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Griffin JA, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Holland EB. Predicted versus observed activity of PCB mixtures toward the ryanodine receptor. Neurotoxicology 2024; 100:25-34. [PMID: 38065417 PMCID: PMC10842331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL PCBs) alter the activity of the ryanodine receptor (RyR), and this activity is linked to developmental neurotoxicity. Most work to date has focused on the activity of single congeners rather than relevant mixtures. The current study assessed the RyR activity of single congeners or binary, tertiary, and complex PCB mixtures. Observed mixture activity was then compared to the expected activity calculated using the concentration addition (CA) model or a RyR-specific neurotoxic equivalency scheme (rNEQ). The predictions of the CA model were consistent with the observed activity of binary mixtures at the lower portion of the concentration-response curve, supporting the additivity of RyR1 active PCBs. Findings also show that minimally active congeners can compete for the RyR1 binding site, and congeners that do not activate the RyR1 do not interfere with the activity of a full agonist. Complex PCB mixtures that mimic PCB profiles detected in indoor air, fish tissue, and the serum of mothers and children activated the RyR1 and displayed similar efficacy and potency regardless of varying congener profiles. Neither the CA model nor the rNEQ perfectly predicted the observed activity of complex mixtures, but predictions were often within one magnitude of change from the observed response. Importantly, PCB mixtures approximating profiles found in environmental samples or human serum displayed RyR1 activity at concentrations reported in published research. The work presented will aid in the development of risk assessment platforms for NDL PCBs and similar compounds toward RyR1 activation and related neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Griffin
- Department of Biological Science, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erika B Holland
- Department of Biological Science, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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2
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Sprong C, Te Biesebeek JD, Chatterjee M, Wolterink G, van den Brand A, Blaznik U, Christodoulou D, Crépet A, Hamborg Jensen B, Sokolić D, Rauscher-Gabernig E, Ruprich J, Kortenkamp A, van Klaveren J. A case study of neurodevelopmental risks from combined exposures to lead, methyl-mercury, inorganic arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and fluoride. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 251:114167. [PMID: 37149958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We performed a mixture risk assessment (MRA) case study of dietary exposure to the food contaminants lead, methylmercury, inorganic arsenic (iAs), fluoride, non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), all substances associated with declines in cognitive abilities measured as IQ loss. Most of these chemicals are frequently measured in human biomonitoring studies. A component-based, personalised modified reference point index (mRPI) approach, in which we expressed the exposures and potencies of our chosen substances as lead equivalent values, was applied to perform a MRA for dietary exposures. We conducted the assessment for four different age groups (toddlers, children, adolescents, and women aged 18-45 years) in nine European countries. Populations in all countries considered exceeded combined tolerable levels at median exposure levels. NDL-PCBs in fish, other seafood and dairy, lead in grains and fruits, methylmercury in fish and other seafoods, and fluoride in water contributed most to the combined exposure. We identified uncertainties for the likelihood of co-exposure, assessment group membership, endpoint-specific reference values (ESRVs) based on epidemiological (lead, methylmercury, iAs, fluoride and NDL-PCBs) and animal data (PBDE), and exposure data. Those uncertainties lead to a complex pattern of under- and overestimations, which would require probabilistic modelling based on expert knowledge elicitation for integration of the identified uncertainties into an overall uncertainty estimate. In addition, the identified uncertainties could be used to refine future MRA for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sprong
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Dirk Te Biesebeek
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mousumi Chatterjee
- Brunel University London, Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Gerrit Wolterink
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Annick van den Brand
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Urska Blaznik
- National Institute of Public Health, Environmental Health Centre, Trubarjeva 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bodil Hamborg Jensen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research group for Chemical Risk Assessment and GMO, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Darja Sokolić
- HAPIH, Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Vinkovačka cesta 63C, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Elke Rauscher-Gabernig
- AGES, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiri Ruprich
- National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Brunel University London, Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob van Klaveren
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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3
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Liu X, Mullin MR, Egeghy P, Woodward KA, Compton KC, Nickel B, Aguilar M, Folk E. Inadvertently Generated PCBs in Consumer Products: Concentrations, Fate and Transport, and Preliminary Exposure Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12228-12236. [PMID: 35943277 PMCID: PMC9511961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) production was banned in 1979 under the Toxics Substance Control Act, inadvertent generation of PCBs through a variety of chemical production processes continues to contaminate products and waste streams. In this research, a total of 39 consumer products purchased from local and online retailer stores were analyzed for 209 PCB congeners. Inadvertent PCBs (iPCBs) were detected from seven products, and PCB-11 was the only congener detected in most of the samples, with a maximum concentration exceeding 800 ng/g. Emission of PCB-11 to air was studied from one craft foam sheet product using dynamic microchambers at 40 °C for about 120 days. PCB-11 migration from the product to house dust was also investigated. The IAQX program was then employed to estimate the emissions of PCB-11 from 10 craft foam sheets to indoor air in a 30 m3 room at 0.5 h-1 air change rate for 30 days. The predicted maximum PCB-11 concentration in the room air (156.8 ng/m3) and the measured concentration in dust (20 ng/g) were applied for the preliminary exposure assessment. The generated data from multipathway investigation in this work should be informative for further risk assessment and management for iPCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michelle R. Mullin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Land, Chemicals, and Redevelopment Division, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Peter Egeghy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Katherine A. Woodward
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, Land, Chemicals, and Redevelopment Division, Boston, MA 02109, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Compton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Land, Chemicals, and Redevelopment Division, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Brian Nickel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Water Division, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Marcus Aguilar
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, Land, Chemicals, and Redevelopment Division, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | - Edgar Folk
- Jacobs, Critical Mission Solutions, EPA - Research Laboratory Support, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Schettgen T, Esser A, Alt A, Randerath I, Kraus T, Ziegler P. Decomposition Products of the Initiator Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)peroxide in the Silicone Industry: Human Biomonitoring in Plasma and Urine of Workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8518-8527. [PMID: 35671459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)peroxide (2,4-DCBP) is used as an initiator for silicone rubber production. During hot curing, 2,4-DCBP decomposes into 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners PCB-47, PCB-51, and PCB-68. The extent of occupational exposure to these decomposition products has not been investigated yet. We determined for the first time the corresponding internal exposure of employees (n = 104) of a German silicone rubber facility by human biomonitoring in plasma and urine. Collected samples were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for levels of PCBs in plasma and by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for urinary post-shift levels of 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,4-DCBA) and the metabolites 3,5-dichlorocatechol (3,5-DCK), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP). PCB-47 and PCB-68 levels correlated significantly and were found in >97% of all samples with maximum values of 4.43 and 0.77 μg/L, respectively. 2,4-DCBA, 3,5-DCK, 2,4-DCP, and 3,5-DCP were quantified in >80% of all urine samples with maximum levels of 1.46; 26.92; 7.68; and 0.39 mg/L, respectively. There is a considerable uptake of decomposition products of 2,4-DCBP in workers of a silicone rubber facility, affecting employees in all work areas. Individual levels depended on the work task. Considering the carcinogenic potential of PCBs, the workers' additional exposure to PCB-47 and PCB-68 might be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Anne Alt
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Isabella Randerath
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
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5
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Pan C, Zhao H, Du Q, Xu Y, Tian D, Xiao S, Wang H, Wei X, Wu C, Ruan Y, Zhao C, Tao G, Zheng W. Path Analysis Reveals the Direct Effect of PCB28 Exposure on Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Chinese Females. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19126958. [PMID: 35742207 PMCID: PMC9222330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19126958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Research indicates that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can cause neurobehavioral impairments in neonates and adults, but the way specific PCBs’ congeners impact cognition functions at a low exposure level in a real-life co-exposure system remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the association of PCBs burden with cognition function among elderly adults. Methods: Based on the Weitang Geriatric Diseases study (2014−2015), the current study measured the plasma concentrations of six indicator-PCBs by GC-MS/MS and assessed the cognitive dysfunction (CoD) via an Abbreviated Mental Test in 266 participants (ages 61−90). Sequential logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of PCBs on cognition functions. Female participants aged less than or equal to 80 years were selected, and path analysis was used to determine the direct or indirect impacts of co-exposure PCBs on CoD by structural equation modeling. Results: After sequential adjustments to potential confounding factors and correction by the Bonferroni, no statistically significant correlation between PCBs exposure and CoD was found in participants (p > 0.05). However, in the co-exposure system, after controlling for co-exposures and confounders, exposure to PCB28 had a direct effect on CoD in females aged between 61 and 80, with a factor load of 0.670. Conclusions: After adjusting for the co-exposures and confounders, exposure to PCB28 can directly increase the risk of cognitive impairment in older Chinese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Pan
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (C.P.); (Y.X.)
| | - Huijuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiaoling Du
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Yong Xu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (C.P.); (Y.X.)
| | - Dajun Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Ave, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institutes, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Haiyin Wang
- Department of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Health Development Research Center, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China;
| | - Chunfeng Wu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, No. 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunhua Zhao
- Education and Training Department, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215001, China
- Technology Department, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Street, Suzhou 215001, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (G.T.); (W.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-021-54237229 (G.T.)
| | - Gonghua Tao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, No. 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China;
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (G.T.); (W.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-021-54237229 (G.T.)
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (G.T.); (W.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-021-54237229 (G.T.)
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6
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Shin ES, Park MK, Kim G, Barghi M, Choi SD, Yang J, Chang YS. Dietary exposure and potential human health risk of dioxins in South Korea: Application of deterministic and probabilistic methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133018. [PMID: 34861261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Following the reduction of incinerator emission, enacted by the Korean Government in 2001, the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the air (-96%) have significantly decreased. However, their levels in the human serum of the general Korean population have not reduced at the same rate (-36%), indicating that humans may also be unintentionally exposed to these compounds, primarily through food ingestion. In this study, the risk of dietary exposure was assessed on a large scale, to provide toxicological information and guide the development of food safety policies. The food consumption data of the extreme (95th percentile) group and various subgroups (by age, pregnancy, and lactation), as well as the average group, were utilized. Compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by the World Health Organization (WHO), the average daily dietary exposure of the general Korean population, calculated using a deterministic method, was 11.9% of the WHO TDI (4 pg-TEQWHO05 kg body weight-1 d-1). For additional comparison, a probabilistic method using a Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the same data. Finally, the associated potential health risk was quantitatively characterized, and the results suggest the importance of non-dioxin-like congeners in future risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Su Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Gihae Kim
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Mandana Barghi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Yang
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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7
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Wang H, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC, Thorne PS. Toxicity Assessment of 91-Day Repeated Inhalation Exposure to an Indoor School Air Mixture of PCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1780-1790. [PMID: 34994547 PMCID: PMC9122270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
School indoor air contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released from older building materials and paint pigments may pose health risks to children, as well as teachers and staff, by inhalation of PCBs. The health effects of long-term inhalation exposure to PCBs are poorly understood. We conducted a comprehensive toxicity assessment of 91-day repeated inhalation exposure to a lab-generated mixture of PCBs designed to emulate indoor school air, combining transcriptomics, metabolomics, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to school air mixture (SAM+) at a concentration of 45.5 ± 5.9 μg/m3 ∑209PCB or filtered air 4 h/day, 6 days/week for 13 weeks using nose-only exposure systems. The congener-specific PCB body burden was quantified in major tissues using GC-MS/MS. The generated SAM+ vapor recapitulated the target school air profile with a similarity coefficient, cos θ of 0.91. PCB inhalation yielded 875-9930 ng/g ∑209PCBlipid weight levels in tissues in the following ascending order: brain < liver < lung < serum < adipose tissue. We observed that PCB exposure impaired memory, induced anxiety-like behavior, significantly reduced white blood cell counts, mildly disrupted metabolomics in plasma, and influenced transcription processes in the brain with 274 upregulated and 58 downregulated genes. With relatively high exposure and tissue loading, evidence of toxicity from half the end points tested was seen in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Slováčková J, Slavík J, Kulich P, Večeřa J, Kováč O, Paculová H, Straková N, Fedr R, Silva JP, Carvalho F, Machala M, Procházková J. Polychlorinated environmental toxicants affect sphingolipid metabolism during neurogenesis in vitro. Toxicology 2021; 463:152986. [PMID: 34627992 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are important signaling molecules and functional components of cellular membranes. Although SLs are known as crucial regulators of neural cell physiology and differentiation, modulations of SLs by environmental neurotoxicants in neural cells and their neuronal progeny have not yet been explored. In this study, we used in vitro models of differentiated neuron-like cells, which were repeatedly exposed during differentiation to model environmental toxicants, and we analyzed changes in sphingolipidome, cellular morphology and gene expression related to SL metabolism or neuronal differentiation. We compared these data with the results obtained in undifferentiated neural cells with progenitor-like features. As model polychlorinated organic pollutants, we used 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153). PCB153 revealed itself as the most prominent deregulator of SL metabolism and as potent toxicant during early phases of in vitro neurogenesis. TCDD exerted only minor changes in the levels of analysed lipid species, however, it significantly changed the rate of pro-neuronal differentiation and deregulated expression of neuronal markers during neurogenesis. PCB11 acted as a potent disruptor of in vitro neurogenesis, which induced significant alterations in SL metabolism and cellular morphology in both differentiated neuron-like models (differentiated NE4C and NG108-15 cells). We identified ceramide-1-phosphate, lactosylceramides and several glycosphingolipids to be the most sensitive SL species to exposure to polychlorinated pollutants. Additionally, we identified deregulation of several genes related to SL metabolism, which may be explored in future as potential markers of developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Slováčková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Slavík
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Večeřa
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kováč
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Paculová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicol Straková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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9
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VanEtten SL, Bonner MR, Ren X, Birnbaum LS, Kostyniak PJ, Wang J, Olson JR. Effect of exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in rats. Toxicology 2021; 454:152744. [PMID: 33677009 PMCID: PMC8220889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for biological oxidation and energy production. These organelles are susceptible to damage from oxidative stress and compensate for damage by increasing the number of copies of their own genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Cancer and environmental exposure to some pollutants have also been associated with altered mtDNA copy number. Since exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have been shown to increase oxidative stress, we hypothesize that mtDNA copy number will be altered with exposure to these compounds. mtDNA copy number was measured in DNA from archived frozen liver and lung specimens from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) study of female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats exposed to TCDD (3, 10, or 100 ng/kg/day), dioxin-like (DL) PCB 126 (10, 100, or 1000 ng/kg/day), non-DL PCB 153 (10, 100, or 1000 μg/kg/day), and PCB 126 + PCB 153 (10 ng/kg/day + 10 μg/kg/day, 100 ng/kg/day + 100 μg/kg/day, or 1000 ng/kg/day + 1000 μg/kg/day, respectively) for 13 and 52 weeks. An increase in mtDNA copy number was observed in the liver and lung of rats exposed to TCDD and the lung of rats exposed to the mixture of PCB 126 and PCB 153. A statistically significant positive dose-dependent trend was also observed in the lung of rats exposed to PCB 126 and a mixture of PCB 153 and PCB 126, although in neither case was the control copy number significantly exceeded at any dose level. These exposures produced a range of pathological responses in these organs in the two-year NTP studies. Conversely, there was a significant decrease or no change in mtDNA copy number in the liver and lung of rats exposed to non-DL PCB 153. This is consistent with a general lack of PCB 153 mediated liver or lung injury in the NTP study, with the exception of liver hypertrophy. Together, the results suggest that an increase in mtDNA copy number may serve as a sensitive, early biomarker of mitochondrial injury and oxidative stress that contributes to the development of the toxicity of dioxin-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L VanEtten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul J Kostyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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10
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Holland EB, Pessah IN. Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl neurotoxic equivalents found in environmental and human samples. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 120:104842. [PMID: 33346014 PMCID: PMC8366267 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL PCB) are recognized neurotoxicants with implications on altered neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration in exposed organisms. NDL PCB neurotoxic relative potency schemes have been developed for a single mechanism, namely activity toward the ryanodine receptor (RyR), or combined mechanisms including, but not limited to, alterations of RyR and dopaminergic pathways. We compared the applicability of the two neurotoxic equivalency (NEQ) schemes and applied each scheme to PCB mixtures found in environmental and human serum samples. A multiple mechanistic NEQ predicts higher neurotoxic exposure concentrations as compared to a scheme based on the RyR alone. Predictions based on PCB ortho categorization, versus homologue categorization, lead to a higher prediction of neurotoxic exposure concentrations, especially for the mMOA. The application of the NEQ schemes to PCB concentration data suggests that PCBs found in fish from US lakes represent a considerable NEQ exposure to fish consuming individuals, that indoor air of schools contained high NEQ concentrations representing an exposure concern when inhaled by children, and that levels already detected in the serum of adults and children may contribute to neurotoxicity. With further validation and in vivo exposure data the NEQ scheme would help provide a more inclusive measure of risk presented by PCB mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Holland
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
| | - I N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Wang H, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Flor S, Gosse L, Klenov VE, Stolwijk JM, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Thorne PS. Comprehensive Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity Assessment of an Indoor School Air Mixture of PCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15976-15985. [PMID: 33256405 PMCID: PMC7879961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Few in vivo inhalation studies have explored the toxicity of environmentally relevant mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The manufacture of industrial PCBs was banned in 1978, but PCBs continue to be formed in industrial and consumer products. Schools represent a significant source of airborne exposures to legacy and nonlegacy PCBs, placing children at risk. To evaluate the impact of these exposures, we generated an airborne mixture of PCBs, called the School Air Mixture (SAM), to match the profile of an older school from our adolescent cohort study. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed either to SAM or filtered air in nose-only exposure systems, 4 h/day for 4 weeks. Congener-specific air and tissue PCB profiles were assessed using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PCB exposures recapitulated the target school air profile with a similarity coefficient, cos θ of 0.83. PCB inhalation yielded μg/g ∑209 PCB levels in tissues. Neurobehavioral testing demonstrated a modest effect on spatial learning and memory in SAM-exposed rats. PCB exposure induced oxidative stress in the liver and lungs, affected the maturational stages of hematopoietic stem cells, reduced telomerase activity in bone marrow cells, and altered the gut microbiota. This is the first study to emulate PCB exposures in a school and comprehensively evaluate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Susanne Flor
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Laura Gosse
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Violet E. Klenov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Stolwijk
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Larry W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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12
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VanEtten SL, Bonner MR, Ren X, Birnbaum LS, Kostyniak PJ, Wang J, Olson JR. Telomeres as targets for the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 408:115264. [PMID: 33022284 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Telomere length (TL) can be affected by various factors, including age and oxidative stress. Changes in TL have been associated with chronic disease, including a higher risk for several types of cancer. Environmental exposure of humans to PCBs and dioxins has been associated with longer or shorter leukocyte TL. Relative telomere length (RTL) may serve as a biomarker associated with neoplastic and/or non-neoplastic responses observed with chronic exposures to TCDD and PCBs. RTL was measured in DNA isolated from archived frozen liver and lung tissues from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) studies conducted in female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats exposed for 13, 30, and 52 weeks to TCDD, dioxin-like (DL) PCB 126, non-DL PCB 153, and a mixture of PCB 126 and PCB 153. RTL was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Consistent with literature, decreased liver and lung RTL was seen with aging. Relative to time-matched vehicle controls, RTL was increased in both the liver and lung tissues of rats exposed to TCDD, PCB 126, PCB 153, and the mixture of PCB 126 and PCB 153, which is consistent with most epidemiological studies that found PCB exposures were associated with increased leukocyte RTL. Increased RTL was observed at doses and/or time points where little to no pathology was observed. In addition to serving as a biomarker of exposure to these compounds in rats and humans, increases in RTL may be an early indicator of neoplastic and non-neoplastic responses that occur following chronic exposure to TCDD and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L VanEtten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul J Kostyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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13
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Salieri B, Kaiser JP, Rösslein M, Nowack B, Hischier R, Wick P. Relative potency factor approach enables the use of in vitro information for estimation of human effect factors for nanoparticle toxicity in life-cycle impact assessment. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:275-286. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1710872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Salieri
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Kaiser
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rösslein
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hischier
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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14
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Dean KM, Marcell AM, Baltos LD, Carro T, Bohannon MEB, Ottinger MA. Comparative Lethality of In ovo Exposure to PCB 126, PCB 77, and 2 Environmentally Relevant PCB Mixtures in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2637-2650. [PMID: 31436847 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) egg bioassay was used to directly compare the toxicity of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77), and 2 environmentally relevant polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures over specified dose ranges relative to vehicle and uninjected controls. Measures included lethality and deformities. Results showed clear dose-response relationships for PCB 126 and the 2 PCB mixtures by logistic analysis of covariance using a varying threshold model because there was a low but significant slope for mortality of vehicle controls over incubation. No dose-dependent increase in mortality was observed with PCB 77 treatment. Mortality increased above baseline for PCB 126 and the 2 mixtures after embryonic day 7 (ED07) to a stable slope from ED10. Median lethal doses and thresholds for response differed for PCB 126 and the 2 PCB mixtures, with the mixtures having lower initial toxicity and all showing progressively greater toxicity over the course of development. Further, the lethality of the PCB mixtures appeared to involve both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and non-AhR mechanisms. Incidence of deformities was unrelated to treatments. In summary, complex mixtures of PCBs were lethal in a dose-related manner, with sublethal effects from exposure to PCB 77. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2637-2650. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Allegra M Marcell
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah D Baltos
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany Carro
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith E B Bohannon
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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15
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Rodenburg LA, Delistraty DA. Alterations in fingerprints of polychlorinated biphenyls in benthic biota at the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (Oregon, USA) suggest metabolism. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:74-82. [PMID: 30771650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the sources and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in several species of benthic biota, including clams (Corbicula fluminea), oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus), and mussels (Margaritifera falcata and Anodonta nuttalliana) at the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (PHSS), their congener fingerprints were examined. First, diagnostic ratios of congeners known to be metabolizable vs. recalcitrant in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway were significantly lower in biota than in its co-located sediment, indicating metabolism may have occurred. Next, the congener patterns were analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The dominant fingerprint (by mass) in benthic biota is related to Aroclor 1260 but displays differences in the fingerprint that are consistent with weathering via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This fingerprint is similar to one isolated from PCBs in fish from Washington State, indicative of common metabolic pathways and consistent with CYP metabolism. When metabolism is taken into account, the spatial distribution of the PMF-isolated PCB fingerprints in biota matches well with those from co-located sediment samples, suggesting that the same mix of sources at one location partitions into biota and sediment. In accordance to their higher hydrophobicity, higher molecular weight (MW) PCB formulations were proportionately more abundant in biota than in sediment, although low MW PCBs (e.g., PCBs 4 and 11) do bioaccumulate in benthic organisms and should not be ignored in risk assessment efforts. Finally, fingerprinting suggests potential reasons why lab-based and field-based biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) differ substantially for bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm, Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Damon A Delistraty
- Washington State Department of Ecology, North 4601 Monroe Street, Spokane, WA 99205, USA
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16
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Mao S, Zhang G, Zhao S, Li J, Liu X, Cheng Z, Zhong G, Malik RN, Liu X. High Abundance of Unintentionally Produced Tetrachlorobiphenyls (PCB47/48/75, 51, and 68) in the Atmosphere at a Regional Background Site in East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3464-3470. [PMID: 30844251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been banned for several decades, they are still detected with elevated levels due to their unintentional production from combustion and industrial thermal processes (UP-PCBs). To investigate the composition and current levels of UP-PCBs and understand which sources are controlling PCB burdens in ambient atmosphere, air samples were collected from August 2012 to August 2015 at a background site in east China. An unexpected high abundance of PCB47+48+75 was observed to be the predominant congener with an average concentration of 786 ± 637 pg/m3. It accounted for 48 ± 16% of ΣPCBs, followed by PCB51 (10 ± 4%), PCB11 (8 ± 6%), and PCB68 (7 ± 3%). Seasonal variations with high levels in summer and lowest levels in winter were observed for PCB47+48+75, 51, and 68. These tetrachlorobiphenyl congeners were strongly correlated with temperature ( r2 > 0.7), suggesting the control of temperature-dependent volatilization processes from contaminated surfaces. The decreased occurrence of PCB47+48+75, 51, and 68 in commercial products and their negative correlations (| r| < 0.35) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and weak correlation with other PCB congeners suggested unique unintentional sources that differ from combustion and industrial thermal processes or pigment, such as the use of polymer sealant, for PCB47+48+75, 51, and 68 in the ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 , China
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17
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Li X, Wu X, Kelly KM, Veng-Pedersen P, Lehmler HJ. Toxicokinetics of Chiral PCB 136 and Its Hydroxylated Metabolites in Mice with a Liver-Specific Deletion of Cytochrome P450 Reductase. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:727-736. [PMID: 30729780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been implicated in adverse human health effects, including developmental neurotoxicity. Several neurotoxic PCBs are chiral and undergo atropisomeric enrichment in vivo due to atropselective metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Here we study how the liver-specific deletion of the cytochrome P450 reductase ( cpr) gene alters the toxicokinetics of 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 136) in mice. Male and female mice with a liver-specific deletion of cpr (KO) and congenic wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to a single oral dose of racemic PCB 136 (6.63 mg/kg). Levels and chiral signatures of PCB 136 and its hydroxylated metabolites were determined 1-48 h after PCB exposure in whole blood. Blood levels of PCB 136 were typically higher in M-WT compared to F-WT mice. At the later time points, F-KO mice had significantly higher PCB 136 levels than F-WT mice. 2,2',3',4,6,6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl-3-ol (3-150), 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl-4-ol (4-136), 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl-5-ol (5-136), and 4,5-dihydroxy-2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (4,5-136) were detected in blood, with 5-136 and 4-136 being major metabolites. At later time points, the sum of HO-PCB (∑HO-PCB) levels exceeded PCB 136 levels in the blood; however, higher ∑HO-PCB than PCB 136 levels were observed later in KO than WT mice. PCB 136 and its major metabolites displayed atropisomeric enrichment in a manner that depended on the time point, sex, and genotype. Toxicokinetic analysis revealed sex and genotype-dependent differences in toxicokinetic parameters for PCB 136 atropisomers and its metabolites. The results suggest that mice with a liver-specific deletion of the cpr gene can potentially be used to assess how an altered metabolism of neurotoxic PCB congeners affects neurotoxic outcomes following exposure of the offspring to PCBs via the maternal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Xianai Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Kevin M Kelly
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Peter Veng-Pedersen
- College of Pharmacy , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
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18
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Pradeep P, Carlson LM, Judson R, Lehmann GM, Patlewicz G. Integrating data gap filling techniques: A case study predicting TEFs for neurotoxicity TEQs to facilitate the hazard assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:12-23. [PMID: 30359698 PMCID: PMC6756469 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The application of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) or toxic units to estimate toxic potencies for mixtures of chemicals which contribute to a biological effect through a common mechanism is one approach for filling data gaps. Toxic Equivalents (TEQ) have been used to express the toxicity of dioxin-like compounds (i.e., dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) in terms of the most toxic form of dioxin: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). This study sought to integrate two data gap filling techniques, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) and TEFs, to predict neurotoxicity TEQs for PCBs. Simon et al. (2007) previously derived neurotoxic equivalent (NEQ) values for a dataset of 87 PCB congeners, of which 83 congeners had experimental data. These data were taken from a set of four different studies measuring different effects related to neurotoxicity, each of which tested overlapping subsets of the 83 PCB congeners. The goals of the current study were to: (i) evaluate an alternative neurotoxic equivalent factor (NEF) derivations from an expanded dataset, relative to those derived by Simon et al. and (ii) develop QSAR models to provide NEF estimates for the large number of untested PCB congeners. The models used multiple linear regression, support vector regression, k-nearest neighbor and random forest algorithms within a 5-fold cross validation scheme and position-specific chlorine substitution patterns on the biphenyl scaffold as descriptors. Alternative NEF values were derived but the resulting QSAR models had relatively low predictivity (RMSE ∼0.24). This was mostly driven by the large uncertainties in the underlying data and NEF values. The derived NEFs and the QSAR predicted NEFs to fill data gaps should be applied with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Pradeep
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Laura M Carlson
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard Judson
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Geniece M Lehmann
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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19
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Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Ahmed MK, Islam MS, Hossain A, Tokumura M, Masunaga S. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in commonly consumed seafood from the coastal area of Bangladesh: occurrence, distribution, and human health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1355-1369. [PMID: 30426367 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake is the most important route of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exposure and seafood is the major dietary component for the coastal populations. It is, therefore, an urgent need to assess the levels of PCBs in seafood. A comprehensive congener-specific evaluation of PCBs was carried out for the first time in Bangladesh. All 209 congeners of PCBs in 48 seafood samples (5 finfish and 2 shellfish species) collected in winter and summer of 2015 were measured by GC-MS/MS. Regardless of season and site, the ∑PCBs (ng/g wet weight) in finfish and shellfish were in the range of 6.4-86.2 and 3.8-37.7, respectively. The results were comparable to or higher than those observed in other studies worldwide, particularly from Spain, China, Korea, Thailand, and Hong Kong. No significant seasonal variation was observed in the levels of ∑PCBs in the examined seafood (p > 0.05); however, interspecies differences were significant (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, spatial distribution revealed seafood collected from the areas with recent urbanization and industrialization (Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, and Sundarbans) were more contaminated with PCBs than the area unaffected by industries (Meghna Estuary). Moderately chlorinated (4-6 Cl) homologs dominated the PCB profiles. The congener profile and homolog composition revealed that the source origin of PCBs in the Bangladeshi seafood was related to mixtures of technical PCBs formulations. The dietary exposure assessment revealed that the coastal residents are sufficiently exposed to the dietary PCBs through seafood consumption which may cause severe health risk including dioxin-like toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, Earth & Environmental Science Faculty, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar Hossain
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9, Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9, Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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20
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Ottinger MA, Lavoie ET, Bohannon MEB, Marcel AM, Tschiffely AE, Duffy KB, McKernan M, Thompson N, Whitehouse HK, Davani K, Strauss M, Tillitt DE, Lipton J, Dean KM. Embryonic effects of an environmentally relevant PCB mixture in the domestic chicken. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2513-2522. [PMID: 29947098 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to develop methods to assess the effects of a complex mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). Treatments were administered by egg injection to compare embryonic effects of an environmentally relevant PCB congener mixture in the domestic chicken over a range of doses. Chicken eggs were injected with the PCB mixture with a profile similar to that found in avian eggs collected on the upper Hudson River, New York, USA, at doses that spanned 0 to 98 μg/g egg. Eggs were hatched in the laboratory to ascertain hatching success. In the domestic chicken, the median lethal dose was 0.3 μg/g. These data demonstrate adverse effects of an environmentally relevant PCB mixture and provide the basis for further work using in vitro and other models to characterize the potential risk to avian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2513-2522. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Emma T Lavoie
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith E B Bohannon
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Allegra M Marcel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna E Tschiffely
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara B Duffy
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Moira McKernan
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Nichola Thompson
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - H Kasen Whitehouse
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimya Davani
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Marci Strauss
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald E Tillitt
- Biochemistry & Physiology Branch, Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Karen M Dean
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Murugan K, Vasudevan N. Intracellular toxicity exerted by PCBs and role of VBNC bacterial strains in biodegradation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:40-60. [PMID: 29605643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are xenobiotic compounds that persists in the environment for long-term, though its productivity is banned. Abatement of the pollutants have become laborious due to it's recalcitrant nature in the environment leading to toxic effects in humans and other living beings. Biphenyl degrading bacteria co-metabolically degrade low chlorinated PCBs using the active metabolic pathway. bph operon possess different genetic arrangements in gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The binding ability of the genes and the active sites were determined by PCB docking studies. The active site of bphA gene with conserved amino acid residues determines the substrate specificity and biodegradability. Accumulation of toxic intermediates alters cellular behaviour, biomass production and downturn the metabolic activity. Several bacteria in the environment attain unculturable state which is viable and metabolically active but not cultivable (VBNC). Resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf) and Rpf homologous protein retrieve the culturability of the so far uncultured bacteria. Recovery of this adaptive mechanism against various physical and chemical stressors make a headway in understanding the functionality of both environmental and medically important unculturable bacteria. Thus, this paper review about the general aspects of PCBs, cellular toxicity exerted by PCBs, role of unculturable bacterial strains in biodegradation, genes involved and degradation pathways. It is suggested to extrapolate the research findings on extracellular organic matters produced in culture supernatant of VBNC thus transforming VBNC to culturable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuvelan Murugan
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Namasivayam Vasudevan
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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22
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Pěnčíková K, Svržková L, Strapáčová S, Neča J, Bartoňková I, Dvořák Z, Hýžďalová M, Pivnička J, Pálková L, Lehmler HJ, Li X, Vondráček J, Machala M. In vitro profiling of toxic effects of prominent environmental lower-chlorinated PCB congeners linked with endocrine disruption and tumor promotion. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:473-486. [PMID: 29518658 PMCID: PMC5908724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms contributing to toxic effects of airborne lower-chlorinated PCB congeners (LC-PCBs) remain poorly characterized. We evaluated in vitro toxicities of environmental LC-PCBs found in both indoor and outdoor air (PCB 4, 8, 11, 18, 28 and 31), and selected hydroxylated metabolites of PCB 8, 11 and 18, using reporter gene assays, as well as other functional cellular bioassays. We focused on processes linked with endocrine disruption, tumor promotion and/or regulation of transcription factors controlling metabolism of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. The tested LC-PCBs were found to be mostly efficient anti-androgenic (within nanomolar - micromolar range) and estrogenic (at micromolar concentrations) compounds, as well as inhibitors of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) at micromolar concentrations. PCB 8, 28 and 31 were found to partially inhibit the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity. The tested LC-PCBs were also partial constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonists, with PCB 4, 8 and 18 being the most active compounds. They were inactive towards other nuclear receptors, such as vitamin D receptor, thyroid receptor α, glucocorticoid receptor or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. We found that only PCB 8 contributed to generation of oxidative stress, while all tested LC-PCBs induced arachidonic acid release (albeit without further modulations of arachidonic acid metabolism) in human lung epithelial cells. Importantly, estrogenic effects of hydroxylated (OH-PCB) metabolites of LC-PCBs (4-OH-PCB 8, 4-OH-PCB 11 and 4'-OH-PCB 18) were higher than those of the parent PCBs, while their other toxic effects were only slightly altered or suppressed. This suggested that metabolism may alter toxicity profiles of LC-PCBs in a receptor-specific manner. In summary, anti-androgenic and estrogenic activities, acute inhibition of GJIC and suppression of the AhR-mediated activity were found to be the most relevant modes of action of airborne LC-PCBs, although they partially affected also additional cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Svržková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Strapáčová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Bartoňková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 11, Palacký University, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 11, Palacký University, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hýžďalová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Pivnička
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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23
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Herkert NJ, Jahnke JC, Hornbuckle KC. Emissions of Tetrachlorobiphenyls (PCBs 47, 51, and 68) from Polymer Resin on Kitchen Cabinets as a Non-Aroclor Source to Residential Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5154-5160. [PMID: 29667399 PMCID: PMC6272057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Both Aroclor and non-Aroclor sources of airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found in residential homes. We deployed passive air samplers at 16 residences and found PCB-47, PCB-51, and PCB-68 to account for up to 50% of measured indoor ΣPCBs (2700 pg m-3). Although PCB-47 and PCB-51 are neurotoxins present in Aroclor mixtures (<2.5 and <0.3 wt %, respectively), we found them at much higher levels than expected for any Aroclor source. PCB-68 is not present in Aroclor mixtures. Another non-Aroclor congener, PCB-11, a byproduct of pigment manufacturing, was found inside and outside of every household and was frequently the predominate congener. We conducted direct measurements of surface emissions and identified finished cabinetry to be a major source of PCB-47, PCB-51, and PCB-68. We hypothesize that these congeners are inadvertent byproducts of polymer sealant manufacturing and produced from the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide used as an initiator in free-radical polymerization of polyester resins. The presence of these three compounds in polymer products, such as silicone, has been widely noted, but to our knowledge they have never been shown to be a significant environmental source of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Herkert
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob C. Jahnke
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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24
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Dingemans MML, Kock M, van den Berg M. Mechanisms of Action Point Towards Combined PBDE/NDL-PCB Risk Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2018; 153:215-24. [PMID: 27672163 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, human risk assessment of the structurally similar non-dioxin-like (NDL) PCBs and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) is done independently for both groups of compounds. There are however obvious similarities between NDL-PCBs and PBDEs with regard to modulation of the intracellular calcium homeostasis (basal calcium levels, voltage-gated calcium channels, calcium uptake, ryanodine receptor) and thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis (TH levels and transport). which are mechanisms of action related to neurobehavioral effects (spontaneous activity, habituation and learning ability). There also similarities in agonistic interactions with the hepatic nuclear receptors PXR and CAR. Several effects on developmental (reproductive) processes have also been observed, but results were more dispersed and insufficient to compare both groups of compounds. The available mechanistic information is sufficient to warrant a dose addition model for NDL-PCBs and PBDEs, including their hydroxylated metabolites.Although many of the observed effects are similar from a qualitative point of view for both groups, congener or tissue specific differences have also been found. As this is a source of uncertainty in the combined hazard and risk assessment of these compounds, molecular entities involved in the observed mechanisms and adverse outcomes associated with these compounds need to be identified. The systematical generation of (quantitative) structure-activity information for NDL-PCBs and PBDEs on these targets (including potential non-additive effects) will allow a more realistic risk estimation associated with combined exposure to both groups of compounds during early life. Additional validation studies are needed to quantify these uncertainties for risk assessment of NDL-PCBs and PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou M L Dingemans
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn Kock
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Dean KM, Baltos LD, Marcell AM, Bohannon MEB, Iwaniuk AN, Ottinger MA. Uptake of radiolabeled 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl into Japanese quail egg compartments and embryo following air cell and albumen injection. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:126-135. [PMID: 28865120 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The avian embryo is an excellent model for testing adverse developmental effects of environmental chemicals as well as uptake and movement of xenobiotics within the egg compartments. Before incubation at embryonic day 0, 14 C 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (14 C PCB 77) was injected into Japanese quail eggs either onto the air cell or into the albumen. All egg components were collected on embryonic day 1, 5, or 10, and concentrations of 14 C PCB 77 were measured in various egg components (shell, membrane, yolk, albumen, and embryo). The results showed measurable 14 C PCB 77 in all egg components, with changing concentrations in each egg component over the course of embryonic development. Specifically, concentrations in the shell content decreased between embryonic days 1 and 10, increased in albumen from embryonic days 1 to 5 and then decreased at embryonic day 10, and increased in both yolk and embryo from embryonic days 1 to 10. Vehicle and injection site both influenced 14 C PCB 77 allantoic fluid concentrations, with little effect on other egg components except for the inner shell membrane. The fatty acid vehicle injected into the albumen yielded the highest 14 C PCB 77 recovery. These findings demonstrate dynamic movement of toxicants throughout the egg components during avian embryonic development and a steady increase of relatively low levels of 14 C PCB 77 in the embryo compared with the yolk, albumen, and shell, suggesting that embryonic uptake (i.e., exposure) mirrors utilization of egg components for nutrition and growth during development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:126-135. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah D Baltos
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Allegra M Marcell
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith E B Bohannon
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew N Iwaniuk
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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26
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Przybyla J, Houseman EA, Smit E, Kile ML. A path analysis of multiple neurotoxic chemicals and cognitive functioning in older US adults (NHANES 1999-2002). Environ Health 2017; 16:19. [PMID: 28270159 PMCID: PMC5341442 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals (lead and cadmium) are neurotoxic and affect neurobehavioral performance. Yet little is known about the association between exposure to multiple neurotoxic compounds and cognitive functioning in older adults. METHODS Using data from two consecutive cycles of the National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (1999-2002), path analysis was used to simultaneously evaluate the association between whole blood concentrations of 14 neurotoxic compounds and cognitive functioning measured by the Digit Symbol Coding Test of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition in participants 60-84 years of age (N = 498). Effect modification was assessed for age (above/below the mean) and sex. RESULTS The final path model fit 5 compounds (i.e. PCB 74, PCB 118, PCB 146, PCB 153, and lead). After controlling for co-exposures and confounders, PCB 146 (β = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.29, -0.02, p = 0.02) and lead (β = -0.10, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.006, p = 0.04) were negatively associated with DSC scores in 60-84 year olds. Whereas, PCB 153 was positively associated with DSC scores (β =0.20, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.35; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This cross-sectional analysis which controlled for collinear exposure to several neurotoxic compounds demonstrated an association between non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyl exposure, specifically PCB 146, and lower cognitive functioning, in older adults. Lead exposure was also weakly associated with lower cognitive functioning. Additional studies are needed to determine the causality of the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Przybyla
- School of Biological and Population Health, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 101 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
| | - E. Andres Houseman
- School of Biological and Population Health, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 101 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
| | - Ellen Smit
- School of Biological and Population Health, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 101 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
| | - Molly L. Kile
- School of Biological and Population Health, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 101 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
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27
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Murati T, Šimić B, Pleadin J, Vukmirović M, Miletić M, Durgo K, Kniewald J, Kmetič I. Reduced cytotoxicity in PCB-exposed Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells pretreated with vitamin E. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 99:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Holland EB, Feng W, Zheng J, Dong Y, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Pessah IN. An Extended Structure-Activity Relationship of Nondioxin-Like PCBs Evaluates and Supports Modeling Predictions and Identifies Picomolar Potency of PCB 202 Towards Ryanodine Receptors. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:170-181. [PMID: 27655348 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nondioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL PCBs) activate ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channels (RyRs) and this activation has been associated with neurotoxicity in exposed animals. RyR-active congeners follow a distinct structure-activity relationship and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) predicts that a large number of PCBs likely activate the receptor, which requires validation. Additionally, previous structural based conclusions have been established using receptor ligand binding assays but the impact of varying PCB structures on ion channel gating behavior is not understood. We used [3H]Ryanodine ([3H]Ry) binding to assess the RyR-activity of 14 previously untested PCB congeners evaluating the predictability of the QSAR. Congeners determined to display widely varying potency were then assayed with single channel voltage clamp analysis to assess direct influences on channel gating kinetics. The RyR-activity of individual PCBs assessed in in vitro assays followed the general pattern predicted by the QSAR but binding and lipid bilayer experiments demonstrated higher potency than predicted. Of the 49 congeners tested to date, tetra-ortho PCB 202 was found to be the most potent RyR-active congener increasing channel open probability at 200 pM. Shifting meta-substitutions to the para-position resulted in a > 100-fold reduction in potency as seen with PCB 197. Non-ortho PCB 11 was found to lack activity at the receptor supporting a minimum mono-ortho substitution for PCB RyR activity. These findings expand and support previous SAR assessments; where out of the 49 congeners tested to date 42 activate the receptor demonstrating that the RyR is a sensitive and common target of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Holland
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; .,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, California.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,The Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California.,UC Davis Center for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention, Davis, California
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29
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Folland WR, Newsted JL, Fitzgerald SD, Fuchsman PC, Bradley PW, Kern J, Kannan K, Zwiernik MJ. Enzyme induction and histopathology elucidate aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated versus non-aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects of Aroclor 1268 in American mink (Neovison vison). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:619-634. [PMID: 26267837 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations reported in preferred prey and blubber of bottlenose dolphins from the Turtle-Brunswick River estuary (Georgia, USA) suggest the potential for adverse effects. However, PCBs in Turtle-Brunswick River estuary dolphins are primarily derived from Aroclor 1268, and predicting toxic effects of Aroclor 1268 is uncertain because of the mixture's unique composition and associated physiochemical characteristics. These differences suggest that toxicity benchmarks for other PCB mixtures may not be relevant to dolphins exposed to Aroclor 1268. American mink (Neovison vison) were used as a surrogate model for cetaceans to characterize mechanisms of action associated with Aroclor 1268 exposure. Mink share similarities in phylogeny and life history with cetaceans and are characteristically sensitive to PCBs, making them an attractive surrogate species for marine mammals in ecotoxicity studies. Adult female mink and a subsequent F1 generation were exposed to Aroclor 1268 through diet, and effects on enzyme induction, histopathology, thyroid hormone regulation, hematology, organ weights, and body condition index were compared to a negative control and a 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126)-positive control. Aroclor 1268 dietary exposure concentrations ranged from 1.8 µg/g wet weight to 29 µg/g wet weight. Anemia, hypothyroidism, and hepatomegaly were observed in mink exposed to Aroclor 1268 beyond various dietary thresholds. Cytochrome P450 induction and squamous epithelial proliferation jaw lesions were low in Aroclor 1268 treatments relative to the positive control. Differences in enzyme induction and the development of squamous epithelial proliferation jaw lesions between Aroclor 1268 treatments and the positive control, coupled with effects observed in Aroclor 1268 treatments not observed in the positive control, indicate that mechanisms additional to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated pathway are associated with Aroclor 1268 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Folland
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John L Newsted
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott D Fitzgerald
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Environmental Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Patrick W Bradley
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John Kern
- KERN Statistical Services, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Matthew J Zwiernik
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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30
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Folland WR, Newsted JL, Fitzgerald SD, Fuchsman PC, Bradley PW, Kern J, Kannan K, Remington RE, Zwiernik MJ. Growth and reproductive effects from dietary exposure to Aroclor 1268 in mink (Neovison vison), a surrogate model for marine mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:604-618. [PMID: 26313468 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the commercial mixture Aroclor 1268 were historically released into the Turtle-Brunswick River estuary (southeastern Georgia, USA) from industrial operations. Sum PCBs (ΣPCBs) in blubber samples from Turtle-Brunswick River estuary bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have been reported at concentrations more than 10-fold higher than those observed in dolphins from adjacent regional estuaries. Given that toxicity data specific to Aroclor 1268 and applicable to marine mammals are limited, predicting the toxic effects of Aroclor 1268 in dolphins is uncertain, particularly because of its unique congener profile and associated physiochemical characteristics compared with other PCB mixtures. American mink (Neovison vison) were chosen as a surrogate model for cetaceans to develop marine mammalian PCB toxicity benchmarks. Mink are a suitable surrogate species for cetaceans in toxicity studies because of similarities in diet and taxonomic class, and a characteristic sensitivity to PCBs provides a potential safety factor when using mink toxicology data for cross-species extrapolations. Effects of dietary exposure to Aroclor 1268 on reproduction, growth, and mortality in mink were compared with both a negative control and a positive control (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl, PCB 126). Aroclor 1268 dietary ΣPCB concentrations ranged from 1.8 µg/g feed wet weight to 29 µg/g feed wet weight. Whelp success was unaffected by Aroclor 1268 exposure at any level. Treatment mean litter size, kit growth, and kit survival were adversely affected relative to the negative control at dietary ΣPCB concentrations of 10.6 µg/g feed wet weight and greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Folland
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John L Newsted
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott D Fitzgerald
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Environmental Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Patrick W Bradley
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John Kern
- KERN Statistical Services, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Zwiernik
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ. Toxicokinetics of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls across different species--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2058-80. [PMID: 25824003 PMCID: PMC4591098 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen polychlorinated biphenyls (chiral or C-PCBs) exist as two stable rotational isomers (atropisomers) that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. C-PCBs are released into the environment as racemic (i.e., equal) mixtures of both atropisomers and undergo atropisomeric enrichment due to biological, but not abiotic, processes. In particular, toxicokinetic studies provide important initial insights into atropselective processes involved in the disposition (i.e., absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion) of C-PCBs. The toxicokinetic of C-PCBs is highly congener and species dependent. In particular, at lower trophic levels, abiotic processes play a predominant role in C-PCB toxicokinetics. Biotransformation plays an important role in the elimination of C-PCBs in mammals. The elimination of C-PCB follows the approximate order mammals > birds > amphibians > fish, mostly due to a corresponding decrease in metabolic capacity. A few studies have shown differences in the toxicokinetics of C-PCB atropisomers; however, more work is needed to understand the toxicokinetics of C-PCBs and the underlying biological processes. Such studies will not only contribute to our understanding of the fate of C-PCBs in aquatic and terrestrial food webs but also facilitate our understanding of human exposures to C-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, #221 IREH, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, #221 IREH, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Heys KA, Shore RF, Pereira MG, Jones KC, Martin FL. Risk assessment of environmental mixture effects. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05406d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining interactions of multi-component environmental mixtures towards accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Heys
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Richard F. Shore
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - M. Glória Pereira
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
| | - Francis L. Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics
- Lancaster Environment Centre
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YQ
- UK
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33
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Shin ES, Nguyen KH, Kim J, Kim CI, Chang YS. Progressive risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls through a Total Diet Study in the Korean population. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:403-412. [PMID: 26470055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from foods was investigated through a Total Diet Study (TDS) for the first time in Korea. A representative food list was developed from food intake data. Non-selected foods were also included in the TDS through the mapping process to anticipate practical risk assessment. For better representativeness, data (2008-2011) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were combined with the TDS data set. And also, we estimated the dietary exposure to PCBs from various food items using a 'best-fit' mapping process and assessed the differences in PCB exposures by sex and age. In this study, we examined total PCBs (62 congeners) including dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and indicator PCBs, which are congeners that are mainly detected in various environmental matrices. The average dietary exposure (3.94 ng/kg body weight/day) that was estimated through food intake was 19.7% of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-su Shin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Khanh-Hoang Nguyen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchul Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-il Kim
- Department of Anti-Aging, Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), Chueongju, 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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Shanahan CE, Spak SN, Martinez A, Hornbuckle KC. Inventory of PCBs in Chicago and Opportunities for Reduction in Airborne Emissions and Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13878-88. [PMID: 26440379 PMCID: PMC6201697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas are important regional sources of airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and population-scale airborne exposure, yet a comprehensive bottom-up source inventory of PCB emissions has never been quantified at urban scales in the United States. Here we report a comprehensive parcel level inventory of PCB stocks and emissions for Chicago, Illinois, developed with a transferable method from publicly available data. Chicago's legacy stocks hold 276 ± 147 tonnes ∑PCBs, with 0.2 tonnes added annually. Transformers and building sealants represent the largest legacy categories at 250 and 20 tonnes, respectively. From these stocks, annual emissions rates of 203 kg for ∑PCBs and 3 kg for PCB 11 explain observed concentrations in Chicago air. Sewage sludge drying contributes 25% to emissions, soils 31%, and transformers 21%. Known contaminated sites account for <1% of stocks and 17% of emissions to air. Paint is responsible for 0.00001% of stocks but up to 7% of ∑PCBs emissions. Stocks and emissions are highly concentrated and not correlated with population density or demographics at the neighborhood scale. Results suggest that strategies to further reduce exposure and ecosystem deposition must focus on the largest emissions sources rather than the most contaminated sites or the largest closed source legacy stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Shanahan
- School of Urban and Regional Planning, The University of Iowa, 345 Jessup Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1316, United States
- Now: Wisconsin Emergency Management, 2400 Wright St., P.O. Box 7865, Madison WI, 53707-7865, United States
| | - Scott N. Spak
- Public Policy Center, The University of Iowa, 223 South Quadrangle, Iowa City, IA, 522421192, 319-335-9993,
- School of Urban and Regional Planning, The University of Iowa, 345 Jessup Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1316, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering & IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1316, United States
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering & IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1316, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering & IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1316, United States
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Zhang H, Jiang X, Lu L, Xiao W. Biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by the novel identified cyanobacterium Anabaena PD-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131450. [PMID: 26177203 PMCID: PMC4503305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a class of hazardous pollutants, are difficult to dissipate in the natural environment. In this study, a cyanobacterial strain Anabaena PD-1 showed good resistance against PCB congeners. Compared to a control group, chlorophyll a content decreased 3.7% and 11.7% when Anabaena PD-1 was exposed to 2 and 5 mg/L PCBs for 7 d. This cyanobacterial strain was capable of decomposing PCB congeners which was conclusively proved by determination of chloride ion concentrations in chlorine-free medium. After 7 d, the chloride ion concentrations in PCB-treated groups (1, 2, 5 mg/L) were 3.55, 3.05, and 2.25 mg/L, respectively. The genetic information of strain PD-1 was obtained through 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The GenBank accession number of 16S rRNA of Anabaena PD-1 was KF201693.1. Phylogenetic tree analysis clearly indicated that Anabaena PD-1 belonged to the genus Anabaena. The degradation half-life of Aroclor 1254 by Anabaena PD-1 was 11.36 d; the total degradation rate for Aroclor 1254 was 84.4% after 25 d. Less chlorinated PCB congeners were more likely to be degraded by Anabaena PD-1 in comparison with highly chlorinated congeners. Meta- and para-chlorines in trichlorodiphenyls and tetrachlorobiphenyls were more susceptible to dechlorination than ortho-chlorines during the PCB-degradation process by Anabaena PD-1. Furthermore, Anabaena PD-1 can decompose dioxin-like PCBs. The percent biodegradation of 12 dioxin-like PCBs by strain PD-1 ranged from 37.4% to 68.4% after 25 days. Results above demonstrate that Anabaena PD-1 is a PCB-degrader with great potential for the in situ bioremediation of PCB-contaminated paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaojun Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China
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36
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Koh WX, Hornbuckle KC, Thorne PS. Human Serum from Urban and Rural Adolescents and Their Mothers Shows Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Not Found in Commercial Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8105-12. [PMID: 26053216 PMCID: PMC4774248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although polychlorinated biphenyls are no longer sold as commercial mixtures, they are still being produced through modern manufacturing processes. We have previously shown that non-Aroclor PCB 11 is prevalent in indoor and outdoor air and sediment and detected in human serum. Here we report the prevalence of non-Aroclor PCB congeners (≤0.20 wt % in Aroclor) in human serum collected from urban and rural adolescents and their mothers. We hypothesized that additional non-Aroclor congeners are present in serum. Sera were extracted and detected for 209 PCBs using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A list of 70 non-Aroclor PCB congeners was determined by measurement of original Aroclors. PCB 11, 14, 35, and 209 are the major dominating and most frequently detected congeners. PCB 14 and 35 have not been previously reported for environmental matrices. Adolescents have significantly lower total non-Aroclor PCB concentrations than mothers in East Chicago (p < 0.001) and Columbus Junction (p = 0.008). There are significant differences in non-Aroclor PCBs between East Chicago community and Columbus Junction community (p < 0.001). Non-Aroclor PCBs represent an average of 10% (and up to 50%) of total PCBs measured in serum. An average of 50% (and up to 100%) of these concentrations may be attributed to aryl azo and phthalocyanine paint pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xin Koh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (319) 335-4216 (P.S.T.); 319-384-0789 (K.C.H.). Fax: (319) 384-4138 (P.S.T.); (319) 335-5660 (K.C.H.). (P.S.T.); (K.C.H.)
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (319) 335-4216 (P.S.T.); 319-384-0789 (K.C.H.). Fax: (319) 384-4138 (P.S.T.); (319) 335-5660 (K.C.H.). (P.S.T.); (K.C.H.)
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37
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Rodenburg LA, Delistraty D, Meng Q. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener patterns in fish near the Hanford Site (Washington State, USA). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2767-2775. [PMID: 25621866 DOI: 10.1021/es504961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes in fish can alter polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener patterns in fish, but these patterns have never been investigated using an advanced source-apportionment tool. In this work, PCB congener patterns in freshwater fish were examined with positive matrix factorization (PMF). PCB congeners were quantified via EPA Method 1668 in fillet and carcass of six species in four study areas in the Columbia River near the Hanford Site. Six factors were resolved with PMF2 software. Depletion and enhancement of PCB congeners in factors, relative to Aroclor 1254, suggested biotransformation (via cytochrome P450) and bioaccumulation in fish, respectively. Notable differences were observed among species and across study locations. For example, sturgeon and whitefish exhibited congener patterns consistent with Aroclor weathering, suggesting potential PCB metabolism in these species. In terms of location, average concentration of total PCBs for all species combined was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at Hanford 100 and 300 areas, relative to upriver and downriver study sites. Furthermore, a distinct PCB signature in sturgeon and whitefish, collected at Hanford study areas, suggests that Hanford is a unique PCB source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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38
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Fritsch EB, Stegeman JJ, Goldstone JV, Nacci DE, Champlin D, Jayaraman S, Connon RE, Pessah IN. Expression and function of ryanodine receptor related pathways in PCB tolerant Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from New Bedford Harbor, MA, USA. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:156-66. [PMID: 25546006 PMCID: PMC4300256 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) thrive in New Bedford Harbor (NBH), MA, highly contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Resident killifish have evolved tolerance to dioxin-like (DL) PCBs, whose toxic effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) are well studied. In NBH, non-dioxin like PCBs (NDL PCBs), which lack activity toward the AhR, vastly exceed levels of DL congeners yet how killifish counter NDL toxic effects has not been explored. In mammals and fish, NDL PCBs are potent activators of ryanodine receptors (RyR), Ca(2+) release channels necessary for a vast array of physiological processes. In the current study we compared the expression and function of RyR related pathways in NBH killifish with killifish from the reference site at Scorton Creek (SC, MA). Relative to the SC fish, adults from NBH displayed increased levels of skeletal muscle RyR1 protein, and increased levels of FK506-binding protein 12 kDa (FKBP12) an accessory protein essential for NDL PCB-triggered changes in RyR channel function. In accordance with increased RyR1 levels, NBH killifish displayed increased maximal ligand binding, increased maximal response to Ca(2+) activation and increased maximal response to activation by the NDL PCB congener PCB 95. Compared to SC, NBH embryos and larvae had increased levels of mtor and ryr2 transcripts at multiple stages of development, and generations, while levels of serca2 were decreased at 9 days post-fertilization in the F1 and F2 generations. These findings suggest that there are compensatory and heritable changes in RyR mediated Ca(2+) signaling proteins or potential signaling partners in NBH killifish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Fritsch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - John J Stegeman
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Jared V Goldstone
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Diane E Nacci
- Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Denise Champlin
- Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Saro Jayaraman
- Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Richard E Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; The Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
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Rigaud C, Couillard CM, Pellerin J, Légaré B, Hodson PV. Applicability of the TCDD-TEQ approach to predict sublethal embryotoxicity in Fundulus heteroclitus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 149:133-144. [PMID: 24607689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxic equivalent quantity (TCDD-TEQ) approach was used successfully to predict lethal embryotoxicity in salmonids, but its applicability to sublethal effects of mixtures of organohalogenated compounds in other fish species is poorly known. The sublethal toxicity of two dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF), two non-dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52) and 2,3,3',4',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB110), and of Aroclor 1254, a complex commercial mixture of PCBs, was assessed in Fundulus heteroclitus embryos exposed by intravitelline injection. At 16 days post-fertilization, the two DLCs and Aroclor 1254 altered prey capture ability in addition to inducing classical aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated responses: ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction, craniofacial deformities and reduction in body length. None of these responses was induced by the two NDL PCBs, at doses up to 5400 ng g(-1)wet weight. Dose-response curves for prey capture ability for the 2 DLCs tested were not parallel to that of TCDD, violating a fundamental assumption for relative potency (ReP) estimation. Dose-response curves for EROD induction were parallel for 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF and TCDD, but the ReP of 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF for F. heteroclitus was 5-fold higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) fish toxic equivalent factor (TEF) based on embryolethality in salmonids. The chemically derived TCDD-TEQs of Aroclor 1254, calculated using 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) concentrations and it ReP for F. heteroclitus, overestimated its potency to induce EROD activity possibly due to antagonistic interactions among PCBs. This study highlights the limitations of using TEFs based on salmonid toxicity data alone for risk assessment to other fish species. There is a need to assess the variability of RePs of DLCs in different species for a variety of endpoints and to better understand interactions between DLCs and other toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Rigaud
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Catherine M Couillard
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Jocelyne Pellerin
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Benoît Légaré
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Peter V Hodson
- Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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40
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O’Kane AA, Elliott CT, Mooney MH. Complex Interactions between Dioxin-Like and Non-Dioxin-Like Compounds for in Vitro Cellular Responses: Implications for the Identification of Dioxin Exposure Biomarkers. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:178-87. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. O’Kane
- Institute for Global Food Security,
School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, David
Keir Building Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Ireland
| | - Chris T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security,
School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, David
Keir Building Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Ireland
| | - Mark H. Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security,
School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, David
Keir Building Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Ireland
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41
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Wigestrand M, Stenberg M, Walaas S, Fonnum F, Andersson P. Non-dioxin-like PCBs inhibit [3H]WIN-35,428 binding to the dopamine transporter: A structure–activity relationship study. Neurotoxicology 2013; 39:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Eckhardt S, Li J, Breivik K, Lam PKS, Tanabe S, Jones KC. Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in Indian cities: levels, emission sources and toxicity equivalents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:283-290. [PMID: 23954623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentration of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured on diurnal basis by active air sampling during Dec 2006 to Feb 2007 in seven major cities from the northern (New Delhi and Agra), eastern (Kolkata), western (Mumbai and Goa) and southern (Chennai and Bangalore) parts of India. Average concentration of Σ25PCBs in the Indian atmosphere was 4460 (± 2200) pg/m(-3) with a dominance of congeners with 4-7 chlorine atoms. Model results (HYSPLIT, FLEXPART) indicate that the source areas are likely confined to local or regional proximity. Results from the FLEXPART model show that existing emission inventories cannot explain the high concentrations observed for PCB-28. Electronic waste, ship breaking activities and dumped solid waste are attributed as the possible sources of PCBs in India. Σ25PCB concentrations for each city showed significant linear correlation with Toxicity equivalence (TEQ) and Neurotoxic equivalence (NEQ) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Chakraborty
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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43
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Fritsch EB, Pessah IN. Structure-activity relationship of non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls toward skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:204-12. [PMID: 23827775 PMCID: PMC3813431 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research addressing the health impacts of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has primarily focused on the effects of coplanar, or dioxin-like (DL), congeners, which is especially true for research assessing impacts in fish species. Ortho substituted non-coplanar, termed non-dioxin-like (NDL), PCBs have received less attention. In mammals, NDL PCBs enhance the activity of ryanodine receptors (RyR), calcium release channels necessary for engaging excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in striated muscle. We utilized in vitro receptor binding analysis to determine whether NDL PCB congeners detected in aquatic environments alter the activity of RyR isoform 1 (RyR1) found in the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout. Congeners 52, 95, 136, and149 were the most efficacious leading to an increase in receptor activity that was approximately 250% greater than that found under solvent control conditions. Other environmentally relevant congeners, namely PCB 153, 151 and 101, which all contain two or more chlorines in the ortho-position, enhanced receptor activity by greater than 160% of baseline. The mono-ortho congeners or the non-ortho PCB 77 had negligible impact on the RyR1. When combined, in binary or environmentally relevant mixtures, congeners shown to enhance receptor activity appeared to display additivity and when the active PCB 95 was present with the non-active congener PCB 77 the impact on receptor activity was reduced from 250% to 230%. The important role of the RyR and the demonstrated additive nature of NDL congeners toward altering channel function calls for further investigation into the ecological implications of altered RyR function in fish with high PCB burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Fritsch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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44
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Cheslack-Postava K, Rantakokko PV, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Surcel HM, McKeague IW, Kiviranta HA, Sourander A, Brown AS. Maternal serum persistent organic pollutants in the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism: A pilot study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 38:1-5. [PMID: 23591055 PMCID: PMC3713110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the contribution of environmental as well as genetic factors to the etiology of autism but studies testing associations between chemical exposures and autism have been limited. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has previously been associated with decrements in cognitive and developmental performance. We conducted a pilot study in the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism (FiPS-A). Seventy-five cases with autism and 75 controls matched on sex, birth year, urbanization and maternal age were sampled from first-born children in the Finnish Maternity Cohort, which includes over 1million births. The study sample included births occurring from 1991 to 2000. Subjects were followed up for autism through 2007. DDT, DDE, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-156, PCB-170, PCB-180, hexachlorobenzene, and BDE-47 were measured in archived maternal serum samples taken during pregnancy using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Correlations between pollutant measures were assessed and mechanistically-related weighting schemes for summarizing PCB levels were compared. Case and control differences were assessed using graphical and statistical methods. All analytes, with the exception of DDT and BDE-47, were detected above the limit of quantification in all samples. The correlation between levels of individual PCB congeners and weighted summary measures was high (0.71-1.00). Paired t-tests revealed no significant differences between cases and controls for log-transformed mean values of any analyte; however, in an adjusted model the odds ratios for autism were 1.91 (p=0.29) and 1.79 (p=0.36) respectively, for subjects with total PCBs and DDE above the 90th percentile of control values. Levels of prenatal PCB exposure in FIPS-A were similar to the levels which previously correlated with poorer neurodevelopmental measures in other populations. Further study in a larger sample will be required to fully determine whether exposure to high POP levels is associated with autism diagnosis in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely Cheslack-Postava
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States.
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45
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O'Kane AA, Chevallier OP, Graham SF, Elliott CT, Mooney MH. Metabolomic profiling of in vivo plasma responses to dioxin-associated dietary contaminant exposure in rats: implications for identification of sources of animal and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5409-5418. [PMID: 23586690 DOI: 10.1021/es305345u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin contamination of the food chain typically occurs when cocktails of combustion residues or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) containing oils become incorporated into animal feed. These highly toxic compounds are bioaccumulative with small amounts posing a major health risk. The ability to identify animal exposure to these compounds prior to their entry into the food chain may be an invaluable tool to safeguard public health. Dioxin-like compounds act by a common mode of action and this suggests that markers or patterns of response may facilitate identification of exposed animals. However, secondary co-contaminating compounds present in typical dioxin sources may affect responses to compounds. This study has investigated for the first time the potential of a metabolomics platform to distinguish between animals exposed to different sources of dioxin contamination through their diet. Sprague-Dawley rats were given feed containing dioxin-like toxins from hospital incinerator soot, a common PCB oil standard and pure 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (normalized at 0.1 μg/kg TEQ) and acquired plasma was subsequently biochemically profiled using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) quadropole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (QTof-MS). An OPLS-DA model was generated from acquired metabolite fingerprints and validated which allowed classification of plasma from individual animals into the four dietary exposure study groups with a level of accuracy of 97-100%. A set of 24 ions of importance to the prediction model, and which had levels significantly altered between feeding groups, were positively identified as deriving from eight identifiable metabolites including lysophosphatidylcholine (16:0) and tyrosine. This study demonstrates the enormous potential of metabolomic-based profiling to provide a powerful and reliable tool for the detection of dioxin exposure in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A O'Kane
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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46
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Librando V, Minniti Z, Accolla ML, Cascioc O, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG. Calorimetric evaluation of interaction and absorption of polychlorinated biphenyls by biomembrane models. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:791-796. [PMID: 23453602 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic pollutants with lipophilic properties, due to their persistence, they are present in environment at potentially dangerous concentrations for humans health. In this work we investigated the interaction and absorption of 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 28), 2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 105) and 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-eptachlorobiphenyl (PCB 189) with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) multilamellar vesicles (MLV), chosen as biomembrane models, by differential scanning calorimetry technique (DSC). The obtained results indicate that the tested compounds affected the thermotropic behaviour of MLV to different degree, modifying the phase transition peak and shifting it towards lower temperature. The effect of an aqueous or lipophilic medium on the absorption process of these compounds by the biomembrane models was also investigated revealing that the process is hindered by the aqueous medium but favoured by the lipophilic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Librando
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
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47
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Marek RF, Thorne PS, Wang K, DeWall J, Hornbuckle KC. PCBs and OH-PCBs in serum from children and mothers in urban and rural U.S. communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3353-61. [PMID: 23452180 PMCID: PMC3645264 DOI: 10.1021/es304455k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
East Chicago, Indiana is a heavily industrialized community bisected by the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal, which volatilizes ~7.5 kg/yr polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In contrast, the rural Columbus Junction, Iowa area has no known current or past PCB industrial sources. Blood from children and their mothers from these communities were collected April 2008 to January 2009 (n = 177). Sera were analyzed for all 209 PCBs and 4 hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs). Sum PCBs ranged from nondetect to 658 ng/g lw (median = 33.5 ng/g lw). Sum OH-PCBs ranged from nondetect to 1.2 ng/g fw (median = 0.07 ng/g fw). These concentrations are similar to those reported in other populations without high dietary PCB intake. Differences between the two communities were subtle. PCBs were detected in more East Chicago mothers and children than Columbus Junction mothers and children, and children from East Chicago were enriched in lower-molecular weight PCBs. East Chicago and Columbus Junction residents had similar levels of total and individual PCBs and OH-PCBs in their blood. Concentrations of parent PCBs correlated with concentrations of OH-PCBs. This is the first temporally and methodologically consistent study to evaluate all 209 PCBs and major metabolites in two generations of people living in urban and rural areas of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F. Marek
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- Corresponding contact information: Keri Hornbuckle: 4105 SC, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 384-0789 FAX: (319) 335-5660; Peter Thorne: 105 River St., S341A CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 335-4216 FAX: (319) 384-4138
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
| | - Jeanne DeWall
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA (USA) 52242
- Corresponding contact information: Keri Hornbuckle: 4105 SC, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 384-0789 FAX: (319) 335-5660; Peter Thorne: 105 River St., S341A CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242; ; Phone: (319) 335-4216 FAX: (319) 384-4138
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48
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Dodoo DK, Essumang DK, Jonathan JWA. Accumulation profile and seasonal variations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bivalves Crassostrea tulipa (oysters) and Anadara senilis (mussels) at three different aquatic habitats in two seasons in Ghana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 88:26-34. [PMID: 23158760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that some polychlorinated biphenyl congeners degrade slowly in the environment and build up in the food chain, causing a wide range of possible adverse effects to humans. In order to ascertain the nature of the situation in Ghana, polychlorinated biphenyls congener residues in Crassostrea tulipa (oysters) and Anadara senilis (mussels) at Narkwa, Ada and Anyanui in the coastal region of Ghana were determined. At Narkwa, both bivalves' species were collected; at Ada only Anadara senilis were collected while at Anyanui, only Crassotrea tulipa were collected. The number of each bivalve species collected from each site was 80 (n=80), making up a total of 320 for the dry and the wet seasons. The PCBs were extracted with (1:1) hexane-acetone mixture and analyzed with a gas chromatogram equipped with (65)Ni electron capture detector, model CP 3800 using the mixed PCBs standard of the ICES 7. Total PCBs in the bivalves ranged from 5.55 to 6.37 μg/kg wet weight in mussels and 2.95-11.41 μg/kg wet weight in oysters, respectively. The composition of the PCB homologues in the bivalves was dominated by tri-, hepta- and hexa-PCBs in descending order. Risk assessments conducted on the samples indicated that edible bivalves from Narkwa, Ada and Anyanui in Ghana might pose some health risk to the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Dodoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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49
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Son MH, Kim JT, Park H, Kim M, Paek OJ, Chang YS. Assessment of the daily intake of 62 polychlorinated biphenyls from dietary exposure in South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:957-63. [PMID: 22874429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The dietary intake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was estimated using the sum of 62 PCB congeners (∑(62)PCBs), including seven indicator PCBs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs, in the South Korea. In this study, 200 individual food samples belonging to 40 different foodstuffs were investigated to estimate the distribution of PCB congeners in five sampling cities. PCB exposure was estimated using Korean dietary habits as established by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The PCB concentrations in rice, the most frequently consumed food in Korea, was relatively low in whole food samples. The mean PCB levels measured in fish were the highest in this study, but each fish is consumed in relatively small amounts by the general population. Therefore, the daily dietary intake should also be considered with regard to human exposure to PCBs, especially with the consumption of contaminated foods. Dioxin-like PCB levels were also calculated using TEF values that were established in 2005. The average levels (pg TEQ/g) were 0.0002 for rice and 0.0098 for fish. The dioxin-like PCBs accounted for a relatively small percentage of the total PCBs, compared to previous studies. According to our research, the health risks associated with exposure to PCBs could be estimated using the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Son
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyojadong, Namku, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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50
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Hu X, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lehmler HJ, Hu D, Hornbuckle K, Thorne PS. Subchronic inhalation exposure study of an airborne polychlorinated biphenyl mixture resembling the Chicago ambient air congener profile. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9653-62. [PMID: 22846166 PMCID: PMC3573703 DOI: 10.1021/es301129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although inhalation of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is the most universal exposure route and has become a substantial concern in urban areas, research is lacking to determine the body burden of inhaled PCBs and consequent health effects. To reflect the Chicago airshed environment and mimic the PCB profile in Chicago air, we generated vapors from a Chicago air mixture (CAM). Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to the CAM vapor for 1.6 h/day via nose-only inhalation for 4 weeks, 520 ± 10 μg/m(3). Congener-specific quantification in tissue and air samples was performed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). In contrast to the lower-chlorinated congener-enriched vapor, body tissues mainly contained tri- to hexachlorobiphenyls. Congener profiles varied between vapor and tissues and among different organs. The toxic equivalence (TEQ) and neurotoxic equivalence (NEQ) were also investigated for tissue distribution. We evaluated a variety of end points to catalogue the effects of long-term inhalation exposure, including immune responses, enzyme induction, cellular toxicity, and histopathologic abnormalities. Glutathione oxidized/reduced ratio (GSSG/GSH) was increased in the blood of exposed animals, accompanied by elevation of hematocrit. This study demonstrated that inhalation contributed to the body burden of mostly tri- to hexachlorobiphenyls and produced a distinct profile of congeners in tissue, yet minimal toxicity was found at this exposure dose, estimated at 134 μg/rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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