021. Data were analyzed to identify the factors associated with the number of users and the amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity within each playground. RESULTS Innovative playgrounds attracted 2.5 times more users and generated almost 3 times as much moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. After controlling for playground size, population density, neighborhood poverty, and destination location, innovative playgrounds still attracted 43% more visitors than traditional playgrounds. Whereas playgrounds in high-poverty neighborhoods saw less overall use, innovatively designed playgrounds mitigated the difference by 60% compared with traditional playgrounds. CONCLUSIONS Playground characteristics that attract more users and are associated with more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, such as design, size, and the number of unique features, should be integrated into future playground designs and renovations, with innovative designs prioritized for low-income neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Cohen
- From Southern California Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California.
| | | | - Bing Han
- From Southern California Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California
| | - Stephanie L Williamson
- Research Programming Group, Information Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Deborah R Young
- From Southern California Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California
| | - Sarah Eng
- From Southern California Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- and the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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Toft Amholt T, Westerskov Dalgas B, Veitch J, Ntoumanis N, Fich Jespersen J, Schipperijn J, Pawlowski C. Motivating playgrounds: understanding how school playgrounds support autonomy, competence, and relatedness of tweens. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2022; 17:2096085. [PMID: 35786205 PMCID: PMC9255119 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2022.2096085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Physical activity (PA) is an important factor contributing to general health. PA declines rapidly during tween years (9–12 years) when children’s social world changes. School playgrounds can contribute substantially to children’s PA, but little is known about how to motivate tweens to use school playgrounds. Using the three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) proposed by the Self-Determination Theory, this qualitative study aimed to investigate how school playgrounds can support tweens’ needs. Methods Tweens (n = 56) participated in focus group go-along interviews in their school playground. Results We found that tweens needed a variety of play possibilities (autonomy) that challenged their skills (competence) as well as areas to retract and be with friends (relatedness). Conclusion This research highlights the importance of incorporating tweens’ perspectives in playground design to attract and retain them in play and PA in school playgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Toft Amholt
- Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.,KOMPAN A/S, C.F, Tietgens Boulevard 32C, 5220, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Westerskov Dalgas
- Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jenny Veitch
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Science, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Pawlowski
- Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
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Yildirim Y, Keshavarzi G, Aman AR. Does play-based experience provide for inclusiveness? A case study of multi-dimensional indicators. CHILD INDICATORS RESEARCH 2022; 15:2197-2214. [PMID: 35844487 PMCID: PMC9272653 DOI: 10.1007/s12187-022-09951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Playgrounds are not only for play and fun; they are places that offer diverse experiences for all groups of children. Outdoor playgrounds have been studied as an element of public space for their ability to offer an array of amenities and attributes. In addition to design and planning aspects, inclusiveness is a vital attribute of playgrounds. Inclusiveness within playgrounds provides accessibility for all children regardless of age, gender, and ethnicity, as both physical and social access are considered. Given the rapidly changing global agenda affected dramatically by the COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter movement, playgrounds have gained even more attention and the importance of inclusiveness has become more prevalent. This study examined the inclusiveness of play-based experiences within a playground in San Antonio, Texas, using mixed methods. The study utilized observational methods, behavior mapping, secondary data for spatial mapping, and a survey conducted in order to understand the perception of playground users. This study evaluated the inclusiveness of the playground and analyzed social and physical accessibility relative to the playground by assessing the diversity of users in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, and disability. The findings of this study show that there is a need for additional studies yielding proposed improvements revolving around playground inclusivity. The study results show that urban designers, urban planners, and policymakers need to collaborate in order to create opportunities that work to eliminate social and physical disparities and that ultimately enhance inclusiveness in playgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Yildirim
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Amanda R. Aman
- College of Architecture, Planning, and Public Affairs , University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
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Gu X, Keller J, Zhang T, Dempsey DR, Roberts H, Jeans KA, Stevens W, Borchard J, VanPelt J, Tulchin-Francis K. Disparity in Built Environment and Its Impacts on Youths' Physical Activity Behaviors During COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022:10.1007/s40615-022-01341-3. [PMID: 35699898 PMCID: PMC9196147 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Guided by the social ecological model, this study aimed to examine the relations of built environments (i.e., walking/cycling infrastructure, recreation facilities, neighborhood safety/crime), youth’s transition abilities, and changes of youth’s physical activity (PA) and play behaviors due to COVID-19-based restrictions. Ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities were also examined on studies variables during the COVID-19 restrictions. Method A cross-sectional research design was used to assess an anonymous online survey completed by US parents/guardians. The final sample had 1324 children and adolescents (Meanage = 9.75; SD = 3.95; 51.3% girls), and 35.5% the families were of upper socioeconomic class (income > $150,000). Parents reported the perceived built environment and neighborhood safety, child’s PA and play behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic shelter-in-place restrictions. Results Youths who had access to safe built environment were more active and played more outdoor/indoor (p < .01). It was found playing behavior in yard and neighborhood were significantly increased, but community-based play behavior was significantly reduced during COVID-19 restrictions. The SEM analysis (χ2/df = 236.04/54; CFI = .966) supported indirect and direct effects of neighborhood safety on PA changes during COVID-19 restrictions, and the youth’s ability to respond to COVID-19 restrictions served as a full mediator. Low-SES and Hispanic minority youth reported significantly less safety to walking or playing in their neighborhoods than their middle-/high-SES non-Hispanic peers (p < .001). Regardless of ethnicity, the magnitude of the reduction of MVPA was significantly higher among low-SES groups than that of the high- and middle-SES groups (p < .001). Conclusions These findings demonstrate a need to tailor programs and policies to help high-risk groups (e.g., low SES) stay active, healthy, and resilient during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Gu
- University of Texas at Arlington, 500 W. Nedderman Dr, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
| | - Jean Keller
- University of North Texas, 1155 Union Cir, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- University of North Texas, 1155 Union Cir, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Dana R Dempsey
- Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Heather Roberts
- Texas Womens University, 304 Administration Dr, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Kelly A Jeans
- Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Wilshaw Stevens
- Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Justine Borchard
- Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Jonathan VanPelt
- Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Kirsten Tulchin-Francis
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 700 Children's Drive A2700 T2E, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
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Motomura M, Koohsari MJ, Lin CY, Ishii K, Shibata A, Nakaya T, Kaczynski AT, Veitch J, Oka K. Associations of public open space attributes with active and sedentary behaviors in dense urban areas: A systematic review of observational studies. Health Place 2022; 75:102816. [PMID: 35580456 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the context of rapid urbanization, public open spaces in dense urban areas are critical built environment elements to support active lifestyles. Several reviews have explored the associations of public open space attributes with physically active and sedentary behavior. However, few reviews have included studies from Asia, and no studies have focused on dense urban areas. This systematic review analyzed 18 observational studies investigating associations between public open space attributes with physical activity and sedentary behavior in dense urban areas of East Asian countries, including Japan, Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong. We found that closer distance to and a greater number of public open spaces and features within them were positively associated with leisure-time physical activity. Places near water features and corridors within public open spaces were associated with more sedentary behavior. These findings inform landscape and urban design guidelines for (re)designing public open spaces to support active lifestyles in high dense urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Motomura
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | | | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Kaori Ishii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Ai Shibata
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Nakaya
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Andrew T Kaczynski
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States.
| | - Jenny Veitch
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Koichiro Oka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.
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14
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Veitch J, Biggs N, Deforche B, Timperio A. What do adults want in parks? A qualitative study using walk-along interviews. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:753. [PMID: 35421959 PMCID: PMC9008398 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Parks provide opportunities for physical activity and social interaction and are critical for enhancing public health. It is therefore important to better understand the needs and preferences of park features among adults to help park designers to create parks that optimise use. This qualitative study provided an in-depth examination of factors and characteristics that influence visitation, park-based physical activity, and social interaction among adults (19–64 years). We also explored perceptions of parks and park use and impacts of COVID on park usage and needs.
Methods
Participants (n = 27, 40.4 years [+ 11.9], 70% female) were interviewed from 2017 to 2020 while walking through one of eight diverse parks located in varying socioeconomic areas of metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Participants were prompted to discuss their experiences, opinions and preferences regarding park features. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using NVivo 12 software.
Results
Park features and characteristics highly valued for visitation related to aesthetics and atmosphere, including trees, gardens, spaciousness, and water features. Features most valued for physical activity included walking and bike tracks, basketball rings, nice aesthetics, and sports walls. Features most valued for social interaction included seating and tables, and picnic/barbecue areas.
Conclusions
This study highlights features and characteristics that may be important to prioritise, to encourage active and social park visits among adults. This evidence will help policy and decision makers, urban planners, landscape architects, and local, state, and national government organisations to create parks that support adults to lead healthy and active lives. Future research should examine the relative importance of the features identified in this study to inform future park design/redesign.
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15
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Spitzer AN, Oselinsky K, Lucas-Thompson RG, Graham DJ. Environmental Physical Activity Cues and Children's Active vs. Sedentary Recreation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031874. [PMID: 35162896 PMCID: PMC8834769 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) benefits health, and intensive environmental modifications can increase children’s PA. Research has not yet addressed if subtle environmental cues, such as posters depicting PA, increase child PA. In the current study, it was hypothesized that children exposed to active posters (vs. nature posters) would spend a larger proportion of free play time engaging with active toys (relative to sedentary toys). Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions in which posters on a laboratory wall depicted 1. People being active, or 2. Nature scenes. Children aged 5–10 years (N = 175) could play with up to eight toys (four active, four sedentary) while parents completed study-related surveys. The proportion of playtime that was active was compared between groups. Poster type did not have a significant effect on proportion of active playtime. Previous environmental interventions that increase children’s PA have done so through enhancing access to active opportunities, rather than via signage. It is possible that poster interventions such as this may not influence children’s PA, or perhaps other types of cues would have been more effective. Future research should investigate subtle environmental cues that match both the target audience and the accessible PA options (e.g., posters depicting children playing with available active toys) and explore other low-investment environmental modifications to boost children’s PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Spitzer
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.O.); (D.J.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katrina Oselinsky
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.O.); (D.J.G.)
| | - Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dan J. Graham
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.O.); (D.J.G.)
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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16
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Hayba N, Shi Y, Allman-Farinelli M. Enabling Better Physical Activity and Screen Time Behaviours for Adolescents from Middle Eastern Backgrounds: Semi-Structured Interviews with Parents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312787. [PMID: 34886513 PMCID: PMC8657648 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The unrelenting obesity pandemic in Middle Eastern (ME) adolescents living in Australia warrants culturally responsive and locally engineered interventions. Given the influence of parents on the lifestyle behaviours of adolescents, this qualitative study aimed to capture the opinions of ME parents on the barriers and enablers to sufficient physical activity and limiting screen time behaviours in adolescents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 ME parents (female) aged 35–59 years old, most of whom resided in lower socioeconomic areas (n = 19). A reflexive thematic analysis using the Theoretical Domains Framework and the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour model was performed for coding. Parents voiced confidence in their knowledge of the importance of physical activity and limiting screen time but were less optimistic in their ability to enable change in behaviours, especially for older adolescents without outside support. Despite adolescents having the necessary skills to engage in a wide array of sports, the parents admitted deep fears regarding the safety of the social environment and restricted their children’s independent mobility. Gender differences were noted, with parents reporting older girls expressing disinterest in sports and having limited physical opportunities to participate in sports at school. It may be that a community-based participatory framework is needed to improve physical activity opportunities and to address specific physical, social, and cultural barriers.
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Veitch J, Ball K, Rivera E, Loh V, Deforche B, Timperio A. Understanding children's preference for park features that encourage physical activity: an adaptive choice based conjoint analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:133. [PMID: 34627280 PMCID: PMC8501594 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parks are a key setting for physical activity for children. However, little is known about which park features children prefer and which features are most likely to encourage them to be active in parks. This study examined the relative importance of park features among children for influencing their choice of park for engaging in park-based physical activity. Methods Children (n = 252; 8-12 years, 42% male) attending three primary schools in Melbourne, Australia completed a survey at school. They were required to complete a series of Adaptive Choice-Based Conjoint analysis tasks, with responses used to identify the part-worth utilities and relative importance scores of selected park features using Hierarchical Bayes analyses within Sawtooth Software. Results For the overall sample and both boys and girls, the most important driver of choice for a park that would encourage them to be active was presence of a flying fox (overall conjoint analysis relative importance score: 15.8%; 95%CI = 14.5, 17.1), followed by a playground (13.5%; 95%CI = 11.9, 15.2). For the overall sample, trees for climbing had the third highest importance score (10.2%; 95%CI = 8.9, 11.6); however, swings had 3rd highest importance for girls (11.1, 95%CI = 9.3, 12.9) and an obstacle course/parkour area had the 3rd highest importance score for boys (10.7, 95%CI = 9.0, 12.4). For features with two levels, part-worth utility scores showed that the presence of a feature was always preferred over the absence of a feature. For features with multiple levels, long flying foxes, large adventure playgrounds, lots of trees for climbing, large round swings, large climbing equipment, and large grassy open space were the preferred levels. Conclusion To ensure parks appeal as a setting that encourages children to engage in physical activity, park planners and local authorities and organisations involved in park design should prioritise the inclusion of a long flying fox, large adventure playgrounds, lots of trees for climbing, large round swings and obstacle courses/parkour areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01203-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Veitch
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,, Burwood, Australia.
| | - Kylie Ball
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Elise Rivera
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Venurs Loh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Benedicte Deforche
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance Research Group, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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18
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Lanza K, Alcazar M, Hoelscher DM, Kohl HW. Effects of trees, gardens, and nature trails on heat index and child health: design and methods of the Green Schoolyards Project. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:98. [PMID: 33413276 PMCID: PMC7792068 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latinx children in the United States are at high risk for nature-deficit disorder, heat-related illness, and physical inactivity. We developed the Green Schoolyards Project to investigate how green features-trees, gardens, and nature trails-in school parks impact heat index (i.e., air temperature and relative humidity) within parks, and physical activity levels and socioemotional well-being of these children. Herein, we present novel methods for a) observing children's interaction with green features and b) measuring heat index and children's behaviors in a natural setting, and a selection of baseline results. METHODS During two September weeks (high temperature) and one November week (moderate temperature) in 2019, we examined three joint-use elementary school parks in Central Texas, United States, serving predominantly low-income Latinx families. To develop thermal profiles for each park, we installed 10 air temperature/relative humidity sensors per park, selecting sites based on land cover, land use, and even spatial coverage. We measured green features within a geographic information system. In a cross-sectional study, we used an adapted version of System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) to assess children's physical activity levels and interactions with green features. In a cohort study, we equipped 30 3rd and 30 4th grade students per school during recess with accelerometers and Global Positioning System devices, and surveyed these students regarding their connection to nature. Baseline analyses included inverse distance weighting for thermal profiles and summing observed counts of children interacting with trees. RESULTS In September 2019, average daily heat index ranged 2.0 °F among park sites, and maximum daily heat index ranged from 103.4 °F (air temperature = 33.8 °C; relative humidity = 55.2%) under tree canopy to 114.1 °F (air temperature = 37.9 °C; relative humidity = 45.2%) on an unshaded playground. 10.8% more girls and 25.4% more boys interacted with trees in September than in November. CONCLUSIONS We found extreme heat conditions at select sites within parks, and children positioning themselves under trees during periods of high heat index. These methods can be used by public health researchers and practitioners to inform the redesign of greenspaces in the face of climate change and health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lanza
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1616 Guadalupe St. Suite 6.300, Austin, TX 78701 USA
| | - Melody Alcazar
- Austin Parks and Recreation Department, 919 W 28th 1/2 St, Austin, TX 78705 USA
| | - Deanna M. Hoelscher
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1616 Guadalupe St. Suite 6.300, Austin, TX 78701 USA
| | - Harold W. Kohl
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1616 Guadalupe St. Suite 6.300, Austin, TX 78701 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1616 Guadalupe St. Suite 6.300, Austin, TX 78701 USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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Reuben A, Rutherford GW, James J, Razani N. Association of neighborhood parks with child health in the United States. Prev Med 2020; 141:106265. [PMID: 33035547 PMCID: PMC8034548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While there is evidence that parks support pediatric health, there have been no national studies looking at both physical and mental health. We assessed whether the presence of a neighborhood park is associated with pediatric physical or mental health across the U.S. using a nationally representative cross-sectional random sample of American children ages 0-17. Caregivers reported on the park presence in their child's neighborhood and the child's physical activity, screen-time, sleep, weight, and diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Covariates included child and family sociodemographics and, for 29 states, neighborhood urbanicity. Caregivers reported on 49,146 children (mean age 9.4 years; 49% female). There were 11,791 (24%) children living in neighborhoods lacking a park; children in non-urban locations (aOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.40-1.67) or below the federal poverty level (aOR = 1.48, 95%CI 1.38-1.58) had higher odds of lacking a park. Irrespective of sociodemographics, children lacking parks were more likely to be physically inactive (aOR1.36, 95% CI 1.24, 1.48), have excessive screen-time (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.14, 1.25), or obtain inadequate sleep (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.18, 1.29). Children without parks were more likely obese (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.21, 1.43), overweight (aOR 1.25, 95%CI 1.17, 1.33), or diagnosed with ADHD (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.12, 1.29), but not more anxious or depressed (aOR = 1.04, 95%CI 0.97, 1.11). Associations between parks and pediatric physical and mental health suggests that the provision of neighborhood parks could represent a low-cost childhood health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Reuben
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George W Rutherford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jameze James
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nooshin Razani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Health and Nature, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA.
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Placement of Outdoor Exercise Equipment and Physical Activity: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Two Parks in Southern California. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072605. [PMID: 32290320 PMCID: PMC7178161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the burden of chronic disease, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded the Orange County Partnerships to Improve Health (OC-PICH) project in Orange County, California. One of the strategies included adding outdoor exercise equipment (OEE) in two parks in Garden Grove and Anaheim. Using a quasi-experimental pre-post design, we evaluated park users’ physical activity levels before and after OEE installation using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC). The OEE was installed along a walking path in Edison Park (Anaheim) and grouped within a single area (a “fitness zone”) in Garden Grove Park. In both parks, there were significantly greater odds of high-intensity physical activity overall after the installation—19% higher odds in Anaheim, and 23% higher odds in Garden Grove. However, the fitness zone area in Garden Grove had substantially higher odds of increased physical activity post-intervention (OR = 5.29, CI: 3.76–7.44, p < 0.001). While the increases in physical activity levels are consistent with past studies that link OEE to higher levels of physical activity among park users, our findings also suggest that the location and placement of equipment within a park may be an important factor to consider when improving park amenities for physical activity.
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