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Panduro A, Roman S, Mariscal-Martinez IM, Jose-Abrego A, Gonzalez-Aldaco K, Ojeda-Granados C, Ramos-Lopez O, Torres-Reyes LA. Personalized medicine and nutrition in hepatology for preventing chronic liver disease in Mexico. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1379364. [PMID: 38784134 PMCID: PMC11113077 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1379364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a global health issue. Patients with chronic liver disease require a fresh approach that focuses on the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to disease initiation and progression. Emerging knowledge in the fields of Genomic Medicine and Genomic Nutrition demonstrates differences between countries in terms of genetics and lifestyle risk factors such as diet, physical activity, and mental health in chronic liver disease, which serves as the foundation for the implementation of Personalized Medicine and Nutrition (PerMed-Nut) strategies. Most of the world's populations have descended from various ethnic groupings. Mexico's population has a tripartite ancestral background, consisting of Amerindian, European, and African lineages, which is common across Latin America's regional countries. The purpose of this review is to discuss the genetic and environmental components that could be incorporated into a PerMed-Nut model for metabolic-associated liver disease, viral hepatitis B and C, and hepatocellular carcinoma in Mexico. Additionally, the implementation of the PerMed-Nut approach will require updated medicine and nutrition education curricula. Training and equipping future health professionals and researchers with new clinical and investigative abilities focused on preventing liver illnesses in the field of genomic hepatology globally is a vision that clinicians and nutritionists should be concerned about.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Panduro
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Irene M. Mariscal-Martinez
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alexis Jose-Abrego
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Karina Gonzalez-Aldaco
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ojeda-Granados
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Torres-Reyes
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Ojeda-Granados C, Panduro A, Rivera-Iñiguez I, Sepúlveda-Villegas M, Roman S. A Regionalized Genome-Based Mexican Diet Improves Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Subjects at Risk for Obesity-Related Chronic Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030645. [PMID: 32121184 PMCID: PMC7146143 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related chronic diseases (CD) are highly prevalent in Mexicans who show moderate to high frequencies of diet-related adaptive gene (DRAG) polymorphisms and recent shifts in traditional dietary habits and lifestyles. This study first evaluated the effects of a regionalized genome-based Mexican (GENOMEX) diet on anthropometric and biochemical parameters and, subsequently their relationship with the genetic profile of DRAG polymorphisms in subjects with metabolic risk factors for obesity-related CD. Thirty-seven eligible subjects underwent a 24-week dietary intervention with a GENOMEX diet. The DRAG polymorphisms were determined by an allelic discrimination real-time assay to evaluate their association with the clinical response to diet. The GENOMEX diet significantly improved anthropometric parameters such as total weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage, with an average weight loss of 6.6% (5.3 ± 5.3 kg). The frequency of subjects with insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and elevated VLDL-c (48.5% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.041; 45.5% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.003; and 39.4% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.027, baseline vs. 24-weeks, respectively) was reduced. A more significant favorable effect in HOMA-IR and insulin was observed in MTHFR 677T adaptive allele carriers, but no other DRAG polymorphism was associated with clinical changes. The GENOMEX diet improved the metabolic risk factors for obesity-related CD. The recommendation and habitual consumption of a traditional Mexican diet based on knowledge of the population’s genetic and cultural history may be effective in preventing current obesity-related CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ojeda-Granados
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde,” Hospital #278, Col. El Retiro, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (C.O.-G.); (A.P.); (I.R.-I.); (M.S.-V.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Arturo Panduro
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde,” Hospital #278, Col. El Retiro, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (C.O.-G.); (A.P.); (I.R.-I.); (M.S.-V.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Rivera-Iñiguez
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde,” Hospital #278, Col. El Retiro, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (C.O.-G.); (A.P.); (I.R.-I.); (M.S.-V.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Maricruz Sepúlveda-Villegas
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde,” Hospital #278, Col. El Retiro, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (C.O.-G.); (A.P.); (I.R.-I.); (M.S.-V.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde,” Hospital #278, Col. El Retiro, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (C.O.-G.); (A.P.); (I.R.-I.); (M.S.-V.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-3614-7743
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Martínez-Magaña JJ, Genis-Mendoza AD, Tovilla-Zarate CA, González-Castro TB, Juárez-Rojop IE, Hernández-Díaz Y, Martinez-Hernandez AG, Garcia-Ortíz H, Orozco L, López-Narvaez ML, Nicolini H. Association between APOE polymorphisms and lipid profile in Mexican Amerindian population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e958. [PMID: 31557780 PMCID: PMC6825948 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a glycoprotein that plays an important role in lipid homeostasis at both cerebral and systemic levels. Moreover, the differential distribution of APOE gene alleles among different populations, means that ApoE isoforms could have different effects on lipids metabolism. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between APOE gene alleles and the lipid profile in a Mexican Amerindian (MA) population. METHODS This study included 1997 MA individuals of different ethnicities distributed throughout different states of Mexico. All individuals underwent anthropometric measurements as well as laboratory tests including fasting glucose (FG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). TaqMan® probe genotyping assays were used to genotype APOE. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to determine the correlation between APOE gene alleles and genotypes and the biochemical variables measured. RESULTS Among the biochemical variables analyzed, only the HDL-C and LDL-C levels showed statistical differences (p-value < .05) between individuals carrying different APOE alleles. For HDL-C, individuals carrying the E2 allele had higher HDL-C levels, followed by individuals carrying the E3 allele and carriers of the E4 allele presented the lowest levels of HDL-C (E2 > E3 > E4). This relationship was inversed for LDL-C levels (E2 < E3 < E4). Nevertheless, the difference of HDL-C levels between APOE-E3 and APOE-E4 carriers remained only in obese individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that APOE gene genotypes play an important role in the differential modulation of lipid profiles in the MA population with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Martínez-Magaña
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica INMEGEN), Laboratory of Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, Neurodegenerative and Addictions, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma D Genis-Mendoza
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica INMEGEN), Laboratory of Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, Neurodegenerative and Addictions, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Tovilla-Zarate
- Comalcalco Multidisciplinary Academic Division, Autonomous Juárez University of Tabasco (Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco), Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Thelma B González-Castro
- Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Autonomous Juárez University of Tabasco (Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco), Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- Academic Division of Health Sciences, Autonomous Juárez University of Tabasco (Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco), Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Yazmín Hernández-Díaz
- Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Autonomous Juárez University of Tabasco (Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco), Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Angélica G Martinez-Hernandez
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Garcia-Ortíz
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Orozco
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Humberto Nicolini
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica INMEGEN), Laboratory of Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, Neurodegenerative and Addictions, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
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Tailoring Nutritional Advice for Mexicans Based on Prevalence Profiles of Diet-Related Adaptive Gene Polymorphisms. J Pers Med 2017; 7:jpm7040016. [PMID: 29125573 PMCID: PMC5748628 DOI: 10.3390/jpm7040016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-related adaptive gene (DRAG) polymorphisms identified in specific populations are associated with chronic disorders in carriers of the adaptive alleles due to changes in dietary and lifestyle patterns in recent times. Mexico’s population is comprised of Amerindians (AM) and Mestizos who have variable AM, European (EUR) and African genetic ancestry and an increased risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases. Nutritional advice based on the Mexican genome and the traditional food culture is needed to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we aimed to provide a prevalence profile of several DRAG polymorphisms in the Mexican population, including Central West (CW) Mexico subpopulations. Geographic heat maps were built using ArcGIS10 (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA) software, based on the published data of the MTHFR C677T (rs1801133), ABCA1 Arg230Cys (rs9282541), APOE T388C (rs429358)/C526T (rs7412), LCT C-13910T (rs4988235) polymorphisms and AMY1 copy number variation (CNV). Also, new data obtained by allelic discrimination-real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for the MTHFR, ABCA1, and APOE polymorphisms as well as the AMY1 CNV in the CW Mexico subpopulations with different proportions of AM and EUR ancestry were included. In the CW region, the highest frequency of the MTHFR 677T, ABCA1 230C and APOE ε4 adaptive alleles was observed in the AM groups, followed by Mestizos with intermediate AM ancestry. The LCT-13910T allele frequency was highest in Mestizos-EUR but extremely low in AM, while the AMY1 diploid copy number was 6.82 ± 3.3 copies. Overall, the heat maps showed a heterogeneous distribution of the DRAG polymorphisms, in which the AM groups revealed the highest frequencies of the adaptive alleles followed by Mestizos. Given these genetic differences, genome-based nutritional advice should be tailored in a regionalized and individualized manner according to the available foods and Mexican traditional food culture that may lead to a healthier dietary pattern.
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Gachupin F, Romero MD, Ortega WJ, Jojola R, Hendrie H, Torres EPS, Lujan F, Lente M, Sanchez B, Teller V, Beita F, Abeita U, Lente B, Gustafson DR. Cognition, Depressive Symptoms and Vascular Factors among Southwest Tribal Elders. Ethn Dis 2016; 26:235-44. [PMID: 27103775 DOI: 10.18865/ed.26.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few data exist on cognitive and depressive symptoms and vascular factors in American Indian (AI) elders. Since vascular risk factors increase risk for cognitive impairments, depression and dementia, and since AI elders are at high vascular risk, it is timely to assess the interplay of these factors in comprehensive studies of aging in this population. To begin, pilot studies must be conducted to show these types of data can be collected successfully. DESIGN A cross-sectional pilot study, the Southwest Heart Mind Study (SHMS). SETTING Tribal community in the Southwest United States. PARTICIPANTS AI elders, aged ≥55 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cross-cultural demographic, social network and risk factor surveys; tests of cognition, depression and anxiety; physical measurements; blood biochemistries; and APOE genotyping. RESULTS SHMS elders were comparable to other rural elder populations on cognitive and depressive symptom scores. The average CogScore was 28.8 (out of 32), the average Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was 6.7 (of 30), and the average Hamilton Anxiety Scale was 1.2 (of 4). 32% possessed at least one APOEe4 allele. High vascular risk was evident: 76% were overweight or obese; 54% self-reported history of hypertension; 24% heart trouble; 32% type 2 diabetes; 35% depression; and 24% a family history of serious memory loss. More than 70% reported prescription medication use. 54% cared for someone besides self. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the burden of vascular risk in relation to cognition and depression among Southwest Tribes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Romero
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona
| | - Willa J Ortega
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona
| | - Rita Jojola
- Isleta Pueblo Senior Center, Isleta, New Mexico
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Arbour L, Asuri S, Whittome B, Polanco F, Hegele RA. The Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease in Canadian and International Aboriginal Populations. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1094-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Aguilar-Salinas CA, Tusie-Luna T, Pajukanta P. Genetic and environmental determinants of the susceptibility of Amerindian derived populations for having hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 2014; 63:887-94. [PMID: 24768220 PMCID: PMC4315146 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here, we discuss potential explanations for the higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia in populations with an Amerindian background. Although environmental factors are the triggers, the search for the ethnic related factors that explain the increased susceptibility of the Amerindians is a promising area for research. The study of the genetics of hypertriglyceridemia in Hispanic populations faces several challenges. Ethnicity could be a major confounding variable to prove genetic associations. Despite that, the study of hypertriglyceridemia in Hispanics has resulted in significant contributions. Two GWAS reports have exclusively included Mexican mestizos. Fifty percent of the associations reported in Caucasians could be generalized to the Mexicans, but in many cases the Mexican lead SNP was different than that reported in Europeans. Both reports included new associations with apo B or triglycerides concentrations. The frequency of susceptibility alleles in Mexicans is higher than that found in Europeans for several of the genes with the greatest effect on triglycerides levels. An example is the SNP rs964184 in APOA5. The same trend was observed for ANGPTL3 and TIMD4 variants. In summary, we postulate that the study of the genetic determinants of hypertriglyceridemia in Amerindian populations which have major changes in their lifestyle, may prove to be a great resource to identify new genes and pathways associated with hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, México City, México.
| | - Teresa Tusie-Luna
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, México City, México.
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
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PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism is associated with elevated alanine transaminase levels in Mexican Indigenous and Mestizo populations. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4705-11. [PMID: 24691744 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The patatin like phospholipase domain-containing (PNPLA3) I148M variant is the strongest genetic factor associated with elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in different populations, particularly in Hispanics who have the highest 148M risk allele frequency reported to date. It has been suggested that Indigenous ancestry is associated with higher ALT levels in Mexicans. The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of the PNPLA3 148M risk allele in Mexican indigenous and Mestizo individuals, and to examine its association with serum ALT levels. The study included a total of 1624 Mexican individuals: 919 Indigenous subjects from five different native groups and 705 Mexican Mestizo individuals (141 cases with ALT levels ≥ 40 U/L and 564 controls with ALT <40 U/L). The I148M polymorphism was genotyped by TaqMan assays. The frequency of elevated ALT levels in Indigenous populations was 18.7%, and varied according to obesity status: 14.4% in normal weight, 19.9% in overweight and 24.5% in obese individuals. The Mexican indigenous populations showed the highest reported frequency of the PNPLA3 148M risk allele (mean 0.73). The M148M genotype was significantly associated with elevated ALT levels in indigenous individuals (OR = 3.15, 95 % CI 1.91-5.20; P = 7.1 × 10(-6)) and this association was confirmed in Mexican Mestizos (OR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.50-3.33; P = 8.1 × 10(-5)). This is the first study reporting the association between M148M genotype and elevated ALT levels in Indigenous Mexican populations. The 148M allele risk may be considered an important risk factor for liver damage in Mexican indigenous and Mestizo populations.
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Chen YC, Lee-Chen GJ, Wu YR, Hu FJ, Wu HC, Kuo HC, Chu CC, Ryu SJ, Chen ST, Chen CM. Analyses of interaction effect between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and alcohol use as well as cholesterol concentrations on spontaneous deep intracerebral hemorrhage in the Taiwan population. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 408:128-32. [PMID: 19686716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the interaction effect between APOE polymorphism and lipid concentrations and alcohol use on spontaneous deep intracerebral hemorrhage (SDICH) risks. METHODS We enrolled 217 SDICH patients and 280 controls. Anthropometrics, personal history, and concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and triglyceride were collected. Genotyping was determined by PCR-based restriction and electrophoresis assay. Associations were tested adjusting for multiple covariables. RESULTS Compared with the commonest genotype epsilon 3 epsilon 3, epsilon 2 epsilon 3 was inversely associated with TC (p=0.023) and LDL-c concentrations (p=0.005) in women. No APOE-alcohol interaction effect on lipids concentration was found. However, in men, there was a marginal effect of interaction between alcohol and APOE genotype epsilon 2 epsilon 3 vs. epsilon 3 epsilon 3 on SDICH risks (p=0.003), which is independent of TC concentration. In the male non-alcohol group, SDICH proportion was lower in the subjects carrying APOE epsilon 2 epsilon 3 (27.6%) than in those with epsilon 3 epsilon 3 (41.1%). In contrast, in the male alcohol consumption group, APOE epsilon 2 epsilon 3 was associated with a higher SDICH rate (77.8%) compared to epsilon 3 epsilon 3 (58.0%). CONCLUSIONS Male subjects carrying genotype epsilon 2 epsilon 3 tend to have a higher SDICH risk than those who have epsilon 3 epsilon 3 when they have alcohol exposure, but may have more benefit from alcohol abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Aguilar-Salinas CA, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rojas-Martínez R, Mehta R, Villarreal-Molina MT, Arellano-Campos O, Riba L, Gómez-Pérez FJ, Tusié-Luna MT. Hypoalphalipoproteinemia in populations of Native American ancestry: an opportunity to assess the interaction of genes and the environment. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:92-7. [PMID: 19280764 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283295e96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW Our aim is to review the environmental and genetic factors associated with hypoalphalipoproteinemia in populations of Native American ancestry. We examine the strength of the association and outline the population-specific genetic factors that lead to a higher susceptibilty for this condition. RECENT FINDINGS Low HDL is the most common lipid abnormality in populations of Native American ancestry. Population-based surveys carried out in Latin America and in Mexican Americans shows that 40-60% of adults have hypoalphalipoproteinemia. The contribution of this trait to the metabolic syndrome is greater in individuals with Native American ancestry than in other ethnic groups. Several environmental factors have contributed to this phenomenon (i.e. high dietary content of carbohydrates and fat due to cultural factors and a growing incidence of obesity). In addition, results from recent genetic studies show that certain hypoalphalipoproteinemia susceptibility alleles are ethnic specific for Native Americans. The variant R230C of the ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 1 gene (ABC-A1) is common among mestizos (10.9% in Mexican mestizos) and its presence has a significant negative effect on HDL cholesterol levels (-4.2%). An additional noteworthy finding is that the R230C variant appears to be specific for the Amerindian populations. Its allele frequency is 0.28 in Mayans, 0.214 in Purepechas, 0.203 in Yaquis and 0.179 among Teenek. In contrast, the C230 allele has not been found in African, European, Chinese or South Asian populations. SUMMARY The assessment of the genetic and environmental determinants of hypoalphalipoproteinemia in populations of Native American origin provides an opportunity to assess the population-specific interactions between genes and the environment
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México DF, Mexico.
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Weiner MF. Perspective on race and ethnicity in Alzheimer's disease research. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:233-8. [PMID: 18631972 PMCID: PMC2570194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are adequate scientific, public health, and ethical justifications for studying Alzheimer's disease (AD) in persons of varying race and ethnicity, but to be meaningful variables, race and ethnicity must be examined in context. The complex interactions between race, ethnicity, lifestyle, and environmental factors, such as climate and diet, require that future studies of AD in specific racial or ethnic groups attend to measures of racial/ethnic homogeneity and the assessment of the environment and the elements that comprise the ethnicity of groups under study. Instead of arbitrarily selecting specific racial or ethnic groups in the hope of finding important differences, it may be in the long run less costly and more efficient to recruit families with highly positive (or negative) family histories, to search within these groups for possible racial or ethnic differences, and to investigate the possible racial or ethnic reasons for those differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron F Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Villalpando-Berumen JM, Mejia-Arango S, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Ordonez-Sanchez ML, Gutierrez-Robledo LM. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4, Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive performance in elderly Mexican Mestizos. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56:677-82. [PMID: 18205760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Mexican Mestizo population, as well as its effects on the cognitive profile of AD and elderly Mestizos without dementia. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study. SETTING Evaluations were conducted at the geriatrics clinic of an academic medical hospital in Mexico City. PARTICIPANTS Forty-nine elderly subjects with AD and 141 controls selected from a representative sample of Mexican Mestizos aged 65 to 96 who participated in the Prevalence Survey of Dementia in the Mexico City Elderly Population cohort. MEASUREMENTS All subjects underwent APOE genotypification and a comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological evaluation. RESULTS There were no significant differences in epsilon3 and epsilon4 frequencies between the subjects with and without AD and a tendency toward higher epsilon4 and lower epsilon3 allele frequencies in subjects aged 75 and older. No association was found between APOE epsilon4 and the presence of AD. The age-, sex-, and education-adjusted risk for AD associated with at least one epsilon4 allele was 1.01 (95% confidence interval=0.45-2.23). Performance on a long-term visual memory test was significantly worse in APOE epsilon4 carriers than in APOE epsilon3 carriers only in the group with AD. CONCLUSION APOE epsilon4 did not increase the risk for AD in this Mexican Mestizo elderly urban population sample, although the presence of this allele seems to modify its clinical expression.
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Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism, age and coronary heart disease. Ageing Res Rev 2007; 6:94-108. [PMID: 17224309 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins (apo) are established risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). The knowledge of lipid profile may predict the potential victims of cardiovascular disease before its initiation and progression and offer the opportunity for primary prevention. The most common apo E polymorphism has been found to influence blood lipid concentrations and its correlation with CHD has been extensively investigated in the last decade. At younger ages, death from CHD is influenced by genetic factors, while the genetic effect decreases at older ages where environmental factors may play a more prominent role. If apo E polymorphism is an important genetic factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, it could affect the age of CHD onset. This review analyses the influence of apo E polymorphism on blood lipids and CHD in respect to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D Kolovou
- 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 356 Sygrou Ave., 176 74 Athens, Greece.
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14
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Minihane AM, Jofre-Monseny L, Olano-Martin E, Rimbach G. ApoE genotype, cardiovascular risk and responsiveness to dietary fat manipulation. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 66:183-97. [PMID: 17466101 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665107005435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular risk is determined by the complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The apoE genotype represents the most-widely-studied single nucleotide polymorphism in relation to CVD risk, with >3600 publications cited in PubMed. Although originally described as a mediator of lipoprotein metabolism, the lipoprotein-independent functions of apoE are being increasingly recognised, with limited data available on the potential impact of genotype on these metabolic processes. Furthermore, although meta-analyses suggest that apoE4 carriers may have a 40-50% increased CVD risk, the associations reported in individual studies are highly heterogeneous and it is recognised that environmental factors such as smoking status and dietary fat composition influence genotype-phenotype associations. However, information is often derived from observational studies or small intervention trials in which retrospective genotyping of the cohort results in small group sizes in the rarer E2 and E4 subgroups. Either larger well-standardised intervention trials or smaller trials with prospective recruitment according to apoE genotype are needed to fully establish the impact of diet on genotype-CVD associations and to establish the potential of dietary strategies such as reduced total fat, saturated fat, or increased antioxidant intakes to counteract the increased CVD burden in apoE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Minihane
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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15
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Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Mikhailidis DP, Panagiotakos DB, Pilatis ND, Cariolou MA, Yiannakouris N, Degiannis D, Stavridis G, Cokkinos DV. Association of apolipoprotein E genotype with early onset of coronary heart disease in Greek men. Angiology 2006; 56:663-70. [PMID: 16327942 DOI: 10.1177/000331970505600603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism has been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) although its relation to the age of CHD onset is still not defined. The age of onset of established CHD was obtained from 502 Greek men and compared to 103 healthy men. The age grouping was based on the age of CHD onset (earlier < or =44 years, n = 73, intermediate 45-64 years, n = 321, and later > or =65 years, n = 108). Apo E genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and the lipid profile was assessed. No differences in genotype and allele frequencies were found within the CHD groups. The apo epsilon3/4 genotype and the apo epsilon4 allele were less frequent in the earlier-onset group than in healthy men (11.0 % vs 22.3%, Pearson Chi-Square p = 0.028 and 6.8% vs 13.6%, Pearson Chi-Square p = 0.023, respectively). The lipid profile was similar in all genotypes of all groups except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which were higher in epsilon2 carriers compared to non-epsilon2 carriers (in mg/dL [+/-SD]; 44 [9] vs 39 [10], in mmol/L [+/-SD]; 1.1 [0.2] vs 1.0 [0.3] p = 0.005). There is an association between apo E genotype and early onset of CHD in Greek men. In the earlier CHD onset group, the apo epsilon3/4 genotype was less frequent compared to healthy men. This supports that the apo epsilon3/4 genotype is associated with decreased risk of premature CHD. Because the results of similar studies are not consistent, it may be that the relationship between apo E genotype and CHD is related to ethnicity rather than a universal phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D Kolovou
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
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16
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Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller D, Andres R, Morrell CH, Zonderman AB, Lakatta EG. apoE4 allele and the natural history of cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E322-7. [PMID: 15769795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00408.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to compare the longitudinal changes in traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (blood pressure, BMI, total and HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood glucose) in men with and without the apolipoprotein (apo)E4 allele. Three hundred six men from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, ranging in age from 20 to 92 yr, were studied. Repeated measurements of CV risk factors were performed over a median follow-up time of 7 yr (maximum 14.3 yr) for men. Longitudinal changes in these CV risk factors were analyzed by linear mixed-effects models. The prevalence of the apoE4 allele was 25.5%. apoE4 was independently associated with accelerated changes over time in fasting plasma glucose (+9.5% vs. no change in those without apoE4 in the 6th age-decade over 10 yr). No significant effect of apoE4 on longitudinal changes in total or HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, or blood pressures was observed. In conclusion, apoE4 influences fasting plasma glucose and its changes over time. This could explain, in part, the increased CV risk associated with the apoE4 genotype observed in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Scuteri
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, NIA-NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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17
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Shin MH, Kim HN, Cui LH, Kweon SS, Park KS, Heo H, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Chung EK, Choi JS. The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipid levels in Korean adults. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20:361-6. [PMID: 15953853 PMCID: PMC2782187 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) on lipid levels in Korean adults and to investigate the interactions between these polymorphisms and environmental factors in determining lipid levels. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,900 subjects (668 men and 1,232 women; 45-74 yr old) in Namwon, Korea, in 2004. APOE polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. Carriers of the APOE*E2 (E2) allele had significantly lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations than did carriers of the APOE*E3 (E3) or APOE*E4 (E4) alleles, regardless of gender. The APOE allele type had significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride levels in women, but not in men. The effect of APOE allele type on HDL-C levels was modified by age in women. In addition, in men, the effect of APOE allele type on triglyceride levels was modified by smoking. These findings highlight the important effect of gene-environment interactions on lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Hee Nam Kim
- Genomic Research Center of Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Lian-Hua Cui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanbian, China
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Heon Heo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Chung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Chonnam National University Research Center of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Chonnam National University Research Center of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, Korea
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18
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Paschos GK, Yiannakouris N, Rallidis LS, Davies I, Griffin BA, Panagiotakos DB, Skopouli FN, Votteas V, Zampelas A. Apolipoprotein E genotype in dyslipidemic patients and response of blood lipids and inflammatory markers to alpha-linolenic Acid. Angiology 2005; 56:49-60. [PMID: 15678256 DOI: 10.1177/000331970505600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation on blood lipids and inflammatory markers, in relation to apolipoprotein (apo) E genotype. The diets of 50 dyslipidemic male patients were supplemented with 15 mL of flaxseed oil per day for 12 weeks. Retrospectively, 3 apo E genotype variants were found (epsilon2/epsilon3, n=7; epsilon3/epsilon3, n=33; epsilon3/epsilon4, n=10). No significant differences were found among apo E genotypes in any variables at baseline. ALA supplementation produced a small but significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 1.12 to 1.08 mmol/L, 43 to 42 mg/dL; p=0.008) and apo A-I levels (from 1.28 to 1.24 g/L, p=0.036) in the epsilon3/epsilon3 homozygotes. In addition, ALA supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in the serum concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA) (p=0.014), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.013), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) (p<0.001), and interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.028). Serum SAA and MCSF were also significantly decreased in the epsilon3/epsilon4 group (p=0.005 and p=0.017, respectively). In contrast, ALA produced no effects on any of the inflammatory markers in the epsilon2/epsilon3 group. ALA may have beneficial effects on inflammation in dyslipidemic carriers of the apo epsilon3/epsilon3 and epsilon3/epsilon4 genotypes, but not in carriers of the epsilon2 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Paschos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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19
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Slattery ML. What is the role of diet in the development of cancer in American Indian and Alaska native populations? JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2005; 20:92-6. [PMID: 15916528 DOI: 10.1207/s15430154jce2001s_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between diet and cancer in American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) populations are not well understood. METHODS I review current knowledge of the associations between diet and cancer. RESULTS Studies of diet and cancer are inconsistent. Underlying characteristics of populations could contribute to observed differences. Dietary patterns and energy balance may importantly relate to cancer in AIAN populations. CONCLUSION Given the differences in cancer incidence and mortality rates in AIAN populations, it is reasonable that diet and lifestyle patterns could contribute to these differences, although we can only speculate as to specific dietary factors in cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Health Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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20
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Association of apo E polymorphism with variations in lipid and small dense LDL in koreans with alow fat intake. Nutr Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(03)00153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Souza DRS, Campos BF, Arruda EFD, Yamamoto LJ, Trindade DM, Tognola WA. Influence of the polymorphism of apolipoprotein E in cerebral vascular disease. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2003; 61:7-13. [PMID: 12715012 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2003000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genetic heterogeneity of apolipoprotein E (apo E) has been associated with lipid profile and atherothrombotic stroke, however this association remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between the isoforms of apo E and atherothrombotic stroke, by ascertaining the frequency of its alleles and genotypes associated with the lipid profile in patients with stroke. METHOD A total of 207 individuals were divided into two groups, consisting of 107 patients with stroke and 100 individuals without clinical symptoms of the disease. Blood samples were taken from patients and controls for molecular investigation of the apo E (epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 alleles) for the analysis of the lipid profile. RESULTS The epsilon3 allele was the most common and its prevalence was significantly higher in patients (0.93) compared to the controls (0.86; p=0.024). The epsilon2 allele was rarely seen specifically in patients (0.02 versus 0.05 in controls, p=0.191). The epsilon4 allele was not associated with stroke showing a reduced frequency in patients (0.05) when compared to controls (0.09; p=0.011). Although higher average levels of lipid profile were found in patients when compared to controls, with statistical significance for the values of total cholesterol (TC) (203.6 mg/dL +/- 57.98 and 181.9 mg/dL +/- 68.47 respectively; p=0.003) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) (131.4mg/dL +/- 52.60 and 116 mg/dL +/- 56.38, respectively; p=0.014), these were independent of the presence of the epsilon4 allele. In control group the higher TC and LDLc values occurred in the absence of the epsilon4 allele, confirming the conflicting effect of the alleles of apo E on the plasmatic lipids and atherothrombotic stroke. CONCLUSION The isoforms of apo E cannot be regarded as an isolated risk factor for stroke and do not show association with lipid profile in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorotéia R S Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
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22
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Abstract
The relationship between apolipoprotein (apo) E and vascular disease has been the subject of a considerable amount of research. However, this relationship is far from clearly defined. This deficiency appears to be due to a multitude of factors. Among these are differences in ethnicity, age (and possibly gender), diagnostic criteria, and environmental factors (eg, diet and smoking) that have contributed to the contradictory findings. Several diseases and their treatment may also influence this relationship. There are also documented interactions between apo E genotypes and other genes or vascular risk factors. One possible clinically relevant application of identifying the apo E genotype could be to assess the response to a particular drug treatment. It may also be that apo E polymorphism will become a good predictor of vascular death (eg, from myocardial infarction or stroke) rather than an indicator of the risk of developing vascular disease but without an acute ischemic event. More research is required to define the place of apo E genotyping in the management of vascular disease in its various forms. Whatever the future brings, the evaluation of apo E genotypes will need to be rapid, cheap, and technically undemanding before this investigation becomes widely available and clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece
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23
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Aguilar-Salinas CA, Díaz-Polanco A, Quintana E, Macias N, Arellano A, Ramírez E, Ordóñez ML, Velásquez-Alva C, Gómez Pérez FJ, Alberú J, Correa-Rotter R. Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia post-transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40:169-77. [PMID: 12087575 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.33926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our purpose was to identify factors associated with hyperlipidemia post-transplantation in a Hispanic population. METHODS From 1985 to 1999, a kidney graft survival longer than 3 months occurred in 293 cases at the Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición. Most of the patients living in Mexico City were included (n = 83). The evaluation included a questionnaire, blood samples, and assessment of body composition and dietary habits. As many as possible first-degree relatives were studied. RESULTS Women had higher values of cholesterol (236 +/- 51 versus 215 +/-41; P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (147 +/- 42 versus 131 +/- 34; P = 0.05), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (57.3 +/- 14 versus 47.9 +/- 14; P = 0.002) and high-density lipoprotein-2 cholesterol. Isolated hypercholesterolemia was the most common lipid abnormality (40.9%), followed by mixed hyperlipidemia. Lipoprotein (a) greater than 30 mg/dL was found in 13 cases. Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) in the patient's relatives was a marker for dyslipidemia (odds ratio, 7.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 59.7). These cases had a worse lipid profile. Cyclosporine-treated FCHL patients had higher lipid levels compared with the non-FCHL, cyclosporine-treated patients. The effects of cyclosporine on the lipid levels were lower, but significant, after the exclusion of the FCHL cases. CONCLUSION Post-transplant dyslipidemia is determined by genetic and environmental factors. FCHL in the patient's relatives was associated with post-transplant hyperlipidemia; an additive effect with cyclosporine was found. The evaluation of the lipid profile of relatives may be useful for the assessment of the risk of post-transplant dyslipidemia.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Body Composition/genetics
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol/genetics
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, HDL/metabolism
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism
- Contraindications
- Cyclosporine/adverse effects
- Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
- Diet/adverse effects
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/blood
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/drug therapy
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/etiology
- Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/genetics
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy
- Hyperlipidemias/etiology
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects
- Male
- Mexico
- Sex Factors
- Surveys and Questionnaires
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
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24
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Kolovou G, Yiannakouris N, Hatzivassiliou M, Malakos J, Daskalova D, Hatzigeorgiou G, Cariolou MA, Cokkinos DV. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with myocardial infarction in Greek patients with coronary artery disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2002; 18:118-24. [PMID: 12094820 DOI: 10.1185/030079902125000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies in several populations have indicated that genetic variation at the apolipoprotein E (apoE) structural locus influences the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed at investigating whether apoE polymorphism has an allelic and/or genotypic impact on the risk of MI in Greek patients with CAD. We compared apoE gene polymorphism in a group of patients with angiographically confirmed CAD but not MI [CAD/MI (-)-group, n = 143] and a group of age and sex-matched CAD patients who had experienced a non-fatal Ml [CAD/MI (+)-group, n = 124]. The patients were also compared with a group of healthy younger individuals (n = 240) with no family history of CAD. The apoE genotype distribution differed significantly between the two groups of CAD patients (p = 0.02). The epsilon2 allele was 5.3-fold less frequent in the CAD/ MI (+)-group compared with the CAD/MI (-)-group (1.2% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.01). The frequency of the epsilon2 allele in healthy subjects was 8.1%, which is 6.8-fold higher than in CAD/MI (+)-patients (p = 0.001) and twice as high compared with all CAD patients (p = 0.02). No differences in epsilon4 allele frequencies were observed between CAD/MI (+)- and CAD/MI (-)-patients (10.9% vs. 9.8%), or between patients with CAD and healthy subjects (10.3% vs. 10.2%). In summary, the epsilon4 allele was not found to be associated with an increased risk for CAD or MI. In contrast, a negative association of the epsilon2 allele with Ml was observed among Greek patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
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25
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Vicente Sorlí J, Velert R, Guillén M, Portolés O, Begoña Ramírez J, Iborra J, Corella D. Efecto del polimorfismo de la apolipoproteína E en el perfil lipoproteico y riesgo cardiovascular en una población mediterránea. Med Clin (Barc) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)72454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Tolosa M, Peiró S, Real JT, Cano A, Ascaso JF, Carmena R. The influence of apo E phenotypes on the plasma triglycerides response to hormonal replacement therapy during the menopause. Maturitas 2001; 40:173-81. [PMID: 11716996 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5122(01)00237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the influence of apo E phenotype in plasma lipids, especially in triglycerides levels, in menopausal women receiving hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). METHODS One hundred and ten postmenopausal women were studied. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and triglycerides (TG) were measured before and after 3 months of HRT and the apo E phenotype was determined. According to the apo E phenotype the sample was divided into three groups: E2/E3 (n=28), E3/E3 (n=96) and E4/E3 (n=25). RESULTS In the pre-treatment state, higher plasma levels of TC and TC/HDL-C ratio were observed in women with phenotype E3/E4 (P<0.0001 and P<0.02, respectively), while higher plasma TG levels were found in the apo E2/E3 group (P<0.0001). After HRT, women with phenotype E3/E4 showed higher levels of TC and TC/HDL-C ratio (P<0.0001 and P<0.006, respectively). The apo E2/E3 phenotype group showed increased levels of TG (P<0.0001). In the multivariant analysis the changes of TG after HRT were related to the type of treatment used (P<0.001), age (P=0.05) and the apo E phenotype (E2/E3). CONCLUSION Women with phenotype E2/E3 have higher plasma TG levels and show a significant post HRT increase compared with the other phenotypes. Other factors with a lower impact on TG levels are age and progestagen association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tolosa
- Endocrinology Services, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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27
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Corella D, Tucker K, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Alcohol drinking determines the effect of the APOE locus on LDL-cholesterol concentrations in men: the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:736-45. [PMID: 11273848 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.4.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of alcohol drinking on LDL-cholesterol concentrations is unclear. The reported variability may be due to interactions between genetic factors and alcohol intake. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to examine whether variation at the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) locus modulates the association between alcohol drinking and LDL cholesterol. DESIGN We used a cross-sectional design in a healthy population-based sample of 1014 men and 1133 women from the Framingham Offspring Study. RESULTS In male nondrinkers (n = 197), LDL cholesterol was not significantly different across APOE allele groups [APOE*E2 (E2), APOE*E3 (E3), and APOE*E4 (E4)]. However, in male drinkers (n = 817), differences were observed (P: < 0.001); those with the E2 allele had the lowest concentrations. LDL cholesterol in men with the E2 allele was significantly lower in drinkers than in nondrinkers but was significantly higher in drinkers than in nondrinkers in men with the E4 allele. This APOE-alcohol interaction remained significant (P < 0.001) after age, body mass index, smoking status, and fat and energy intakes were controlled for. In women, the expected effect of APOE alleles on LDL cholesterol occurred in both drinkers (n = 791; P < 0.001) and nondrinkers (n = 342; P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression models showed a negative association (P < 0.05) between alcohol and LDL cholesterol in men with the E2 allele but a positive association in men with the E4 allele. No significant associations were observed in men or women with the E3 allele. CONCLUSION In men, the effects of alcohol intake on LDL cholesterol are modulated in part by variability at the APOE locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corella
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory and the Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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28
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Jacquier M, Arango D, Villareal E, Torres O, Serrano ML, Cruts M, Montañes P, Cano C, Rodriguez MN, Serneels S, Van Broeckhoven C. APOE epsilon4 and Alzheimer's disease: positive association in a Colombian clinical series and review of the Latin-American studies. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2001; 59:11-7. [PMID: 11299424 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2001000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the strength of the association between the APOE epsilon4 allele and Alzheimer's disease (AD) varies across ethnic groups, we studied if there was such an association in Colombian patients. METHOD We performed apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping in a clinical sample of 83 unrelated AD patients, predominantly late-onset (>65 yrs) including familial ( n =30) and sporadic AD cases (n= 53) diagnosed according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria and assessed by a multi-disciplinary team. Control subjects (n = 44) had no significant cognitive impairment by medical interview and neuro-psychological testing. RESULTS We found a high association (OR= 5.1 95%CI 1.9 -13.6) between APOE epsilon4 and AD, in this series with predominantly late-onset cases with familial aggregation in 24 cases (28.9%). A significant negative association was found between epsilon2 and AD (OR= 0.2 95% CI 0.05-0.75). CONCLUSION Further population-based surveys in Colombia are warranted to precise a possible dose effect of APOE epsilon4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jacquier
- Group of Chronic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Lahoz C, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Levy D, Osgood D, Parpos S, Pedro-Botet J, Daly JA, Ordovas JM. Apolipoprotein E genotype and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154:529-37. [PMID: 11257253 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein (apo) E is a constituent of lipoproteins with considerable variation due to cysteine-arginine exchanges. The apo E4 (Arg112-Cys) polymorphism has been associated with dementia and hypercholesterolemia. We investigated the relation of APOE genotype to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Framingham Offspring Study. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA was isolated from 3413 study participants and APOE genotypes were determined utilizing the polymerase chain reaction and restriction isotyping. In the entire group of subjects, 20.7% had apo E4/4 or E3/4 (Group E4); 14.1% had apo E2/2 or E2/3 (Group E2) and 63.9% had the apo E3/3 genotype (Group E3). Subjects with E2/4 (1.3%) were excluded. Period prevalence of CVD between examinations 1 and 5 (1971-1994) (366 events) was related to APOE genotype. Age adjusted period prevalence of CVD in men was 18.6% for Group E4, 18.2% for Group E2 and 12.7% for Group E3 (P=0.004); while in women these rates were 9.9, 4.9, and 6.6%, respectively (P=0.037). After adjustment for non-lipid risk factors the relative odds for CVD in Group E2 men was 1.79 (P=0.0098) and in Group E4 it was 1.63 (P=0.0086) compared with the Group E3; while in Group E4 women it was 1.56 (P=0.054). After adjustment for all CVD risk factors, the relative odds in Group E2 men was 1.94 (P=0.004) and in Group E4 men it was 1.51 (P=0.0262). CONCLUSIONS The presence of the apo E2 or apo E4 alleles in men is associated with significantly greater CVD risk. This genotypic information may help to identify individuals at increased risk for CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lahoz
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Campos H, D'Agostino M, Ordovás JM. Gene-diet interactions and plasma lipoproteins: role of apolipoprotein E and habitual saturated fat intake. Genet Epidemiol 2001; 20:117-128. [PMID: 11119301 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2272(200101)20:1<117::aid-gepi10>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To test whether plasma lipoprotein levels and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size are modulated by an interaction between habitual saturated fat intake and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, we studied 420 randomly selected free-living Costa Ricans. The APOE allele frequencies were 0.03 for APOE2, 0.91 for APOE3, and 0.06 for APOE4. The median saturated fat intake, 11% of energy, was used to divide the population into two groups, LOW-SAT (mean intake 8.6% energy) represents those below median intake, and HIGH-SAT (mean intake 13.5%) represents those above median intake. Significant interactions between APOE genotype and diet were found for VLDL (P = 0.03) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.02). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with higher VLDL cholesterol (+29%) and lower HDL cholesterol (-22%) in APOE2 carriers, while the opposite association was observed in APOE4 carriers (-31% for VLDL cholesterol and +10% for HDL cholesterol). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with smaller LDL particles (-2%, P < 0.05) in APOE2 carriers, and larger LDL particles (+2%, P < 0.05) in APOE4 carriers, but the gene-diet interaction was not statistically significant (P = 0.09). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with higher LDL cholesterol in all genotypes (mean +/- SEM, LOW-SAT 2.61 +/- 0.05 vs. HIGH-SAT 2.84 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, P = 0.009). These data suggest that the APOE2 allele could modulate the effect of habitual saturated fat on VLDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in a population with an average habitual total fat intake of less than 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Campos
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Corella D, Guillén M, Portolés O, Sabater A, Cortina S, Folch J, Sáiz C. [Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and risk of hypercholesterolemia: a case control study in a working population of Valencia]. Med Clin (Barc) 2000; 115:170-5. [PMID: 10996872 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is polymorphic with three common alleles (epsilon 2, epsilon 3, epsilon 4) whose allelic frequency and association with lipid levels varies from population to population. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between these genetic variants and the risk of hypercholesterolemia in a Mediterranean Spanish population. PATIENTS AND METHODS A case-control study in a working population from Valencia was carried out. A total of 330 cases (148 men and 182 women) with moderate hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl or with lipid lowering treatment) and age range 20 to 60 years, were identified. 330 normocholesterolemic controls matched by age and sex were selected. From all of them data of apoE genotype, body mass index, lipid and lipoprotein levels, socioeconomic and life-style variables were obtained. RESULTS The epsilon 2 allele frequency was statistically lower in cases (0.033) than in controls (0.086). The epsilon 4 allele frequency was higher in cases (0.115) than in controls (0.039). In the crude logistic regression analysis, the apoE polymorphism was related (p < 0.001) to the risk of hypercholesterolemia. After adjustment by age, body mass index, educational level, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity the epsilon 2 allele was associated with a lower risk of hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20-0.64), and the epsilon 4 allele was associated with a higher risk (OR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.82-5.06). CONCLUSIONS The apoE genotype was significantly related to the risk of moderate hypercholesterolemia in the Mediterranean Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corella
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universitat de València.
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