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Perez MG, Suarez NG, Annabi B, Mateescu MA. Bioactive copper(II) agents and their potential involvement in the treatment of copper deficiency-related orphan diseases. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112334. [PMID: 37499466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The deregulation of copper homoeostasis can promote various diseases such as Menkes disease or hypertrophic cardioencephalomyopathy. We have recently synthesized solid copper(II) complexes ([Cu(His)2Cl2] and [Cu(Ser)2]), stable in physiological media and with potential as therapeutic agents. This report describes: i) the biocompatibility of these complexes at concentrations up to 100 μM using a differentiated Caco-2 cells model; ii) their transport across the intestinal epithelium using a transepithelial resistance assay and monitoring the amount of copper complexes at the apical and basolateral sides of the cells. The results suggest that the flow occurs through paracellular routes. The intracellular copper retention was <2.7% with no significant differences in intracellular copper content between 6 h and 48 h, suggesting an early copper retention process. Furthermore, this is the first evidence that demonstrates [Cu(His)2Cl2] and [Cu(Ser)2] induce transcriptional downregulation of the four major copper transporters (CTR1, DMT1, ATP7A, ATP7B), and the upregulation of the metallothionein gene expression. A remarkable finding was the increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity observed after the treatment of differentiated Caco-2 cells with copper(II) complexes at concentrations of 50-100 μM. The understanding of the transport mechanisms of these copper(II) complexes across the intestinal epithelium and of their subsequent biological activities could contribute to the development of optimal pharmaceutical formulations for the therapy of copper deficiency-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Gomez Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Center CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Narjara Gonzalez Suarez
- Department of Chemistry and Center CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Department of Chemistry and Center CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Mircea Alexandru Mateescu
- Department of Chemistry and Center CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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2
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Wu M, Wang C, Ke L, Chen D, Qin Y, Han J. Correlation between copper speciation and transport pathway in Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1895-1900. [PMID: 36287610 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that, in contrast to the properties of food-derived copper, water-derived copper exerts neurotoxic effects and exhibits different speciation during digestion. The cellular uptake efficiencies of different speciation of copper are distinct. However, it is unclear whether these different speciation share the same transport pathway in intestinal epithelial cells. In the present study, the intracellular accumulation of copper derived from copper ion and copper complex solutions was investigated in Caco-2 cells. RESULTS The cellular accumulation of copper derived from copper ions was higher than that of copper derived from the copper complex. Treatment with carboplatin and Ag+ , which are copper transporter receptor 1 (Ctr1, LC31A1) inhibitors, did not inhibit copper accumulation in Caco-2 cells, but inhibited copper accumulation in HepG2 cells. Zinc ion significantly decreased the intracellular copper content from 114 ± 7 μg g-1 protein to 88 ± 4 μg g-1 protein in the copper ion-treated Caco-2 cells, but not in the copper complex-treated Caco-2 cells (84.6 ± 14 μg g-1 protein versus 87.7 ± 20 μg g-1 protein, P > 0.05). Additionally, copper accumulation in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells significantly differed depending on different solvents (Hanks' balanced salt solution and NaNO3 , P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicate that the intracellular accumulation of copper derived from copper ion and copper complex is mediated by distinct copper transport pathways. Copper speciation may be an important factor that affects copper absorption and toxicity. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leqin Ke
- Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dewen Chen
- Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Qin
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Clarkson AH, Kendall NR. Comparison of X-ray absorption spectra from copper-loaded bovine and ovine livers. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 70:126910. [PMID: 34929614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper toxicity and hepatic copper accumulation pose a serious risk to ruminant health and production. Differences in the copper-handling mechanisms of cattle and sheep have been noted, not only in comparison to each other, but also in comparison to 'copper-tolerant' monogastric species. Ruminants appear less able to cope with rising liver copper concentration than monogastric counterparts, with sheep in general less able to cope with elevated copper intake than cattle. METHODS X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the differences between the livers of these species at high copper status. RESULTS The X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra indicated that the hepatic copper compound is most likely to be bound to metallothionein; consistent with monogastric species. CONCLUSION Although, most likely stored as copper-metallothionein, there may be a role for glutathione as a short-term, intermediate copper buffer which may have more relevance to sheep than cattle. The potential that thiomolybdate bound copper can be stored in the liver could not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Clarkson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - N R Kendall
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Liu Z, Wang M, Zhang C, Zhou S, Ji G. Molecular Functions of Ceruloplasmin in Metabolic Disease Pathology. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:695-711. [PMID: 35264864 PMCID: PMC8901420 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s346648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a multicopper oxidase and antioxidant that is mainly produced in the liver. CP not only plays a crucial role in the metabolic balance of copper and iron through its oxidase function but also exhibits antioxidant activity. In addition, CP is an acute-phase protein. In addition to being associated with aceruloplasminemia and neurodegenerative diseases such as Wilson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, CP also plays an important role in metabolic diseases, which are caused by metabolic disorders and vigorous metabolism, mainly including diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, etc. Based on the physiological functions of CP, we provide an overview of the association of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, CP oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolism of copper and iron. Studies have shown that metabolic diseases are closely related to systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and disorders of copper and iron metabolism. Therefore, we conclude that CP, which can reduce the formation of free radicals in tissues, can be induced during inflammation and infection, and can correct the metabolic disorder of copper and iron, has protective and diagnostic effects on metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shigao Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guang Ji, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18156416071, Fax +86 21-64385700, Email
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Chandrapalan T, Kwong RWM. Functional significance and physiological regulation of essential trace metals in fish. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273675. [PMID: 34882772 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese play essential roles in various biological processes in fish, including development, energy metabolism and immune response. At embryonic stages, fish obtain essential metals primarily from the yolk, whereas in later life stages (i.e. juvenile and adult), the gastrointestine and the gill are the major sites for the acquisition of trace metals. On a molecular level, the absorption of metals is thought to occur at least in part via specific metal ion transporters, including the divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), copper transporter-1 (CTR1), and Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIP). A variety of other proteins are also involved in maintaining cellular and systemic metal homeostasis. Interestingly, the expression and function of these metal transport- and metabolism-related proteins can be influenced by a range of trace metals and major ions. Increasing evidence also demonstrates an interplay between the gastrointestine and the gill for the regulation of trace metal absorption. Therefore, there is a complex network of regulatory and compensatory mechanisms involved in maintaining trace metal balance. Yet, an array of factors is known to influence metal metabolism in fish, such as hormonal status and environmental changes. In this Review, we summarize the physiological significance of iron, copper, zinc and manganese, and discuss the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying transepithelial metal ion transport, metal-metal interactions, and cellular and systemic handling of these metals in fish. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps in the regulation of metal homeostasis and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Clarkson AH, Paine SW, Kendall NR. Evaluation of the solubility of a range of copper sources and the effects of iron & sulphur on copper solubility under rumen simulated conditions. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126815. [PMID: 34333361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antagonisms exist in vivo which inhibit copper bioavailability in ruminants. Although the antagonism between iron, sulphur and copper has been well observed in vivo in practice the mechanism by which it acts has not yet been elucidated, nor the compound it creates identified. This results in problems when trying to optimise supplementation to prevent the interaction from occurring or provide a copper source which is able to negate its effects. This work aims to establish if the antagonism between sulphur, iron and copper could be elicited under in vitro rumen replicated conditions and using a range of copper sources to investigate any differences in their participation in the interaction. METHODS Rumen simulated conditions were used to test solubility as a proxy for bioavailability of different copper sources. Sources from ionic, hydroxy and organic compounds were tested in de-ionised water and warmed, strained rumen fluid which mimicked duration, agitation, temperature and pH of the rumen. RESULTS All copper sources were less soluble in rumen fluid than in de-ionised water. The addition of sulphide, alone or as part of a sulphur mix with sulphate produced a pronounced reduction in solubility on each of the copper sources. The most soluble were the greatest affected. CONCLUSION There was no indication that an in insoluble compound containing copper and iron was formed under these conditions. The intricacy of the in vivo rumen is required to elicit the reaction between copper, iron and sulphur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Clarkson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Stuart W Paine
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nigel R Kendall
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Copper physiology in ruminants: trafficking of systemic copper, adaptations to variation in nutritional supply and thiomolybdate challenge. Nutr Res Rev 2019; 33:43-49. [PMID: 31533870 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ruminants are recognised to suffer from Cu-responsive disorders. Present understanding of Cu transport and metabolism is limited and inconsistent across vets and veterinary professionals. There has been much progress from the studies of the 1980s and early 1990s in cellular Cu transport and liver metabolism which has not been translated into agricultural practice. Cu metabolism operates in regulated pathways of Cu trafficking rather than in pools of Cu lability. Cu in the cell is chaperoned to enzyme production, retention within metallothionein or excretion via the Golgi into the blood. The hepatocyte differs in that Cu-containing caeruloplasmin can be synthesised to provide systemic Cu supply and excess Cu is excreted via bile. The aim of the present review is to improve understanding and highlight the relevant progress in relation to ruminants through the translation of newer findings from medicine and non-ruminant animal models into ruminants.
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Wang B, Wang XP. Does Ceruloplasmin Defend Against Neurodegenerative Diseases? Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:539-549. [PMID: 29737252 PMCID: PMC6712297 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180508113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is the major copper transport protein in plasma, mainly produced by the liver. Glyco-sylphosphatidylinositol-linked CP (GPI-CP) is the predominant form expressed in astrocytes of the brain. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that CP is an essential protein in the body with multiple functions such as regulating the home-ostasis of copper and iron ions, ferroxidase activity, oxidizing organic amines, and preventing the formation of free radicals. In addition, as an acute-phase protein, CP is induced during inflammation and infection. The fact that patients with genetic disorder aceruloplasminemia do not suffer from tissue copper deficiency, but rather from disruptions in iron metabolism shows essential roles of CP in iron metabolism rather than copper. Furthermore, abnormal metabolism of metal ions and ox-idative stress are found in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Brain iron accumulation and decreased activity of CP have been shown to be associated with neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that CP may play a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron accumulation is a cause or a result of neurodegeneration remains unclear. Further research on molecular mechanisms is required before a con-sensus can be reached regarding a neuroprotective role for CP in neurodegeneration. This review article summarizes
the main physiological functions of CP and the current knowledge of its role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Department of Neurology Baoshan Branch, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, 200940, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tong- Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
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9
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Copper-induced non-monotonic dose response in Caco-2 cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:221-225. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Wang X, Flores SRL, Ha JH, Doguer C, Woloshun RR, Xiang P, Grosche A, Vidyasagar S, Collins JF. Intestinal DMT1 Is Essential for Optimal Assimilation of Dietary Copper in Male and Female Mice with Iron-Deficiency Anemia. J Nutr 2018; 148:1244-1252. [PMID: 30137476 PMCID: PMC6074787 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Divalent metal-ion transporter 1 (DMT1) may transport copper, but studies to date on this topic have been equivocal. Previously, an ex vivo experiment showed that intestinal copper transport was impaired in Dmt1-mutant Belgrade rats. Objective In this study, we tested the hypothesis that intestinal DMT1 transports copper in vivo. Methods Intestine-specific Dmt1 knockout (Dmt1int/int) mice and normal (control) littermates (Dmt1fl/fl) were used. In study 1, intestinal copper absorption was assessed in 7-wk-old mice of both sexes and genotypes by oral-intragastric gavage of 64Cu under normal and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) conditions. In study 2, both sexes and genotypes of 8-wk-old mice were fed diets with adequate iron concentrations [72 parts per million (ppm)] plus adequate (9 ppm) or excessive (183 ppm) copper concentrations for 4 wk. Iron- and copper-related physiologic variables were subsequently assessed. Results Study 1 showed that intestinal copper transport was enhanced in normal (∼11% increase in males, 35% in females) and anemic (∼42% increase in males, 35% in females) Dmt1int/int mice. Study 2 showed that, with adequate copper intakes, serum ceruloplasmin (Cp) activity was decreased (by ∼29% in males and 20% in females) and spleens were enlarged (by 3-fold in both sexes) in Dmt1int/int mice. Higher dietary copper increased hepatic copper concentrations (by ∼3.3-fold in males and 1.5-fold in females), restored serum Cp activity, and mitigated the noted splenomegaly in Dmt1int/int mice. Conclusions Copper homeostasis was disrupted in Dmt1int/int mice, particularly during IDA, despite the noted increases in intestinal copper transport. This was exemplified by the fact that extra dietary copper was required to restore serum Cp activity (a biomarker of copper status) and reduce the severity of the noted splenomegaly (which could reflect changes in erythropoietic demand) in Dmt1int/int mice. Collectively, these observations show that intestinal DMT1 is essential for the assimilation of sufficient quantities of dietary copper to maintain systemic copper homeostasis during IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Shireen RL Flores
- Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Caglar Doguer
- Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Regina R Woloshun
- Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ping Xiang
- Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Astrid Grosche
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - James F Collins
- Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,Address correspondence to JFC (e-mail: )
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Cheng J, Luo Z, Chen GH, Wei CC, Zhuo MQ. Identification of eight copper (Cu) uptake related genes from yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and their tissue expression and transcriptional responses to dietborne Cu exposure. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:256-265. [PMID: 28965584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present working hypothesis is that absorption of dietary Cu is related to mRNA expressions of genes involved in Cu uptake and transport of the intestine in fish. To this end, the full-length cDNA sequences of eight Cu uptake related genes, including two isoforms of copper transporter genes (ctr1 and ctr2), three copper chaperone genes (atox1, ccs and cox17), two Cu-ATPase genes (atp7a and atp7b) and divalent metal ion transporter 1 (dmt1), were cloned and characterized in yellow catfish P. fulvidraco, respectively. Their mRNA tissue expression and transcriptional responses to dietborne Cu exposure were investigated. Compared to the corresponding members of mammals, all of these members in P. fulvidraco shared the similar conserved domain structures. Their mRNAs were expressed in a wide range of tissues (including liver, muscle, spleen, brain, gill, intestine, heart and kidney), but at variable levels. In anterior intestine, mRNA levels of ctr1, cox17, dmt1 and atp7a declined with increasing dietary Cu levels. The mRNA levels of ctr2 and mt were the highest for excess dietary Cu group and showed no significant differences between other two treatments. Atox1 mRNA levels were the highest for Cu-deficient group and showed no significant differences between other two treatments. The mRNA levels of ccs were the highest for Cu-deficient group, followed by Cu-excess group and the lowest for adequate-Cu group. In contrast, atp7b mRNA levels were the highest for Cu-excess group and the lowest for adequate Cu group. In the mid-intestine, mRNA levels of ctr1, ctr2, atox1, ccs, cox17, dmt1 and atp7a declined with increasing dietary Cu levels. Atp7b mRNA levels were the lowest for adequate Cu group and showed no significant differences between other two treatments. Mt mRNA levels were the lowest for adequate Cu group and highest for Cu-excess group. For the first time, our study cloned and characterized ctr1, ctr2, atox1, ccs, cox17, atp7a, atp7b and dmt1 genes in P. fulvidraco and determined their tissue-specific expression, and transcriptional responses in the anterior and mid-intestine of yellow catfish under dietborne Cu exposure, which shed new light on the Cu uptake system and help to understand the molecular mechanisms of Cu homeostasis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.China, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.China, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.China, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuan-Chuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.China, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mei-Qin Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.China, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Chen F, Luo Z, Fan YF, Wu K, Pan YX, Liu X, Zhang LH, Song YF. Five metal elements homeostasis-related genes in Synechogobius hasta: Molecular characterization, tissue expression and transcriptional response to Cu and Fe exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:392-402. [PMID: 27323292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two isoforms of Cu transporter (CTR1 and CTR2) and metallothionein (MT1 and MT2), and divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) were cloned and characterized in Synechogobius hasta, respectively. The protein sequences of S. hasta CTRs possessed two methionine-rich regions (MxM and MxxxM) and three transmembrane regions. At the C-terminus, CTR1 contained a sequence of conserved cysteine and histidine residues (HCH), while CTR2 did not contain the conserved sequence. The protein sequence of S. hasta DMT1 possessed all the characteristic features of DMT1, including twelve conserved hydrophobic cores of transmembrane domains. The protein sequences of S. hasta MTs were highly conserved in the total number of cysteine residues and their locations. mRNA of the five genes were expressed in a wide range of tissues but the levels were relatively higher in the liver. Cu exposure tended to up-regulate the mRNA expressions of CTR2, DMT1, MT1 and MT2. However, Fe down-regulated the Cu-induced increase of CTR2 and DMT1 mRNA levels. For the first time, our study cloned and characterized CTR1, CTR2, DMT1, MT1 and MT2 genes in S. hasta and determined their tissue-specific expression, and also the transcriptional change by Cu and Fe exposure, which shed new light on the CuFe relationship and help to understand the basic mechanisms of Cu and Fe homeostasis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, China.
| | - Yao-Fang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Postgraduate Research Base, Panjin Guanghe Fishery Co. Ltd., Panjin 124200, China
| | - Li-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu-Feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Olivares M, Figueroa C, Pizarro F. Acute Copper and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Inhibits Non-heme Iron Absorption in Humans. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:315-319. [PMID: 26715577 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to determine the effect of copper (Cu) plus the reducing agent ascorbic acid (AA) on the absorption of non-heme iron (Fe). Experimental study with block design in which each subject was his own control. After signing an informed consent, 14 adult women using an effective method of contraception and negative pregnancy test received 0.5 mg Fe, as ferrous sulfate, alone or with Cu, as copper sulfate, plus ascorbic acid (AA/Cu 2/1 molar ratio) at 4/1; 6/1 and 8/1 Cu/Fe molar ratios as an aqueous solution on days 1, 2, 14, and 15 of the study. Fe absorption was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of iron radioisotopes (55)Fe and (59)Fe. Geometric mean (range ± SD) absorption of Fe at 4/1 and 6/1 Cu/Fe molar ratios (and AA/Cu 2/1 molar ratio) and Fe alone was 57.4 % (35.7-92.1 %), 64.2 % (45.8-89.9 %), and 38.8 % (20.4-73.8 %), respectively (ANOVA for repeated measures p < 0.001; post hoc test Scheffé, p < 0.05). This is attributable to the enhancing effect of AA on non-heme Fe absorption; however, Fe absorption at Cu/Fe 8/1 molar ratio was 47.3 % (27.7-80.8) (p = NS compared with Fe alone). It was expected that Fe absorption would have been equal or greater than at 4/1 and 6/1 molar ratios. Copper in the presence of ascorbic acid inhibits non-heme Fe absorption at Cu/Fe 8/1 molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Olivares
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Constanza Figueroa
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Pizarro
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Chen F, Huang C, Luo Z, Shi X, Liu X, Fan YF, Pan YX. Fe reduced hepatic lipid deposition in Synechogobius hasta exposed to waterborne Cu. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 174:134-145. [PMID: 26945540 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences suggested that Fe influenced Cu metabolism in vertebrates. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that Fe could alleviate Cu-induced change of lipid deposition in the fish species. Synechogobius hasta were exposed to 0, 0.606 and 1.212μM Cu, in combination with 0 and 1.128μM Fe, respectively. Sampling occurred on day 28 and day 56, respectively. Growth performance, hepatic lipid deposition, Fe and Cu level, and activities and mRNA expression of enzymes and genes involved in lipid metabolism were analyzed. Fe addition in water improved survival in S. hasta exposed to the highest waterborne Cu concentration on day 56. Fe addition also increased hepatic Fe content both at day 28 and day 56, and reduced hepatic Cu content. Fe exposure tended to reduce the activities and mRNA expressions of lipogenic enzymes and genes (G6PD and FAS), and up-regulated the mRNA expression of ATGL. With the same Cu concentration, Fe addition tended to down-regulate mRNA levels of SREBP-1 and PPARγ, and up-regulate PPARα mRNA level on day 28. However, on day 56, the mRNA levels of SREBP-1, PPARγ and PPARα are very variable and not related with waterborne Fe addition. Some correlative relationship was observed between the mRNA of transcriptional factors, and the activities of enzymes and the mRNA expression of genes encoding them, implying their transcription regulation of these enzymatic genes by transcriptional factors after Fe addition. Overall, Fe addition mitigated Cu-induced changes of lipid deposition in fish by down-regulation of lipogenesis and up-regulation of lipolysis. Different response patterns of these enzyme activities and gene expressions in the liver of S. hasta following waterborne Fe exposure indicated that Fe effects on Cu-induced change of lipid metabolism are time-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, China.
| | - Xi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Postgraduate Research Base, Panjin Guanghe Fishery Co. Ltd., Panjin 124200, China
| | - Yao-Fang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Wolff NA, Garrick LM, Zhao L, Garrick MD, Thévenod F. Mitochondria represent another locale for the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Channels (Austin) 2015; 8:458-66. [PMID: 25483589 DOI: 10.4161/19336950.2014.956564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The divalent metal transporter (DMT1) is well known for its roles in duodenal iron absorption across the apical enterocyte membrane, in iron efflux from the endosome during transferrin-dependent cellular iron acquisition, as well as in uptake of non-transferrin bound iron in many cells. Recently, using multiple approaches, we have obtained evidence that the mitochondrial outer membrane is another subcellular locale of DMT1 expression. While iron is of vital importance for mitochondrial energy metabolism, its delivery is likely to be tightly controlled due to iron's damaging redox properties. Here we provide additional support for a role of DMT1 in mitochondrial iron acquisition by immunofluorescence colocalization with mitochondrial markers in cells and isolated mitochondria, as well as flow cytometric quantification of DMT1-positive mitochondria from an inducible expression system. Physiological consequences of mitochondrial DMT1 expression are discussed also in consideration of other DMT1 substrates, such as manganese, relevant to mitochondrial antioxidant defense.
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Key Words
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- COXII, cytochrome C oxidase subunit II
- DMT1, divalent metal transporter 1
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney cells
- IRE, iron responsive element
- Lamp1, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1
- MRB, Mitochondrial Resuspending Buffer
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- Tf, transferrin
- Tom6/Tom20, translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 6 kDa subunit homolog/20 kDa subunit, respectively
- VDAC1, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1
- divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)
- flow cytometry
- immunofluorescence microscopy
- iron transport
- mitochondrial outer membrane
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha A Wolff
- a Institute of Physiology; Pathophysiology & Toxicology ; University of Witten/Herdecke ; Witten , Germany
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16
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Jing M, Liu R, Yan W, Tan X, Chen Y. Investigations on the effects of Cu(2+) on the structure and function of human serum albumin. LUMINESCENCE 2015; 31:557-564. [PMID: 26250799 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most prominent protein in blood plasma with important physiological functions. Although copper is an essential metal for all organisms, the massive utilization of copper has led to concerns regarding its potential health impact. To better understand the potential toxicity and toxic mechanisms of Cu(2+), it is of vital importance to characterize the interaction of Cu(2+) with HSA. The effect of Cu(2+) on the structure and function of HSA in vitro were investigated by biophysical methods including fluorescence techniques, circular dichroism (CD), time-resolved measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), molecular simulations and esterase activity assay. Multi-spectroscopic measurements proved that Cu(2+) quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA in a dynamic process accompanied by the formation of complex and alteration of secondary structure. But the Cu(2+) had minimal effect on the backbone and secondary structure of HSA at relatively low concentrations. The ITC results indicated Cu(2+) interacted with HSA spontaneously through hydrophobic forces with approximately 1 thermodynamic identical binding sites at 298 K. The esterase activity of HSA was inhibited obviously at the concentration of 8 × 10(-5) M. However, molecular simulation showed that Cu(2+) mainly interacted with the amino acid residues Asp (451) by the electrostatic force. Thus, we speculated the interaction between Cu(2+) and HSA might induce microenvironment of the active site (Arg 410). This study has provided a novel idea to explore the biological toxicity of Cu(2+) at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Jing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China -America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China -America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenbao Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China -America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xuejie Tan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250353, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Lin C, Zhang Z, Wang T, Chen C, James Kang Y. Copper uptake by DMT1: a compensatory mechanism for CTR1 deficiency in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Metallomics 2015; 7:1285-9. [PMID: 26067577 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper transport 1 (CTR1) plays a critical role in copper uptake by cells, but several studies demonstrated that divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) also transports copper in some cells and under certain circumstances. The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between CTR1 and DMT1 in copper uptake. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to increasing concentrations of extracellular copper in cultures, leading to increased accumulation of copper in cells proportional to concentrations of extracellular copper. However, CTR1 proteins decreased in relation to the increase in copper concentrations, and DMT1 increased inversely correlating to the decrease in CTR1. Gene silencing of either CTR1 or DMT1 did not affect copper accumulation in cells, but deficiency in both CTR1 and DMT1 resulted in a complete inhibition of copper uptake. This study thus demonstrates that DMT1 imports copper under the condition of CTR1 deficiency, and vice versa. Therefore, CTR1 and DMT1 would compensate for each other for copper uptake in mammalian cells, although different types of cells may use either one as a predominant copper importer under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
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18
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Gulec S, Anderson GJ, Collins JF. Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G397-409. [PMID: 24994858 PMCID: PMC4137115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace mineral that plays a number of important physiological roles in humans, including oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Iron absorption by the proximal small bowel is a critical checkpoint in the maintenance of whole-body iron levels since, unlike most other essential nutrients, no regulated excretory systems exist for iron in humans. Maintaining proper iron levels is critical to avoid the adverse physiological consequences of either low or high tissue iron concentrations, as commonly occurs in iron-deficiency anemia and hereditary hemochromatosis, respectively. Exquisite regulatory mechanisms have thus evolved to modulate how much iron is acquired from the diet. Systemic sensing of iron levels is accomplished by a network of molecules that regulate transcription of the HAMP gene in hepatocytes, thus modulating levels of the serum-borne, iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin decreases intestinal iron absorption by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 on the basolateral surface of duodenal enterocytes, causing its internalization and degradation. Mucosal regulation of iron transport also occurs during low-iron states, via transcriptional (by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α) and posttranscriptional (by the iron-sensing iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element system) mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrated that these regulatory loops function in tandem to control expression or activity of key modulators of iron homeostasis. In health, body iron levels are maintained at appropriate levels; however, in several inherited disorders and in other pathophysiological states, iron sensing is perturbed and intestinal iron absorption is dysregulated. The iron-related phenotypes of these diseases exemplify the necessity of precisely regulating iron absorption to meet body demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Gulec
- 1Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | | | - James F. Collins
- 1Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
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19
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Gao C, Zhu L, Zhu F, Sun J, Zhu Z. Effects of different sources of copper on Ctr1, ATP7A, ATP7B, MT and DMT1 protein and gene expression in Caco-2 cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:344-50. [PMID: 24815816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper sulfate (CuSO4), micron copper oxide (micron CuO) and nano copper oxide (nano CuO) at different concentrations were, respectively, added to culture media containing Caco-2 cells and their effects on Ctr1, ATP7A/7B, MT and DMT1 gene expression and protein expression were investigated and compared. The results showed that nano CuO promoted mRNA expression of Ctr1 in Caco-2 cells, and the difference was significant compared with micron CuO and CuSO4. Nano CuO was more effective in promoting the expression of Ctr1 protein than CuSO4 and micron CuO at the same concentration. Nano CuO at a concentration of 62.5 μM increased the mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and ATP7B, and the difference was significant compared with CuSO4. The addition of CuSO4 and nano CuO to the culture media promoted the expression of ATP7B proteins. CuSO4 at a concentration of 125 μM increased the mRNA expression level of MT in Caco-2 cells, and the difference was significant compared with nano CuO and micron CuO. Nano CuO at a concentration of 62.5 μM inhibited the mRNA expression of DMT1, and the difference was significant compared with CuSO4 and micron CuO. Thus, the effects of CuSO4, micron CuO and nano CuO on the expression of copper transport proteins and the genes encoding these proteins differed considerably. Nano CuO has a different uptake and transport mechanism in Caco-2 cells to those of CuSO4 and micron CuO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Agriculture, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Lianqin Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Fenghua Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jinquan Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Zuxian Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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20
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López de Romaña D, Olivares M, Uauy R, Araya M. Risiken und Nutzen von Kupfer im Licht neuer Erkenntnisse zur Kupferhomöostase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.permed.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Freestone D, Cater MA, Ackland ML, Paterson D, Howard DL, de Jonge MD, Michalczyk A. Copper and lactational hormones influence the CTR1 copper transporter in PMC42-LA mammary epithelial cell culture models. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:377-87. [PMID: 24485600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adequate amounts of copper in milk are critical for normal neonatal development, however the mechanisms regulating copper supply to milk have not been clearly defined. PMC42-LA cell cultures representative of resting, lactating and suckled mammary epithelia were used to investigate the regulation of the copper uptake protein, CTR1. Both the degree of mammary epithelial differentiation (functionality) and extracellular copper concentration greatly impacted upon CTR1 expression and its plasma membrane association. In all three models (resting, lactating and suckling) there was an inverse correlation between extracellular copper concentration and the level of CTR1. Cell surface biotinylation studies demonstrated that as extracellular copper concentration increased membrane associated CTR1 was reduced. There was a significant increase in CTR1 expression (total and membrane associated) in the suckled gland model in comparison to the resting gland model, across all copper concentrations investigated (0-50 μM). Regulation of CTR1 expression was entirely post-translational, as quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed no change to CTR1 mRNA between all models and culture conditions. X-ray fluorescence microscopy on the differentiated PMC42-LA models revealed that organoid structures distinctively accumulated copper. Furthermore, as PMC42-LA cell cultures became progressively more specialised, successively more copper accumulated in organoids (resting<lactating<suckling), indicating a link between function and copper requirement. Based on previous data showing a function for CTR1 in copper uptake, we have concluded that under the influence of hormones and increased extracellular copper levels, CTR1 participates in uptake of copper by mammary epithelial cells, as a prerequisite for secretion of copper into milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Freestone
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Michael A Cater
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3121, Australia; Department of Pathology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M Leigh Ackland
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - David Paterson
- Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria 3068, Australia
| | - Daryl L Howard
- Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria 3068, Australia
| | | | - Agnes Michalczyk
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3121, Australia.
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22
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Tinkov AA, Polyakova VS, Nikonorov AA. Chronic administration of iron and copper potentiates adipogenic effect of high fat diet in Wistar rats. Biometals 2013; 26:447-63. [PMID: 23657865 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this research project is explore a possible adipogenic effect of iron and/or copper in albino Wistar rats kept on standard (STD) and high-fat (HFD) diets. The female Wistar rats in the study were divided into eight experimental groups (n = 6). Rats maintained on STD and HFD received 3 mg/l FeSO₄∙7H₂O, 4.88 mg/l CuSO₄ and a combination of 1.5 mg/l FeSO₄∙7H₂O and 2.44 mg/l CuSO₄ with drinking water. Control groups were kept on STD and HFD and received pure water without metal salts. Consumption of iron and copper in the groups of rats maintained on an STD did not produce a significant increase in weight, adipose tissue content or body mass index. However, the adipocyte size and infiltration were increased in the adipose tissue of STD-fed rats receiving a mixture of iron and copper with drinking water. The rats fed iron and copper and, especially, their combination on a HFD background had a significantly higher weight gain, adipose tissue content, morphometric parameters values and adipocyte size compared to STD- and HFD-fed controls. Iron and copper consumption produced their accumulation in the rats' adipose tissue. Moreover, the studied metals reduced adipose tissue concentration of chromium and vanadium. The lipoprotein profile and serum oxidative stress biomarkers were affected in the rats receiving the metals and STD. Hyperglycemia was observed in the rats receiving the studied metals on HFD-background. Based on the analysis of the test subjects, the study suggests that iron and copper administration, especially combined, may potentiate adipogenic effect of HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Tinkov
- Department of Biochemistry, Orenburg State Medical Academy, Orenburg, Russia.
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23
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Skjørringe T, Møller LB, Moos T. Impairment of interrelated iron- and copper homeostatic mechanisms in brain contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:169. [PMID: 23055972 PMCID: PMC3456798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron and copper are important co-factors for a number of enzymes in the brain, including enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and myelin formation. Both shortage and an excess of iron or copper will affect the brain. The transport of iron and copper into the brain from the circulation is strictly regulated, and concordantly protective barriers, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCB) have evolved to separate the brain environment from the circulation. The uptake mechanisms of the two metals interact. Both iron deficiency and overload lead to altered copper homeostasis in the brain. Similarly, changes in dietary copper affect the brain iron homeostasis. Moreover, the uptake routes of iron and copper overlap each other which affect the interplay between the concentrations of the two metals in the brain. The divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) is involved in the uptake of both iron and copper. Furthermore, copper is an essential co-factor in numerous proteins that are vital for iron homeostasis and affects the binding of iron-response proteins to iron-response elements in the mRNA of the transferrin receptor, DMT1, and ferroportin, all highly involved in iron transport. Iron and copper are mainly taken up at the BBB, but the BCB also plays a vital role in the homeostasis of the two metals, in terms of sequestering, uptake, and efflux of iron and copper from the brain. Inside the brain, iron and copper are taken up by neurons and glia cells that express various transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Skjørringe
- Section of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Institute of Medicine and Health Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark ; Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Kennedy Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Pourvali K, Matak P, Latunde-Dada GO, Solomou S, Mastrogiannaki M, Peyssonnaux C, Sharp PA. Basal expression of copper transporter 1 in intestinal epithelial cells is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2423-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Chen DB, Feng L, Lin XP, Zhang W, Li FR, Liang XL, Li XH. Penicillamine increases free copper and enhances oxidative stress in the brain of toxic milk mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37709. [PMID: 22629446 PMCID: PMC3357430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is characterized by the accumulation of copper arising from a mutation in the ATP7B gene. Penicillamine (PA) makes 10–50% of the patients with neurologic symptoms neurologically worse at the early stage of administration. The aim of this study was to determine how the copper metabolism changes and whether the change impairs the brain of toxic milk (tx) mice, an animal model of WD, during the PA administration. The free copper and protein-bound copper concentrations in the serum, cortex and basal ganglia of tx mice with PA administration for 3 days, 10 days and 14 days, respectively, were investigated. The expression of copper transporters, ATP7A and CTR1,was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence and Western blot. Then SOD, MDA and GSH/GSSG were detected to determine whether the oxidative stress changed correspondingly. The results revealed the elevated free copper concentrations in the serum and brain, and declined protein-bound copper concentrations in the brain of tx mice during PA administration. Meanwhile, transiently increased expression of ATP7A and CTR1 was observed generally in the brain parenchyma by immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Additionally, ATP7A and CTR1 were observed to locate mainly at Golgi apparatus and cellular membrane respectively. Intense staining of ATP7A in the choroid plexus was found in tx mice on the 3rd and 10th day of PA treatment, but rare staining of ATP7A and CTR1 in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Decreased GSH/GSSG and increased MDA concentrations were also viewed in the cortex and basal ganglia. Our results suggested the elevated free copper concentrations in the brain might lead to the enhanced oxidative stress during PA administration. The increased free copper in the brain might come from the copper mobilized from brain parenchyma cells but not from the serum according to the ATP7A and CTR1 expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Bang Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Pu Lin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Rong Li
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Liang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Urso E, Manno D, Serra A, Buccolieri A, Rizzello A, Danieli A, Acierno R, Salvato B, Maffia M. Role of the Cellular Prion Protein in the Neuron Adaptation Strategy to Copper Deficiency. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:989-1001. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nevitt T, Ohrvik H, Thiele DJ. Charting the travels of copper in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1580-93. [PMID: 22387373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, all organisms have harnessed the redox properties of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) as a cofactor or structural determinant of proteins that perform critical functions in biology. At its most sobering stance to Earth's biome, Cu biochemistry allows photosynthetic organisms to harness solar energy and convert it into the organic energy that sustains the existence of all nonphotosynthetic life forms. The conversion of organic energy, in the form of nutrients that include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids, is subsequently released during cellular respiration, itself a Cu-dependent process, and stored as ATP that is used to drive a myriad of critical biological processes such as enzyme-catalyzed biosynthetic processes, transport of cargo around cells and across membranes, and protein degradation. The life-supporting properties of Cu incur a significant challenge to cells that must not only exquisitely balance intracellular Cu concentrations, but also chaperone this redox-active metal from its point of cellular entry to its ultimate destination so as to avert the potential for inappropriate biochemical interactions or generation of damaging reactive oxidative species (ROS). In this review we chart the travels of Cu from the extracellular milieu of fungal and mammalian cells, its path within the cytosol as inferred by the proteins and ligands that escort and deliver Cu to intracellular organelles and protein targets, and its journey throughout the body of mammals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Nevitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Hasan NM, Lutsenko S. Regulation of copper transporters in human cells. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2012; 69:137-61. [PMID: 23046650 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394390-3.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Copper is essential for normal growth and development of human organisms. The role of copper as a cofactor of important metabolic enzymes, such as cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase, lysyl oxidase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and many others, has been well established. In recent years, new regulatory roles of copper have emerged. Accumulating evidence points to the involvement of copper in lipid metabolism, antimicrobial defense, neuronal activity, resistance of tumor cells to platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs, kinase-mediated signal transduction, and other essential cellular processes. For many of these processes, the precise mechanism of copper action remains to be established. Nevertheless, it is increasingly clear that many regulatory and signaling events are associated with changes in the intracellular localization and abundance of copper transporters, as well as distinct compartmentalization of copper itself. In this review, we discuss current data on regulation of the localization and abundance of copper transporters in response to metabolic and signaling events in human cells. Regulation by kinase-mediated phosphorylation will be addressed along with the emerging area of the redox-driven control of copper transport. We highlight mechanistic questions that await further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin M Hasan
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Jiang L, Ranganathan P, Lu Y, Kim C, Collins JF. Exploration of the copper-related compensatory response in the Belgrade rat model of genetic iron deficiency. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G877-86. [PMID: 21852364 PMCID: PMC3220320 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00261.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Menkes copper ATPase (Atp7a) and metallothionein (Mt1a) are induced in the duodenum of iron-deficient rats, and serum and hepatic copper levels increase. Induction of a multi-copper ferroxidase (ceruloplasmin; Cp) has also been documented. These findings hint at an important role for Cu during iron deficiency. The intestinal divalent metal transporter 1 (Dmt1) is also induced during iron deficiency. The hypothesis that Dmt1 is involved in the copper-related compensatory response during iron deficiency was tested, utilizing a mutant Dmt1 rat model, namely the Belgrade (b/b) rat. Data from b/b rats were compared with phenotypically normal, heterozygous +/b rats. Intestinal Atp7a and Dmt1 expression was increased in b/b rats, whereas Mt1a expression was unchanged. Serum and liver copper levels did not increase in the Belgrades nor did Cp protein or activity. The lack of fully functional Dmt1 may thus partially blunt the compensatory response to iron deficiency by 1) decreasing copper levels in enterocytes, as exemplified by a lack of Mt1a induction and a lesser induction of Atp7a, 2) abolishing the frequently described increase in liver and serum copper, and 3) attenuating the documented increase in Cp expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Jiang
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Yan Lu
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Changae Kim
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - James F. Collins
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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The nonlinear dependence between administered pro-oxidant doses and intensity of free-radical processes observed in rats. J Appl Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-011-0008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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31
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Qian Y, Khattak SF, Xing Z, He A, Kayne PS, Qian NX, Pan SH, Li ZJ. Cell culture and gene transcription effects of copper sulfate on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1190-4. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Astrocyte-rich primary cultures were used to investigate the consequences of a copper exposure on the glucose metabolism of astrocytes. After application of CuCl(2) (30 μM) the specific cellular copper content increased from initial 1.5 ± 0.2 nmol/mg to a steady state level of 7.9 ± 0.9 nmol/mg within about 12 h. The copper accumulation was accompanied by a significant increase in the extracellular lactate concentration. The stimulating effect of copper on the lactate production remained after removal of extracellular copper. Copper treatment accelerated the rates of both glucose consumption and lactate production by about 60%. The copper induced acceleration of glycolytic flux was prevented by inhibition of protein synthesis, and additive to the stimulation of glycolysis observed for inhibitors of respiration or prolyl hydroxylases. A copper induced stimulation of glycolytic flux in astrocytes could have severe consequences for the glucose metabolism of the brain in conditions of copper overload.
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de Romaña DL, Olivares M, Uauy R, Araya M. Risks and benefits of copper in light of new insights of copper homeostasis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011; 25:3-13. [PMID: 21342755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient involved in a variety of biological processes indispensable to sustain life. At the same time, it can be toxic when present in excess, the most noticeable chronic effect being liver damage. Potent, efficient regulatory mechanisms control copper absorption in the digestive tract and copper biliary excretion; absorption ranges between 12 and 60% in humans, depending on Cu intake, presence of other factors in the diet that may promote or inhibit its absorption and on the copper status of the individual. Current evidence suggests that copper deficiency may be more prevalent than previously thought, while copper toxicity is uncommon under customary daily life conditions. Menkes syndrome and Wilson disease are genetic conditions associated with severe copper deficiency and severe copper toxicity, respectively. Effects of milder degrees of copper deficiency and excess copper exposure are not well described, mainly due to lack of sensitive and specific indicators; serum copper concentration and ceruloplasmin are the most frequently used indicators, but they only detect rather intense changes of copper status. Of the many proteins assessed as potential markers of copper status the chaperone of Zn-Cu superoxide dismutase (CCS1) has yielded promising results; data on its performance under different conditions are needed to confirm its use as an indicator of early copper deficiency. Defining copper requirements and upper safe limits of consumption (UL) is a complex process since there are adverse health consequences from both copper deficiency and copper excess (U shape curve). The regulatory framework for risk assessment of essential trace elements introduced by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) has proposed a homeostatic model to determine the Adequate Range of Oral Intake (AROI) of essential trace elements; the nadir of the resulting U shape curve serves to define the AROI. At this range of intake physiological mechanisms allow for normal homeostasis and basically, there are no detectable adverse effects. At present, Recommended Dietary Intakes (DRIs) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) are used to recommend copper intakes at different ages and life situations. Evidence obtained in humans and non-human primates presented here suggest that current copper UL should be re evaluated. Developing the scientific basis for a copper UL and evaluating the relevance of copper deficiency globally are future key challenges for copper researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López de Romaña
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Macul 5540, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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Olivares M, Pizarro F, López de Romaña D, Ruz M. Acute copper supplementation does not inhibit non-heme iron bioavailability in humans. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 136:180-6. [PMID: 19820904 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To measure the effect of acute copper (Cu) administration, given as an aqueous solution, on the absorption of iron (Fe), 29 healthy adult women participated in two iron absorption studies. Subjects received 0.5 mg of Fe, as ferrous sulfate, alone or with Cu, as copper sulfate, at 0.5:1, 1:1, or 2:1 Cu/Fe molar ratios (study I) or at 4:1, 6:1, or 8:1 Cu/Fe molar ratios (study II) as an aqueous solution on days 1, 2, 14, and 15 of the study. Fe absorption was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of iron radioisotopes (55)Fe and (59)Fe. Geometric mean (range +/- SD) absorption of Fe alone or at 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 Cu/Fe molar ratios were 34.4% (17.3-68.5%), 40.9% (24.9-67.2%), 48.3% (24.8-94.1%), and 50.2% (25.3-99.5%), respectively (ANOVA, p = 0.12). Geometric mean (range +/- SD) absorption of Fe alone or at 4:1, 6:1, 8:1 Cu/Fe molar ratios were 28.7% (12.1-67.9%), 21.5% (6.5-71.5%), 29.6% (10.3-85.4%), and 36.5% (18.3-73.1%), respectively (ANOVA, p = 0.16). In conclusion, combined Cu and Fe administration in an aqueous solution does not inhibit Fe bioavailability. This information could help in the design of rational guidelines for copper and iron supplementation programs. Our results support the hypothesis that divalent metal transporter 1 is not physiologically relevant for copper absorption in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Olivares
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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35
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Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Fanni D, Gerosa C, Nemolato S, Faa G. Copper-related diseases: From chemistry to molecular pathology. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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In vitro approach (solubility and Caco-2 uptake) to compare Cu availability from model cookies. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Formicki G, Stawarz R, Massanyi P, Guzik M, Łaciak T, Goc Z, Kilian K. Cadmium availability to freshwater mussel (Unio tumidus) in the presence of organic matter and UV radiation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:808-819. [PMID: 19731838 DOI: 10.1080/10934520902928651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The influence of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on cadmium availability to freshwater mussel (Unio tumidus) in the presence of organic matter was investigated. Water solutions containing 1000, 500, and 250 microg x L(-1) of cadmium and 28.8 mg x L(-1) of total organic carbon (TOC) were exposed to ecologically relevant biologically effective UV-A and UV-B irradiances of 1.73 x 10(-6) W x cm(-2) and 1.50 x 10(-5) W x cm(-2) respectively for 12 h. The availability of cadmium was measured directly as Cd concentration in gills, mantle, digestive gland and foot, and indirectly as its impact on the content of essential cations. The concentration of cadmium ions, soluble forms of cadmium, pH and conductivity in UV irradiated solutions were also measured. UV exposures resulted in a decrease of the TOC to 25.9 mg x L(-1), followed by a decrease in the total concentration of Cd soluble forms, increase in the concentration of cadmium bound to particulate matter, and increase in the concentration of free cadmium ions in comparison to non-irradiated mixtures. Mussels from mixtures exposed to UV accumulated more cadmium than specimens from non-irradiated mixtures. This was confirmed by the fluctuations of essential cations, i.e. decreases in the contents of Zn, Ca, Fe and increase of the Cu content. Na/K molar ratios in gills were negatively correlated with cadmium content, while a positive trend occurred in other organs. We suggest that in UV-exposed water more ionic forms of cadmium occur. On the other hand more cadmium is also bound to particulate matter. Our research indicate that the increase of cadmium accumulation in mussels grown in humic acid solutions exposed to UV were most probably related to the increase in the concentration of cadmium bound to particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Formicki
- Department of Zoology of Vertebrates, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, ul. Podbrzezie 3, 31-054 Kraków, Poland.
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38
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Craig PM, Galus M, Wood CM, McClelland GB. Dietary iron alters waterborne copper-induced gene expression in soft water acclimated zebrafish (Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 296:R362-73. [PMID: 18987288 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90581.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metals like iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) function as integral components in many biological reactions, and, in excess, these essential metals are toxic, and organisms must control metal acquisition and excretion. We examined the effects of chronic waterborne Cu exposure and the interactive effects of elevated dietary Fe on gene expression and tissue metal accumulation in zebrafish. Softwater acclimated zebrafish exposed to 8 microg/l Cu, with and without supplementation of a diet high in Fe (560 vs. 140 mg Fe/kg food) for 21 days demonstrated a significant reduction in liver and gut Cu load relative to waterborne Cu exposure alone. Gene expression levels for divalent metal transport (DMT)-1, copper transporter (CTR)-1, and the basolateral metal transporter ATP7A in the gills and gut increased when compared with controls, but the various combinations of Cu and high-Fe diet revealed altered levels of expression. Further examination of the basolateral Fe transporter, ferroportin, showed responses to waterborne Cu exposure in the gut and a significant increase with Fe treatment alone in the liver. Additionally, we examined metallothionein 1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2), which indicated that MT2 is more responsive to Cu. To explore the relationship between transcription and protein function, we examined both CTR-1 protein levels and gill apical uptake of radiolabeled Cu64, which demonstrated decreased Cu uptake and protein abundance in the elevated Cu treatments. This study shows that high dietary Fe can significantly alter the genetic expression pattern of Cu transporters at the level of the gill, liver, and gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Craig
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada.
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39
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Aigner E, Theurl I, Haufe H, Seifert M, Hohla F, Scharinger L, Stickel F, Mourlane F, Weiss G, Datz C. Copper availability contributes to iron perturbations in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:680-8. [PMID: 18505688 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Iron perturbations are frequently observed in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to investigate a potential association of copper status with disturbances of iron homeostasis in NAFLD. METHODS We retrospectively studied 140 NAFLD patients and 25 control subjects. Biochemical and hepatic iron and copper parameters were analyzed. Hepatic expression of iron regulatory molecules was investigated in liver biopsy specimens by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS NAFLD patients had lower hepatic copper concentrations than control subjects (21.9 +/- 9.8 vs 29.6 +/- 5.1 microg/g; P = .002). NAFLD patients with low serum and liver copper concentrations presented with higher serum ferritin levels (606.7 +/- 265.8 vs 224.2 +/- 176.0 mg/L; P < .001), increased prevalence of siderosis in liver biopsy specimens (36/46 vs 10/47 patients; P < .001), and with elevated hepatic iron concentrations (1184.4 +/- 842.7 vs 319.9 +/- 451.3 microg/g; P = .020). Lower serum concentrations of the copper-dependent ferroxidase ceruloplasmin (21.7 +/- 4.1 vs 30.4 +/- 6.4 mg/dL; P < .001) and decreased liver ferroportin (FP-1; P = .009) messenger RNA expression were found in these patients compared with NAFLD patients with high liver or serum copper concentrations. Accordingly, in rats, a reduced dietary copper intake was paralleled by a decreased hepatic FP-1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of NAFLD patients should be considered copper deficient. Our results indicate that copper status is linked to iron homeostasis in NAFLD, suggesting that low copper bioavailability causes increased hepatic iron stores via decreased FP-1 expression and ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity thus blocking liver iron export in copper-deficient subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Aigner
- General Hospital Oberndorf, Department of Internal Medicine, Oberndorf, Austria
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40
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Formicki G, Stawarz R, Lukac N, Putała A, Kuczkowska A. Combined effects of cadmium and ultraviolet radiation on mortality and mineral content in common frog (Rana temporaria) larvae. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:1174-1183. [PMID: 18584433 DOI: 10.1080/10934520802171717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of UV with Cd(2 +) exposure on the mortality and mineral content of common frog larvae was investigated. Tadpoles were raised in increasing concentrations of Cd(2 +) (0-2000 microg x L(-1)). Additionally the larvae were exposed to biologically effective doses of UV-A (0.24 kJ x m(- 2)) and UV-B (2.71 kJ x m(- 2)). Parallel groups were grown in the same ionic concentrations in the absence of UV. In the second experiment larvae were exposed to sublethal doses of Cd(2 +) (1000 microg x L(-1)) for 3 days. Then the larvae were submitted to 4 weeks of recovery in clean water. Cd, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K contents and Na/K ratio were measured. In tadpoles exposed exclusively to Cd(2 +) the 96 h LC50 = 3155 microg x L(-1). By contrast in tadpoles exposed to Cd(2 +) and UV for 96 hours the LC50 = 710 microg x L(-1). More cadmium was accumulated in UV-exposed tadpoles. On the other hand tadpoles exposed to UV radiation removed cadmium more efficiently than non-irradiated larvae. Cu, Na, and K were positively correlated with Cd content while Mg was negatively correlated with Cd. Animals exposed to combined stressors had lower Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, Zn contents, lower Na/K ratio and higher Cu and K contents than animals exposed exclusively to cadmium. Our studies indicate that cadmium ions combined with UV significantly increase mortality of common frog tadpoles. This may be related to higher cadmium uptake, disturbances in the content of essential metals and ionic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Formicki
- Department of Zoology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Biology, Krakow, Poland.
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41
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Choi JH, Park JD, Choi BS. The Effect of Systemic Iron Level on the Transport and Distribution of Copper to the Brain. Toxicol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.5487/tr.2007.23.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Zimnicka AM, Maryon EB, Kaplan JH. Human Copper Transporter hCTR1 Mediates Basolateral Uptake of Copper into Enterocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26471-80. [PMID: 17627945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702653200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is essential for human growth and survival. Enterocytes mediate the absorption of dietary copper from the intestinal lumen into blood as well as utilizing copper for their biosynthetic needs. Currently, the pathways for copper entry into enterocytes remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that the basolateral copper uptake into intestinal cells greatly exceeds the apical uptake. The basolateral but not apical transport is mediated by the high affinity copper transporter hCTR1. This unanticipated conclusion is supported by cell surface biotinylation and confocal microscopy of endogenous hCTR1 in Caco2 cells as well as copper influx measurements that show saturable high affinity uptake at the basolateral but not the apical membrane. Basolateral localization of hCTR1 and polarized copper uptake are also conserved in T84 cells, models for intestinal crypt cells. The lateral localization of hCTR1 seen in intestinal cell lines is recapitulated in immunohistochemical staining of mouse intestinal sections. Biochemical and functional assays reveal the basolateral localization of hCTR1 also in renal Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and opossum kidney cells. Overexpression of hCTR1 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells results in both apical and basolateral delivery of the overexpressed protein and greatly enhanced copper uptake at both cell surfaces. We propose a model of intestinal copper uptake in which basolateral hCTR1 plays a key role in the physiologically important delivery of copper from blood to intracellular proteins, whereas its role in the initial apical uptake of dietary copper is indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Zimnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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43
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Nadella SR, Grosell M, Wood CM. Mechanisms of dietary Cu uptake in freshwater rainbow trout: evidence for Na-assisted Cu transport and a specific metal carrier in the intestine. J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:433-46. [PMID: 17279389 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-006-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is both a vital nutrient and a potent toxicant. The objective of this study was to analyze the mechanistic nature of intestinal Cu transport in rainbow trout using radiolabeled Cu (64Cu) and an in vitro gut sac technique. Reduction of mucosal NaCl levels inhibited Cu transport while increase caused stimulation; Na(2)SO(4) had an identical effect, implicating Na(+) rather than the anion. These responses were unrelated to solvent drag, osmotic pressure or changes in transepithelial potential. The presence of elevated luminal Ag stimulated Cu and Na(+) uptake. Phenamil caused a partial inhibition of both Cu and Na(+) uptake while hypercapnia stimulated Na(+) and Cu transport. Cu uptake was sensitive to luminal pH and inhibited by a tenfold excess of Fe and Zn. These factors had no effect on Na(+ )uptake. On the basis of these results we propose a novel Na(+)-assisted mechanism of Cu uptake wherein the Na(+) gradient stimulates an increase in the H(+) concentration of the brushborder creating a suitable microenvironment for the effective transport of Cu via either DMT1 or Ctr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Rao Nadella
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1.
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44
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Muller P, van Bakel H, van de Sluis B, Holstege F, Wijmenga C, Klomp LWJ. Gene expression profiling of liver cells after copper overload in vivo and in vitro reveals new copper-regulated genes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12:495-507. [PMID: 17211630 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper toxicity in the liver is mediated by free-radical generation, resulting in oxidative stress. To prevent toxic accumulation of copper, liver cells adapt to high copper levels. Here, we used microarray analysis to compare the adaptive responses on global gene expression in liver cells exposed to high copper levels in vitro and in vivo. In HepG2 cells we identified two clusters of upregulated genes over time, an "early" cluster that comprised metallothionein genes and a "late" cluster, highly enriched in genes involved in proteasomal degradation and in oxidative stress response. Concomitant with the "late" cluster, we detected a significant downregulation of several copper metabolism MURR1 domain (COMMD) genes that were recently implicated in copper metabolism and inhibition of nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling. As metal-induced oxidative stress increases NF-kappaB activity, our data suggest a role for reduced COMMD protein levels in prolonged activation of NF-kappaB, thus inducing cell survival. Mice exposed to a copper diet that highly exceeded normal daily intake accumulated only twofold more hepatic copper than control mice. Although a moderate, but significant upregulation of a set of 22 genes involved in immunity, iron and cholesterol metabolism was detected, these cannot account for direct mechanisms involved in copper excretion. In conclusion, we identified a novel set of genes that represent a delayed response to copper overload, thus providing insight into the adaptive transcriptional response to copper-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Muller
- Laboratory for Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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45
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Fotakis G, Timbrell JA. Role of trace elements in cadmium chloride uptake in hepatoma cell lines. Toxicol Lett 2006; 164:97-103. [PMID: 16406389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium coexists with other metals in various products. Releases of cadmium in the environment occur in parallel to the release of other metals including copper, iron and zinc which also have an essential role in human homeostasis as they participate in various biochemical pathways. We studied the interaction of iron, copper, zinc and calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and verapamil) with cadmium chloride in two hepatoma cell lines (HepG2 and HTC cells) in order to determine if these trace elements can affect CdCl(2) uptake and interfere with its toxicity. Both cell lines were initially exposed to CdCl(2) (0-200 microM) for 2h and the uptake of the metal was determined. Cadmium chloride uptake by HepG2 and HTC cells shows an increase with increasing doses of the metal. Cells were also pretreated with 100 uM of FeCl(2) or ZnCl(2) or CuCl(2) or with a nifedipine/verapamil (100 uM) mixture for 2h and then exposed to 200 uM CdCl(2) for 1h in the presence of the trace elements. The uptake of CdCl(2) was determined as well as the membrane integrity (LDH leakage assay), the cell viability (neutral red assay) and cell proliferation (protein assay). Zinc and calcium channel blockers inhibited the uptake of cadmium chloride by both cell lines. On the other hand iron loading resulted in increased uptake of CdCl(2) by both cell lines whereas copper loading increased the uptake of cadmium chloride from HTC cells and inhibited the uptake by HepG2 cells. These findings are of importance when the effects of cadmium on living organisms are examined since co-exposure to cadmium and other metals can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Fotakis
- 150 Stamford street, Franklin Wilkins Building, Pharmacy Department, King's College London, London SE1 8WA, UK.
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Huang XP, Spino M, Thiessen JJ. Transport kinetics of iron chelators and their chelates in Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res 2006; 23:280-90. [PMID: 16388408 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-9258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Caco-2 monolayers were used to contrast the bidirectional transport of iron chelators and their chelates and to estimate fundamental kinetics associated with their intestinal absorption. METHODS Bidirectional transport was studied at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4 using 500-microM concentrations. Monolayer integrity was tested via transepithelial electrical resistance and sodium fluorescein permeability. Apical and basolateral analysis provided mass balance evidence. Apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) served to rank and compare molecules and estimate in vivo bioavailability. Model-dependent rate constants defined cellular influx and efflux. RESULTS 1) P(app) ranked in decreasing order for chelators from directional transport studies were CP363 > deferiprone> ICL670 > CP502 > deferoxamine (DFO). 2) Fe(CP502)(3), Fe(ICL670)(2), and FeDFO were not measurable in receiving chambers, whereas Fe(deferiprone)(3) and Fe(CP363)(3) were detected in both directions. 3) CP363 was transported significantly faster from the basolateral to the apical direction than the converse. 4) Mass balance of donor and receiver chambers gave approximately 100% recovery in all cases. 5) Kinetic analysis supports the view that the Caco-2 chelator efflux constants are generally greater than their influx constants. CONCLUSIONS Caco-2 cells are useful in screening iron chelators and chelates and estimating bioavailabilities. Structure and distribution coefficients partially predict passive transport through Caco-2 monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ping Huang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 19 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S2
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Abstract
The intimate relationship between Fe and Cu in human nutrition has been recognised for many years. The best-characterised link is provided by caeruloplasmin, a multiCu-binding protein that acts as a serum ferrioxidase and is essential for the mobilisation of Fe from storage tissues. Decreased Cu status has been shown to reduce holo-caeruloplasmin production and impair ferrioxidase activity, leading, in a number of cases, to decreased tissue Fe release and the generation of anaemia that is responsive to dietary supplementation with Cu but not Fe. Dietary Fe absorption also requires the presence of a multiCu ferrioxidase. Hephaestin, a caeruloplasmin homologue, works in concert with the IREG1 transporter to permit Fe efflux from enterocytes for loading onto transferrin. The essential role of hephaestin in this process has been recognised from studies in the sex-linked anaemic (sla) mouse, in which Fe efflux is markedly impaired as a result of a mutation in the hephaestin gene that results in a truncated and non-functional version of the protein. There is emerging evidence that a number of other components of the intestinal Fe transport pathway are also Cu sensitive. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), the Fe transporter located at the apical membrane of enterocytes, is also a physiologically-relevant Cu transporter, suggesting that these two metals may compete with each other for uptake into the duodenal enterocytes. Furthermore, expression of both DMT1 and the basolateral Fe-efflux transporter IREG1 can be regulated by Cu, suggesting that the Fe-Cu relationship may be more complex than first thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sharp
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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Johnson DM, Yamaji S, Tennant J, Srai SK, Sharp PA. Regulation of divalent metal transporter expression in human intestinal epithelial cells following exposure to non-haem iron. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1923-9. [PMID: 15792797 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of regulatory factors including dietary iron levels can dramatically alter the expression of the intestinal iron transporter DMT1. Here we show that Caco-2 cells exposed to iron for 4h exhibited a significant decrease in plasma membrane DMT1 protein, though total cellular DMT1 levels were unaltered. Following biotinylation of cell surface proteins, there was a significant increase in intracellular biotin-labelled DMT1 in iron-exposed cells. Furthermore, iron-treatment increased levels of DMT1 co-localised with LAMP1, suggesting that the initial response of intestinal epithelial cells to iron involves internalisation and targeting of DMT1 transporter protein towards a late endosomal/lysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Johnson
- School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Marzullo L, Tosco A, Capone R, Andersen HS, Capasso A, Leone A. Identification of dietary copper- and iron-regulated genes in rat intestine. Gene 2004; 338:225-33. [PMID: 15315826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2003] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper and iron act at different levels on gene expression. Due to their chemical reactivity, both metals could play a role in the regulation of the protein machinery involved in their metabolism, and/or of the metabolic function they are involved in. Experimental and clinical evidences raise also the hypothesis of the existence of genes commonly regulated by both metals. Purpose of this work was to find genes modulated by copper and iron in the rat intestine. A panel of 24 animals was randomly divided into three nutritional treatments including a control, a copper-deficient and an iron-deficient diet. The positive regulation of iron responsive element (IRE)-DMT1 gene was found, with different extent, in both experimental groups. A differential display reverse transcription (DDRT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis carried out on the rat intestinal mRNAs demonstrated the differential expression of five cDNA fragments. Among these, the Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit II mitochondrial gene resulted to be regulated by both metals, the Serum and Glucocorticoids-regulated Kinase (SGK) gene mainly by iron, and an Ebnerin-like 2 kb mRNA dramatically down-regulated by copper. Two residual clones showed low identity scores with sequences present in data bank. Finally, we observed that both iron and copper are able to modulate the expression of the three characterized genes in some tissues, other than intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberato Marzullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno-Via Ponte Don Melillo, Fisciano, Salerno 84084, Italy.
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Bauerly KA, Kelleher SL, Lönnerdal B. Functional and molecular responses of suckling rat pups and human intestinal Caco-2 cells to copper treatment. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:155-62. [PMID: 15023397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 10/09/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ctr1 and Atp7A are copper (Cu) transporters that may play a role in the regulation of intestinal Cu absorption; however, intestinal regulation of these transporters by Cu in vivo has not been well defined. In this study, we hypothesized that Cu supplementation would alter the expression of intestine Ctr1 and Atp7A in vivo and further documented effects of Cu exposure on Cu transport, Ctr1 and Atp7A levels and localization in enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. Suckling rat pups were supplemented with Cu (0 and 25 microg Cu/day) for 10 days and small intestine Cu concentration, Ctr1, Atp7A and metallothionein (MT) gene expression were measured by Northern blot analysis. Caco-2 cells were treated with basal medium, or medium supplemented with 3 and 94 microM CuSO4 and 67Cu transport, Ctr1 and Atp7A levels and localization were determined. In rat pups, Cu supplementation increased intestinal Cu, Ctr1 and MT gene expression; however, Atp7A gene expression was not significantly affected. Caco-2 cells treated with 94 microM Cu had lower cellular Cu uptake and export compared to untreated cells. While Ctr1 and Atp7A gene and protein levels were unaffected, confocal microscopy indicated that Ctr1 was endocytosed and co-localized with transferrin in Cu treated cells. This study demonstrates the functional response of intestinal cells to Cu treatment and suggests that both Ctr1 and Atp7A may regulate Cu absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Bauerly
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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