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Cobián Güemes AG, Le T, Rojas MI, Jacobson NE, Villela H, McNair K, Hung SH, Han L, Boling L, Octavio JC, Dominguez L, Cantú VA, Archdeacon S, Vega AA, An MA, Hajama H, Burkeen G, Edwards RA, Conrad DJ, Rohwer F, Segall AM. Compounding Achromobacter Phages for Therapeutic Applications. Viruses 2023; 15:1665. [PMID: 37632008 PMCID: PMC10457797 DOI: 10.3390/v15081665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Achromobacter species colonization of Cystic Fibrosis respiratory airways is an increasing concern. Two adult patients with Cystic Fibrosis colonized by Achromobacter xylosoxidans CF418 or Achromobacter ruhlandii CF116 experienced fatal exacerbations. Achromobacter spp. are naturally resistant to several antibiotics. Therefore, phages could be valuable as therapeutics for the control of Achromobacter. In this study, thirteen lytic phages were isolated and characterized at the morphological and genomic levels for potential future use in phage therapy. They are presented here as the Achromobacter Kumeyaay phage collection. Six distinct Achromobacter phage genome clusters were identified based on a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Kumeyaay collection as well as the publicly available Achromobacter phages. The infectivity of all phages in the Kumeyaay collection was tested in 23 Achromobacter clinical isolates; 78% of these isolates were lysed by at least one phage. A cryptic prophage was induced in Achromobacter xylosoxidans CF418 when infected with some of the lytic phages. This prophage genome was characterized and is presented as Achromobacter phage CF418-P1. Prophage induction during lytic phage preparation for therapy interventions require further exploration. Large-scale production of phages and removal of endotoxins using an octanol-based procedure resulted in a phage concentrate of 1 × 109 plaque-forming units per milliliter with an endotoxin concentration of 65 endotoxin units per milliliter, which is below the Food and Drugs Administration recommended maximum threshold for human administration. This study provides a comprehensive framework for the isolation, bioinformatic characterization, and safe production of phages to kill Achromobacter spp. in order to potentially manage Cystic Fibrosis (CF) pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Georgina Cobián Güemes
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Tram Le
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Rojas
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Nicole E. Jacobson
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Helena Villela
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Marine Microbiomes Lab, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Building 2, Level 3, Room 3216 WS03, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katelyn McNair
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Shr-Hau Hung
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Lili Han
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lance Boling
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jessica Claire Octavio
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Lorena Dominguez
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Vito Adrian Cantú
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Sinéad Archdeacon
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alejandro A. Vega
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Michelle A. An
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Hamza Hajama
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Gregory Burkeen
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Robert A. Edwards
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Flinders Accelerator for Microbiome Exploration, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park 5042, Australia
| | - Douglas J. Conrad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 9500, USA
| | - Forest Rohwer
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Anca M. Segall
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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Effect of ADH7 gene loss on fusel oil metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Huangjiu fermentation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Latta L, Knebel I, Bleil C, Stachon T, Katiyar P, Zussy C, Fries FN, Käsmann-Kellner B, Seitz B, Szentmáry N. Similarities in DSG1 and KRT3 Downregulation through Retinoic Acid Treatment and PAX6 Knockdown Related Expression Profiles: Does PAX6 Affect RA Signaling in Limbal Epithelial Cells? Biomolecules 2021; 11:1651. [PMID: 34827649 PMCID: PMC8615883 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital PAX6-aniridia is a rare panocular disease resulting from limbal stem cell deficiency. In PAX6-aniridia, the downregulation of the retinol-metabolizing enzymes ADH7 (All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase 7) and ALDH1A1/A3 (Retinal dehydrogenase 1, Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A3) have been described in limbal epithelial cells (LECs) and conjunctival epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to identify the role of retinol derivates in the differentiation of human LEC and its potential impact on aniridia-associated keratopathy development. Human LEC were isolated from healthy donor corneas and were cultured with retinol, retinoic acid, or pan-retinoic acid receptor antagonist (AGN 193109) acting on RARα, β, γ (NR1B1, NR1B2 NR1B3) or were cultured with pan-retinoid X receptor antagonist (UVI 3003) acting on RXR α, β, γ (retinoid X receptor, NR2B1, NR2B2, BR2B3). Using qPCR, differentiation marker and retinoid-/fatty acid metabolism-related mRNA expression was analysed. DSG1 (Desmoglein 1), KRT3 (Keratin 3), and SPINK7 (Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 7) mRNA expression was downregulated when retinoid derivates were used. AGN 193109 treatment led to the upregulation of ADH7, KRT3, and DSG1 mRNA expression and to the downregulation of KRT12 (Keratin 12) and KRT19 (Keratin 19) mRNA expression. Retinol and all-trans retinoic acid affect some transcripts of corneal LEC in a similar way to what has been observed in the LEC of PAX6-aniridia patients with the altered expression of differentiation markers. An elevated concentration of retinol derivatives in LEC or an altered response to retinoids may contribute to this pattern. These initial findings help to explain ocular surface epithelia differentiation disorders in PAX6-aniridia and should be investigated in patient cells or in cell models in the future in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Latta
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (I.K.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (P.K.); (C.Z.)
| | - Igor Knebel
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (I.K.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (P.K.); (C.Z.)
| | - Constanze Bleil
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (I.K.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (P.K.); (C.Z.)
| | - Tanja Stachon
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (I.K.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (P.K.); (C.Z.)
| | - Priya Katiyar
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (I.K.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (P.K.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (F.N.F.); (B.K.-K.); (B.S.)
| | - Claire Zussy
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (I.K.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (P.K.); (C.Z.)
| | - Fabian Norbert Fries
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (F.N.F.); (B.K.-K.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Käsmann-Kellner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (F.N.F.); (B.K.-K.); (B.S.)
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (F.N.F.); (B.K.-K.); (B.S.)
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (L.L.); (I.K.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (P.K.); (C.Z.)
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Rubelowski AK, Latta L, Katiyar P, Stachon T, Käsmann-Kellner B, Seitz B, Szentmáry N. HCE-T cell line lacks cornea-specific differentiation markers compared to primary limbal epithelial cells and differentiated corneal epithelium. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:565-575. [PMID: 31927639 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human corneal epithelial cell-transformed (HCE-T) cell line is used as a widely accepted barrier model for pharmacological investigations in the context of eye application. The differentiation of (limbal) corneal epithelial into mature corneal epithelium coincides with the expression of established differentiation markers. If these differentiation mechanisms are disturbed, it will lead to ocular surface disease. In this study, we want to compare the expression of differentiation markers in the HCE-T cell line to differentiated primary epithelial cells (pCECs) and primary limbal epithelial cell (LEC) culture. This is necessary in order to decide whether HCE-T cells could be a tool to study the differentiation process and its regulatory networks in corneal epithelium. METHODS Primary limbal epithelial cells (LECs) for cell culture and primary corneal epithelial cells (pCECs) as differentiated tissue samples were obtained from the limbus or central cornea region of corneal donors. HCE-T cell line was purchased from RIKEN Institute RCB-2280.Expression levels of conjunctival- and corneal-specific keratin and adhesion markers (KRT3, KRT12, KRT13, KRT19, DSG1), stem cell and differentiation markers (PAX6, ABCG2, ADH7, TP63, ALDH1A1), and additional (unvalidated) putative differentiation and stem cell markers (CTSV, SPINK7, DKK1) were analyzed with qPCR. Additionally, KRT3, KRT12, DSG1, and PAX6 protein levels were analyzed with Western blot. RESULTS KRT3, KRT12, DSG1, PAX6, ADH7, and ALDH1A1 mRNA expressions were higher in LECs and magnitudes higher in pCECs compared to HCE-T cells. KRT3, KRT12, PAX6, ALDH1A1, ADH7, TP63, and CTSV mRNAs have shown increasing mRNA expression from HCE-T < HCE-T cultured in keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSFM) < LEC < to pCEC.KRT3 and KRT12 protein expressions were only slightly increased in LEC compared to HCE-T samples, and the strongest signals were seen in pCEC samples. DSG1 protein expression was only detected in pCECs. PAX6 protein expression was hardly detected in HCE-T cells, and no difference could be seen between LECs and pCECs. CONCLUSIONS The HCE-T cell line is even less differentiated than LECs regarding the investigated markers and therefore might also lack the ability to express differentiation markers at protein level. Hence, this cell line is not suitable to study corneal differentiation processes. Primary LECs in the way cultured here are not an ideal system compared to differentiated epithelium in organ culture but should be preferred to HCE-T cells if corneal differentiation markers are investigated. Other cell models or differentiation protocols should be developed in the future to gain new tools for research on ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Klara Rubelowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Lorenz Latta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Priya Katiyar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Tanja Stachon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | | | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Expression of retinoic acid signaling components ADH7 and ALDH1A1 is reduced in aniridia limbal epithelial cells and a siRNA primary cell based aniridia model. Exp Eye Res 2019; 179:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Antwi SO, Eckel-Passow JE, Diehl ND, Serie DJ, Custer KM, Wu KJ, Cheville JC, Thiel DD, Leibovich BC, Parker AS. Alcohol consumption, variability in alcohol dehydrogenase genes and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:747-756. [PMID: 29023769 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has been associated inversely with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk; however, no study has examined effect modification by germline variation in alcohol-metabolizing genes. We investigated whether the association between alcohol intake and RCC risk is modulated by germline variants in alcohol dehydrogenase genes in a large case-control study. Data from 652 RCC cases and 1,366 non-cancer controls were analyzed. Alcohol intake was assessed using a standardized risk factor questionnaire. Three previously genotyped polymorphisms in ADH6 and ADH7 with the TaqMan assay were examined. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for covariates. Compared to non-drinkers, ever consumption of alcohol was associated with lower RCC risk (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.42-0.65). Analysis with cubic spline regression curve showed a "J-shaped" relationship between alcohol drinks/day and RCC risk, such that there was no added benefit against RCC for consumption of more than two drinks/day. We observed effect modification by variation in rs1154454 (ADH7) (pinteraction = 0.007); a per unit increase in alcohol drink/day was associated with 35% lower RCC risk among non-minor allele carriers, a 27% lower risk among those who carry one copy of the minor allele, but no association was observed among those with two copies of the minor allele. These findings indicate that alcohol consumption is associated with lower RCC risk. Consuming more than two drinks a day does not confer additional protection against RCC. The association between alcohol intake and RCC risk appears to be modulated by inter-individual germline variation in alcohol-metabolizing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O Antwi
- Department of Health Sciences Research, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Nancy D Diehl
- Department of Health Sciences Research, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Daniel J Serie
- Department of Health Sciences Research, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Kaitlynn M Custer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Kevin J Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL
| | - John C Cheville
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL
| | - David D Thiel
- Department of Urology at Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Alexander S Parker
- Department of Health Sciences Research, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL
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Cai Y, Patterson KE, Reinier F, Keesecker SE, Blue E, Bamshad M, Haddad J. Copy Number Changes Identified Using Whole Exome Sequencing in Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate in a Honduran Population. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1257-1267. [PMID: 28748635 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of cleft lip with or without cleft palate cases appear as an isolated, nonsyndromic entity (NSCLP). With the advent of next generation sequencing, whole exome sequencing (WES) has been used to identify single nucleotide variants and insertion/deletions which cause or increase the risk of NSCLP. However, to our knowledge, there are no published studies using WES in NSCLP to investigate copy number changes (CNCs), which are a major component of human genetic variation. Our study aimed to identify CNCs associated with NSCLP in a Honduran population using WES. METHODS WES was performed on two to four members of 27 multiplex Honduran families. CNCs were identified using two algorithms, CoNIFER and XHMM. Priority was given to CNCs that were identified in more than one patient and had variant frequencies of less than 5% in reference data sets. RESULTS WES completion was defined as >90% of the WES target at >8 × coverage and >80% of the WES target at >20 × coverage. Twenty-four CNCs that met our inclusion criteria were identified by both CoNIFER and XHMM. These CNCs were confirmed using quantitative PCR. Pedigree analysis produced three CNCs corresponding to ADH7, AHR, and CRYZ segregating with NSCLP. Two of the three CNCs implicate genes, AHR and ADH7, whose known biological functions could plausibly play a role in NSCLP. CONCLUSION WES can be used to detect candidate CNCs that may be involved in the pathophysiology of NSCLP. Birth Defects Research 109:1257-1267, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Karynne E Patterson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Frederic Reinier
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sarah E Keesecker
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joseph Haddad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Demirel Kars M, Odabaşı BA, Kars G, Üney K, Bağcı Y, Baş AL. Implications from a pharmacogenomic analysis: Nerium oleander leaf distillate supplemented diet regulates cholesterol metabolism in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:988-993. [PMID: 24617822 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.874535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the usage of Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae) for anticancer studies and traditional remediation, the regulatory effect of N. oleander leaf distillate on cholesterol metabolism is not disclosed sufficiently. OBJECTIVE Cholesterol is an important biological molecule and the synthesis rate is regulated by the amount of cholesterol uptake from the diet. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) and the effects of N. oleander leaf distillate-supplemented diet (NOHFD) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray technology was used to clarify the regulation of cholesterol mechanism in HFD and NOHFD-fed rats (375 μg/0.5 mL distilled water applied by gavage). The treatment period was 90 days. Rat liver tissues were used for microarray analysis using the Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Genome platform. RESULTS of groups were statistically analyzed with the Partek 6.6 bioinformatic program. RESULTS The HFD group exhibited alterations in the expression levels of about 1945 genes with respect to the normal diet (ND) group. The results showed that expression levels of 47 genes were altered related to cholesterol metabolism in HFD and NOHFD groups. The expression levels of seven genes in the NOHFD group were significantly closer to those in the ND group than those of the HFD group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION To conclude, findings suggest that N. oleander leaf distillate-supplemented food has considerable beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression levels.
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Zuo L, Zhang H, Malison RT, Li CSR, Zhang XY, Wang F, Lu L, Lu L, Wang X, Krystal JH, Zhang F, Deng HW, Luo X. Rare ADH variant constellations are specific for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 48:9-14. [PMID: 23019235 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/ags104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Some of the well-known functional alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene variants (e.g. ADH1B*2, ADH1B*3 and ADH1C*2) that significantly affect the risk of alcohol dependence are rare variants in most populations. In the present study, we comprehensively examined the associations between rare ADH variants [minor allele frequency (MAF) <0.05] and alcohol dependence, with several other neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders as reference. METHODS A total of 49,358 subjects in 22 independent cohorts with 11 different neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders were analyzed, including 3 cohorts with alcohol dependence. The entire ADH gene cluster (ADH7-ADH1C-ADH1B-ADH1A-ADH6-ADH4-ADH5 at Chr4) was imputed in all samples using the same reference panels that included whole-genome sequencing data. We stringently cleaned the phenotype and genotype data to obtain a total of 870 single nucleotide polymorphisms with 0< MAF <0.05 for association analysis. RESULTS We found that a rare variant constellation across the entire ADH gene cluster was significantly associated with alcohol dependence in European-Americans (Fp1: simulated global P = 0.045), European-Australians (Fp5: global P = 0.027; collapsing: P = 0.038) and African-Americans (Fp5: global P = 0.050; collapsing: P = 0.038), but not with any other neuropsychiatric disease. Association signals in this region came principally from ADH6, ADH7, ADH1B and ADH1C. In particular, a rare ADH6 variant constellation showed a replicable association with alcohol dependence across these three independent cohorts. No individual rare variants were statistically significantly associated with any disease examined after group- and region-wide correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION We conclude that rare ADH variants are specific for alcohol dependence. The ADH gene cluster may harbor a causal variant(s) for alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Mao Q, Gao L, Wang H, Wang Q, Zhang T. The alcohol dehydrogenase 1C(rs698) genotype and breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Asia Pac J Public Health 2012; 27:NP36-46. [PMID: 22652248 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512446962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Published data regarding the association between alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 1C genotypes and breast cancer risk show conflicting results. The authors performed this meta-analysis on 1969 patients and 2244 controls from 4 (including 7 study populations) related case-control studies to estimate the association between ADH1C(rs698) genotyping information and breast cancer risk. According to the 6 eligible populations, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer risk for ADH1C (1-2) versus ADH1C (2-2) , ADH1C (1-1) versus ADH1C (2-2) genotype, and ADH1C (1) versus ADH1C (2) were 1.16 (0.95-1.42), 1.17 (0.95-1.44), and 1.05 (0.96-1.16), respectively. The OR (95% CI) for ADH1C (1-1) + ADH1C (1-2) versus ADH1C (2-2) from the 7 study populations was 1.14 (0.96-1.36). Meanwhile, genotypes of ADH1C (1-1) + ADH1C (1-2) increased the risk of breast cancer in drinkers (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.03-1.76). This meta-analysis suggested that the ADH1C (1) allele might modestly influence the effect of alcohol on breast cancer but is not an independent risk factor for breast cancer. However, more restricted prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunxia Mao
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Linggen Gao
- General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- China Institute of Industrial Relations, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- National Centre for Women and Children's Health, China CDC, Beijing, China
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Leclerc J, Courcot-Ngoubo Ngangue E, Cauffiez C, Allorge D, Pottier N, Lafitte JJ, Debaert M, Jaillard S, Broly F, Lo-Guidice JM. Xenobiotic metabolism and disposition in human lung: transcript profiling in non-tumoral and tumoral tissues. Biochimie 2011; 93:1012-27. [PMID: 21376776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lung is directly exposed to a wide variety of inhaled toxicants and carcinogens. In order to improve our knowledge of the cellular processing of these compounds in the respiratory tract, we investigated the mRNA expression level of 380 genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME), transporters, nuclear receptors and transcription factors, in pulmonary parenchyma (PP), bronchial mucosa (BM) and tumoral lung tissues from 12 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using a high throughput quantitative real-time RT-PCR method, we found that ADH1B, CYP4B1, CES1 and GSTP1 are the major XME genes expressed both in BM and PP. Our results also documented the predominant role played by the xenosensor AhR in human lung. The gene expression profiles were different for BM and PP, with a tendency toward increased mRNA levels of phase I and phase II XME genes in BM, suggesting major differences in the initial stages of xenobiotic metabolism. Some of the significantly overexpressed genes in BM (i.e. CYP2F1, CYP2A13, CYP2W1, NQO1…) encode proteins involved in the bioactivation of procarcinogens, pointing out distinct susceptibility to xenobiotics and their toxic effects between these two tissue types. Additionally, interindividual differences in transcript levels observed for some genes may be of genetic origin and may contribute to the variability in response to environmental exposure and, consequently, in the risk of developing lung diseases. A global decrease in gene expression was observed in tumoral specimens. Some of the proteins are involved in the metabolism or transport of anti-cancer drugs and their influence in the response of tumors to chemotherapy should be considered. In conclusion, the present study provides an overview of the cellular response to toxicants and drugs in healthy and cancerous human lung tissues, and thus improves our understanding of the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis as well as cellular resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Leclerc
- Equipe d'accueil EA4483, Faculté de Médecine Pôle Recherche, Université Lille Nord de France, 1 Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France.
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12
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Origins of the high catalytic activity of human alcohol dehydrogenase 4 studied with horse liver A317C alcohol dehydrogenase. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 191:42-7. [PMID: 21184752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The turnover numbers and other kinetic constants for human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 4 ("stomach" isoenzyme) are substantially larger (10-100-fold) than those for human class I and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenases. Comparison of the primary amino acid sequences (69% identity) and tertiary structures of these enzymes led to the suggestion that residue 317, which makes a hydrogen bond with the nicotinamide amide nitrogen of the coenzyme, may account for these differences. Ala-317 in the class I enzymes is substituted with Cys in human ADH4, and locally different conformations of the peptide backbones could affect coenzyme binding. This hypothesis was tested by making the A317C substitution in horse liver ADH1E and comparisons to the wild-type ADH1E. The steady-state kinetic constants for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and the reduction of benzaldehyde catalyzed by the A317C enzyme were very similar (up to about 2-fold differences) to those for the wild-type enzyme. Transient kinetics showed that the rate constants for binding of NAD(+) and NADH were also similar. Transient reaction data were fitted to the full Ordered Bi Bi mechanism and showed that the rate constants for hydride transfer decreased by about 2.8-fold with the A317C substitution. The structure of A317C ADH1E complexed with NAD(+) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl alcohol at 1.2 Å resolution is essentially identical to the structure of the wild-type enzyme, except near residue 317 where the additional sulfhydryl group displaces a water molecule that is present in the wild-type enzyme. ADH is adaptable and can tolerate internal substitutions, but the protein dynamics apparently are affected, as reflected in rates of hydride transfer. The A317C substitution is not solely responsible for the larger kinetic constants in human ADH4; thus, the differences in catalytic activity must arise from one or more of the other hundred substitutions in the enzyme.
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13
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Luo X, Kranzler HR, Zuo L, Zhang H, Gelernter J. ADH7 variation modulates extraversion and conscientiousness in substance-dependent subjects. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:179-86. [PMID: 17918242 PMCID: PMC3160628 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human personality traits have been closely linked to substance dependence (SD), and are partially genetically determined. Recently, associations between alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (ADH7) and SD have been reported, which led us to investigate the relationship between ADH7 variation and personality traits. We assessed dimensions of the five-factor model of personality and genotyped 4 ADH7 markers and 38 unlinked ancestry-informative markers in 244 subjects with SD [178 European-Americans (EAs) and 66 African-Americans (AAs)] and 293 healthy subjects (253 EAs and 40 AAs). The relationships between ADH7 markers and personality traits were comprehensively examined using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and then decomposed by Roy Bargmann Stepdown analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Generally, older individuals, AAs, and males had significantly lower personality scores (4.7 x 10(-5) < or = P < or = 0.032), as reported previously. In SD subjects, Extraversion was most significantly associated with ADH7 haplotypes (3.7 x 10(-4) < or = P < or = 0.001), diplotypes (0.007 < or = P < or = 0.012), and genotypes (P = 0.001), followed by Conscientiousness (0.005 < or = P < or = 0.033). The contributory haplotype and diplotypes contained the alleles and genotypes of rs284786 (SNP1) and rs1154470 (SNP4). In healthy subjects, other personality factors (except Extraversion) were associated with ADH7 diplotypes (0.005 < or = P < or = 0.016) and genotypes (0.002 < or = P < or = 0.052). Some of the gene effects on personality factors were modified by sex. The present study demonstrated that the ADH7 variation may contribute to the genetic component of variation in personality traits, with the risk for SD and personality traits being partially shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven Campus, CT
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven Campus, CT
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven Campus, CT
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven Campus, CT
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Peretz M, Bogin O, Tel-Or S, Cohen A, Li G, Chen JS, Burstein Y. Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and expression of genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenases from the thermophile Thermoanaerobacter brockii and the mesophile Clostridium beijerinckii. Anaerobe 2007; 3:259-70. [PMID: 16887600 DOI: 10.1006/anae.1997.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1996] [Accepted: 03/27/1997] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins play a pivotal role in thermophily. Comparing the molecular properties of homologous proteins from thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria is important for understanding the mechanisms of microbial adaptation to extreme environments. The thermophile Thermoanaerobacter (Thermoanaerobium) brockii and the mesophile Clostridium beijerinckii contain an NADP(H)-linked, zinc-containing secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (TBADH and CBADH) showing a similarly broad substrate range. The structural genes encoding the TBADH and the CBADH were cloned, sequenced, and highly expressed in Escherichia coli. The coding sequences of the TB adh and the CB adh genes are, respectively, 1056 and 1053 nucleotides long. The TB adh gene encoded an amino acid sequence identical to that of the purified TBADH. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the TB and CB adh genes showed a 76% identity and a 86% similarity, and the two genes had a similar preference for codons with A or T in the third position. Multiple sequence alignment of ADHs from different sources revealed that two (Cys-46 and His-67) of the three ligands for the catalytic Zn atom of the horse-liver ADH are preserved in TBADH and CBADH. Both the TBADH and CBADH were homotetramers. The substrate specificities and thermostabilities of the TBADH and CBADH expressed inE. coli were identical to those of the enzymes isolated from T. brockii and C. beijerinckii, respectively. A comparison of the amino acid composition of the two ADHs suggests that the presence of eight additional proline residues in TBADH than in CBADH and the exchange of hydrophilic and large hydrophobic residues in CBADH for the small hydrophobic amino acids Pro, Ala, and Val in TBADH might contribute to the higher thermostability of the T. brockii enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peretz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Crabb DW, Matsumoto M, Chang D, You M. Overview of the role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their variants in the genesis of alcohol-related pathology. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 63:49-63. [PMID: 15099407 DOI: 10.1079/pns2003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) are responsible for metabolizing the bulk of ethanol consumed as part of the diet and their activities contribute to the rate of ethanol elimination from the blood. They are expressed at highest levels in liver, but at lower levels in many tissues. This pathway probably evolved as a detoxification mechanism for environmental alcohols. However, with the consumption of large amounts of ethanol, the oxidation of ethanol can become a major energy source and, particularly in the liver, interferes with the metabolism of other nutrients. Polymorphic variants of the genes for these enzymes encode enzymes with altered kinetic properties. The pathophysiological effects of these variants may be mediated by accumulation of acetaldehyde; high-activity ADH variants are predicted to increase the rate of acetaldehyde generation, while the low-activity ALDH2 variant is associated with an inability to metabolize this compound. The effects of acetaldehyde may be expressed either in the cells generating it, or by delivery of acetaldehyde to various tissues by the bloodstream or even saliva. Inheritance of the high-activity ADH β2, encoded by theADH2*2gene, and the inactiveALDH2*2gene product have been conclusively associated with reduced risk of alcoholism. This association is influenced by gene–environment interactions, such as religion and national origin. The variants have also been studied for association with alcoholic liver disease, cancer, fetal alcohol syndrome, CVD, gout, asthma and clearance of xenobiotics. The strongest correlations found to date have been those between theALDH2*2allele and cancers of the oro-pharynx and oesophagus. It will be important to replicate other interesting associations between these variants and other cancers and heart disease, and to determine the biochemical mechanisms underlying the associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Crabb
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Roudebush VA Medical Center, Emerson Hall Room 317, 545 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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16
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Marussin AV, Stepanov VA, Spiridonova MG, Khar’kov VA, Pel’s JR, Puzyrev VP. Association analysis of alcohol metabolizing enzymes ADH1B, ADH7, CYP2E1 gene polymorphism with risk for coronary atherosclerosis. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Oota H, Dunn CW, Speed WC, Pakstis AJ, Palmatier MA, Kidd JR, Kidd KK. Conservative evolution in duplicated genes of the primate Class I ADH cluster. Gene 2006; 392:64-76. [PMID: 17204375 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans have seven alcohol dehydrogenase genes (ADH) falling into five classes. Three out of the seven genes (ADH1A, ADH1B and ADH1C) belonging to Class I are expressed primarily in liver and code the main enzymes catalyzing ethanol oxidization. The three genes are tandemly arrayed within the ADH cluster on chromosome 4 and have very high nucleotide similarity to each other (exons: >90%; introns: >70%), suggesting the genes have been generated by duplication event(s). One explanation for maintaining similarity of such clustered genes is homogenization via gene conversion(s). Alternatively, recency of the duplications or some other functional constraints might explain the high similarities among the genes. To test for gene conversion, we sequenced introns 2, 3, and 8 of all three Class I genes (total>15.0 kb) for five non-human primates--four great apes and one Old World Monkey (OWM)--and compared them with those of humans. The phylogenetic analysis shows each intron sequence clusters strongly within each gene, giving no evidence for gene conversion(s). Several lines of evidence indicate that the first split was between ADH1C and the gene that gave rise to ADH1A and ADH1B. We also analyzed cDNA sequences of the three genes that have been previously reported in mouse and Catarrhines (OWMs, chimpanzee, and humans) and found that the synonymous and non-synonymous substitution (dN/dS) ratios in all pairs are less than 1 representing purifying selection. This suggests that purifying selection is more important than gene conversion(s) in maintaining the overall sequence similarity among the Class I genes. We speculate that the highly conserved sequences on the three duplicated genes in primates have been achieved essentially by maintaining stability of the hetero-dimer formation that might have been related to dietary adaptation in primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Oota
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA.
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18
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Han Y, Oota H, Osier MV, Pakstis AJ, Speed WC, Odunsi A, Okonofua F, Kajuna SLB, Karoma NJ, Kungulilo S, Grigorenko E, Zhukova OV, Bonne-Tamir B, Lu RB, Parnas J, Schulz LO, Kidd JR, Kidd KK. Considerable haplotype diversity within the 23kb encompassing the ADH7 gene. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:2091-100. [PMID: 16385178 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000191769.92667.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the seven known human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes, the non-liver expressed ADH7 gene codes for the enzyme with the highest maximal activity for ethanol. Previous study from our laboratory has suggested that ADH7 has an epistatic role for protection against alcoholism based on a single ADH7 SNP. METHODS We have now studied seven SNPs, additional populations for the SNP previously examined, and six more new SNPs, across 23 kb of ADH7 in 38 population samples originating from different geographical regions of the world. RESULTS The overall linkage disequilibrium is moderate to strong across this region even though considerable 7-SNP haplotype diversity is observed. This uncommonly high haplotype diversity is explained by high LD within each "half," the three upstream SNPs and the four downstream SNPs, but near randomization between the "halves." This division significantly simplified the haplotype pattern: only four major haplotypes account for almost all chromosomes in all populations in each "half." CONCLUSIONS The low linkage disequilibrium between these two "halves" suggests multiple recombination(s) have occurred in this region, specifically, within intron 7. The absence of strong LD between the functional variation in ADH1B that is strongly associated with alcoholism and any of the variation in ADH7 supports the genetic independence of ADH7 in association studies. Thus, the previously observed epistatic effect of ADH7 cannot be explained by its linkage disequilibrium with a causative factor in ADH1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
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19
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Conway JP, Kinter M. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of macrophages with an increased resistance to oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced cytotoxicity generated by chronic exposure to oxLDL. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1522-40. [PMID: 16006650 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500111-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages leads to foam cell formation and fatty streaks, which represent early sites of potential atheroma development. We developed a cell culture model of chronic oxLDL exposure to determine whether hallmark parameters of oxLDL uptake and cytotoxicity are altered during foam cell formation and to determine changes in protein and mRNA expression that distinguish acute and chronic oxLDL exposure. Although the extent of oxLDL uptake did not change, a resistance to oxLDL-induced cytotoxicity was observed in the chronically exposed cells. Macrophages that have been chronically exposed to oxLDL required a 40% higher concentration of oxLDL to achieve 50% survival in a 48-h treatment relative to macrophages subjected to a single oxLDL exposure. A main feature of the differentially expressed proteome was a series of significantly overexpressed antioxidant and antioxidant-related proteins in the oxLDL-exposed cells. A large proportion of these proteins (45%) was overexpressed in the chronically exposed cells prior to the oxLDL treatment, indicative of the unique phenotype produced by the chronic treatment. Analysis of the transcriptome also revealed a broad increase in the expression of antioxidant and antioxidant-related proteins. In addition, the transcriptome experiments found an increased inflammatory response under conditions of both acute and chronic oxLDL exposure. Overall the combined functional, proteomic, and transcriptomic experiments show that macrophages respond to oxLDL by developing an oxidative stress resistance that increases and stabilizes with chronic exposure. Furthermore this protective response and the increased foam cell survival that it supports amplifies their proatherogenic role by promoting a continued inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Conway
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, and the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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20
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Abstract
Most tissues of the body contain enzymes capable of ethanol oxidation or nonoxidative metabolism, but significant activity occurs only in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the stomach. Hence, medical consequences are predominant in these organs. In the liver, ethanol oxidation generates an excess of reducing equivalents, primarily as NADH, causing hepatotoxicity. An additional system, containing cytochromes P-450 inducible by chronic alcohol feeding, was demonstrated in liver microsomes and found to be a major cause of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Lieber
- Bronx VA Medical Center (151-2), 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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Plapp BV, Mitchell JL, Berst KB. Mouse alcohol dehydrogenase 4: kinetic mechanism, substrate specificity and simulation of effects of ethanol on retinoid metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 130-132:445-56. [PMID: 11306066 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse ADH4 (purified, recombinant) has a low catalytic efficiency for ethanol and acetaldehyde, but very high activity with longer chain alcohols and aldehydes, at pH 7.3 and temperature 37 degrees C. The observed turnover numbers and catalytic efficiencies for the oxidation of all-trans-retinol and the reduction of all-trans-retinal and 9-cis-retinal are low relative to other substrates; 9-cis-retinal is more reactive than all-trans-retinal. The reduction of all-trans- or 9-cis-retinals coupled to the oxidation of ethanol by NAD(+) is as efficient as the reduction with NADH. However, the Michaelis constant for ethanol is about 100 mM, which indicates that the activity would be lower at physiologically relevant concentrations of ethanol. Simulations of the oxidation of retinol to retinoic acid with mouse ADH4 and human aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1), using rate constants estimated for all steps in the mechanism, suggest that ethanol (50 mM) would modestly decrease production of retinoic acid. However, if the K(m) for ethanol were smaller, as for human ADH4, the rate of retinol oxidation and formation of retinoic acid would be significantly decreased during metabolism of 50 mM ethanol. These studies begin to describe quantitatively the roles of enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohols and carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, 52242-1109, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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22
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Zhi X, Chan EM, Edenberg HJ. Tissue-specific regulatory elements in the human alcohol dehydrogenase 6 gene. DNA Cell Biol 2000; 19:487-97. [PMID: 10975466 DOI: 10.1089/10445490050128412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH6 is expressed at the highest levels in fetal and adult liver. We have mapped cis-acting elements that affect its expression. The sequence from bp -34 to -62 (site C) that includes the TATA box was strongly bound by nuclear proteins from liver, hepatoma cells, and fibroblasts. A truncation that removed the upstream part of site C but left the TATA homology intact dramatically reduced transcription; altering 5 bp in this region had much less effect. Part of site C can be bound by C/EBPalpha, but cotransfection with C/EBPalpha or C/EBPbeta did not stimulate transcription. The proximal region did not display tissue specificity, so we cloned the upstream region to search for additional regulatory sequences. The region between -1.6 and -2.3 kb stimulated transcription in hepatoma cells and inhibited it in fibroblasts. We identified two sites in this region that affect transcription independently of their orientation. Site 1 was a negative regulatory element in fibroblasts but had no effect in hepatoma cells. Site 2 was a positive regulatory element in hepatoma cells but had no effect in fibroblasts. This combination of positive and negative regulatory elements can play a significant role in the tissue-specific expression of ADH6.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhi
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122, USA
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Duester G, Farrés J, Felder MR, Holmes RS, Höög JO, Parés X, Plapp BV, Yin SJ, Jörnvall H. Recommended nomenclature for the vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase gene family. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:389-95. [PMID: 10424757 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family encodes enzymes that metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Studies on 19 vertebrate animals have identified ADH orthologs across several species, and this has now led to questions of how best to name ADH proteins and genes. Seven distinct classes of vertebrate ADH encoded by non-orthologous genes have been defined based upon sequence homology as well as unique catalytic properties or gene expression patterns. Each class of vertebrate ADH shares <70% sequence identity with other classes of ADH in the same species. Classes may be further divided into multiple closely related isoenzymes sharing >80% sequence identity such as the case for class I ADH where humans have three class I ADH genes, horses have two, and mice have only one. Presented here is a nomenclature that uses the widely accepted vertebrate ADH class system as its basis. It follows the guidelines of human and mouse gene nomenclature committees, which recommend coordinating names across species boundaries and eliminating Roman numerals and Greek symbols. We recommend that enzyme subunits be referred to by the symbol "ADH" (alcohol dehydrogenase) followed by an Arabic number denoting the class; i.e. ADH1 for class I ADH. For genes we recommend the italicized root symbol "ADH" for human and "Adh" for mouse, followed by the appropriate Arabic number for the class; i.e. ADH1 or Adh1 for class I ADH genes. For organisms where multiple species-specific isoenzymes exist within a class, we recommend adding a capital letter after the Arabic number; i.e. ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C for human alpha, beta, and gamma class I ADHs, respectively. This nomenclature will accommodate newly discovered members of the vertebrate ADH family, and will facilitate functional and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duester
- Gene Regulation Program, Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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25
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Lieber CS, Abittan CS. Pharmacology and metabolism of alcohol, including its metabolic effects and interactions with other drugs. Clin Dermatol 1999; 17:365-79. [PMID: 10497719 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Plapp BV, Chadha VK, Leidal KG, Cho H, Scholze M, Schindler JF, Berst KB, Ramaswamy S. Uncompetitive inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 463:295-303. [PMID: 10352698 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4735-8_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B V Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:1071-85. [PMID: 10357725 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isozymes of alcohol and other dehydrogenases convert ethanol and retinol to their corresponding aldehydes in vitro. In addition, new pathways of retinol metabolism have been described in hepatic microsomes that involve, in part, cytochrome P450s, which can also metabolize various drugs. In view of these overlapping metabolic pathways, it is not surprising that multiple interactions between retinol, ethanol, and other drugs occur. Accordingly, prolonged use of alcohol, drugs, or both, results not only in decreased dietary intake of retinoids and carotenoids, but also accelerates the breakdown of retinol through cross-induction of degradative enzymes. There is also competition between ethanol and retinoic acid precursors. Depletion ensues, with associated hepatic and extrahepatic pathology, including carcinogenesis and contribution to fetal defects. Correction of deficiency through vitamin A supplementation has been advocated. It is, however, complicated by the intrinsic hepatotoxicity of retinol, which is potentiated by concomitant alcohol consumption. By contrast, beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was considered innocuous until recently, when it was found to also interact with ethanol, which interferes with its conversion to retinol. Furthermore, the combination of beta-carotene with ethanol results in hepatotoxicity. Moreover, in smokers who also consume alcohol, beta-carotene supplementation promotes pulmonary cancer and, possibly, cardiovascular complications. Experimentally, beta-carotene toxicity was exacerbated when administered as part of beadlets. Thus ethanol, while promoting a deficiency of vitamin A also enhances its toxicity as well as that of beta-carotene. This narrowing of the therapeutic window for retinol and beta-carotene must be taken into account when formulating treatments aimed at correcting vitamin A deficiency, especially in drinking populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Leo
- Section of Liver Disease and Nutrition, the Alcohol Research and Treatment Center, Bronx VA Medical Center and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY 10468, USA
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28
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Lieber CS. Gastritis in the alcoholic: relationship to gastric alcohol metabolism and Helicobacter pylori. Addict Biol 1998; 3:423-33. [PMID: 26735117 DOI: 10.1080/13556219871967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic gastritis is common in the alcoholic. It is characterized by histological inflammation of the gastric mucosa and is associated with variable symptomatology. Its etiology is still the subject of debate. Recently, a new alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme, called sigma ADH, absent from the liver but predominant in the upper GI tract, has been fully characterized, its gene cloned, and it appears to play a major role in gastric ethanol metabolism. Indeed, it has now been established, both in vivo in experimental animals and in vitro in cultured human gastric cells, that alcohol is metabolized in the gastric mucosa, resulting in the production of acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite. In addition, Helicobacter pylori infection is common in the alcoholic, resulting in the breakdown of urea to ammonia, another toxic product. A number of studies carried out over the last 40 years revealed that antibiotic treatment eradicates ammonia production and results in histological and symptomatic improvement in the majority of patients with alcoholic gastritis. Non-invasive tests for the detection of H. pylori are now available which will facilitate the large scale studies needed to confirm whether, in H. pylori -positive patients, antibiotics should become routine treatment for alcoholic gastritis.
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Bogin O, Peretz M, Burstein Y. Probing structural elements of thermal stability in bacterial oligomeric alcohol dehydrogenases. I. Construction and characterization of chimeras consisting of secondary ADHs fromThermoanaerobacter brockii andClostridium beijerinckii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Kotagiri S, Edenberg HJ. Regulation of human alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH7: importance of an AP-1 site. DNA Cell Biol 1998; 17:583-90. [PMID: 9703017 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1998.17.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of the human alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (ADH7) promoter were analyzed. A promoter fragment extending to bp -232 functioned well in H4IIE-C3, CV-1, and HeLa cells, whereas the region extending further upstream to bp -799 had no significant effect on activity. We identified cis-acting elements in the proximal 232 bp and examined their effect on promoter activity. Mutation of site A, where c-Jun bound, caused a drastic decrease in the promoter activity in H4IIE-C3 and CV-1 cells, suggesting that AP-1 plays an important role in the regulation of ADH7. Mutation of site B also caused a large drop in promoter activity in both cell lines; C/EBPalpha can bind to this site, but because the site affects activity approximately equally in CV-1 cells that lack C/EBPalpha and in H4IIE-C3 cells that contain low levels, other proteins are likely to play the major roles in vivo. Mutation of site C, where C/EBP bound and c-Jun bound weakly, had different effects in the two cell lines: in H4IIE-C3 cells, the site C mutation did not significantly increase promoter activity, whereas in CV-1 cells, which lack C/EBPalpha, it led to a doubling of activity. Surprisingly, cotransfection of the wild-type promoter with C/EBPa or C/EBPbeta led to a decrease in promoter activity, which might in part explain the lack of activity of ADH7 in adult liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kotagiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122, USA
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31
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Korkhin Y, Kalb(Gilboa) AJ, Peretz M, Bogin O, Burstein Y, Frolow F. NADP-dependent bacterial alcohol dehydrogenases: crystal structure, cofactor-binding and cofactor specificity of the ADHs of Clostridium beijerinckii and Thermoanaerobacter brockii. J Mol Biol 1998; 278:967-81. [PMID: 9836873 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the X-ray structures of the NADP(H)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase of Clostridiim beijerinckii (CBADH) in the apo and holo-enzyme forms at 2.15 A and 2.05 A resolution, respectively, and of the holo-alcohol dehydrogenase of Thermoanaerobacter brockii (TBADH) at 2.5 A. These are the first structures of prokaryotic alcohol dehydrogenase to be determined as well as that of the first NADP(H)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase. CBADH and TBADH 75% have sequence identity and very similar three-dimensional structures. Both are tetramers of 222 symmetry. The monomers are composed of two domains: a cofactor-binding domain and a catalytic domain. These are separated by a deep cleft at the bottom of which a single zinc atom is bound in the catalytic site. The tetramers are composed of two dimers, each structurally homologous to the dimer of alcohol dehydrogenases of vertebrates. The dimers form tetramers by means of contacts between surfaces opposite the interdomain cleft thus leaving it accessible from the surface of the tetramer. The tetramer encloses a large internal cavity with a positive surface potential. A molecule of NADP(H) binds in the interdomain cleft to the cofactor-binding domain of each monomer. The specificity of the two bacterial alcohol dehydrogenases toward NADP(H) is determined by residues Gly198, Ser199, Arg200 and Tyr218, with the latter three making hydrogen bonds with the 2'-phosphate oxygen atoms of the cofactor. Upon NADP(H) binding to CBADH, Tyr218 undergoes a rotation of approximately 120 degrees about chi1 which facilitates stacking interactions with the adenine moiety and hydrogen bonding with one of the phosphate oxygen atoms. In apo-CBADH the catalytic zinc is tetracoordinated by side-chains of residues Cys37, His59, Asp150 and Glu60; in holo-CBADH, Glu60 is retracted from zinc in three of the four monomers whereas in holo-TBADH, Glu60 does not participate in Zn coordination. In both holo-enzymes, but not in the apo-enzyme, residues Ser39 and Ser113 are in the second coordination sphere of the catalytic zinc. The carboxyl group of Asp150 is oriented with respect to the active carbon of NADP(H) so as to form hydrogen bonds with both pro-S and pro-R hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Korkhin
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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32
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Abstract
Human alcohol dehydrogenase (HsADH) comprises class I (alpha, beta, and gamma), class II (pi), and class IV (sigma) enzymes. Selective inhibitors of the enzymes could be used to prevent the metabolism of alcohols that form toxic products. Formamides are unreactive analogues of aldehydes and bind to the enzyme-NADH complex [Ramaswamy, S.; Scholze, M.; Plapp, B. V. Biochemistry 1997, 36, 3522-3527]. They are uncompetitive inhibitors against varied concentrations of alcohol, and this makes them effective even with saturating concentrations of alcohols. Molecular modeling led to the design and synthesis of a series of cyclic, linear, and disubstituted formamides. Evaluation of 23 compounds provided structure-function information and selective inhibitors for the enzymes, which have overlapping but differing substrate specificities. Monosubstituted formamides are good inhibitors of class I and II enzymes, and disubstituted formamides are selective for the alpha enzyme. Selective inhibitors, with Ki values at pH 7 and 25 degrees C of 0.33-0.74 microM, include N-cyclopentyl-N-cyclobutylformamide for HsADH alpha, N-benzylformamide for HsADH beta1, N-1-methylheptylformamide for HsADH gamma2, and N-heptylformamide for HsADH sigma and HsADH beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Schindler
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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33
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Abstract
Sulfoxides inhibit horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (EqADH) by binding to the enzyme-NADH complex. X-ray crystallography suggests that sulfoxides make a cation-pi interaction with the benzene ring of Phe-93 [Cho et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 382-389]. Structure-function relationships were examined with seven different sulfoxides binding to five human enzymes (alpha, beta1, gamma2, pi, and sigma) and three mutated forms of the horse enzyme. The human gamma2 enzyme, EqADH, and EqADH with Phe-93 replaced with Trp were selectively and strongly inhibited (Ki </= 1 microM) by the 3-butyl or hexyl derivatives of thiolane 1-oxide. The other human enzymes (all with Thr-48) and EqADH with Ser-48 substituted with Thr had relatively lower affinities for the thiolane 1-oxides due to close contact of the methyl group of Thr-48 with a carbon adjacent to the sulfoxide sulfur. EqADH binds the S isomers of 3-butylthiolane 1-oxides, hexyl methyl sulfoxide, and phenyl methyl sulfoxide more tightly than the R isomers, but EqADH with Phe-93 substituted with Ala and the human alpha enzyme (with Ala-93) prefer (R)-phenyl methyl sulfoxide, apparently because the phenyl ring fits into the space near residue 93. EqADH and the enzymes with Phe-93 replaced with Ala or Trp had similar affinities for sulfoxides, indicating that the contribution of the cation-pi interaction to binding is small or compensated for by altered interactions. Ab initio calculations also suggest that the interaction of a sulfoxide with benzene is relatively weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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34
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Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) consists of a family of isozymes that convert alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes using NAD+ as a cofactor. The metabolism of ethanol by gastrointestinal ADH isozymes results in the production of acetaldehyde, a highly toxic compound that binds to cellular protein and DNA if not further metabolized to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes. Acetaldehyde seems to be involved in ethanol-associated cocarcinogenesis. The metabolism of retinol and the generation of retinoic acid is a function of class I and class IV ADH, and its inhibition by alcohol may lead to an alteration of epithelial cell differentiation and cell growth and may also be involved in ethanol-associated gastrointestinal cocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Seitz
- Department of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Lieber CS, Leo MA. Metabolism of ethanol and some associated adverse effects on the liver and the stomach. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ALCOHOLISM : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, THE RESEARCH SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, AND THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON ALCOHOLISM 1998; 14:7-40. [PMID: 9751941 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47148-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of alcohol oxidation and its effects on hepatic metabolism and its toxicity are summarized. This includes an evaluation of the relationship of the level of consumption to its interaction with nutrients (especially retinoids, carotenoids, and folate) and the development of various stages of liver disease. Ethanol metabolism in the stomach and its link to pathology and Helicobacter pylori is reviewed. Promising therapeutic approaches evolving from newly gained insight in the pathogenesis of medical complications of alcoholism are outlined. At present, the established approach for the prevention and treatment of alcoholism are outlined. At present, the established approach for the prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver injury is to control alcohol abuse, with the judicial application of selective antioxidant therapy, instituted at early stages, prior to the social or medical disintegration of the patient, and associated with antiinflammatory agents at the acute phase of alcoholic hepatitis. In addition, effective antifibrotic therapy may soon become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lieber
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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36
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Zgombić-Knight M, Deltour L, Haselbeck RJ, Foglio MH, Duester G. Gene structure and promoter for Adh3 encoding mouse class IV alcohol dehydrogenase (retinol dehydrogenase). Genomics 1997; 41:105-9. [PMID: 9126489 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Class IV alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) has been shown to function in vitro as a retinol dehydrogenase catalyzing the synthesis of retinoic acid, a pleiotropic gene regulator. To enable genetic studies on the function of this enzyme and regulation of its gene, we have screened a genomic library and isolated the mouse class IV ADH gene (Adh3). The complete mouse class IV ADH coding region was found in nine exons spanning a 14-kb region. Primer extension analysis was used to map the transcription initiation site to a position lying 30 bp upstream of the ATG translation start codon. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the promoter region indicated an absence of both TATA-box and GC-box sequences; this distinguishes it from the promoters for class I, II, and III ADH genes. Sequence comparison of the mouse and human class IV ADH promoters indicated that they share a conserved region located 125-145 bp upstream of the coding region containing adjacent sequences matching the consensus binding sites for transcription factors AP-1 and C/EBP.
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37
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Connor MJ, Sidell N. Retinoic acid synthesis in normal and Alzheimer diseased brain and human neural cells. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1997; 30:239-52. [PMID: 9165489 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids play fundamental roles in CNS development, but their distribution, metabolism, and function within the mature human CNS are unknown. In these studies, extracts of autopsy tissues recovered from histopathologically confirmed control and Alzheimer diseased brains were tested for their ability to synthesize retinoic acid. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RLDH), the enzyme that forms retinoic acid from retinaldehyde, was present in hippocampus, frontal cortex, and parietal cortex. The RLDH activity of hippocampus and parietal cortex from Alzheimer diseased brains was 1.5- to 2-fold higher (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. In contrast, the RLDH activity of frontal cortex was the same for both Alzheimer diseased and control groups. A cultured human glioblastoma (U251) and neuroblastoma (LA-N-5) cell line synthesized retinoic acid from retinaldehyde or retinol, suggesting that a variety of neural cell types possess this activity. LA-N-5 cells grown in vitamin A-depleted medium had higher (p < 0.05) RLDH activity (0.35 +/- 0.04 nmol/mg/h) than LA-N-5 cells grown in vitamin A-replete media (0.15 +/- 0.02 nmol/mg/h). This difference was lost when retinol was added back to the medium, confirming that a reduction in vitamin A supply can induce RLDH activity in neural cells. However, this feedback mechanism does not appear to explain the higher RLDH activity of Alzheimer diseased hippocampus and parietal cortex, because the overall vitamin A status as indicated by serum retinol and carotenoid levels and by hippocampal retinoid content was similar for the Alzheimer diseased and control groups. These studies establish the presence of retinoids and RLDH activity in human brain tissues, and indicate that retinoic acid synthesis is modulated in some regions of Alzheimer diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Connor
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90095, USA
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38
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Bogin O, Peretz M, Burstein Y. Thermoanaerobacter brockii alcohol dehydrogenase: characterization of the active site metal and its ligand amino acids. Protein Sci 1997; 6:450-8. [PMID: 9041649 PMCID: PMC2143650 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560060223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The active-site metal ion and the associated ligand amino acids in the NADP-linked, tetrameric enzyme Thermoanaerobacter brockii alcohol dehydrogenase (TBADH) were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis and site-directed mutagenesis. Our preliminary results indicating the presence of a catalytic zinc and the absence of a structural metal ion in TBADH (Peretz & Burstein. 1989. Biochemistry 28:6549-6555) were verified. To determine the role of the putative active-site zinc, we investigated whether exchanging the zinc for other metal ions would affect the structural and/or the enzymatic properties of the enzyme. Substituting various metal ions for zinc either enhanced or diminished enzymatic activity, as follows: Mn2+ (240%); Co2+ (130%); Cd2+ (20%); Cu2+ or V3+ (< 5%). Site-directed mutagenesis to replace any one of the three putative zinc ligands of TBADH, Cys 37, His 59, or Asp 150, with the non-chelating residue, alanine, abolished not only the metal-binding capacity of the enzyme but also its catalytic activity, without affecting the overall secondary structure of the enzyme. Replacing the three putative catalytic zinc ligands of TBADH with the respective chelating residues serine, glutamine, or cysteine damaged the zinc-binding capacity of the mutated enzyme and resulted in a loss of catalytic activity that was partially restored by adding excess zinc to the reaction. The results imply that the zinc atom in TBADH is catalytic rather than structural and verify the involvement of Cys 37, His 59, and Asp 150 of TBADH in zinc coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bogin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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39
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Edenberg HJ, Brown CJ, Hur MW, Kotagiri S, Li M, Zhang L, Zhi X. Regulation of the seven human alcohol dehydrogenase genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 414:339-45. [PMID: 9059638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5871-2_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122, USA.
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40
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Estonius M, Svensson S, Höög JO. Alcohol dehydrogenase in human tissues: localisation of transcripts coding for five classes of the enzyme. FEBS Lett 1996; 397:338-42. [PMID: 8955375 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue distribution of the five identified classes of human alcohol dehydrogenase was studied by assessment of mRNA levels in 23 adult and four fetal tissues. Alcohol dehydrogenase of class I was found in most tissues, brain and placenta excluded, but expression levels among tissues differed widely. The distribution pattern of class III transcripts was consistent with those of housekeeping enzymes while, in contrast, class IV transcripts were found only in stomach. Transcripts of multiple length were detected for most classes and were due to different gene products arising through the use of different poly-A signals or transcription from different gene loci. Both class II and class V showed a pattern of liver-enriched expression. However, low mRNA levels were detected also in stomach, pancreas and small intestine for class II, and in fetal kidney and small intestine for class V. Significantly higher levels of class V transcripts were present in fetal liver when compared with levels in adult liver, which suggests that human class V is a predominantly fetal alcohol dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estonius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Berzelius Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Moreno A, Farrés J, Parés X, Jörnvall H, Persson B. Molecular modelling of human gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (class IV) and substrate docking: differences towards the classical liver enzyme (class I). FEBS Lett 1996; 395:99-102. [PMID: 8898073 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)01009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional model of the human class IV alcohol dehydrogenase has been calculated based upon the X-ray structure of the class I enzyme. As judged from the model, the substrate-binding site is wider than in class I, compatible with the differences in substrate specificities and the large difference in Km value for ethanol. Substrate docking performed for the class I structure and the class IV model show all-trans-retinol and 11-cis-retinol to bind better to the class IV enzyme. The calculations also indicate that 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid binds in a different manner for the two enzyme classes. A simulation of coenzyme-binding indicates that the adenine ring of the coenzyme might be differently bound in class IV than in class I, decreasing the interactions with Asp-223 which is compatible with the higher k(cat) values for class IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moreno
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Abstract
A cDNA encoding a putative alcohol dehydrogenase class III (ADH) was cloned from a cDNA library constructed from 7-day larvae RNA of the marine teleost Sparus aurata. The full length cDNA is 1350 nucleotides (nt) long and contains an ORF of 1128 nt [encoding 376 amino acid (aa) residues]. Identity of 82% was found with human class III ADH (305 of 372 aa compared), and only 62% identity with a fish (cod) ADH (234 of 375 aa compared). Northern hybridization analysis with the cDNA revealed a transcript of about 1.4-1.5 kb, which is expressed in all tissues from adult fish studied: skeletal muscle, heart muscle, kidney, gill filaments and liver, with the highest levels found in the kidney. The expression of ADH mRNA was determined also during early development of Sparus aurata by Northern blot analysis. ADH transcripts were detected in eggs and in embryos 4, 8 and 12 h after fertilization, as well as on all days post-hatching studied. The levels of expression decreased during early embryonal development, but increased 4-fold from day 1 to day 21 after hatching. The size of the transcript was identical to that of hepatic ADH. Our results suggest that maternal ADH mRNA is present in the eggs and embryos, which decreases as divisions and development occur, while after hatching ADH mRNA is expressed by the larval tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Funkenstein
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
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43
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Ang HL, Deltour L, Zgombić-Knight M, Wagner MA, Duester G. Expression patterns of class I and class IV alcohol dehydrogenase genes in developing epithelia suggest a role for alcohol dehydrogenase in local retinoic acid synthesis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:1050-64. [PMID: 8892527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) regulates embryonic development and adult epithelial function via metabolism to retinoic acid, a pleiotrophic regulator of gene expression. Retinoic acid is synthesized locally and functions in an autocrine or paracrine fashion, but the enzymes involved remain obscure. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes capable of metabolizing retinol include class I and class IV ADHs, with class III ADH unable to perform this function. ADHs also metabolize ethanol, and high levels of ethanol inhibit retinol metabolism, suggesting a possible mode of action for some of the medical complications of alcoholism. To explore whether any ADH isozymes are linked to retinoic acid synthesis, herein we have examined the expression patterns of all known classes of ADH in mouse embryonic and adult tissues, and also measured retinoic acid levels. Using in situ hybridization, class I ADH mRNA was localized in the embryo to the epithelia of the genitourinary tract, intestinal tract, adrenal gland, liver, conjunctival sac, epidermis, nasal epithelium, and lung, plus in the adult to epithelia within the testis, epididymis, uterus, kidney, intestine, adrenal cortex, and liver. Class IV ADH mRNA was localized in the embryo to the adrenal gland and nasal epithelium, plus in the adult to the epithelia of the esophagus, stomach, testis, epididymis, epidermis, and adrenal cortex. Class III ADH mRNA, in contrast, was present at low levels and not highly localized in the embryonic and adult tissues examined. We detected significant retinoic acid levels in the fetal kidney, fetal/adult intestine and adrenal gland, as well as the adult liver, lung, testis, epididymis, and uterus--all sites of class I and/or class IV ADH gene expression. These findings indicate that the expression patterns of class I ADH and class IV ADH, but not class III ADH, are consistent with a function in local retinoic acid synthesis needed for the development and maintenance of many specialized epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Ang
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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44
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Dong YJ, Peng TK, Yin SJ. Expression and activities of class IV alcohol dehydrogenase and class III aldehyde dehydrogenase in human mouth. Alcohol 1996; 13:257-62. [PMID: 8734840 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(95)02052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) are the principal enzymes responsible for the oxidation of ingested ethanol in humans. To study these two enzymes in surgical specimens of attached gingiva and tongue, we have examined the isozyme patterns by agarose isoelectric focusing and determined the enzyme activities. Class IV mu-ADH, class III chi-ADH, and class III ALDH3 were detected in the oral mucosa tissues. Gingival mu-ADH exhibited a pH optimum for ethanol oxidation at 10 and the K(m) value for ethanol (pH 7.5) was estimated to be 27 mM. At pH 7.5 and 30 degrees C, the ADH activities in the gingiva and tongue samples were determined to be 90.0 +/- 5.8 (mean +/- SE; n = 24) and 50.6 +/- 5.1 (n = 3) nmol/min/g tissue (at 33 mM ethanol), and 138 +/- 11 and 55.1 +/- 4.7 nmol/min/g tissue (at 500 mM ethanol), respectively. The ALDH activities at 20 mM acetaldehyde were determined to be 169 +/- 19 and 50.3 +/- 8.1 nmol/min/g tissue for the gingiva and tongue, respectively. We conclude that ethanol can be significantly metabolized in human attached gingiva and lingual mucosa by mu-ADH. The result also suggests that, due to lacking activity of low K(m) ALDH2 and ALDH1, cytotoxic metabolite acetaldehyde may be involved in the etiology of alcohol-related oral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Dong
- Department of Periodontics, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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45
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Carr LG, Zeng D, Li TK. Failure to find exon 7 polymorphism of the ADH7 gene in Chinese, Japanese, African-Americans, and Caucasians. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:418-9. [PMID: 8727230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Class IV alcohol dehydrogenase (sigma-ADH) activity has been found in high levels in the stomach and esophagus, but not in liver. Gastric ADH activity has been reported to influence blood alcohol levels after oral ethanol ingestion, suggesting that sigma-ADH activity plays a role in first-pass metabolism. It has also been reported that women have lower sigma-ADH activity than men and that Asians have lower sigma-ADH activity than Caucasians and African-Americans. A genetic basis for these gender and ethnic differences in sigma-ADH activity has been postulated. A recent study in a Japanese subject found a point mutation in the codon for amino acid 287 of the ADH7 gene (which encodes sigma-ADH), changing the amino acid from glycine to valine. A polymerase chain reaction-sequencing assay was established to determine the frequency of this polymorphism in the Asian, Caucasian, and African-American populations. The polymorphism was not present in the 21 Asians, 15 Caucasians, and 3 African-Americans we genotyped, suggesting that if this polymorphism exists, its frequency is low in these ethnic groups. It is therefore unlikely to be responsible for the absence of sigma-ADH activity in gastric specimens from Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Carr
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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46
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Foglio MH, Duester G. Characterization of the functional gene encoding mouse class III alcohol dehydrogenase (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase) and an unexpressed processed pseudogene with an intact open reading frame. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 237:496-504. [PMID: 8647091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0496k.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple forms of vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) have been identified, but only one form, class III ADH, has been conserved in all organisms studied. Class III ADH functions in vitro as a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, which suggests that this was the original function that drove the evolution of ADH. Genetic analysis of class III ADH in yeast supports this view, but such studies are lacking in higher eukaryotes. The mouse ADH family has been previously analyzed and it contains three forms of ADH including the class III enzyme. We have initiated a molecular genetic analysis of the mouse class III ADH gene (Adh-2) by screening a genomic library with a full-length cDNA. Two overlapping clones contained the complete Adh-2 gene composed of nine exons in a 12-kb region, with the placement of introns matching that observed in other mammalian ADH genes. In this screening, we also isolated a clone (psi Adh-2) that lacks introns and which resembles a processed pseudogene. psi Adh-2 contained 25 point mutations relative to the previously analyzed Adh-2 cDNA, but still retained an intact open reading frame. Northern blot analysis using gene-specific probes provided evidence that psi Adh-2 does not produce a mRNA in either liver or kidney, whereas Adh-2 does. The functionality of the two genes was also compared by fusion of their 5'-flanking regions to a lacZ reporter gene. Reporter gene expression following transfection into mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells indicated that only Adh-2 possesses promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Foglio
- La Jolla Cancer Foundation Research Foundation, CA 92037, USA
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Barber RD, Rott MA, Donohue TJ. Characterization of a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:1386-93. [PMID: 8631716 PMCID: PMC177813 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.5.1386-1393.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenases (GSH-FDH) represent a ubiquitous class of enzymes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. During the course of studying energy-generating pathways in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a gene (adhI) encoding a GSH-FDH homolog has been identified as part of an operon (adhI-cycI) that also encodes an isoform of the cytochrome c2 family of electron transport proteins (isocytochrome c2). Enzyme assays with crude Escherichia coli extracts expressing AdhI show that this protein has the characteristic substrate preference of a GSH-FDH. Ferguson plot analysis with zymograms suggests that the functional form of AdhI is a homodimer of approximately40-kDa subunits, analogous to other GSH-FDH enzymes. These properties of AdhI were used to show that mutations which increase or decrease adhI expression change the specific activity of GSH-FDH in R. sphaeroides extracts. In addition, expression of the presumed adhI-cycI operon appears to be transcriptionally regulated, since the abundance of the major adhI-specific primer extension product is increased by the trans-acting spd-7 mutation, which increases the level of both isocytochrome c2 and AdhI activity. While transcriptional linkage of adhI and cycI could suggest a function in a common metabolic pathway, isocytochrome c2 (periplasm) and AdhI (cytoplasm) are localized in separate compartments of R. sphaeroides. Potential roles for AdhI in carbon and energy generation and the possible relationship of GSH-FDH activity to isocytochrome c2 will be discussed based on the commonly accepted physiological functions of GSH-FDH enzymes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Barber
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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Kawashima O, Yamauchi M, Maezawa Y, Toda G. Effects of cimetidine on blood ethanol levels after alcohol ingestion and genetic polymorphisms of sigma-alcohol dehydrogenase in Japanese. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:36A-39A. [PMID: 8659686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Administration of cimetidine, an H2-receptor antagonist increases blood alcohol concentrations. This has been attributed to decreased gastric first-pass metabolism of ethanol caused by cimetidine's inhibitory effect on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (sigma-ADH) activity. Molecular studies on sigma-ADH showed that a point mutation might occur at position 287 (G --> T) of the sigma-ADH gene in Japanese deficient type of sigma-ADH activity. To clarify the relationship between first-pass metabolism of ethanol and polymorphism of sigma-ADH, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence at positions 287 and 294 of sigma-ADH in 11 individuals who were administered ethanol orally before and after treatment with cimetidine. Higher blood ethanol levels after cimetidine administration were found in 4 of 11 cases (group A), whereas high blood ethanol levels were observed in 7 of 11 cases (B group), irrespective of cimetidine administration. Genetic polymorphisms at position 287 and 294 were not observed in all subjects. Even in 59 Japanese men with various alcoholic liver diseases, no polymorphisms at position 287 were observed by restriction-length polymorphisms with Avail digestion after polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kawashima
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
A class II type alcohol dehydrogenase from rat liver was characterized at the cDNA level after screening cDNA libraries in combination with PCR amplification of the 5'-part. The open reading frame translates into a polypeptide of 376 amino acid residues, which show 73% positional identity to the human class II enzyme. This suggests that the class II enzyme is the most variable form of the mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases. A deletion is apparent corresponding to position 294 of the human enzyme and amino acid residues unique to the rat protein of those interacting with the coenzyme NAD+ are found at positions 47, 51, 178, and 271. Position 47 is occupied by Pro instead of Arg or His found in most mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases. This exchanged residue will not hydrogen bond to the pyrophosphate of the coenzyme and will change the local environment around position 47 to strictly hydrophobic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Höög
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Berzelius Laboratory, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zgombić-Knight M, Ang HL, Foglio MH, Duester G. Cloning of the mouse class IV alcohol dehydrogenase (retinol dehydrogenase) cDNA and tissue-specific expression patterns of the murine ADH gene family. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:10868-77. [PMID: 7738026 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans possess five classes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), including forms able to oxidize ethanol or formaldehyde as part of a defense mechanism, as well as forms acting as retinol dehydrogenases in the synthesis of the regulatory ligand retinoic acid. However, the mouse has previously been shown to possess only three forms of ADH. Hybridization analysis of mouse genomic DNA using cDNA probes specific for each of the five classes of human ADH has now indicated that mouse DNA cross-hybridizes to only classes I, III, and IV. With human class II or class V ADH cDNA probes, hybridization to mouse genomic DNA was very weak or undetectable, suggesting either a lack of these genes in the mouse or a high degree of mutational divergence relative to the human genes. cDNAs for murine ADH classes I and III have previously been cloned, and we now report the cloning of a full-length mouse class IV ADH cDNA. In Northern blot analyses, mouse class IV ADH mRNA was abundant in the stomach, eye, skin, and ovary, thus correlating with the expression pattern for the mouse Adh-3 gene previously determined by enzyme analysis. In situ hybridization studies on mouse stomach indicated that class IV ADH transcripts were abundant in the mucosal epithelium but absent from the muscular layer. Comparison of the expression patterns for all three mouse ADH genes indicated that class III was expressed ubiquitously, whereas classes I and IV were differentially expressed in an overlapping set of tissues that all contain a large component of epithelial cells. This expression pattern is consistent with the ability of classes I and IV to oxidize retinol for the synthesis of retinoic acid known to regulate epithelial cell differentiation. The results presented here indicate that the mouse has a simpler ADH gene family than the human but has conserved class IV ADH previously shown to be a very active retinol dehydrogenase in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zgombić-Knight
- Cancer Research Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, California 92037, USA
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