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Kayani SI, -Rahman SU, Shen Q, Cui Y, Liu W, Hu X, Zhu F, Huo S. Molecular approaches to enhance astaxanthin biosynthesis; future outlook: engineering of transcription factors in Haematococcus pluvialis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:514-529. [PMID: 37380353 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2208284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the preferred species for producing astaxanthin because they pose a low toxicity risk than chemical synthesis. Astaxanthin has multiple health benefits and is being used in: medicines, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. Haematococcus pluvialis is a model microalga for astaxanthin biosynthesis; however, its natural astaxanthin content is low. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to improve the biosynthesis of astaxanthin to meet industrial demands, making its commercialization cost-effective. Several strategies related to cultivation conditions are employed to enhance the biosynthesis of astaxanthin in H. pluvialis. However, the mechanism of its regulation by transcription factors is unknown. For the first time, this study critically reviewed the studies on identifying transcription factors, progress in H. pluvialis genetic transformation, and use of phytohormones that increase the gene expression related to astaxanthin biosynthesis. In addition, we propose future approaches, including (i) Cloning and characterization of transcription factors, (ii) Transcriptional engineering through overexpression of positive regulators or downregulation/silencing of negative regulators, (iii) Gene editing for enrichment or deletion of transcription factors binding sites, (iv) Hormonal modulation of transcription factors. This review provides considerable knowledge about the molecular regulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis and the existing research gap. Besides, it provides the basis for transcription factors mediated metabolic engineering of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf-Ilyas Kayani
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saeed-Ur -Rahman
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xinjuan Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Wang J, Zhou X, Li K, Wang H, Zhang C, Shi Y, Yao M, Wang Y, Xiao W. Systems Metabolic Engineering for Efficient Violaxanthin Production in Yeast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10459-10468. [PMID: 38666490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Violaxanthin is a plant-derived orange xanthophyll with remarkable antioxidant activity that has wide applications in various industries, such as food, agriculture, and cosmetics. In addition, it is the key precursor of important substances such as abscisic acid and fucoxanthin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a GRAS (generally regarded as safe) chassis, provides a good platform for producing violaxanthin production with a yield of 7.3 mg/g DCW, which is far away from commercialization. Herein, an integrated strategy involving zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) source screening, cytosol redox state engineering, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) regeneration was implemented to enhance violaxanthin production in S. cerevisiae. 58aa-truncated ZEP from Vitis vinifera exhibited optimal efficiency in an efficient zeaxanthin-producing strain. The titer of violaxanthin gradually increased by 17.9-fold (up to 119.2 mg/L, 15.19 mg/g DCW) via cytosol redox state engineering and NADPH supplementation. Furthermore, balancing redox homeostasis considerably improved the zeaxanthin concentration by 139.3% (up to 143.9 mg/L, 22.06 mg/g DCW). Thus, the highest reported titers of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin in S. cerevisiae were eventually achieved. This study not only builds an efficient platform for violaxanthin biosynthesis but also serves as a useful reference for the microbial production of xanthophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kexin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Herong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Shenzhen 518071, China
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Xinrui D, Bo L, Yihong B, Weifeng L, Yong T. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for high-level production of violaxanthin. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:115. [PMID: 37344799 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophylls are a large class of carotenoids that are found in a variety of organisms and play particularly important roles in the light-harvesting and photoprotection processes of plants and algae. Violaxanthin is an important plant-derived xanthophyll with wide potential applications in medicines, foods, and cosmetics because of its antioxidant activity and bright yellow color. To date, however, violaxanthins have not been produced using metabolically engineered microbes on a commercial scale. Metabolic engineering for microbial production of violaxanthin is hindered by inefficient synthesis pathway in the heterologous host. We systematically optimized the carotenoid chassis and improved the functional expression of key enzymes of violaxanthin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. RESULTS Co-overexpression of crtY (encoding lycopene β-cyclase), crtZ (encoding β-carotene 3-hydroxylase), and ZEP (encoding zeaxanthin epoxidase) had a notable impact on their functions, resulting in the accumulation of intermediate products, specifically lycopene and β-carotene. A chassis strain that did not accumulate the intermediate was optimized by several approaches. A promoter library was used to optimize the expression of crtY and crtZ. The resulting strain DZ12 produced zeaxanthin without intermediates. The expression of ZEP was further systematically optimized by using DZ12 as the chassis host. By using a low copy number plasmid and a modified dithiol/disulfide system, and by co-expressing a full electron transport chain, we generated a strain producing violaxanthin at about 25.28 ± 3.94 mg/g dry cell weight with decreased byproduct accumulation. CONCLUSION We developed an efficient metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strain capable of producing a large amount of violaxanthin. This is the first report of a metabolically engineered microbial platform that could be used for the commercial production of violaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xinrui
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
- Microcyto Co. Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Bo
- Microcyto Co. Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bao Yihong
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Weifeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Yong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Peng Y, Liu J, Yan J, Zhu K, Sun X, Bu X, Wang X, Ahammed GJ, Liu Y, Sun Z, Qi M, Wang F, Li T. Tetratricopeptide repeat protein SlREC2 positively regulates cold tolerance in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:648-665. [PMID: 36760172 PMCID: PMC10152682 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a key environmental constraint that dramatically affects the growth, productivity, and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified REDUCED CHLOROPLAST COVERAGE 2 (SlREC2) encoding a tetratricopeptide repeat protein that positively regulates tomato cold tolerance. Disruption of SlREC2 largely reduced abscisic acid (ABA) levels, photoprotection, and the expression of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF)-pathway genes in tomato plants under cold stress. ABA deficiency in the notabilis (not) mutant, which carries a mutation in 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 1 (SlNCED1), strongly inhibited the cold tolerance of SlREC2-silenced plants and empty vector control plants and resulted in a similar phenotype. In addition, foliar application of ABA rescued the cold tolerance of SlREC2-silenced plants, which confirms that SlNCED1-mediated ABA accumulation is required for SlREC2-regulated cold tolerance. Strikingly, SlREC2 physically interacted with β-RING CAROTENE HYDROXYLASE 1b (SlBCH1b), a key regulatory enzyme in the xanthophyll cycle. Disruption of SlBCH1b severely impaired photoprotection, ABA accumulation, and CBF-pathway gene expression in tomato plants under cold stress. Taken together, this study reveals that SlREC2 interacts with SlBCH1b to enhance cold tolerance in tomato via integration of SlNCED1-mediated ABA accumulation, photoprotection, and the CBF-pathway, thus providing further genetic knowledge for breeding cold-resistant tomato varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yinxia Peng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiarong Yan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kangyou Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Bu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiujie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Stress Resistance Regulation and Safe Production of Protected Vegetables, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhouping Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
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Niaz M, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Yan X, Yuan M, Cheng Y, Lv G, Fadlalla T, Zhao L, Sun C, Chen F. Genetic and molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism in cereals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:63. [PMID: 36939900 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are vital pigments for higher plants and play a crucial function in photosynthesis and photoprotection. Carotenoids are precursors of vitamin A synthesis and contribute to human nutrition and health. However, cereal grain endosperm contains a minor carotenoid measure and a scarce supply of provitamin A content. Therefore, improving the carotenoids in cereal grain is of major importance. Carotenoid content is governed by multiple candidate genes with their additive effects. Studies on genes related to carotenoid metabolism in cereals would increase the knowledge of potential metabolic steps of carotenoids and enhance the quality of crop plants. Recognizing the metabolism and carotenoid accumulation in various staple cereal crops over the last few decades has broadened our perspective on the interdisciplinary regulation of carotenogenesis. Meanwhile, the amelioration in metabolic engineering approaches has been exploited to step up the level of carotenoid and valuable industrial metabolites in many crops, but wheat is still considerable in this matter. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the consequences of biosynthetic and catabolic genes on carotenoid biosynthesis, current improvements in regulatory disciplines of carotenogenesis, and metabolic engineering of carotenoids. A panoptic and deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism and genetic manipulation (genome selection and gene editing) will be useful in improving the carotenoid content of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Niaz
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiangning Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Minjie Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - YongZhen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guoguo Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Tarig Fadlalla
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Nile valley University, Atbara, 346, Sudan
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Congwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Zhang Y, Jin J, Zhu S, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Ye J, Deng X. Citrus β-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2) participates in xanthophyll synthesis by catalyzing the hydroxylation of β-carotene and compensates for BCH1 in citrus carotenoid metabolism. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac290. [PMID: 36938563 PMCID: PMC10018782 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an essential horticultural crop, Citrus has carotenoid diversity, which affects its aesthetic and nutritional values. β,β-Xanthophylls are the primary carotenoids accumulated in citrus fruits, and non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase (BCH) enzymes are mainly responsible for β,β-xanthophyll synthesis. Previous studies have focused on the hydroxylation of BCH1, but the role of its paralogous gene in citrus, BCH2, remains largely unknown. In this study, we revealed the β-hydroxylation activity of citrus BCH2 (CsBCH2) for the first time through the functional complementation assay using Escherichia coli, although CsBCH2 exhibited a lower activity in hydroxylating β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin than citrus BCH1 (CsBCH1). Our results showed that overexpression of CsBCH2 in citrus callus increased xanthophyll proportion and plastoglobule size with feedback regulation of carotenogenic gene expression. This study revealed the distinct expression patterns and functional characteristics of two paralogous genes, CsBCH1 and CsBCH2, and illustrated the backup compensatory role of CsBCH2 for CsBCH1 in citrus xanthophyll biosynthesis. The independent function of CsBCH2 and its cooperative function with CsBCH1 in β-cryptoxanthin biosynthesis suggested the potential of CsBCH2 to be employed for expanding the synthetic biology toolkit in carotenoid engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiajing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenchao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Schmitt I, Meyer F, Krahn I, Henke NA, Peters-Wendisch P, Wendisch VF. From Aquaculture to Aquaculture: Production of the Fish Feed Additive Astaxanthin by Corynebacterium glutamicum Using Aquaculture Sidestream. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041996. [PMID: 36838984 PMCID: PMC9958746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular economy holds great potential to minimize the use of finite resources, and reduce waste formation by the creation of closed-loop systems. This also pertains to the utilization of sidestreams in large-scale biotechnological processes. A flexible feedstock concept has been established for the industrially relevant Corynebacterium glutamicum, which naturally synthesizes the yellow C50 carotenoid decaprenoxanthin. In this study, we aimed to use a preprocessed aquaculture sidestream for production of carotenoids, including the fish feed ingredient astaxanthin by C. glutamicum. The addition of a preprocessed aquaculture sidestream to the culture medium did not inhibit growth, obviated the need for addition of several components of the mineral salt's medium, and notably enhanced production of astaxanthin by an engineered C. glutamicum producer strain. Improved astaxanthin production was scaled to 2 L bioreactor fermentations. This strategy to improve astaxanthin production was shown to be transferable to production of several native and non-native carotenoids. Thus, this study provides a proof-of-principle for improving carotenoid production by C. glutamicum upon supplementation of a preprocessed aquaculture sidestream. Moreover, in the case of astaxanthin production it may be a potential component of a circular economy in aquaculture.
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Sathasivam R, Kim NS, Choi M, Kwon H, Nguyen BV, Kim JK, Jeong DH, Park EJ, Park HW, Park SU. Identification, In Silico Characterization, and Differential Expression Profiles of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Genes, and Analysis of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in Heracleum moellendorffii Hance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094845. [PMID: 35563233 PMCID: PMC9099461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heracleum moellendorffii Hance is a non-woody forest plant widely used in China, Korea, and Japan because of its various therapeutic properties. However, the genetic details of the carotenoid pathway (CP), xanthophyll pathway (XP), and apocarotenoid pathway (AP) genes have not been studied. Thus, the CP, XP, and AP genes of H. moellendorffii were detected and analyzed. A total of fifteen genes were identified, of which eight, four, and three belonged to CP, XP, and AP, respectively. All identified genes possessed full open reading frames. Phylogenetic characterization of the identified gene sequences showed the highest similarity with other higher plants. Multiple alignments and 3D dimensional structures showed several diverse conserved motifs, such as the carotene-binding motif, dinucleotide-binding motif, and aspartate or glutamate residues. The results of real-time PCR showed that the CP, XP, and AP genes were highly expressed in leaves, followed by the stems and roots. In total, eight different individual carotenoids were identified using HPLC analysis. The highest individual and total carotenoid content were achieved in the leaves, followed by the stems and roots. This study will provide more information on the gene structure of the CP, XP, and AP genes, which may help to increase the accumulation of carotenoids in H. moellendorffii through genetic engineering. These results could be helpful for further molecular and functional studies of CP, XP, and AP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
| | - Nam Su Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea;
| | - Minsol Choi
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
| | - Haejin Kwon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
| | - Bao Van Nguyen
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea;
| | - Dae Hui Jeong
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju 36040, Korea; (D.H.J.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Eung Jun Park
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju 36040, Korea; (D.H.J.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Hong Woo Park
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju 36040, Korea; (D.H.J.); (E.J.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.P.); (S.U.P.); Tel.: +82-54-630-5649 (H.W.P.); +82-42-821-5730 (S.U.P.); Fax: +82-42-822-2631 (S.U.P.)
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.W.P.); (S.U.P.); Tel.: +82-54-630-5649 (H.W.P.); +82-42-821-5730 (S.U.P.); Fax: +82-42-822-2631 (S.U.P.)
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Yu S, Li M, Dubcovsky J, Tian L. Mutant combinations of lycopene ɛ-cyclase and β-carotene hydroxylase 2 homoeologs increased β-carotene accumulation in endosperm of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) grains. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:564-576. [PMID: 34695292 PMCID: PMC8882798 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Grains of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) mainly accumulate the non-provitamin A carotenoid lutein-with low natural variation in provitamin A β-carotene in wheat accessions necessitating alternative strategies for provitamin A biofortification. Lycopene ɛ-cyclase (LCYe) and β-carotene hydroxylase (HYD) function in diverting carbons from β-carotene to lutein biosynthesis and catalyzing the turnover of β-carotene to xanthophylls, respectively. However, the contribution of LCYe and HYD gene homoeologs to carotenoid metabolism and how they can be manipulated to increase β-carotene in tetraploid wheat endosperm (flour) is currently unclear. We isolated loss-of-function Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) mutants of LCYe and HYD2 homoeologs and generated higher order mutant combinations of lcye-A, lcye-B, hyd-A2, and hyd-B2. Hyd-A2 hyd-B2, lcye-A hyd-A2 hyd-B2, lcye-B hyd-A2 hyd-B2, and lcye-A lcye-B hyd-A2 hyd-B2 achieved significantly increased β-carotene in endosperm, with lcye-A hyd-A2 hyd-B2 exhibiting comparable photosynthetic performance and light response to control plants. Comparative analysis of carotenoid profiles suggests that eliminating HYD2 homoeologs is sufficient to prevent β-carotene conversion to xanthophylls in the endosperm without compromising xanthophyll production in leaves, and that β-carotene and its derived xanthophylls are likely subject to differential catalysis mechanisms in vegetative tissues and grains. Carotenoid and gene expression analyses also suggest that the very low LCYe-B expression in endosperm is adequate for lutein production in the absence of LCYe-A. These results demonstrate the success of provitamin A biofortification using TILLING mutants while also providing a roadmap for guiding a gene editing-based approach in hexaploid wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yu
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Michelle Li
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
- Present address:
Codexis Inc.Redwood CityCAUSA
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
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10
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Genome-Wide Identification of CCD Gene Family in Six Cucurbitaceae Species and Its Expression Profiles in Melon. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020262. [PMID: 35205307 PMCID: PMC8872574 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) gene family in plants comprises two subfamilies: CCD and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED). Genes in the NCED subfamily are mainly involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses such as salt, low temperature, and drought. Members of the NCED subfamily are the most important rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA). In the present study, genome-wide analysis was performed to identify CCD gene members in six Cucurbitaceae species, including watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), melon (Cucumis melo), cucumber (C.sativus), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and wax gourd (Benincasa hispida). A total of 10, 9, 9, 13, 8, 8 CCD genes were identified in the six species, respectively, and these genes were unevenly distributed in different chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CCD genes of the six species clustered into two subfamilies: CCD and NCED, with five and three independent clades, respectively. The number of exons ranged from 1 to 15, and the number of motifs were set to 15 at most. The cis-acting elements analysis showed that a lot of the cis-acting elements were implicated in stress and hormone response. Melon seedlings were treated with salt, low temperature, drought, and ABA, and then tissue-specific analysis of CCDs expression were performed on the root, stem, upper leaf, middle leaf, female flower, male flower, and tendril of melon. The results showed that genes in CCD family exhibited various expression patterns. Different CCD genes of melon showed different degrees of response to abiotic stress. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of CCD gene family in six species of Cucurbitaceae, providing a strong foundation for future studies on specific genes in this family.
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11
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Li T, Liu JX, Deng YJ, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. Overexpression of a carrot BCH gene, DcBCH1, improves tolerance to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:475. [PMID: 34663216 PMCID: PMC8522057 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrot (Daucus carota L.), an important root vegetable, is very popular among consumers as its taproot is rich in various nutrients. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and low temperature, are the main factors that restrict the growth and development of carrots. Non-heme carotene hydroxylase (BCH) is a key regulatory enzyme in the β-branch of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, upstream of the abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis pathway. RESULTS In this study, we characterized a carrot BCH encoding gene, DcBCH1. The expression of DcBCH1 was induced by drought treatment. The overexpression of DcBCH1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in enhanced tolerance to drought, as demonstrated by higher antioxidant capacity and lower malondialdehyde content after drought treatment. Under drought stress, the endogenous ABA level in transgenic A. thaliana was higher than that in wild-type (WT) plants. Additionally, the contents of lutein and β-carotene in transgenic A. thaliana were lower than those in WT, whereas the expression levels of most endogenous carotenogenic genes were significantly increased after drought treatment. CONCLUSIONS DcBCH1 can increase the antioxidant capacity and promote endogenous ABA levels of plants by regulating the synthesis rate of carotenoids, thereby regulating the drought resistance of plants. These results will help to provide potential candidate genes for plant drought tolerance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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12
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Transcriptomic analysis of a wild and a cultivated varieties of Capsicum annuum over fruit development and ripening. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256319. [PMID: 34428253 PMCID: PMC8384167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Its fruits contain metabolites produced over the maturation process like capsaicinoids and carotenoids. This metabolic process produces internal changes in flavor, color, texture, and aroma in fruits to make them more attractive for seed dispersal organisms. The chiltepin (C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum) is a wild variety of the C. annuum L. species that is considered a source of genetic resources that could be used to improve the current chili crops. In this study, we performed a transcriptomic analysis on two fruit maturation stages: immature stage (green fruit) and mature stage (red fruit) of a wild and a cultivated pepper variety. We found 19,811 genes expressed, and 1,008 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) in at least one of the five contrast used; 730 DEGs were found only in one contrast, and most DEGs in all contrasts were downregulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the majority of DEGs are related to stress responses. KEGG enrichment analysis detected differences in expression patterns in metabolic pathways related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, carotenoid biosynthesis and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. We selected 105 tomato fruit ripening-related genes, and found 53 pepper homologs differentially expressed related to shape, size, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. According to the transcriptome analysis, the two peppers showed very similar gene expression patterns; differences in expression patterns of genes related to shape, size, ethylene and secondary metabolites biosynthesis suggest that changes produced by domestication of chilli pepper could be very specific to the expression of genes related to traits desired in commercial fruits.
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13
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Sathasivam R, Yeo HJ, Park CH, Choi M, Kwon H, Sim JE, Park SU, Kim JK. Molecular Characterization, Expression Analysis of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Pathway Genes, and Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in Chelidonium majus L. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081753. [PMID: 34451798 PMCID: PMC8398043 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chelidonium majus L. is a perennial herbaceous plant that has various medicinal properties. However, the genomic information about its carotenoid biosynthesis pathway (CBP), xanthophyll biosynthesis pathway (XBP), and apocarotenoid biosynthesis pathway (ABP) genes were limited. Thus, the CBP, XBP, and ABP genes of C. majus were identified and analyzed. Among the 15 carotenoid pathway genes identified, 11 full and 4 partial open reading frames were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of these gene sequences showed higher similarity with higher plants. Through 3D structural analysis and multiple alignments, several distinct conserved motifs were identified, including dinucleotide binding motif, carotene binding motif, and aspartate or glutamate residues. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that CBP, XBP, and ABP genes were expressed in a tissue-specific manner; the highest expression levels were achieved in flowers, followed by those in leaves, roots, and stems. The HPLC analysis of the different organs showed the presence of eight different carotenoids. The highest total carotenoid content was found in leaves, followed by that in flowers, stems, and roots. This study provides information on the molecular mechanisms involved in CBP, XBP, and ABP genes, which might help optimize the carotenoid production in C. majus. The results could also be a basis of further studies on the molecular genetics and functional analysis of CBP, XBP, and ABP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (H.J.Y.); (C.H.P.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (H.J.Y.); (C.H.P.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (H.J.Y.); (C.H.P.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
| | - Minsol Choi
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (H.J.Y.); (C.H.P.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
| | - Haejin Kwon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (H.J.Y.); (C.H.P.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
| | - Ji Eun Sim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea;
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (R.S.); (H.J.Y.); (C.H.P.); (M.C.); (H.K.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.U.P.); (J.K.K.); Tel.: +82-42-821-5730 (S.U.P.); +82-32-835-8241 (J.K.K.); Fax: +82-42-822-2631 (S.U.P.); +82-32-835-0763 (J.K.K.)
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.U.P.); (J.K.K.); Tel.: +82-42-821-5730 (S.U.P.); +82-32-835-8241 (J.K.K.); Fax: +82-42-822-2631 (S.U.P.); +82-32-835-0763 (J.K.K.)
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14
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Mutation Associated with Orange Fruit Color Increases Concentrations of β-Carotene in a Sweet Pepper Variety ( Capsicum annuum L.). Foods 2021; 10:foods10061225. [PMID: 34071303 PMCID: PMC8227262 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepper is the second most important vegetable crop in Bulgarian agriculture and has become the subject of extensive breeding programs that frequently employ induced mutagenesis. The success of breeding programs can be enhanced by the efficient and integral application of different biochemical and molecular methods to characterize specific mutant alleles. On the other hand, identifying new cost-effective methods is important under a limited-resources environment. In this paper we compare the levels of five health-related carotenoid compounds of fruits (α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin) between a mutant variety Oranzheva kapia (possessing high ß-carotene concentration) and a corresponding initial pepper variety Pazardzhishka kapia 794. Both varieties are intended for fresh consumption. Pepper is a major natural source of β-carotene. It was observed that fruit at both commercial and botanical maturity from mutant variety had greater α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations to the initial variety (7.49 and 1.94 times higher, respectively) meaning that the mutant was superior in fruit quality to the initial genotype. Two hydroxylase enzymes, converting α- and β-carotene to lutein and zeaxanthin, respectively, are known to exist in pepper and are encoded by two genes on chromosomes 3 and 6-CrtZchr03 and CrtZchr06. The molecular characterization of the mutant variety through locus-specific Polymerase chain reaction amplification, gene cloning and sequencing as well as expression was performed. Our results suggest that the increased ß-carotene accumulation in the mutant variety Oranzheva kapia results from a biosynthetic pathway breakdown due to deletion of CrtZchr03 gene.
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15
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Sandmann G. Diversity and Evolution of Carotenoid Biosynthesis from Prokaryotes to Plants. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:79-94. [PMID: 33783732 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids exist in pro- and eukaryotic organisms, but not in animals (with one exception). Their biosynthesis evolved from a common ancestor of Archaea and Bacteria and via the latter by endosymbiosis to algae and plants. The formation of carotenoids in fungi can be regarded as a lineage from the archaea. This review highlights the distribution and evolution of carotenogenic pathways in taxonomic groups of prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a special emphasis on the evolutionary aspects of prominent carotenogenic genes in relation to the assigned function of their corresponding enzymes. The latter aspect includes a focus on paralogs of gene families evolving novel functions and unrelated genes encoding enzymes with the same function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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16
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Li ZK, Dai GZ, Zhang Y, Xu K, Bretherton L, Finkel ZV, Irwin AJ, Juneau P, Qiu BS. Photosynthetic adaptation to light availability shapes the ecological success of bloom-forming cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena to iron limitation. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1457-1467. [PMID: 32557638 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The poorly understood filamentous cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena is commonly epiphytic on Microcystis colonies and their abundances are often highly correlated during blooms. The response and adaptation of Microcystis to iron limitation have been extensively studied, but the strategies Pseudanabaena uses to respond to iron limitation are largely unknown. Here, physiological responses to iron limitation were compared between one Pseudanabaena and two Microcystis strains grown under different light intensities. The results showed that low-intensity light exacerbated, but high-intensity light alleviated, the negative effect of iron limitation on Pseudanabaena growth relative to two Microcystis strains. It was found that robust light-harvesting and photosynthetic efficiency allowed adaptation of Pseudanabaena to low light availability relative to two Microcystis strains only during iron sufficiency. The results also indicated that a larger investment in the photosynthetic antenna probably contributed to light/iron co-limitation of Pseudanabaena relative to two Microcystis strains under both light and iron limitation. Furthermore, the lower antenna pigments/chlorophyll a ratio and photosynthetic efficiency, and higher nonphotochemical quenching and saturation irradiance provided Pseudanabaena photoadaptation and photoprotection advantages over the two Microcystis strains under the high-light condition. The lower investment in antenna pigments of Pseudanabaena than the two Microcystis strains under high-light intensity is likely an efficient strategy for both saving iron quotas and decreasing photosensitivity. Therefore, when compared with Microcystis, the high plasticity of antenna pigments, along with the excellent photoadaptation and photoprotection ability of Pseudanabaena, probably ensures its ecological success under iron limitation when light is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Zheng Dai
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Laura Bretherton
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Zoe V Finkel
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew J Irwin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory - Department of Biological Sciences, GRIL - EcotoQ - TOXEN, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Bao-Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
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17
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LI D, LI Y, XU JY, LI QY, TANG JL, JIA SR, BI CH, DAI ZB, ZHU XN, ZHANG XL. Engineering CrtW and CrtZ for improving biosynthesis of astaxanthin in Escherichia coli. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:666-676. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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von Lintig J, Moon J, Babino D. Molecular components affecting ocular carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100864. [PMID: 32339666 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of vision employs opsins and geometric isomerization of their covalently bound retinylidine chromophores. In different animal classes, these light receptors associate with distinct G proteins that either hyperpolarize or depolarize photoreceptor membranes. Vertebrates also use the acidic form of chromophore, retinoic acid, as the ligand of nuclear hormone receptors that orchestrate eye development. To establish and sustain these processes, animals must acquire carotenoids from the diet, transport them, and metabolize them to chromophore and retinoic acid. The understanding of carotenoid metabolism, however, lagged behind our knowledge about the biology of their receptor molecules. In the past decades, much progress has been made in identifying the genes encoding proteins that mediate the transport and enzymatic transformations of carotenoids and their retinoid metabolites. Comparative analysis in different animal classes revealed how evolutionary tinkering with a limited number of genes evolved different biochemical strategies to supply photoreceptors with chromophore. Mutations in these genes impair carotenoid metabolism and induce various ocular pathologies. This review summarizes this advancement and introduces the involved proteins, including the homeostatic regulation of their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Darwin Babino
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Royer J, Shanklin J, Balch-Kenney N, Mayorga M, Houston P, de Jong RM, McMahon J, Laprade L, Blomquist P, Berry T, Cai Y, LoBuglio K, Trueheart J, Chevreux B. Rhodoxanthin synthase from honeysuckle; a membrane diiron enzyme catalyzes the multistep conversation of β-carotene to rhodoxanthin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9226. [PMID: 32426461 PMCID: PMC7176425 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhodoxanthin is a vibrant red carotenoid found across the plant kingdom and in certain birds and fish. It is a member of the atypical retro class of carotenoids, which contain an additional double bond and a concerted shift of the conjugated double bonds relative to the more widely occurring carotenoid pigments, and whose biosynthetic origins have long remained elusive. Here, we identify LHRS (Lonicera hydroxylase rhodoxanthin synthase), a variant β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH)-type integral membrane diiron enzyme that mediates the conversion of β-carotene into rhodoxanthin. We identify residues that are critical to rhodoxanthin formation by LHRS. Substitution of only three residues converts a typical BCH into a multifunctional enzyme that mediates a multistep pathway from β-carotene to rhodoxanthin via a series of distinct oxidation steps in which the product of each step becomes the substrate for the next catalytic cycle. We propose a biosynthetic pathway from β-carotene to rhodoxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Royer
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | | | - Maria Mayorga
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Peter Houston
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - René M. de Jong
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jenna McMahon
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Lisa Laprade
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Paul Blomquist
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Timothy Berry
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Katherine LoBuglio
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joshua Trueheart
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Bastien Chevreux
- DSM Nutritional Products, 60 Westview St, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
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20
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Cataldo VF, Arenas N, Salgado V, Camilo C, Ibáñez F, Agosin E. Heterologous production of the epoxycarotenoid violaxanthin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2020; 59:53-63. [PMID: 32001334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial production of carotenoids has mainly focused towards a few products, such as β-carotene, lycopene and astaxanthin. However, other less explored carotenoids, like violaxanthin, have also shown unique properties and promissory applications. Violaxanthin is a plant-derived epoxidated carotenoid with strong antioxidant activity and a key precursor of valuable compounds, such as fucoxanthin and β-damascenone. In this study, we report for the first time the heterologous production of epoxycarotenoids in yeast. We engineered the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae following multi-level strategies for the efficient accumulation of violaxanthin. Starting from a β-carotenogenic yeast strain, we first evaluated the performance of several β-carotene hydroxylases (CrtZ), and zeaxanthin epoxidases (ZEP) from different species, together with their respective N-terminal truncated variants. The combined expression of CrtZ from Pantoea ananatis and truncated ZEP of Haematococcus lacustris showed the best performance and led to a yield of 1.6 mg/gDCW of violaxanthin. Further improvement of the epoxidase activity was achieved by promoting the transfer of reducing equivalents to ZEP by expressing several redox partner systems. The co-expression of the plant truncated ferredoxin-3, and truncated root ferredoxin oxidoreductase-1 resulted in a 2.2-fold increase in violaxanthin yield (3.2 mg/gDCW). Finally, increasing gene copy number of carotenogenic genes enabled reaching a final production of 7.3 mg/gDCW in shake flask cultures and batch bioreactors, which is the highest yield of microbially produced violaxanthin reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente F Cataldo
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Postal Address: Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Arenas
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Postal Address: Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Salgado
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Postal Address: Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Chile
| | - Conrado Camilo
- Centro de Aromas y Sabores, DICTUC S.A., Santiago, Chile, Postal Address: Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Ibáñez
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Postal Address: Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Postal Address: Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Aromas y Sabores, DICTUC S.A., Santiago, Chile, Postal Address: Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Santiago, Chile.
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Wu Y, Yan P, Liu X, Wang Z, Tang YJ, Chen T, Zhao X. Combinatorial expression of different β-carotene hydroxylases and ketolases in Escherichia coli for increased astaxanthin production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1505-1516. [PMID: 31297712 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural produced bacteria, β-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) and β-carotene ketolase (CrtW) convert β-carotene into astaxanthin. To increase astaxanthin production in heterologous strain, simple and effective strategies based on the co-expression of CrtZ and CrtW were applied in E. coli. First, nine artificial operons containing crtZ and crtW genes from different sources were constructed and, respectively, introduced into E. coli ZF237T, a β-carotene producing host. Among the nine resulting strains, five accumulated detectable amounts of astaxanthin ranging from 0.49 to 8.07 mg/L. Subsequently, the protein fusion CrtZ to CrtW using optimized peptide linkers further increased the astaxanthin production. Strains expressing fusion proteins with CrtZ rather than CrtW attached to the N-terminus accumulated much more astaxanthin. The astaxanthin production of the best strain ZF237T/CrtZAs-(GS)1-WBs was 127.6% and 40.2% higher than that of strains ZF237T/crtZAsWBs and ZF237T/crtZBsWPs, respectively. The strategies depicted here also will be useful for the heterologous production of other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Wu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Yan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueming Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
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Konishi A, Furutani N, Minamiyama Y, Ohyama A. Detection of quantitative trait loci for capsanthin content in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) at different fruit ripening stages. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:30-39. [PMID: 31086481 PMCID: PMC6507717 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Capsanthin, the main carotenoid of red pepper fruits, is beneficial for human health. To breed pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with high capsanthin content by marker-assisted selection, we constructed a linkage map of doubled-haploid (DH) lines derived from a cross of two pure lines of C. annuum ('S3586' × 'Kyoto-Manganji No. 2'). The map, designated as the SM-DH map, consisted of 15 linkage groups and the total map distance was 1403.8 cM. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for capsanthin content detected one QTL on linkage group (LG) 13 at 90 days after flowering (DAF) and one on LG 15 at 45 DAF; they were designated Cst13.1 and Cst15.1, respectively. Cst13.1 explained 17.0% of phenotypic variance and Cst15.1 explained 16.1%. We grouped DH lines according to the genotypes of markers adjacent to Cst13.1 and Cst15.1 on both sides. The DH lines with the alleles of both QTLs derived from 'S3586' showed higher capsanthin content at 45 and 90 DAF than the other lines. This is the first identification of QTLs for capsanthin content in any plant species. The data obtained here will be useful in marker-assisted selection for pepper breeding for high capsanthin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Konishi
- Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technology Research Center,
74 Oji, Kitainayazuma, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto 619-0244,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Noriyuki Furutani
- Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technology Research Center,
74 Oji, Kitainayazuma, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto 619-0244,
Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minamiyama
- Kyoto University of Education, Center for Environmental Education,
112 Echigoyashiki, Fukakusa, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-8431,
Japan
| | - Akio Ohyama
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science (NIVFS),
3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519,
Japan
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Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Oriental Melon ( Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa). Foods 2019; 8:foods8020077. [PMID: 30791408 PMCID: PMC6406825 DOI: 10.3390/foods8020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-length cDNAs encoding ξ-carotene desaturase (CmZDS), lycopene ε-cyclase (CmLCYE), β-ring carotene hydroxylase (CmCHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (CmZEP), and partial-length cDNA encoding ε-ring carotene hydroxylase (CmCHXE) were isolated in Chamoe (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa), an important commercial fruit. Sequence analyses revealed that these proteins share high identity and common features with other orthologous genes. Expression levels of entire genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were investigated in the peel, pulp, and stalk of chamoe cultivars Ohbokggul and Gotgam. Most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes were expressed at their highest levels in the stalk, whereas carotenoids were highly distributed in the peel. The expression levels of all carotenoid biosynthetic genes in fruits of the native cultivar Gotgam chamoe were higher than those in the cultivar Ohbokggul chamoe, consistent with the abundant carotenoid accumulation in Gotgam chamoe fruits and trace carotenoid content of Ohbokggul chamoe fruit. Lutein and β-carotene were the dominant carotenoids; high levels (278.05 μg g−1 and 112.02 μg g−1 dry weight, respectively) were found in the peel of Gotgam chamoe. Our findings may provide a foundation for elucidating the carotenoid biosynthetic mechanism in C. melo and inform strategies for developing new chamoe cultivars with improved characteristics.
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Carotenoid Pathway Genes and Carotenoid Content in Ixeris dentata var. albiflora. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091449. [PMID: 28858245 PMCID: PMC6151524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixeris dentata var. albiflora is considered as a potential therapeutic agent against mithridatism, calculous, indigestion, pneumonia, hepatitis, and tumors as well as good seasoned vegetable in Far East countries. Phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS) ξ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB), lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE), ε-ring carotene hydroxylase (CHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZDS) are vital enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. We have examined these seven genes from I. dentata that are participated in carotenoid biosynthesis utilizing an Illumina/Solexa HiSeq 2000 platform. In silico analysis of the seven deduced amino acid sequences were revealed its closest homology with other Asteracea plants. Further, we explored transcript levels and carotenoid accumulation in various organs of I. dentata using quantitative real time PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The highest transcript levels were noticed in the leaf for all the genes while minimal levels were noticed in the root. The maximal carotenoid accumulation was also detected in the leaf. We proposed that these genes expressions are associated with the accumulation of carotenoids. Our findings may suggest the fundamental clues to unravel the molecular insights of carotenoid biosynthesis in various organs of I. dentata.
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Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Mioto P, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. S -nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity is down-regulated during pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) fruit ripening. Nitric Oxide 2017; 68:51-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway: Molecular phylogenies and evolutionary behaviour of Crt genes in eubacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Ma G, Zhang L, Yungyuen W, Tsukamoto I, Iijima N, Oikawa M, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Kato M. Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 27358074 PMCID: PMC4928310 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated. RESULTS In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (CitHYb, CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C) in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression results showed that the expression of CitHYb increased in the flavedo and juice sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation of β,β-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of CitCYP97A and CitCYP97C increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of CitCYP97B was much lower than that of CitHYb, CitCYP97A, and CitCYP97C in the juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene and α-carotene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, α-carotene was hydroxylated on the β-ring and ε-ring sequentially to produce lutein. CONCLUSIONS CitHYb was a key gene for β,β-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. CitCYP97C functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and commercial qualities of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Lancui Zhang
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Witchulada Yungyuen
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
- />The United Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Gifu University (Shizuoka University), Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Issei Tsukamoto
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Natsumi Iijima
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Michiru Oikawa
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
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Abstract
Carotenoids are recognized as the main pigments in most fruit crops, providing colours that range from yellow and pink to deep orange and red. Moreover, the edible portion of widely consumed fruits or their derived products represent a major dietary source of carotenoids for animals and humans. Therefore, these pigments are crucial compounds contributing to fruit aesthetic and nutritional quality but may also have protecting and ecophysiological functions in coloured fruits. Among plant organs, fruits display one of the most heterogeneous carotenoids patterns in terms of diversity and abundance. In this chapter a comprehensive list of the carotenoid content and profile in the most commonly cultivated fleshy fruits is reported. The proposed fruit classification systems attending to carotenoid composition are revised and discussed. The regulation of carotenoids in fruits can be rather complex due to the dramatic changes in content and composition during ripening, which are also dependent on the fruit tissue and the developmental stage. In addition, carotenoid accumulation is a dynamic process, associated with the development of chromoplasts during ripening. As a general rule, carotenoid accumulation is highly controlled at the transcriptional level of the structural and accessory proteins of the biosynthetic and degradation pathways, but other mechanisms such as post-transcriptional modifications or the development of sink structures have been recently revealed as crucial factors in determining the levels and stability of these pigments. In this chapter common key metabolic reactions regulating carotenoid composition in fruit tissues are described in addition to others that are restricted to certain species and generate unique carotenoids patterns. The existence of fruit-specific isoforms for key steps such as the phytoene synthase, lycopene β-cyclases or catabolic carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases has allowed an independent regulation of the pathway in fruit tissues and a source of variability to create novel activities or different catalytic properties. Besides key genes of the carotenoid pathway, changes in carotenoid accumulation could be also directly influenced by differences in gene expression or protein activity in the pathway of carotenoid precursors and some relevant examples are discussed. The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated review of the main carotenoid profiles in fleshy fruits, their pattern of changes during ripening and our current understanding of the different regulatory levels responsible for the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in fruit tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria (INIA), Camino a la Represa s/n, Salto, Uruguay.
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avenida Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Ye L, Xie W, Zhou P, Yu H. Biotechnological Production of Astaxanthin through Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Tuan PA, Kim YB, Kim JK, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Park SU. Molecular characterization of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and carotenoid accumulation in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 14:146-57. [PMID: 26417348 PMCID: PMC4556017 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis has a wide range of biological activities and has been considered as an important traditional drug in Asia and North America for centuries. A partial-length cDNA clone encoding phytoene synthase (SbPSY) and full-length cDNA clonesencoding phytoene desaturase (SbPDS), ξ-carotene desaturase (SbZDS), β-ring carotene hydroxylase (SbCHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (SbZEP)were identifiedin S. baicalensis. Sequence analyses revealed that these proteins share high identity and conserved domains with their orthologous genes. SbPSY, SbPDS, SbZDS, SbCHXB, and SbZEP were constitutively expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of S.baicalensis. SbPSY, SbPDS, and SbZDS were highly expressed in the stems, leaves, and flowers and showed low expression in the roots, where only trace amounts of carotenoids were detected. SbCHXB and SbZEP transcripts were expressed at relatively high levels in the roots, stems, and flowers and were expressed at low levels in the leaves, where carotenoids were mostly distributed. The predominant carotenoids in S.baicalensiswere lutein and β-carotene, with abundant amounts found in the leaves (517.19 and 228.37 μg g-1 dry weight, respectively). Our study on the biosynthesis of carotenoids in S. baicalensis will provide basic data for elucidating the contribution of carotenoids to the considerable medicinal properties of S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Yeon Bok Kim
- Herbal Crop Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, Bisanro 92, Eumseong, Chungbuk, 369-873, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea ; Visiting Professor Program (VPP), King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Berim A, Park JJ, Gang DR. Unexpected roles for ancient proteins: flavone 8-hydroxylase in sweet basil trichomes is a Rieske-type, PAO-family oxygenase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:385-395. [PMID: 25139498 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Most elucidated hydroxylations in plant secondary metabolism are catalyzed by oxoglutarate- or cytochrome P450-dependent oxygenases. Numerous hydroxylations still evade clarification, suggesting that they might be performed by alternative enzyme types. Here, we report the identification of the flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H) in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) trichomes as a Rieske-type oxygenase. Several features of the F8H activity in trichome protein extracts helped to differentiate it from a cytochrome P450-catalyzed reaction and identify candidate genes in the basil trichome EST database. The encoded ObF8H proteins share approximately 50% identity with Rieske-type protochlorophyllide a oxygenases (PTC52) from higher plants. Homology cloning and DNA blotting revealed the presence of several PTC52-like genes in the basil genome. The transcripts of the candidate gene designated ObF8H-1 are strongly enriched in trichomes compared to whole young leaves, indicating trichome-specific expression. The full-length ObF8H-1 protein possesses a predicted N-terminal transit peptide, which directs green fluorescent protein at least in part to chloroplasts. The F8H activity in crude trichome protein extracts correlates well with the abundance of ObF8H peptides. The purified recombinant ObF8H-1 displays high affinity for salvigenin and is inactive with other tested flavones except cirsimaritin, which is 8-hydroxylated with less than 0.2% relative activity. The efficiency of in vivo 8-hydroxylation by engineered yeast was improved by manipulation of protein subcellular targeting. blast searches showed that occurrence of several PTC52-like genes is rather common in sequenced plant genomes. The discovery of ObF8H suggests that Rieske-type oxygenases may represent overlooked candidate catalysts for oxygenations in specialized plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Expression of bkt and bch genes from Haematococcus pluvialis in transgenic Chlamydomonas. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:1028-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Wu J, Ji J, Wang G, Li Z, Diao J, Wu G. Cloning and characterization of a novel β-carotene hydroxylase gene from Lycium barbarum and its expression in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:637-45. [PMID: 24673338 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum contains high levels of zeaxanthin, which is produced by the conversion of β-carotene into zeaxanthin. β-Carotene hydroxylase catalyzes this reaction. We cloned a cDNA (chyb) encoding β-carotene hydroxylase (Chyb) from the L. barbarum leaf. A 939-bp full-length cDNA sequence was determined with 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA end assay encoding a deduced Chyb protein (34.8 kDa) with a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.36. A bioinformatics analysis showed that the L. barbarum Chyb was located in the chloroplast. Further, to investigate the catalytic activity of the L. barbarum Chyb, a complementation analysis was conducted in Escherichia coli. The results strongly demonstrated that Chyb can catalyze β-carotene to produce zeaxanthin. Thus, this study suggests that L. barbarum β-carotene hydroxylase could be a means of zeaxanthin production by genetic manipulation in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China; College of Agronomy & Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eleanore T. Wurtzel
- The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
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Cui H, Yu X, Wang Y, Cui Y, Li X, Liu Z, Qin S. Evolutionary origins, molecular cloning and expression of carotenoid hydroxylases in eukaryotic photosynthetic algae. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:457. [PMID: 23834441 PMCID: PMC3728230 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophylls, oxygenated derivatives of carotenes, play critical roles in photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants. Although the xanthophylls biosynthetic pathway of algae is largely unknown, it is of particular interest because they have a very complicated evolutionary history. Carotenoid hydroxylase (CHY) is an important protein that plays essential roles in xanthophylls biosynthesis. With the availability of 18 sequenced algal genomes, we performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of chy genes and explored their distribution, structure, evolution, origins, and expression. RESULTS Overall 60 putative chy genes were identified and classified into two major subfamilies (bch and cyp97) according to their domain structures. Genes in the bch subfamily were found in 10 green algae and 1 red alga, but absent in other algae. In the phylogenetic tree, bch genes of green algae and higher plants share a common ancestor and are of non-cyanobacterial origin, whereas that of red algae is of cyanobacteria. The homologs of cyp97a/c genes were widespread only in green algae, while cyp97b paralogs were seen in most of algae. Phylogenetic analysis on cyp97 genes supported the hypothesis that cyp97b is an ancient gene originated before the formation of extant algal groups. The cyp97a gene is more closely related to cyp97c in evolution than to cyp97b. The two cyp97 genes were isolated from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, and transcriptional expression profiles of chy genes were observed under high light stress of different wavelength. CONCLUSIONS Green algae received a β-xanthophylls biosynthetic pathway from host organisms. Although red algae inherited the pathway from cyanobacteria during primary endosymbiosis, it remains unclear in Chromalveolates. The α-xanthophylls biosynthetic pathway is a common feature in green algae and higher plants. The origination of cyp97a/c is most likely due to gene duplication before divergence of green algae and higher plants. Protein domain structures and expression analyses in green alga H. pluvialis indicate that various chy genes are in different manners response to light. The knowledge of evolution of chy genes in photosynthetic eukaryotes provided information of gene cloning and functional investigation of chy genes in algae in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, People's Republic of China
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Kim YK, Kim S, Um JH, Kim K, Choi SK, Um BH, Kang SW, Kim JW, Takaichi S, Song SB, Lee CH, Kim HS, Kim KW, Nam KH, Lee SH, Kim YH, Park HM, Ha SH, Verma DPS, Cheon CI. Functional implication of β-carotene hydroxylases in soybean nodulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1420-33. [PMID: 23700351 PMCID: PMC3707551 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legume-Rhizobium spp. symbiosis requires signaling between the symbiotic partners and differential expression of plant genes during nodule development. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding a putative β-carotene hydroxylase (GmBCH1) from soybean (Glycine max) whose expression increased during nodulation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In this work, we extended our study to three GmBCHs to examine their possible role(s) in nodule development, as they were additionally identified as nodule specific, along with the completion of the soybean genome. In situ hybridization revealed the expression of three GmBCHs (GmBCH1, GmBCH2, and GmBCH3) in the infected cells of root nodules, and their enzymatic activities were confirmed by functional assays in Escherichia coli. Localization of GmBCHs by transfecting Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protoplasts with green fluorescent protein fusions and by electron microscopic immunogold detection in soybean nodules indicated that GmBCH2 and GmBCH3 were present in plastids, while GmBCH1 appeared to be cytosolic. RNA interference of the GmBCHs severely impaired nitrogen fixation as well as nodule development. Surprisingly, we failed to detect zeaxanthin, a product of GmBCH, or any other carotenoids in nodules. Therefore, we examined the possibility that most of the carotenoids in nodules are converted or cleaved to other compounds. We detected the expression of some carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (GmCCDs) in wild-type nodules and also a reduced amount of zeaxanthin in GmCCD8-expressing E. coli, suggesting cleavage of the carotenoid. In view of these findings, we propose that carotenoids such as zeaxanthin synthesized in root nodules are cleaved by GmCCDs, and we discuss the possible roles of the carotenoid cleavage products in nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji-Hyun Um
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Sun-Kang Choi
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Byung-Hun Um
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Suk-Woo Kang
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Jee-Woong Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Seok-Bo Song
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Ho-Seung Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Yul-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Hyang-Mi Park
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
| | - Desh Pal S. Verma
- Department of Biological Science (Y.-K.K., S.K., J.-H.U., K.H.N. C.-I.C.) and Department of Statistics (K.K.), Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140–742, Korea
- Gangneung Science Industry Foundation, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (S.-K.C.)
- Natural Products Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangneung 210-340, Korea (B.-H.U., S.-W.K.)
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Dental Research Institute (J.-W.K.), and School of Plant Science (S.-H.L.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Nakahara, Kawasaki 113-8602, Japan (S.T.)
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Milyang 441-857, Korea (S.-B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (C.-H.L., H.-S.K.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Systems, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 702-701, Korea (K.W.K.)
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon 441-857, Korea (Y.-H.K., H.-M.P.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (S.-H.H.); and
- Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.P.S.V.)
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Solymosi K, Aronsson H. Etioplasts and Their Significance in Chloroplast Biogenesis. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Qin X, Zhang W, Dubcovsky J, Tian L. Cloning and comparative analysis of carotenoid β-hydroxylase genes provides new insights into carotenoid metabolism in tetraploid (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) and hexaploid (Triticum aestivum) wheat grains. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:631-46. [PMID: 23015203 PMCID: PMC4783145 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid β-hydroxylases attach hydroxyl groups to the β-ionone rings (β-rings) of carotenoid substrates, resulting in modified structures and functions of carotenoid molecules. We cloned and characterized two genes (each with three homeologs), HYD1 and HYD2, which encode β-hydroxylases in wheat. The results from bioinformatic and nested degenerate PCR analyses collectively suggest that HYD1 and HYD2 may represent the entire complement of non-heme di-iron β-hydroxylases in wheat. The homeologs of wheat HYDs exhibited major β-ring and minor ε-ring hydroxylation activities in carotenoid-accumulating E. coli strains. Distinct expression patterns were observed for different HYD genes and homeologs in vegetative tissues and developing grains of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat, suggesting their functional divergence and differential regulatory control in tissue-, grain development-, and ploidy-specific manners. An intriguing observation was that the expression of HYD1, particularly HYD-B1, reached highest levels at the last stage of tetraploid and hexaploid grain development, suggesting that carotenoids (at least xanthophylls) were still actively synthesized in mature grains. This result challenges the common perception that carotenoids are simply being turned over during wheat grain development after their initial biosynthesis at the early grain development stages. Overall, this improved understanding of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression and carotenoid metabolism in wheat grains will contribute to the improvement of the nutritional value of wheat grains for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Tian
- Corresponding author: Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 3, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, Phone: (530) 7520940, Fax: (530) 7529659,
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Scaife MA, Ma CA, Ninlayarn T, Wright PC, Armenta RE. Comparative analysis of β-carotene hydroxylase genes for astaxanthin biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1117-1124. [PMID: 22616944 DOI: 10.1021/np300136t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-diketo-β-carotene) (1) is a carotenoid of significant commercial value due to its superior antioxidant potential, application as a component of animal feeds, and ongoing research that links its application to the treatment and prevention of human pathologies. The high commercial cost of 1 is also based upon its complex synthesis. Chemical synthesis has been demonstrated, but produces a mixture of stereoisomers with limited applications. Production from biological sources is limited to natural producers with complex culture requirements. The biosynthetic pathway for 1 is well studied; however, questions remain that prevent optimized production in heterologous systems. Presented is a direct comparison of 12 β-carotene (2) hydroxylases derived from archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, and plants. Expression in Escherichia coli enables a comparison of catalytic activity with respect to zeaxanthin (3) and 1 biosynthesis. The most suitable β-carotene hydroxylases were subsequently expressed from an efficient dual expression vector, enabling 1 biosynthesis at levels up to 84% of total carotenoids. This supports efficient 1 biosynthesis by balanced expression of β-carotene ketolase and β-carotene hydroxylase genes. Moreover, our work suggests that the most efficient route for astaxanthin biosynthesis proceeds by hydroxylation of β-carotene to zeaxanthin, followed by ketolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Scaife
- Fermentation and Metabolic Engineering Group, Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd., 101 Research Drive, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Lv MZ, Chao DY, Shan JX, Zhu MZ, Shi M, Gao JP, Lin HX. Rice carotenoid β-ring hydroxylase CYP97A4 is involved in lutein biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:987-1002. [PMID: 22470056 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Lutein is the most abundant plant carotenoid and plays essential roles in photosystem assembly and stabilization, as well as protection against photostress. To date, only a few lutein biosynthesis genes have been identified in crop plants. In this study, the rice Cyt P450 gene CYP97A4 encoding a carotenoid β-ring hydroxylase was shown to be involved in lutein biosynthesis. The results revealed that CYP97A4 was preferentially expressed in leaf compared with spikelet, sheath, stalk and root, and encoded a protein localized at the subcellular level to the chloroplasts. Compared with the wild type, the three allelic mutants of CYP97A4 displayed lutein reductions of 12-24% with substantially increased α-carotene, while Chl a/b levels were unaltered. The increased α-carotene in the mutants led to greater sensitivity under high light stress. Similarly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) imaging of leaves treated with intense light showed that the mutants generally accumulated greater levels of ROS compared with wild-type plants, which probably caused detrimental effects to the plant photosystem. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the important role of CYP97A4 in α-carotene hydroxylation in rice, and knock-out of the gene reduced lutein and increased α-carotene, contributing to sensitivity to intense light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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41
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Ruiz-Sola MÁ, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Carotenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: a colorful pathway. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2012; 10:e0158. [PMID: 22582030 PMCID: PMC3350171 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are a family of pigments that participate in light harvesting and are essential for photoprotection against excess light. Furthermore, they act as precursors for the production of apocarotenoid hormones such as abscisic acid and strigolactones. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the genes and enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway (which is now almost completely elucidated) and on the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. We also discuss the relevance of Arabidopsis as a model system for the study of carotenogenesis and how metabolic engineering approaches in this plant have taught important lessons for carotenoid biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Águila Ruiz-Sola
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Walter MH, Strack D. Carotenoids and their cleavage products: biosynthesis and functions. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:663-92. [PMID: 21321752 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on plant carotenoids, but it also includes progress made on microbial and animal carotenoid metabolism to better understand the functions and the evolution of these structurally diverse compounds with a common backbone. Plants have evolved isogenes for specific key steps of carotenoid biosynthesis with differential expression profiles, whose characteristic features will be compared. Perhaps the most exciting progress has been made in studies of carotenoid cleavage products (apocarotenoids) with an ever-expanding variety of novel functions being discovered. This review therefore covers structural, molecular genetic and functional aspects of carotenoids and apocarotenoids alike. Apocarotenoids are specifically tailored from carotenoids by a family of oxidative cleavage enzymes, but whether there are contributions to their generation from chemical oxidation, photooxidation or other mechanisms is largely unknown. Control of carotenoid homeostasis is discussed in the context of biosynthetic and degradative reactions but also in the context of subcellular environments for deposition and sequestration within and outside of plastids. Other aspects of carotenoid research, including metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches, will only be covered briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Walter
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Abteilung Sekundärstoffwechsel, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany.
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Abstract
Carotenoids are one of the most widespread groups of pigments in nature and more than 600 of these have been identified. Beside provitamin A activity, carotenoids are important as antioxidants and protective agents against various diseases. They are isoprenoids with a long polyene chain containing 3 to 15 conjugated double bonds, which determines their absorption spectrum. Cyclization at one or both ends occurs in hydrocarbon carotene, while xanthophylls are formed by the introduction of oxygen. In addition, modifications involving chain elongation, isomerization, or degradation are also found. The composition of carotenoids in food may vary depending upon production practices, post-harvest handling, processing, and storage. In higher plants they are synthesized in the plastid. Both mevalonate dependent and independent pathway for the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate are known. Isopentenyl diphosphate undergoes a series of addition and condensation reactions to form phytoene, which gets converted to lycopene. Cyclization of lycopene either leads to the formation of β-carotene and its derivative xanthophylls, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin or α-carotene and lutein. Even though most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes have been cloned and identified, some aspects of carotenoid formation and manipulation in higher plants especially remain poorly understood. In order to enhance the carotenoid content of crop plants to a level that will be required for the prevention of diseases, there is a need for research in both the basic and the applied aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Namitha
- Human Resource Development, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR), Mysore, India
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Zhu C, Bai C, Sanahuja G, Yuan D, Farré G, Naqvi S, Shi L, Capell T, Christou P. The regulation of carotenoid pigmentation in flowers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 504:132-41. [PMID: 20688043 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids fulfill many processes that are essential for normal growth and development in plants, but they are also responsible for the breathtaking variety of red-to-yellow colors we see in flowers and fruits. Although such visual diversity helps to attract pollinators and encourages herbivores to distribute seeds, humans also benefit from the aesthetic properties of flowers and an entire floriculture industry has developed on the basis that new and attractive varieties can be produced. Over the last decade, much has been learned about the impact of carotenoid metabolism on flower color development and the molecular basis of flower color. A number of different regulatory mechanisms have been described ranging from the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in carotenoid synthesis to the control of carotenoid storage in sink organs. This means we can now explain many of the natural colorful varieties we see around us and also engineer plants to produce flowers with novel and exciting varieties that are not provided by nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Zhu
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, Lleida 25198, Spain
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Li Q, Farre G, Naqvi S, Breitenbach J, Sanahuja G, Bai C, Sandmann G, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C. Cloning and functional characterization of the maize carotenoid isomerase and β-carotene hydroxylase genes and their regulation during endosperm maturation. Transgenic Res 2010; 19:1053-68. [PMID: 20221689 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain further insight into the partly-characterized carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in corn (Zea mays L.), we cloned cDNAs encoding the enzymes carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) and β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) using endosperm mRNA isolated from inbred line B73. For both enzymes, two distinct cDNAs were identified mapping to different chromosomes. The two crtiso cDNAs (Zmcrtiso1 and Zmcrtiso2) mapped to unlinked genes each containing 12 introns, a feature conserved among all crtiso genes studied thus far. ZmCRTISO1 was able to convert tetra-cis prolycopene to all-trans lycopene but could not isomerize the 15-cis double bond of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-ζ-carotene. ZmCRTISO2 is inactivated by a premature termination codon in B73 corn, but importantly the mutation is absent in other corn cultivars and the active enzyme showed the same activity as ZmCRTISO1. The two bch cDNAs (Zmbch1 and Zmbch2) mapped to unlinked genes each coding sequences containing five introns. ZmBCH1 was able to convert β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, but ZmBCH2 was able to form β-cryptoxanthin alone and had a lower overall activity than ZmBCH1. All four genes were expressed during endosperm development, with mRNA levels rising in line with carotenoid accumulation (especially zeaxanthin and lutein) until 25 DAP. Thereafter, expression declined for three of the genes, with only Zmcrtiso2 mRNA levels maintained by 30 DAP. We discuss the impact of paralogs with different expression profiles and functions on the regulation of carotenoid synthesis in corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunrui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
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Yamamizo C, Kishimoto S, Ohmiya A. Carotenoid composition and carotenogenic gene expression during Ipomoea petal development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:709-19. [PMID: 19933319 PMCID: PMC2814104 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) is a representative plant lacking a yellow-flowered cultivar, although a few wild Ipomoea species contain carotenoids in their petals such as Ipomoea sp. (yellow petals) and I. obscura (pale-yellow petals). In the present study, carotenoid composition and the expression patterns of carotenogenic genes during petal development were compared among I. nil, I. obscura, and Ipomoea sp. to identify the factors regulating carotenoid accumulation in Ipomoea plant petals. In the early stage, the carotenoid composition in petals of all the Ipomoea plants tested was the same as in the leaves mainly showing lutein, violaxanthin, and beta-carotene (chloroplast-type carotenoids). However, in fully opened flowers, chloroplast-type carotenoids were entirely absent in I. nil, whereas they were present in trace amounts in the free form in I. obscura. At the late stage of petal development in Ipomoea sp., the majority of carotenoids were beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene (chromoplast-type carotenoids). In addition, most of them were present in the esterified form. Carotenogenic gene expression was notably lower in I. nil than in Ipomoea sp. In particular, beta-ring hydroxylase (CHYB) was considerably suppressed in petals of both I. nil and I. obscura. The CHYB expression was found to be significantly high in the petals of Ipomoea sp. during the synthesis of chromoplast-type carotenoids. The expression levels of carotenoid cleavage genes (CCD1 and CCD4) were not correlated with the amount of carotenoids in petals. These results suggest that both I. obscura and I. nil lack the ability to synthesize chromoplast-type carotenoids because of the transcriptional down-regulation of carotenogenic genes. CHYB, an enzyme that catalyses the addition of a hydroxyl residue required for esterification, was found to be a key enzyme for the accumulation of chromoplast-type carotenoids in petals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akemi Ohmiya
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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Zhang J, Tao N, Xu Q, Zhou W, Cao H, Xu J, Deng X. Functional characterization of Citrus PSY gene in Hongkong kumquat (Fortunella hindsii Swingle). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1737-46. [PMID: 19813015 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus, rich in carotenoids, is the most important fruit crop based on the total annual production. In the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, phytoene synthase (PSY, EC 2.5.1.32) catalyzes the dimerization of two molecules of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) to phytoene and has been shown to be a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of carotenoids. In this study, we investigated catalytic activity of CsPSY from Cara Cara navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli containing a GGPP-producing plasmid. Moreover, the effects of CsPSY overexpression on carotenoid accumulation were also functionally analyzed in transgenic Hongkong kumquat (Fortunella hindsii Swingle). The resulting transgenic plants produced orange fruits, and extracts from the fruits of four overexpressing plants had a 2.5-fold average increase of phytoene with the content approximately 71.38 microg/g fresh weight. Lycopene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin in transgenic fruits were also markedly increased, whereas the levels of lutein and violaxanthin kept nearly unchanged with 1.1-1.3 folds variation. Transcript levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the CsPSY overexpressed plants remained unaltered except that PDS and ZDS showed a minor increase. This study suggests that CsPSY plays a crucial role in citrus carotenoid biosynthesis and could be used as a means of engineering fruit crop for the production of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Li R, Links MG, Gjetvaj B, Sharpe A, Hannoufa A. Development of an Adonis aestivalis expressed sequence tag population as a resource for genes of the carotenoid pathway. Genome 2009; 51:888-96. [PMID: 18956021 DOI: 10.1139/g08-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries are a powerful tool for gene discovery in plants with genomes that are not fully sequenced. Adonis aestivalis (Ranunculaceae) is unusual among higher plants in that it accumulates large amounts of the valuable red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin in the flower petals, in addition to other carotenoids, and should therefore be a rich source of transcripts involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. To create a resource for gene discovery and increase our understanding of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in plants, we sequenced 4189 cloned cDNAs from the floral tissues of A. aestivalis. The EST collection was annotated using sequence homology searches comparing the A. aestivalis ESTs with reference databases. ESTs involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were identified based on sequence homology to published sequences and by functional prediction using InterProScan. This study identified expressed transcripts for most of the known genes involved in the carotenoid pathway. Using an Escherichia coli functional expression system, two candidate transcripts from the A. aestivalis cDNA library were functionally characterized and identified as a novel beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase (CrtH2) and a beta-carotene monooxygenase. The expanded use of this EST collection combined with the E. coli expression system as presented here will greatly facilitate the cloning and characterization of candidate genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N0X2, Canada
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Gerjets T, Steiger S, Sandmann G. Catalytic properties of the expressed acyclic carotenoid 2-ketolases from Rhodobacter capsulatus and Rubrivivax gelatinosus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Kim J, Smith JJ, Tian L, DellaPenna D. The Evolution and Function of Carotenoid Hydroxylases in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:463-79. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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