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Lark AR, Nass SR, Hahn YK, Gao B, Milne GL, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat and morphine interactions dynamically shift striatal monoamine levels and exploratory behaviors over time. J Neurochem 2024; 168:185-204. [PMID: 38308495 PMCID: PMC10922901 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the advent of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), nearly half of people infected with HIV treated with cART still exhibit HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HAND can be worsened by co-morbid opioid use disorder. The basal ganglia are particularly vulnerable to HIV-1 and exhibit higher viral loads and more severe pathology, which can be exacerbated by co-exposure to opioids. Evidence suggests that dopaminergic neurotransmission is disrupted by HIV exposure, however, little is known about whether co-exposure to opioids may alter neurotransmitter levels in the striatum and if this in turn influences behavior. Therefore, we assayed motor, anxiety-like, novelty-seeking, exploratory, and social behaviors, and levels of monoamines and their metabolites following 2 weeks and 2 months of Tat and/or morphine exposure in transgenic mice. Morphine decreased dopamine levels, but significantly elevated norepinephrine, the dopamine metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, which typically correlated with increased locomotor behavior. The combination of Tat and morphine altered dopamine, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations differently depending on the neurotransmitter/metabolite and duration of exposure but did not affect the numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the mesencephalon. Tat exposure increased the latency to interact with novel conspecifics, but not other novel objects, suggesting the viral protein inhibits exploratory behavior initiation in a context-dependent manner. By contrast, and consistent with prior findings that opioid misuse can increase novelty-seeking behavior, morphine exposure increased the time spent exploring a novel environment. Finally, Tat and morphine interacted to affect locomotor activity in a time-dependent manner, while grip strength and rotarod performance were unaffected. Together, our results provide novel insight into the unique effects of HIV-1 Tat and morphine on monoamine neurochemistry that may underlie their divergent effects on motor and exploratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benlian Gao
- Neurochemistry Core, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Neurochemistry Core, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University
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2
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Cass WA, Peters LE. Calcitriol protects against reductions in striatal serotonin in rats treated with neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105590. [PMID: 37536650 PMCID: PMC10529237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The present experiments were designed to examine the ability of calcitriol to protect against methamphetamine (METH)-induced reductions in striatal serotonin (5-HT) release and content. Male Fischer-344 rats were administered vehicle or calcitriol (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 μg/kg, s.c.) once a day for 8 consecutive days. After the seventh day of treatment the animals were given METH (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline 4 times in 1 day at 2 h intervals. Seven days after the METH or saline treatments in vivo microdialysis experiments were conducted to measure potassium and d-amphetamine evoked overflow of 5-HT from the striatum. In animals treated with vehicle and METH there were significant reductions in both potassium and d-amphetamine evoked overflow of 5-HT. The 1.0 and 3.0 μg/kg/day doses of calcitriol provided significant protection against the 5-HT depleting effects of METH. A similar pattern of neuroprotection was found for post-mortem tissue levels of 5-HT. The calcitriol treatments did not prevent hyperthermia during the multiple injections of METH, indicating that the protective effects of calcitriol are not due to prevention of METH-induced increases in body temperature. These results suggest that calcitriol can provide significant protection against the 5-HT depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Cass
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Laura E Peters
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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3
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Ayoub S, Kenton JA, Milienne-Petiot M, Deben DS, Achim C, Geyer MA, Perry W, Grant IE, Young JW, Minassian A. iTat transgenic mice exhibit hyper-locomotion in the behavioral pattern monitor after chronic exposure to methamphetamine but are unaffected by Tat expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 222:173499. [PMID: 36462584 PMCID: PMC10014034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased the quality of life and lifespan in people living with HIV (PWH), millions continue to suffer from the neurobehavioral effects of the virus. Additionally, the abuse of illicit drugs (methamphetamine in particular) is significantly higher in PWH compared to the general population, which may further impact their neurological functions. The HIV regulatory protein, Tat, has been implicated in the neurobehavioral impacts of HIV and is purported to inhibit dopamine transporter (DAT) function in a way similar to methamphetamine. Thus, we hypothesized that a combination of Tat expression and methamphetamine would exert synergistic deleterious effects on behavior and DAT expression. We examined the impact of chronic methamphetamine exposure on exploration in transgenic mice expressing human Tat (iTat) vs. their wildtype littermates using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). During baseline, mice exhibited sex-dependent differences in BPM behavior, which persisted through methamphetamine exposure, and Tat activation with doxycycline. We observed a main effect of methamphetamine, wherein exposure, irrespective of genotype, increased locomotor activity and decreased specific exploration. After doxycycline treatment, mice continued to exhibit drug-dependent alterations in locomotion, with no effect of Tat, or methamphetamine interactions. DAT levels were higher in wildtype, saline-exposed males compared to all other groups. These data support stimulant-induced changes of locomotor activity and exploration, and suggest that viral Tat and methamphetamine do not synergistically interact to alter these behaviors in mice. These findings are important for future studies attempting to disentangle the effect of substances that impact DAT on HAND-relevant behaviors using such transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ayoub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Debbie S Deben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cristian Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Igor E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America.
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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4
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Methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat proteins synergistically induce microglial autophagy via activation of the Nrf2/NQO1/HO-1 signal pathway. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109256. [PMID: 36162528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that is abused throughout the world. METH is a highly addictive drug commonly used by persons living with HIV, and its use can result in cognitive impairment and memory deficits. METH and human immunodeficiency virus-1 transactivator of transcription (HIV-1Tat) have toxic and synergistic effects on the nervous system; however, the mechanism of their synergistic effects has not been clarified. We used BV2 cells, primary microglia, Nrf2-KO C57BL/6J mice, and autopsied brain tissues of METH-abusing, HIV infection, and METH-abusing individuals comorbid with HIV to explore the regulatory role of Nrf2/NQO1/HO-1 signal pathway on microglia autophagy. Our results showed that microglia were significantly activated by METH and HIV-1Tat protein. METH and HIV-1Tat protein combination significantly increase the autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II, Beclin-1, ATG5, and ATG7) expression in microglia and striatum of C57BL/6J mice. After silencing or knocking out the Nrf2 gene, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins were significantly increased. In human brain tissue, microglia were activated, Nrf2, LC3-II, and Beclin-1 expression levels were raised, and the p62 expression level was decreased. Our results suggested that METH and HIV or HIV-1Tat synergistically affect autophagy. And the Nrf2 pathway plays a vital role in regulating the synergistic induction of microglial autophagy by METH and HIV-1Tat protein. This study may provide a theoretical basis and new ideas for effective targets for pharmacological intervention in HIV-infected patients with drug abuse.
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5
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Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Hwang Y, Sharma N, Dang DK, Nguyen BT, Nah SY, Jang CG, Bing G, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity as a model of Parkinson's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:668-688. [PMID: 34286473 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a high prevalence, approximately 1 % in the elderly population. Numerous studies have demonstrated that methamphetamine (MA) intoxication caused the neurological deficits and nigrostriatal damage seen in Parkinsonian conditions, and subsequent rodent studies have found that neurotoxic binge administration of MA reproduced PD-like features, in terms of its symptomatology and pathology. Several anti-Parkinsonian medications have been shown to attenuate the motor impairments and dopaminergic damage induced by MA. In addition, it has been recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, pro-apoptosis, proteasomal/autophagic impairment, and neuroinflammation play important roles in inducing MA neurotoxicity. Importantly, MA neurotoxicity has been shown to share a common mechanism of dopaminergic toxicity with that of PD pathogenesis. This review describes the major findings on the neuropathological features and underlying neurotoxic mechanisms induced by MA and compares them with Parkinsonian pathogenesis. Taken together, it is suggested that neurotoxic binge-type administration of MA in rodents is a valid animal model for PD that may provide knowledge on the neuropathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonggwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.,Pharmacy Faculty, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 900000, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Bao-Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Guoying Bing
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY, 40536, Lexington, USA
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Science, Fujita Health University, 470-1192, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea. .,Neuropsychopharmacology & Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Hermes DJ, Jacobs IR, Key MC, League AF, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, McLane VD, Nass SR, Jiang W, Meeker RB, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Lichtman AH, Li Z, Wu Z, Yuan H, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Fitting S. Escalating morphine dosing in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice with sustained Tat exposure reveals an allostatic shift in neuroinflammatory regulation accompanied by increased neuroprotective non-endocannabinoid lipid signaling molecules and amino acids. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:345. [PMID: 33208151 PMCID: PMC7672881 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and opiates cause long-term inflammatory insult to the central nervous system (CNS) and worsen disease progression and HIV-1-related neuropathology. The combination of these proinflammatory factors reflects a devastating problem as opioids have high abuse liability and continue to be prescribed for certain patients experiencing HIV-1-related pain. METHODS Here, we examined the impact of chronic (3-month) HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) exposure to short-term (8-day), escalating morphine in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice that express the HIV-1 Tat protein in a GFAP promoter-regulated, doxycycline (DOX)-inducible manner. In addition to assessing morphine-induced tolerance in nociceptive responses organized at spinal (i.e., tail-flick) and supraspinal (i.e., hot-plate) levels, we evaluated neuroinflammation via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using the [18F]-PBR111 ligand, immunohistochemistry, and cytokine analyses. Further, we examined endocannabinoid (eCB) levels, related non-eCB lipids, and amino acids via mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Tat-expressing [Tat(+)] transgenic mice displayed antinociceptive tolerance in the tail withdrawal and hot-plate assays compared to control mice lacking Tat [Tat(-)]. This tolerance was accompanied by morphine-dependent increases in Iba-1 ± 3-nitrotryosine immunoreactive microglia, and alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in the spinal cord and striatum, while increases in neuroinflammation were absent by PET imaging of [18F]-PBR111 uptake. Tat and morphine exposure differentially affected eCB levels, non-eCB lipids, and specific amino acids in a region-dependent manner. In the striatum, non-eCB lipids were significantly increased by short-term, escalating morphine exposure, including peroxisome proliferator activator receptor alpha (PPAR-α) ligands N-oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA) and N-palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), as well as the amino acids phenylalanine and proline. In the spinal cord, Tat exposure increased amino acids leucine and valine, while morphine decreased levels of tyrosine and valine but did not affect eCBs or non-eCB lipids. CONCLUSION Overall results demonstrate that 3 months of Tat exposure increased morphine tolerance and potentially innate immune tolerance evidenced by reductions in specific cytokines (e.g., IL-1α, IL-12p40) and microglial reactivity. In contrast, short-term, escalating morphine exposure acted as a secondary stressor revealing an allostatic shift in CNS baseline inflammatory responsiveness from sustained Tat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian R Jacobs
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan C Key
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexis F League
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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7
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Saloner R, Cherner M, Iudicello JE, Heaton RK, Letendre SL, Ellis RJ. Cerebrospinal Fluid Norepinephrine and Neurocognition in HIV and Methamphetamine Dependence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 85:e12-e22. [PMID: 32558666 PMCID: PMC7492443 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV disease and methamphetamine (METH) dependence share overlapping mechanisms of neurotoxicity that preferentially compromise monoamine-rich frontostriatal circuitry. However, norepinephrine (NE) function is poorly understood in HIV and METH dependence. We evaluated associations between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NE and HIV, METH dependence, and neurocognition. METHODS Participants included 125 adults, stratified by HIV serostatus (HIV+/HIV-) and recent METH dependence (METH+/METH-), who underwent comprehensive neurocognitive testing and lumbar puncture. CSF NE was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariable regression modelled NE as a function of HIV, METH, and their interaction, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. Pearson correlations examined relationships between NE and demographically-adjusted neurocognitive domain scores. RESULTS HIV significantly interacted with METH (P < 0.001) such that compared with HIV-/METH-, CSF NE was markedly elevated in the single risk-groups (HIV+/METH-: d = 0.96; HIV-/METH+: d = 0.79) and modestly elevated in the dual-risk group (HIV+/METH+: d = 0.48). This interaction remained significant after adjustment for lifetime depression, antidepressant use, and race/ethnicity. In the full sample, higher NE levels significantly correlated with worse global function (r = -0.19), learning (r = -0.23), and delayed recall (r = -0.18). Similar relationships between higher NE and worse neurocognition were detected in the METH- groups (ie, HIV-/METH- and HIV+/METH-) and in the virally-suppressed persons HIV+ subgroup, but not in the METH+ groups (ie, HIV-/METH+, HIV+/METH+). DISCUSSION HIV and METH independently, but not additively, relate to noradrenergic excess in the central nervous system, and perturbations to noradrenergic function may represent a pathophysiological mechanism of HIV-related neurocognitive dysfunction. Consistent with prior reports that noradrenergic excess compromises hippocampal and prefrontal function, higher NE related to worse neurocognition, even among successfully treated persons with HIV. Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions that stabilize NE function may improve neurocognition in persons with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Saloner
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, San Diego, California
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, San Diego, California
| | - Jennifer E. Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, San Diego, California
| | - Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, San Diego, California
| | - Scott L. Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, San Diego, California
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, San Diego, California
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego
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8
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Chen K, Phan T, Lin A, Sardo L, Mele AR, Nonnemacher MR, Klase Z. Morphine exposure exacerbates HIV-1 Tat driven changes to neuroinflammatory factors in cultured astrocytes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230563. [PMID: 32210470 PMCID: PMC7094849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection results in neuroinflammation of the central nervous system that can cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The molecular mechanisms involved in the development of HAND are unclear, however, they are likely due to both direct and indirect consequences of HIV-1 infection and inflammation of the central nervous system. Additionally, opioid abuse in infected individuals has the potential to exacerbate HIV-comorbidities, such as HAND. Although restricted for productive HIV replication, astrocytes (comprising 40-70% of all brain cells) likely play a significant role in neuropathogenesis in infected individuals due to the production and response of viral proteins. The HIV-1 protein Tat is critical for viral transcription, causes neuroinflammation, and can be secreted from infected cells to affect uninfected bystander cells. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade plays an integral role in restricting HIV-1 infection in part by negatively regulating HIV-1 Tat function. Conversely, Tat can overcome this negative regulation and inhibit β-catenin signaling by sequestering the critical transcription factor TCF-4 from binding to β-catenin. Here, we aimed to explore how opiate exposure affects Tat-mediated suppression of β-catenin in astrocytes and the downstream modulation of neuroinflammatory genes. We observed that morphine can potentiate Tat suppression of β-catenin activity in human astrocytes. In contrast, Tat mutants deficient in secretion, and lacking neurotoxic effects, do not affect β-catenin activity in the presence or absence of morphine. Finally, morphine treatment of astrocytes was sufficient to reduce the expression of genes involved in neuroinflammation. Examining the molecular mechanisms of how HIV-1 infection and opiate exposure exacerbate neuroinflammation may help us inform or predict disease progression prior to HAND development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thienlong Phan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Angel Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Current institution – Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony R. Mele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zachary Klase
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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9
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Mele AR, Marino J, Dampier W, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. HIV-1 Tat Length: Comparative and Functional Considerations. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:444. [PMID: 32265877 PMCID: PMC7105873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jamie Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Dopaminergic impact of cART and anti-depressants on HIV neuropathogenesis in older adults. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146398. [PMID: 31442412 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV infection into a chronic condition, resulting in an increase in the number of older, cART-treated adults living with HIV. This has increased the incidence of age-related, non-AIDS comorbidities in this population. One of the most common comorbidities is depression, which is also associated with cognitive impairment and a number of neuropathologies. In older people living with HIV, treating these overlapping disorders is complex, often creating pill burden or adverse drug-drug interactions that can exacerbate these neurologic disorders. Depression, NeuroHIV and many of the neuropsychiatric therapeutics used to treat them impact the dopaminergic system, suggesting that dopaminergic dysfunction may be a common factor in the development of these disorders. Further, changes in dopamine can influence the development of inflammation and the regulation of immune function, which are also implicated in the progression of NeuroHIV and depression. Little is known about the optimal clinical management of drug-drug interactions between cART drugs and antidepressants, particularly in regard to dopamine in older people living with HIV. This review will discuss those interactions, first examining the etiology of NeuroHIV and depression in older adults, then discussing the interrelated effects of dopamine and inflammation on these disorders, and finally reviewing the activity and interactions of cART drugs and antidepressants on each of these factors. Developing better strategies to manage these comorbidities is critical to the health of the aging, HIV-infected population, as the older population may be particularly vulnerable to drug-drug interactions affecting dopamine.
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11
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Quintero JE, Ai Y, Andersen AH, Hardy P, Grondin R, Guduru Z, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA, Zhang Z. Validations of apomorphine-induced BOLD activation correlations in hemiparkinsonian rhesus macaques. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101724. [PMID: 30822717 PMCID: PMC6396014 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Identification of Parkinson's disease at the earliest possible stage of the disease may provide the best opportunity for the use of disease modifying treatments. However, diagnosing the disease during the pre-symptomatic period remains an unmet goal. To that end, we used pharmacological MRI (phMRI) to assess the function of the cortico-basal ganglia circuit in a non-human primate model of dopamine deficiency to determine the possible relationships between phMRI signals with behavioral, neurochemical, and histological measurements. Animals with unilateral treatments with the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), that expressed stable, long-term hemiparkinsonism were challenged with the dopaminergic receptor agonist, apomorphine, and structure-specific phMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation responses were measured. Behavioral, histopathological, and neurochemical measurements were obtained and correlated with phMRI activation of structures of the cortico-basal ganglia system. Greater phMRI activations in the basal ganglia and cortex were associated with slower movement speed, decreased daytime activity, or more pronounced parkinsonian features. Animals showed decreased stimulus-evoked dopamine release in the putamen and substantia nigra pars compacta and lower basal glutamate levels in the motor cortex on the MPTP-lesioned hemisphere compared to the contralateral hemisphere. The altered neurochemistry was significantly correlated with phMRI signals in the motor cortex and putamen. Finally, greater phMRI activations in the caudate nucleus correlated with fewer tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) nigral cells and decreased TH+ fiber density in the putamen. These results reveal the correlation of phMRI signals with the severity of the motor deficits and pathophysiological changes in the cortico-basal ganglia circuit. Apomorphine in hemiparkinsonian animals can evoke changes in functional MRI signals. Cortico-basal ganglia activation correlates to behavior, neurochemistry, histology Pharmacological MRI has potential to be biomarker for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA
| | - Yi Ai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA
| | - A H Andersen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA; Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA
| | - P Hardy
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA
| | - R Grondin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA
| | - Z Guduru
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA
| | - D M Gash
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA
| | - G A Gerhardt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0098, USA.
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Agnihotri SK, Sun L, Yee BK, Shen R, Akundi RS, Zhi L, Duncan MJ, Cass WA, Büeler H. PINK1 deficiency is associated with increased deficits of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and lowers the threshold for stress-induced depression in mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:161-172. [PMID: 30735759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor impairments and several non-motor features, including frequent depression and anxiety. Stress-induced deficits of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) have been linked with abnormal affective behavior in animals. It has been speculated that AHN defects may contribute to affective symptoms in PD, but this hypothesis remains insufficiently tested in animal models. Mice that lack the PD-linked kinase PINK1 show impaired differentiation of adult-born neurons in the hippocampus. Here, we examined the relationship between AHN deficits and affective behavior in PINK1-/- mice under basal (no stress) conditions and after exposure to chronic stress. PINK1 loss and corticosterone negatively and jointly affected AHN, leading to lower numbers of neural stem cells and newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus of corticosterone-treated PINK1-/- mice. Despite increased basal AHN deficits, PINK1-deficient mice showed normal affective behavior. However, lack of PINK1 sensitized mice to corticosterone-induced behavioral despair in the tail suspension test at a dose where wildtype mice were unaffected. Moreover, after two weeks of chronic restraint stress male PINK1-/- mice displayed increased immobility in the forced swim test, and protein expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus was reduced. Thus, while impaired AHN as such is insufficient to cause affective dysfunction in this PD model, PINK1 deficiency may lower the threshold for chronic stress-induced depression in PD. Finally, PINK1-deficient mice displayed reduced basal voluntary wheel running but normal rotarod performance, a finding whose mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Agnihotri
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080 Harbin, China
| | - Liuke Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080 Harbin, China
| | - Benjamin K Yee
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruifang Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080 Harbin, China
| | - Ravi S Akundi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Lianteng Zhi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Marilyn J Duncan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Wayne A Cass
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Hansruedi Büeler
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080 Harbin, China.
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13
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Gaskill PJ, Miller DR, Gamble-George J, Yano H, Khoshbouei H. HIV, Tat and dopamine transmission. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:51-73. [PMID: 28457951 PMCID: PMC5541386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a progressive infection that targets the immune system, affecting more than 37 million people around the world. While combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) has lowered mortality rates and improved quality of life in infected individuals, the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders is increasing and HIV associated cognitive decline remains prevalent. Recent research has suggested that HIV accessory proteins may be involved in this decline, and several studies have indicated that the HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat) can disrupt normal neuronal and glial function. Specifically, data indicate that Tat may directly impact dopaminergic neurotransmission, by modulating the function of the dopamine transporter and specifically damaging dopamine-rich regions of the CNS. HIV infection of the CNS has long been associated with dopaminergic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain undefined. The specific effect(s) of Tat on dopaminergic neurotransmission may be, at least partially, a mechanism by which HIV infection directly or indirectly induces dopaminergic dysfunction. Therefore, precisely defining the specific effects of Tat on the dopaminergic system will help to elucidate the mechanisms by which HIV infection of the CNS induces neuropsychiatric, neurocognitive and neurological disorders that involve dopaminergic neurotransmission. Further, this will provide a discussion of the experiments needed to further these investigations, and may help to identify or develop new therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of these disorders in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joyonna Gamble-George
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Hideaki Yano
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Cass WA, Peters LE. Reduced ability of calcitriol to promote augmented dopamine release in the lesioned striatum of aged rats. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:222-229. [PMID: 28390950 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that affects over one million people in the United States. Previous studies, carried out in young adult rats, have shown that calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D, can be neuroprotective in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) models of PD. However, as PD usually affects older individuals, the ability of calcitriol to promote dopaminergic recovery was examined in lesioned young adult (4 month old), middle-aged (14 month old) and aged (22 month old) rats. Animals were given a single injection of 12 μg 6-OHDA into the right striatum. Four weeks later they were administered vehicle or calcitriol (1.0 μg/kg, s.c.) once a day for eight consecutive days. In vivo microdialysis experiments were carried out three weeks after the calcitriol or vehicle treatments to measure potassium and amphetamine evoked overflow of DA from both the left and right striata. In control animals treated with 6-OHDA and vehicle there were significant reductions in evoked overflow of DA on the lesioned side of the brain compared to the contralateral side. The calcitriol treatments significantly increased evoked overflow of DA from the lesioned striatum in both the young adult and middle-aged rats. However, the calcitriol treatments did not significantly augment DA overflow in the aged rats. Postmortem tissue levels of striatal DA were also increased in the young and middle-aged animals, but not in the aged animals. In the substantia nigra, the calcitriol treatments led to increased levels of DA in all three age groups. Thus, the effects of calcitriol were similar in the young adult and middle-aged animals, but in the aged animals the effects of calcitriol were diminished. These results suggest that calcitriol may help promote recovery of dopaminergic functioning in injured nigrostriatal neurons; however, the effectiveness of calcitriol may be reduced in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Cass
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Laura E Peters
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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15
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Current understanding of methamphetamine-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and psychotoxic behaviors. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:403-428. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Liu M, Bachstetter AD, Cass WA, Lifshitz J, Bing G. Pioglitazone Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Promotes Dopaminergic Neuronal Survival in the Nigrostriatal System of Rats after Diffuse Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:414-422. [PMID: 27142118 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that traumatic brain injury (TBI) may raise the risk of developing late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in animal models of neurodegeneration. The present study investigates the vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system after TBI, and intervention with pioglitazone treatment. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham or moderate midline fluid percussion brain injury (mFPI), followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg pioglitazone or vehicle beginning 30 min after the injury and subsequently every 24 h for 5 days. Following injury, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine were acutely increased in the striatum and substantia nigra within 6 h. Dopaminergic axonal damage and microglial activation were revealed using immunohistochemistry in the medial forebrain bundle at 1 day post-injury. Microglial activation identified by Iba1 and OX-6 immunostaining was persistently increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta 7 to 28 days post-injury. Further, brain injury induced significant dopaminergic neuronal loss, which was quantified by tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining and retrograde fluorescent tracer fluorogold labeling in the nigra at 28 days. Loss of neurons was accompanied by increased extracellular dopamine (DA) turnover in the striatum, indicating enhanced dopaminergic activity in functional compensation after nigrostriatal damage. Strikingly, pioglitazone treatment greatly attenuated microglial activation and improved dopaminergic neuronal survival in the nigrostriatal system, which may promote locomotor recovery. These results suggest that interventions that attenuate secondary inflammation could be a feasible therapeutic treatment to improve outcome after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- 2 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Wayne A Cass
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- 3 BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona; Phoenix Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Phoenix, Arizona; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
| | - Guoying Bing
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
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Kuhn DM, Angoa-Pérez M, Thomas DM. Nucleus accumbens invulnerability to methamphetamine neurotoxicity. ILAR J 2016; 52:352-65. [PMID: 23382149 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.52.3.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is a neurotoxic drug of abuse that damages neurons and nerve endings throughout the central nervous system. Emerging studies of human Meth addicts using both postmortem analyses of brain tissue and noninvasive imaging studies of intact brains have confirmed that Meth causes persistent structural abnormalities. Animal and human studies have also defined a number of significant functional problems and comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with long-term Meth abuse. This review summarizes the salient features of Meth-induced neurotoxicity with a focus on the dopamine (DA) neuronal system. DA nerve endings in the caudate-putamen (CPu) are damaged by Meth in a highly delimited manner. Even within the CPu, damage is remarkably heterogeneous, with ventral and lateral aspects showing the greatest deficits. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is largely spared the damage that accompanies binge Meth intoxication, but relatively subtle changes in the disposition of DA in its nerve endings can lead to dramatic increases in Meth-induced toxicity in the CPu and overcome the normal resistance of the NAc to damage. In contrast to the CPu, where DA neuronal deficiencies are persistent, alterations in the NAc show a partial recovery. Animal models have been indispensable in studies of the causes and consequences of Meth neurotoxicity and in the development of new therapies. This research has shown that increases in cytoplasmic DA dramatically broaden the neurotoxic profile of Meth to include brain structures not normally targeted for damage. The resistance of the NAc to Meth-induced neurotoxicity and its ability to recover reveal a fundamentally different neuroplasticity by comparison to the CPu. Recruitment of the NAc as a target of Meth neurotoxicity by alterations in DA homeostasis is significant in light of the numerous important roles played by this brain structure.
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18
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Sardo L, Vakil PR, Elbezanti W, El-Sayed A, Klase Z. The inhibition of microRNAs by HIV-1 Tat suppresses beta catenin activity in astrocytes. Retrovirology 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27060080 PMCID: PMC4826512 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Long term infection with HIV-1, even in the context of therapy, leads to chronic health problems including an array of neurocognitive dysfunctions. The viral Tat protein has previously been implicated in neuropathogenesis through its effect on astrocytes. Tat has also been shown to inhibit the biogenesis of miRNAs by inhibiting the activity of the cellular Dicer protein in an RNA dependent fashion. Whether there is a mechanistic connection between the ability of HIV-1 Tat to alter miRNAs and its observed effects on cells of the central nervous system has not been well examined. Results Here, we examined the ability of HIV-1 Tat to bind to and inhibit the production of over 300 cellular miRNAs. We found that the Tat protein only binds to and inhibits a fraction of the total cellular miRNAs. By mapping the downstream targets of these miRNAs we have determined a possible role for Tat alterations of miRNAs in the development of neuropathogenesis. Specifically, this work points to suppression of miRNAs function as the mechanism for Tat suppression of β-catenin activity. Conclusions The discovery that HIV-1 Tat inhibits only a fraction of miRNAs opens new areas of research regarding changes in cellular pathways through suppression of RNA interference. Our initial analysis strongly suggests that these pathways may contribute to HIV-1 disruption of the central nervous system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0256-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sardo
- Department of Biological Sciences, McNeil Science and Technology Center Room 273, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Priyal R Vakil
- Department of Biological Sciences, McNeil Science and Technology Center Room 273, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Weam Elbezanti
- Department of Biological Sciences, McNeil Science and Technology Center Room 273, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anas El-Sayed
- Department of Biological Sciences, McNeil Science and Technology Center Room 273, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary Klase
- Department of Biological Sciences, McNeil Science and Technology Center Room 273, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Maubert ME, Pirrone V, Rivera NT, Wigdahl B, Nonnemacher MR. Interaction between Tat and Drugs of Abuse during HIV-1 Infection and Central Nervous System Disease. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1512. [PMID: 26793168 PMCID: PMC4707230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In many individuals, drug abuse is intimately linked with HIV-1 infection. In addition to being associated with one-third of all HIV-1 infections in the United States, drug abuse also plays a role in disease progression and severity in HIV-1-infected patients, including adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Specific systems within the brain are known to be damaged in HIV-1-infected individuals and this damage is similar to that observed in drug abuse. Even in the era of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), CNS pathogenesis occurs with HIV-1 infection, with a broad range of cognitive impairment observed, collectively referred to as HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). A number of HIV-1 proteins (Tat, gp120, Nef, Vpr) have been implicated in the etiology of pathogenesis and disease as a result of the biologic activity of the extracellular form of each of the proteins in a number of tissues, including the CNS, even in ART-suppressed patients. In this review, we have made Tat the center of attention for a number of reasons. First, it has been shown to be synthesized and secreted by HIV-1-infected cells in the CNS, despite the most effective suppression therapies available to date. Second, Tat has been shown to alter the functions of several host factors, disrupting the molecular and biochemical balance of numerous pathways contributing to cellular toxicity, dysfunction, and death. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of ART suppression with regard to controlling the genesis and progression of neurocognitive impairment are currently under debate in the field and are yet to be fully determined. In this review, we discuss the individual and concerted contributions of HIV-1 Tat, drug abuse, and ART with respect to damage in the CNS, and how these factors contribute to the development of HAND in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Maubert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nina T Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Fitting S, Booze RM, Mactutus CF. HIV-1 proteins, Tat and gp120, target the developing dopamine system. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:21-42. [PMID: 25613135 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, 3.2 million children (< 15 years of age) were estimated to be living with HIV and AIDS worldwide, with the 240,000 newly infected children in the past year, i.e., another child infected approximately every two minutes [1]. The primary mode of HIV infection is through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), occurring either in utero, intrapartum, or during breastfeeding. The effects of HIV-1 on the central nervous system (CNS) are putatively accepted to be mediated, in part, via viral proteins, such as Tat and gp120. The current review focuses on the targets of HIV-1 proteins during the development of the dopamine (DA) system, which appears to be specifically susceptible in HIV-1-infected children. Collectively, the data suggest that the DA system is a clinically relevant target in chronic HIV-1 infection, is one of the major targets in pediatric HIV-1 CNS infection, and may be specifically susceptible during development. The present review discusses the development of the DA system, follows the possible targets of the HIV-1 proteins during the development of the DA system, and suggests potential therapeutic approaches. By coupling our growing understanding of the development of the CNS with the pronounced age-related differences in disease progression, new light may be shed on the neurological and neurocognitive deficits that follow HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Department of Psychology, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Borgmann K, Ghorpade A. HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocytes at neuroinflammatory Crossroads. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1143. [PMID: 26579077 PMCID: PMC4621459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a popular psychostimulant, methamphetamine (METH) use leads to long-lasting, strong euphoric effects. While METH abuse is common in the general population, between 10 and 15% of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) patients report having abused METH. METH exacerbates the severity and onset of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through direct and indirect mechanisms. Repetitive METH use impedes adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens, increasing the likelihood of HIV-1 disease progression toward AIDS. METH exposure also directly affects both innate and adaptive immunity, altering lymphocyte numbers and activity, cytokine signaling, phagocytic function and infiltration through the blood brain barrier. Further, METH triggers the dopamine reward pathway and leads to impaired neuronal activity and direct toxicity. Concurrently, METH and HIV-1 alter the neuroimmune balance and induce neuroinflammation, which modulates a wide range of brain functions including neuronal signaling and activity, glial activation, viral infection, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Pathologically, reactive gliosis is a hallmark of both HIV-1- and METH-associated neuroinflammation. Significant commonality exists in the neurotoxic mechanisms for both METH and HAND; however, the pathways dysregulated in astroglia during METH exposure are less clear. Thus, this review highlights alterations in astrocyte intracellular signaling pathways, gene expression and function during METH and HIV-1 comorbidity, with special emphasis on HAND-associated neuroinflammation. Importantly, this review carefully evaluates interventions targeting astrocytes in HAND and METH as potential novel therapeutic approaches. This comprehensive overview indicates, without a doubt, that during HIV-1 infection and METH abuse, a complex dialog between all neural cells is orchestrated through astrocyte regulated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Mediouni S, Marcondes MCG, Miller C, McLaughlin JP, Valente ST. The cross-talk of HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1164. [PMID: 26557111 PMCID: PMC4615951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the lives of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals. Nonetheless, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which range from undetectable neurocognitive impairments to severe dementia, still affect approximately 50% of the infected population, hampering their quality of life. The persistence of HAND is promoted by several factors, including longer life expectancies, the residual levels of virus in the central nervous system (CNS) and the continued presence of HIV-1 regulatory proteins such as the transactivator of transcription (Tat) in the brain. Tat is a secreted viral protein that crosses the blood–brain barrier into the CNS, where it has the ability to directly act on neurons and non-neuronal cells alike. These actions result in the release of soluble factors involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, ultimately resulting in neuronal damage. The percentage of methamphetamine (MA) abusers is high among the HIV-1-positive population compared to the general population. On the other hand, MA abuse is correlated with increased viral replication, enhanced Tat-mediated neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairments. Although several strategies have been investigated to reduce HAND and MA use, no clinically approved treatment is currently available. Here, we review the latest findings of the effects of Tat and MA in HAND and discuss a few promising potential therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
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Zhu J, Midde NM, Gomez AM, Sun WL, Harrod SB. Intra-ventral tegmental area HIV-1 Tat1-86 attenuates nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization and alters mesocorticolimbic ERK and CREB signaling in rats. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:540. [PMID: 26150803 PMCID: PMC4473058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking prevalence in the HIV-positive individuals is profoundly higher than that in the HIV-negative individuals. We have demonstrated that HIV-1 transgenic rats exhibit attenuated nicotine-mediated locomotor activity, altered cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling in the mesocorticolimbic regions. This study investigated the role of HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein in the alterations of nicotine-mediated behavior and the signaling pathway observed in the HIV-1 transgenic rats. Rats received bilateral microinjection of recombinant Tat1-86 (25 μg/side) or vehicle directed at ventral tegmental area (VTA) followed by locomotor testing in response to 13 daily intravenous injections of nicotine (0.05 mg/kg, freebase, once/day) or saline. Further, we examined the phosphorylated levels of CREB (pCREB) and ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and VTA. Tat diminished baseline activity in saline control rats, and attenuated nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization. Following repeated saline injection, the basal levels of pERK1 in the NAc and VTA and pERK2 in VTA were lower in the vehicle control group, relative to the Tat group. After repeated nicotine injection, pERK1 in NAc and VTA and pERK2 in VTA were increased in the vehicle group, but not in the Tat group. Moreover, repeated nicotine injections decreased pCREB in the PFC and VTA in the Tat group but not in the vehicle group. Thus, these findings indicate that the direct injection of Tat at the VTA may mediate CREB and ERK activity in response to nicotine-induced locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Narasimha M Midde
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Adrian M Gomez
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Wei-Lun Sun
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Steven B Harrod
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC, USA
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Stenslik MJ, Potts LF, Sonne JWH, Cass WA, Turchan-Cholewo J, Pomerleau F, Huettl P, Ai Y, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA, Bradley LH. Methodology and effects of repeated intranasal delivery of DNSP-11 in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 251:120-9. [PMID: 25999268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To circumvent the challenges associated with delivering large compounds directly to the brain for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), non-invasive procedures utilizing smaller molecules with protective and/or restorative actions on dopaminergic neurons are needed. NEW METHOD We developed a methodology for evaluating the effects of a synthetic neuroactive peptide, DNSP-11, on the nigrostriatal system using repeated intranasal delivery in both normal and a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat model of PD. RESULTS Normal rats repeatedly administered varying doses of DNSP-11 intranasally for 3 weeks exhibited a significant increase in dopamine (DA) turnover in both the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) at 300μg, suggestive of a stimulative effect of the dopaminergic system. Additionally, a protective effect was observed following repeated intranasal administration in 6-OHDA lesioned rats, as suggested by: a significant decrease in d-amphetamine-induced rotation at 2 weeks; a decrease in DA turnover in the lesioned striatum; and an increased sparing of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive (+) neurons in a specific sub-region of the lesioned substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Finally, tracer studies showed (125)I-DNSP-11 distributed diffusely throughout the brain, including the striatum and SN, as quickly as 30min after a single intranasal dose. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The results of bilateral intranasal administration of DNSP-11 are compared to our unilateral single infusion studies to the brain in rats. CONCLUSIONS These studies support that DNSP-11 can be delivered intranasally and maintain its neuroactive properties in both normal rats and in a unilateral 6-OHDA rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory J Stenslik
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lisa F Potts
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James W H Sonne
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wayne A Cass
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jadwiga Turchan-Cholewo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Francois Pomerleau
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter Huettl
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yi Ai
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Don M Gash
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luke H Bradley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry and Center of Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Abstract
Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are novel and powerful tools to investigate discrete neuronal populations in the brain. We have used DREADDs to stimulate degenerating neurons in a Down syndrome (DS) model, Ts65Dn mice. Individuals with DS develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and have elevated risk for dementia starting in their 30s and 40s. Individuals with DS often exhibit working memory deficits coupled with degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) neurons. It is thought that LC degeneration precedes other AD-related neuronal loss, and LC noradrenergic integrity is important for executive function, working memory, and attention. Previous studies have shown that LC-enhancing drugs can slow the progression of AD pathology, including amyloid aggregation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. We have shown that LC degeneration in Ts65Dn mice leads to exaggerated memory loss and neuronal degeneration. We used a DREADD, hM3Dq, administered via adeno-associated virus into the LC under a synthetic promoter, PRSx8, to selectively stimulate LC neurons by exogenous administration of the inert DREADD ligand clozapine-N-oxide. DREADD stimulation of LC-NE enhanced performance in a novel object recognition task and reduced hyperactivity in Ts65Dn mice, without significant behavioral effects in controls. To confirm that the noradrenergic transmitter system was responsible for the enhanced memory function, the NE prodrug l-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine was administered in Ts65Dn and normosomic littermate control mice, and produced similar behavioral results. Thus, NE stimulation may prevent memory loss in Ts65Dn mice, and may hold promise for treatment in individuals with DS and dementia.
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26
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Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:103969. [PMID: 25861156 PMCID: PMC4377385 DOI: 10.1155/2015/103969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a sympathomimetic amine that belongs to phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs, which are widely abused for their stimulant, euphoric, empathogenic, and hallucinogenic properties. Many of these effects result from acute increases in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission. Subsequent to these acute effects, METH produces persistent damage to dopamine and serotonin release in nerve terminals, gliosis, and apoptosis. This review summarized the numerous interdependent mechanisms including excessive dopamine, ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction, protein nitration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, p53 expression, inflammatory molecular, D3 receptor, microtubule deacetylation, and HIV-1 Tat protein that have been demonstrated to contribute to this damage. In addition, the feasible therapeutic strategies according to recent studies were also summarized ranging from drug and protein to gene level.
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Yurek DM, Hasselrot U, Cass WA, Sesenoglu-Laird O, Padegimas L, Cooper MJ. Age and lesion-induced increases of GDNF transgene expression in brain following intracerebral injections of DNA nanoparticles. Neuroscience 2014; 284:500-512. [PMID: 25453772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies that used compacted DNA nanoparticles (DNP) to transfect cells in the brain, we observed higher transgene expression in the denervated striatum when compared to transgene expression in the intact striatum. We also observed that long-term transgene expression occurred in astrocytes as well as neurons. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that the higher transgene expression observed in the denervated striatum may be a function of increased gliosis. Several aging studies have also reported an increase of gliosis as a function of normal aging. In this study we used DNPs that encoded for human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hGDNF) and either a non-specific human polyubiquitin C (UbC) or an astrocyte-specific human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. The DNPs were injected intracerebrally into the denervated or intact striatum of young, middle-aged or aged rats, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) transgene expression was subsequently quantified in brain tissue samples. The results of our studies confirmed our earlier finding that transgene expression was higher in the denervated striatum when compared to intact striatum for DNPs incorporating either promoter. In addition, we observed significantly higher transgene expression in the denervated striatum of old rats when compared to young rats following injections of both types of DNPs. Stereological analysis of GFAP+ cells in the striatum confirmed an increase of GFAP+ cells in the denervated striatum when compared to the intact striatum and also an age-related increase; importantly, increases in GFAP+ cells closely matched the increases in GDNF transgene levels. Thus neurodegeneration and aging may lay a foundation that is actually beneficial for this particular type of gene therapy while other gene therapy techniques that target neurons are actually targeting cells that are decreasing as the disease progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Yurek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - U Hasselrot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - W A Cass
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | | | - L Padegimas
- Copernicus Therapeutics, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - M J Cooper
- Copernicus Therapeutics, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
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28
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HIV transactivator of transcription enhances methamphetamine-induced Parkinson's-like behavior in the rats. Neuroreport 2014; 25:860-864. [PMID: 24911386 PMCID: PMC4236185 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of methamphetamine (MA) increases the risk of infection of HIV-1, induces considerable neurotoxicity in several brain regions, and impairs the motor and cognitive function in individuals. HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) has also shown the potent capability to induce neuronal death and impaired brain function. The present study aims to study the synergistic effect of MA and Tat on cytokine synthesis in substantia nigra, striatal dopamine content, and behavioral performance in the rats. Although increased expression of cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) was observed in the substantia nigra in the rats receiving either MA or Tat alone, a combination of MA and Tat induced a larger and more sustained upregulation of cytokines. In the rats receiving either MA or Tat alone, significant loss in striatal dopamine content was found, which was further exacerbated in the rats receiving both MA and Tat. In the rats receiving either MA or Tat alone, significantly lower performance in the rotarod test and open-field test was observed, whereas the rats receiving both MA and Tat showed more sustained behavioral impairments. These results suggested that Tat protein synergized with MA to induce central neuroinflammation and impair the dopaminergic transmission, thus leading to sustained Parkinson's-like behavior.
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29
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Cass WA, Peters LE, Fletcher AM, Yurek DM. Calcitriol promotes augmented dopamine release in the lesioned striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1467-76. [PMID: 24858239 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) offer symptomatic relief but do not provide a cure or slow the disease process. Treatments that could halt progression of the disease or help restore function to damaged neurons would be of substantial benefit. Calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D, has been shown to have significant effects on the brain. These effects include upregulating trophic factor levels, and reducing the severity of some central nervous system lesions. While previous studies have shown that calcitriol can be neuroprotective in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rodent models of PD, the present experiments were designed to examine the ability of calcitriol to promote restoration of extracellular dopamine (DA) levels and tissue content of DA in animals previously lesioned with 6-OHDA. Male Fischer-344 rats were given a single injection of 12 µg 6-OHDA into the right striatum. Four weeks later the animals were administered vehicle or calcitriol (0.3 or 1.0 µg/kg, s.c.) once a day for eight consecutive days. Three weeks after the calcitriol treatments in vivo microdialysis experiments were conducted to measure potassium and amphetamine evoked overflow of DA from both the left and right striata. In control animals treated with 6-OHDA and vehicle there were significant reductions in both potassium and amphetamine evoked overflow of DA on the lesioned side of the brain compared to the contralateral side. In animals treated with 6-OHDA followed by calcitriol there was significantly greater potassium and amphetamine evoked overflow of DA from the lesioned striatum compared to that from the control animals. The calcitriol treatments also led to increases in postmortem tissue levels of DA in the striatum and substantia nigra. These results suggest that calcitriol may help promote recovery of dopaminergic functioning in injured nigrostriatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Cass
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, MN-225 Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA,
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30
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The longitudinal and interactive effects of HIV status, stimulant use, and host genotype upon neurocognitive functioning. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:243-57. [PMID: 24737013 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection and illicit stimulant use can adversely impact neurocognitive functioning, and these effects can be additive. However, significant variability exists such that as-of-yet unidentified exogenous and endogenous factors affect one's risk for neurocognitive impairment. Literature on both HIV and stimulant use indicates that host genetic variants in immunologic and dopamine-related genes are one such factor. In this study, the individual and interactive effects of HIV status, stimulant use, and genotype upon neurocognitive functioning were examined longitudinally over a 10-year period. Nine hundred fifty-two Caucasian HIV+ and HIV- cases from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study were included. All cases had at least two comprehensive neurocognitive evaluations between 1985 and 1995. Pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) data were examined in order to avoid the confounding effect of variable drug regimens. Linear mixed models were used, with neurocognitive domain scores as the outcome variables. No four-way interactions were found, indicating that HIV and stimulant use do not interact over time to affect neurocognitive functioning as a function of genotype. Multiple three-way interactions were found that involved genotype and HIV status. All immunologically related genes found to interact with HIV status affected neurocognitive functioning in the expected direction; however, only C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL3 affected HIV+ individuals specifically. Dopamine-related genetic variants generally affected HIV-negative individuals only. Neurocognitive functioning among HIV+ individuals who also used stimulants was not significantly different from those who did not use stimulants. The findings support the role of immunologically related genetic differences in CCL2 and CCL3 in neurocognitive functioning among HIV+ individuals; however, their impact is minor. Being consistent with findings from another cohort, dopamine (DA)-related genetic differences do not appear to impact the longitudinal neurocognitive functioning of HIV+ individuals.
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31
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Paris JJ, Carey AN, Shay CF, Gomes SM, He JJ, McLaughlin JP. Effects of conditional central expression of HIV-1 tat protein to potentiate cocaine-mediated psychostimulation and reward among male mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:380-8. [PMID: 23945478 PMCID: PMC3870789 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a major neuropathogenic factor associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV-1 Tat protein is known to synergize with psychostimulant drugs of abuse to cause neurotoxicity and exacerbate the progression of central nervous system pathology. However, the functional consequences of the interaction between HIV-1 Tat and abused drugs on behavior are little known. We tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 Tat expression in brain would modulate the psychostimulant effects of cocaine. Using the GT-tg bigenic mouse model, where brain-selective Tat expression is induced by activation of a doxycycline (Dox) promotor, we tested the effects of Tat on cocaine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) induced locomotion and conditioned place preference (CPP). Compared with uninduced littermates or C57BL/6J controls, cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion was sustained for a significantly longer duration among Tat-induced mice. Moreover, although all groups displayed similar saline-CPP, Tat-induced GT-tg mice demonstrated a three-fold increase in cocaine-CPP over the response of either uninduced littermates or Dox-treated C57BL/6J control mice. Induction of Tat also increased the magnitude of a previously established cocaine-CPP after an additional cycle of cocaine place-conditioning. Despite Tat-induced potentiation, extinction of place preference occurred within 21 days, commensurate with cocaine-extinction among saline-treated littermates and C57BL/6J controls. Re-exposure to cocaine produced reinstatement of an equivalent place preference in Tat-induced GT-tg or C57BL/6J mice; however, induction of Tat protein after the extinction of CPP also produced reinstatement without additional exposure to cocaine. Together, these data suggest that central HIV-1 Tat expression can potentiate the psychostimulant behavioral effects of cocaine in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Amanda N Carey
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychology, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Stacey M Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA, Tel: +772 345 4715, Fax: +772 345 3649, E-mail:
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Hauser KF, Knapp PE. Interactions of HIV and drugs of abuse: the importance of glia, neural progenitors, and host genetic factors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 118:231-313. [PMID: 25175867 PMCID: PMC4304845 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable insight has been gained into the comorbid, interactive effects of HIV and drug abuse in the brain using experimental models. This review, which considers opiates, methamphetamine, and cocaine, emphasizes the importance of host genetics and glial plasticity in driving the pathogenic neuron remodeling underlying neuro-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and drug abuse comorbidity. Clinical findings are less concordant than experimental work, and the response of individuals to HIV and to drug abuse can vary tremendously. Host-genetic variability is important in determining viral tropism, neuropathogenesis, drug responses, and addictive behavior. However, genetic differences alone cannot account for individual variability in the brain "connectome." Environment and experience are critical determinants in the evolution of synaptic circuitry throughout life. Neurons and glia both exercise control over determinants of synaptic plasticity that are disrupted by HIV and drug abuse. Perivascular macrophages, microglia, and to a lesser extent astroglia can harbor the infection. Uninfected bystanders, especially astroglia, propagate and amplify inflammatory signals. Drug abuse by itself derails neuronal and glial function, and the outcome of chronic exposure is maladaptive plasticity. The negative consequences of coexposure to HIV and drug abuse are determined by numerous factors including genetics, sex, age, and multidrug exposure. Glia and some neurons are generated throughout life, and their progenitors appear to be targets of HIV and opiates/psychostimulants. The chronic nature of HIV and drug abuse appears to result in sustained alterations in the maturation and fate of neural progenitors, which may affect the balance of glial populations within multiple brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Synergistic cooperation between methamphetamine and HIV-1 gsp120 through the P13K/Akt pathway induces IL-6 but not IL-8 expression in astrocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52060. [PMID: 23251686 PMCID: PMC3522628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 has been extensively studied for neurotoxic effects that have been attributed to the increased expression of various proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS. Recently we have shown that methamphetamine (MA) also increases expression of proinflammatory cytokines in astrocytes. However, combined effect of gp120 and MA is not known. The present study was undertaken to determine cumulative effect and the mechanism(s)/pathways involved in the functional interaction between gp120 and MA in SVGA astrocytes. Our results clearly suggest that gp120 and MA affect IL-6 but not IL-8 in a synergistic manner and this synergy was mediated by PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways. Inhibition of either of these pathways could abrogate the increased expression of IL-6 due to MA or gp120 alone, as well as the increased expression of IL-6 when the astrocytes were treated with both gp120 and MA. These results were confirmed by both, using chemical inhibitors/siRNA as well as western blotting. This study therefore provides novel information regarding the interaction between MA and gp120 in terms of the expression of IL-6 and the mechanisms underlying potential synergy between MA and gp120 in astrocytes.
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Abstract
HIV enters the brain during the early stages of initial infection and can result in a complicated array of diverse neurological dysfunctions. While neuronal injury and loss are at the heart of neurological decline and HIV-associated neuropathology, HIV does not productively infect neurons and the effects of HIV on neurons may be described as largely indirect. Viral proteins released from infected cells in the CNS are a well-characterized source of neuronal toxicity. Likewise, host-derived inflammatory cytokines and chemokines released from infected and/or activated glial cells can damage neurons, as well. Newly identified host-virus interactions and the current state of our knowledge regarding HIV-associated neuronal toxicity will be addressed in this review. Aspects of HIV-associated neurotoxic mechanisms, patterns of neuronal damage, viral effects on neurotrophic signaling, clade variations and comorbid substance abuse will be discussed. Recent advances in our understanding of the impact of HIV infection of the CNS on neuronal dysfunction and cell death will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kovalevich
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Education & Research Building, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5104, USA
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35
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Hauser KF, Fitting S, Dever SM, Podhaizer EM, Knapp PE. Opiate drug use and the pathophysiology of neuroAIDS. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:435-52. [PMID: 22591368 PMCID: PMC3431547 DOI: 10.2174/157016212802138779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Opiate abuse and HIV-1 have been described as interrelated epidemics, and even in the advent of combined anti-retroviral therapy, the additional abuse of opiates appears to result in greater neurologic and cognitive deficits. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to interactive opiate-HIV-1 effects, in part because of the unique responses of microglia and astroglia. Although neurons are principally responsible for behavior and cognition, HIV-1 infection and replication in the brain is largely limited to microglia, while astroglia and perhaps glial progenitors can be latently infected. Thus, neuronal dysfunction and injury result from cellular and viral toxins originating from HIV-1 infected/exposed glia. Importantly, subsets of glial cells including oligodendrocytes, as well as neurons, express µ-opioid receptors and therefore can be direct targets for heroin and morphine (the major metabolite of heroin in the CNS), which preferentially activate µ-opioid receptors. This review highlights findings that neuroAIDS is a glially driven disease, and that opiate abuse may act at multiple glial-cell types to further compromise neuron function and survival. The ongoing, reactive cross-talk between opiate drug and HIV-1 co-exposed microglia and astroglia appears to exacerbate critical proinflammatory and excitotoxic events leading to neuron dysfunction, injury, and potentially death. Opiates enhance synaptodendritic damage and a loss of synaptic connectivity, which is viewed as the substrate of cognitive deficits. We especially emphasize that opioid signaling and interactions with HIV-1 are contextual, differing among cell types, and even within subsets of the same cell type. For example, astroglia even within a single brain region are heterogeneous in their expression of µ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors, as well as CXCR4 and CCR5, and Toll-like receptors. Thus, defining the distinct targets engaged by opiates in each cell type, and among brain regions, is critical to an understanding of how opiate abuse exacerbates neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1217 East Marshall Street, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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Theodore S, Cass WA, Dwoskin LP, Maragos WF. HIV-1 protein Tat inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter-2 activity in rat striatum. Synapse 2012; 66:755-7. [PMID: 22517264 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaji Theodore
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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Methamphetamine activates nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and induces human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcription in human microglial cells. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:400-10. [PMID: 22618514 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) primarily infects glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence suggests that HIV-infected individuals who abuse drugs such as methamphetamine (METH) have higher viral loads and experience more severe neurological complications than HIV-infected individuals who do not abuse drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of METH on HIV expression from the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter and on an HIV integrated provirus in microglial cells, the primary host cells for HIV in the CNS. Primary human microglial cells immortalized with SV40 T antigen (CHME-5 cells) were cotransfected with an HIV LTR reporter and the HIV Tat gene, a key regulator of viral replication and gene expression, and exposed to METH. Our results demonstrate that METH treatment induced LTR activation, an effect potentiated in the presence of Tat. We also found that METH increased the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a key cellular transcriptional regulator of the LTR promoter, and the activity of an NF-κB-specific reporter plasmid in CHME-5 cells. The presence of a dominant-negative regulator of NF-κB blocked METH-related activation of the HIV LTR. Furthermore, treatment of HIV-latently infected CHME-5 (CHME-5/HIV) cells with METH induced HIV expression and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. These results suggest that METH can stimulate HIV gene expression in microglia cells through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. This mechanism may outline the initial biochemical events leading to the observed increased neurodegeneration in HIV-positive individuals who use METH.
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HIV-1 Tat protein decreases dopamine transporter cell surface expression and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function in rat striatal synaptosomes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:629-39. [PMID: 22570010 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) proteins interact as a biochemical complex to regulate dopaminergic neurotransmission. We have reported that HIV-1Tat(1-86) decreases the specific [(3)H]DA uptake and [(3)H]WIN 35,428 binding sites without a change in total DAT immunoreactivity in rat striatum (Zhu et al., 2009b). The present study determined the effects of Tat on DAT phosphorylation and trafficking, and vesicular [(3)H]DA uptake. Pre-incubation of rat striatal synaptosomes with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (1 μM) completely blocked Tat(1-86)-induced reduction of [(3)H]DA uptake, indicating that Tat regulates DAT function through a PKC-dependent mechanism. After exposure of synaptosomes to Tat(1-86) (1 μM), DAT immunoreactivity was decreased in plasma membrane enriched fractions (P3) and increased in vesicle-enriched fractions (P4) relative to controls without change in total synaptosomal fractions (P2), suggesting that Tat-induced inhibition of DA uptake is attributable to DAT internalization. Although both DAT and VMAT2 proteins are essential for the regulation of DA disposition in synapse and cytosol, Tat inhibited the specific [(3)H]DA uptake into vesicles (P4) and synaptosomes (P2) by 35 % and 26 %, respectively, inferring that the inhibitory effect of Tat was more profound in VMAT2 protein than in DAT protein. Taken together, the current study reveals that Tat inhibits DAT function through a PKC and trafficking-dependent mechanism and that Tat impacts the dopaminergic tone by regulating both DAT and VMAT2 proteins. These findings provide new insight into understanding the pharmacological mechanisms of HIV-1 viral protein-induced dysfunction of DA neurotransmission in HIV-infected patients.
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Schuster RM, Gonzalez R. Substance Abuse, Hepatitis C, and Aging in HIV: Common Cofactors that Contribute to Neurobehavioral Disturbances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2012:15-34. [PMID: 24014165 DOI: 10.2147/nbhiv.s17408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the prevalence of neurocognitive disturbances among individuals with HIV has decreased in recent years, rates of impairment still remain high. This review presents findings from comorbid conditions that may contribute to further neurocognitive impairments in this already vulnerable population. We will focus on three co-factors that have received substantial attention in the neuroAIDS literature: drug use, hepatitis C co-infection (HCV), and aging. All three conditions commonly co-occur with HIV and likely interact with HIV in complex ways. Collectively, the extant literature suggests that drug use, HCV, and aging serve to worsen the neurocognitive profile of HIV through several overlapping mechanisms. A better understanding of how specific comorbidities interact with HIV may reveal specific phenotypes of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder that may aid in the development of more targeted behavioral and pharmacological treatment efforts.
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Cass WA, Peters LE, Fletcher AM, Yurek DM. Evoked dopamine overflow is augmented in the striatum of calcitriol treated rats. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:186-91. [PMID: 22133428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D, has been shown to have significant effects on the brain. These actions include reducing the severity of some central nervous system lesions, possibly by upregulating trophic factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). GDNF has substantial effects on the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system of young adult, aged and lesioned animals. Thus, the administration of calcitriol may lead to significant effects on nigrostriatal DA neuron functioning. The present experiments were designed to examine the ability of calcitriol to alter striatal DA release, and striatal and nigral tissue levels of DA. Male Fischer-344 rats were administered vehicle or calcitriol (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 μg/kg, s.c.) once daily for eight consecutive days. Three weeks later in vivo microdialysis experiments were conducted to measure basal and stimulus evoked overflow of DA from the striatum. Basal levels of extracellular DA were not significantly affected by the calcitriol treatments. However, the 1.0 and 3.0 μg/kg doses of calcitriol led to increases in both potassium and amphetamine evoked overflow of striatal DA. Although post-mortem tissue levels of striatal DA were not altered by the calcitriol injections, nigral tissue levels of DA and its main metabolites were increased by both the 1.0 and 3.0 μg/kg doses of calcitriol. In a separate group of animals GDNF levels were augmented in the striatum and substantia nigra after eight consecutive daily injections of calcitriol. These results suggest that systemically administered calcitriol can upregulate dopaminergic release processes in the striatum and DA levels in the substantia nigra. Increases in the levels of endogenous GDNF following calcitriol treatment may in part be responsible for these changes. The ability of calcitriol to lead to augmented DA release in the striatum suggests that calcitriol may be beneficial in disease processes involving dopaminergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Cass
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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Methamphetamine toxicity and its implications during HIV-1 infection. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:401-15. [PMID: 21786077 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades methamphetamine (MA) abuse has seen a dramatic increase. The abuse of MA is particularly high in groups that are at higher risk for HIV-1 infection, especially men who have sex with men (MSM). This review is focused on MA toxicity in the CNS as well as in the periphery. In the CNS, MA toxicity is comprised of numerous effects, including, but not limited to, oxidative stress produced by dysregulation of the dopaminergic system, hyperthermia, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that these effects exacerbate the neurodegenerative damage caused by CNS infection of HIV perhaps because both MA and HIV target the frontostriatal regions of the brain. MA has also been demonstrated to increase viral load in the CNS of SIV-infected macaques. Using transgenic animal models, as well as cultured cells, the HIV proteins Tat and gp120 have been demonstrated to have neurotoxic properties that are aggravated by MA. In addition, MA has been shown to exhibit detrimental effects on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that have the potential to increase the probability of CNS infection by HIV. Although the effects of MA in the periphery have not been as extensively studied as have the effects on the CNS, recent reports demonstrate the potential effects of MA on HIV infection in the periphery including increased expression of HIV co-receptors and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Qi L, Gang L, Hang KW, Ling CH, Xiaofeng Z, Zhen L, Wai YD, Sang PW. Programmed neuronal cell death induced by HIV-1 tat and methamphetamine. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:1139-44. [PMID: 21563266 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are the two major types of programmed cell death (PCD) in neurons. Homeostatic autophagy often precedes apoptosis, and when apoptosis is blocked, the failure to keep homeostasis will lead to necrosis instead. It has been reported that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected methamphetamine (Meth) abusers represent greater neuropathological abnormalities than Meth abusers or HIV-positive non-Meth users. Recent publications suggest that Tat and Meth when administered together result in greater neuronal damage than when administered separately. However, the cellular events of the combined Tat-Meth effect have not yet been fully characterized. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Tat and/or Meth on apoptosis and autophagy to elucidate whether PCD was involved in Tat and/or Meth-induced neuronal damage. Annexin-V-FITC/PI staining assay was used to detect cellular apoptosis using a neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Cellular ultrastructural changes were observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Flow-cytometric data showed apoptosis following Meth treatment, and more extensive apoptosis with Tat + Meth treatment. The most important finding was that the autophagosome and/or multilamellar bodies (MLBs) were most pronounced with Tat + Meth treatment, were less so with Meth treatment, and infrequent with Tat treatment. This suggests the involvement of autophagy and apoptosis in Tat with Meth-elicited cell damage. However, the relation between apoptosis and autophagy remains unknown in this experiment. Further research is needed to analyze the relation among related molecules. A thorough understanding of this multifaceted relationship will be critical for the assessment of therapeutic modalities for patients with HIV with drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sasson Roads, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Midde NM, Gomez AM, Harrod SB, Zhu J. Genetically expressed HIV-1 viral proteins attenuate nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and alter mesocorticolimbic ERK and CREB signaling in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:587-97. [PMID: 21420997 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of tobacco smoking in HIV-1 positive individuals is 3-fold greater than that in the HIV-1 negative population; however, whether HIV-1 viral proteins and nicotine together produce molecular changes in mesolimbic structures that mediate psychomotor behavior has not been studied. This study determined whether HIV-1 viral proteins changed nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization in HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rats. Further, we examined cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). HIV-1Tg rats exhibited a transient decrease of activity during habituation, but showed attenuated nicotine (0.35mg/kg, s.c.)-induced behavioral sensitization compared to Fisher 344 (F344) rats. The basal levels of phosphorylated CREB and ERK2 were lower in the PFC of HIV-1Tg rats, but not in the NAc and VTA, relative to the controls. In the nicotine-treated groups, the levels of phosphorylated CREB and ERK2 in the PFC were increased in HIV-1Tg rats, but decreased in F344 animals. Moreover, repeated nicotine administration reduced phosphorylated ERK2 in the VTA of HIV-1Tg rats and in the NAc of F344 rats, but had no effect on phosphorylated CREB, indicating a region-specific change of intracellular signaling. These results demonstrate that HIV-1 viral proteins produce differences in basal and nicotine-induced alterations in CREB and ERK signaling that may contribute to the alteration in psychomotor sensitization. Thus, HIV-1 positive smokers are possibly more vulnerable to alterations in CREB and ERK signaling and this has implications for motivated behavior, including tobacco smoking, in HIV-1 positive individuals who self-administer nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M Midde
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Akundi RS, Huang Z, Eason J, Pandya JD, Zhi L, Cass WA, Sullivan PG, Büeler H. Increased mitochondrial calcium sensitivity and abnormal expression of innate immunity genes precede dopaminergic defects in Pink1-deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16038. [PMID: 21249202 PMCID: PMC3020954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is linked to recessive Parkinsonism (EOPD). Pink1 deletion results in impaired dopamine (DA) release and decreased mitochondrial respiration in the striatum of mice. To reveal additional mechanisms of Pink1-related dopaminergic dysfunction, we studied Ca2+ vulnerability of purified brain mitochondria, DA levels and metabolism and whether signaling pathways implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) display altered activity in the nigrostriatal system of Pink1−/− mice. Methods and Findings Purified brain mitochondria of Pink1−/− mice showed impaired Ca2+ storage capacity, resulting in increased Ca2+ induced mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) that was rescued by cyclosporine A. A subpopulation of neurons in the substantia nigra of Pink1−/− mice accumulated phospho-c-Jun, showing that Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity is increased. Pink1−/− mice 6 months and older displayed reduced DA levels associated with increased DA turnover. Moreover, Pink1−/− mice had increased levels of IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10 in the striatum after peripheral challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Pink1−/− embryonic fibroblasts showed decreased basal and inflammatory cytokine-induced nuclear factor kappa-β (NF-κB) activity. Quantitative transcriptional profiling in the striatum revealed that Pink1−/− mice differentially express genes that (i) are upregulated in animals with experimentally induced dopaminergic lesions, (ii) regulate innate immune responses and/or apoptosis and (iii) promote axonal regeneration and sprouting. Conclusions Increased mitochondrial Ca2+ sensitivity and JNK activity are early defects in Pink1−/− mice that precede reduced DA levels and abnormal DA homeostasis and may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in familial PD. Differential gene expression in the nigrostriatal system of Pink1−/− mice supports early dopaminergic dysfunction and shows that Pink1 deletion causes aberrant expression of genes that regulate innate immune responses. While some differentially expressed genes may mitigate neurodegeneration, increased LPS-induced brain cytokine expression and impaired cytokine-induced NF-κB activation may predispose neurons of Pink1−/− mice to inflammation and injury-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Akundi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Joshua Eason
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jignesh D. Pandya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lianteng Zhi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wayne A. Cass
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hansruedi Büeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Huitron-Resendiz S, Henriksen SJ, Barr MC, Testa MP, Crawford E, Parsons LH, Sanchez-Alavez M, Phillips TR. Methamphetamine and lentivirus interactions: reciprocal enhancement of central nervous system disease. J Neurovirol 2010; 16:268-78. [PMID: 20608774 DOI: 10.3109/13550284.2010.497807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Use of methamphetamine is increasingly a significant factor for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, for in certain populations, there is a convergence of methamphetamine abuse with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Methamphetamine and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are both individually neuropathogenic, and the neuropathology caused by these two agents occurs in overlapping brain regions. However, the biological interaction of methamphetamine with lentiviruses remains unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of simultaneous exposure of these two agents on disease progression using the feline immunodeficiency virus model. The study models the bingeing methamphetamine user with sequential and repeated episodes of use, which were interrupted by periods of abstinence. Methamphetamine exposure significantly accelerated and enhanced the severity of the feline immunodeficiency virus model-induced central nervous system functional pathology, as measured in delays in brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Reciprocally, feline immunodeficiency virus enhanced the severity of the methamphetamine-induced effects on brain monoamine neurotransmitter and dopamine transporter levels. The results of this study indicate that a dual potentiation occurred. That is, methamphetamine enhanced feline immunodeficiency virus model-induced central nervous system disease and feline immunodeficiency virus model enhanced the toxic effects of methamphetamine, heralding a significant concern for those individuals that are exposed to both agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Huitron-Resendiz
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Ferris MJ, Frederick-Duus D, Fadel J, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Hyperdopaminergic tone in HIV-1 protein treated rats and cocaine sensitization. J Neurochem 2010; 115:885-96. [PMID: 20796175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, one-third of infected individuals contracted Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) via injecting drugs with contaminated needles or through risky behaviors associated with drug use. Research demonstrates concomitant administration of psychostimulants and HIV-1-proteins damage neurons to a greater extent than viral proteins or the drug alone. To model the onset of HIV-1-infection in relation to a history of drug use, the current research compared behavior and extracellular dopamine and metabolite levels following Tat(1-86) infusions in animals with and without a history of cocaine (Coc) experience (10 mg/kg; i.p.; 1 injection/day × 9 days). Animals receiving a behaviorally sensitizing regimen of Coc demonstrated a decrease in extracellular dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens, consistent with evidence describing up-regulation of dopamine transporter uptake. Contrary to this effect, Tat(1-86) microinfusion into the nucleus accumbens following the sensitizing regimen of Coc caused a significant increase in extracellular dopamine levels (nM) within 48 h with no difference in percent of baseline response to Coc. After 72 h, Tat + Coc treated animals demonstrated a blunted effect on potassium-stimulated extracellular dopamine release (percent of baseline) with a corresponding decrease in expression of behavioral sensitization to Coc challenge. A persistent decrease in extracellular dopamine metabolite levels was found across all time-points in Tat-treated animals, regardless of experience with Coc. The current study provides evidence for divergent neurochemical and behavioral outcomes following Tat-treatment; contingent upon experience with Coc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ferris
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
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Cass WA, Peters LE. Neurturin protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced reductions in evoked dopamine overflow in rat striatum. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:540-6. [PMID: 20615442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurturin (NTN), a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, has substantial effects on normal and lesioned nigrostriatal dopamine systems. However, its ability to protect against toxin-induced loss of striatal dopamine release has not been previously reported. The goal of the present study was to determine if NTN could protect against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced reductions in striatal dopamine overflow and tissue levels of dopamine and to compare the effects of NTN with those of GDNF. Male Fischer-344 rats were given a single injection of vehicle, or 5 microg NTN or GDNF, into the right striatum. The following day the animals were given a single injection of 12 microg 6-OHDA into the striatum at the same site where the trophic factor was injected. Microdialysis experiments conducted three weeks later indicated that the 6-OHDA decreased basal levels of dopamine and metabolites in the lesioned striatum compared to the contralateral striatum, and NTN was able to partially protect against the 6-OHDA-induced reductions. Injection of NTN one day prior to 6-OHDA also led to significant protection against loss of both potassium- and amphetamine-evoked overflow of dopamine. The NTN treatments partially protected against 6-OHDA-induced reductions in striatal tissue levels of dopamine and completely protected against loss of nigral dopamine content. The protective effects of NTN were similar in magnitude to those of GDNF. These results support that within the experimental parameters used in this study, NTN is as effective as GDNF in protecting against the dopamine-depleting effects of intrastriatal 6-OHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Cass
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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Wang P, Niu L, Gao L, Li WX, Jia D, Wang XL, Gao GD. Neuroprotective Effect of Gypenosides against Oxidative Injury in the Substantia Nigra of a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:1084-92. [PMID: 20819446 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative injury has been implicated in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and gypenosides (GP), which are saponins with various bioactivities, have shown antioxidative effects in vitro. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of GP on a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. Acute administration of MPTP led to decreased glutathione content and reduced superoxide dismutase activity in the substantia nigra of the mice, which resulted in oxidative stress, loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and motor dysfunction. Co-treatment with GP attenuated all the injuries induced by MPTP in a dose-dependent manner. The neuroprotective effect of GP may be attributed to increased antioxidation, as manifested by significantly increased glutathione content and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity in the substantia nigra. These results strongly indicate the possible therapeutic potential of GP as an antioxidant in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - L Niu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - L Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - W-X Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - D Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - X-L Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
| | - G-D Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital
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Yamamoto BK, Moszczynska A, Gudelsky GA. Amphetamine toxicities: classical and emerging mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:101-21. [PMID: 20201848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The drugs of abuse, methamphetamine and MDMA, produce long-term decreases in markers of biogenic amine neurotransmission. These decreases have been traditionally linked to nerve terminals and are evident in a variety of species, including rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Recent studies indicate that the damage produced by these drugs may be more widespread than originally believed. Changes indicative of damage to cell bodies of biogenic and nonbiogenic amine-containing neurons in several brain areas and endothelial cells that make up the blood-brain barrier have been reported. The processes that mediate this damage involve not only oxidative stress but also include excitotoxic mechanisms, neuroinflammation, the ubiquitin proteasome system, as well as mitochondrial and neurotrophic factor dysfunction. These mechanisms also underlie the toxicity associated with chronic stress and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, both of which have been shown to augment the toxicity to methamphetamine. Overall, multiple mechanisms are involved and interact to promote neurotoxicity to methamphetamine and MDMA. Moreover, the high coincidence of substituted amphetamine abuse by humans with HIV and/or chronic stress exposure suggests a potential enhanced vulnerability of these individuals to the neurotoxic actions of the amphetamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA.
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Yurek DM, Fletcher AM, Peters LE, Cass WA. Strain difference in the up-regulation of FGF-2 protein following a neurotoxic lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:531-9. [PMID: 19921430 PMCID: PMC3032212 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway are known to induce a compensatory up-regulation of various neurotrophic factors. In this study we examined protein content of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in tissue samples taken from the ventral midbrain and striatum at two different time points following a neurotoxic lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway in two different rat strains, the outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) and inbred F344 9 Brown Norway F1 hybrid (F344BNF1). Despite both rat strains having comparable lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway, we observed a difference in the temporal up-regulation of FGF-2 in ventral midbrain samples taken from the side ipsilateral to the lesion. Basic FGF was significantly upregulated in ventral midbrain in SD rats 1 week post-lesion while we did not observe an up-regulation of FGF-2 in the lesioned ventral midbrain of F344BNF1 at this same time point. However, both strains showed a significant up-regulation of FGF-2 in the lesioned ventral midbrain 3 weeks post-lesion. Sprague-Dawley rats also appeared to be more sensitive to the lesion in terms of up-regulating FGF-2 expression. The differences reported here suggest currently unknown genetic differences between these two strains may be important factors for regulating the compensatory release of neurotrophic factors, such as FGF-2, in response to a neurotoxic lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Yurek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA.
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