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Korbecki J, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Wójcik J, Szatkowska I, Barczak K, Chlubek M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. The Importance of CXCL1 in Physiology and Noncancerous Diseases of Bone, Bone Marrow, Muscle and the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084205. [PMID: 35457023 PMCID: PMC9024980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the role of CXCL1, a chemokine crucial in inflammation as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases. Due to the vast amount of available information, we focus on the role CXCL1 plays in the physiology of bones, bone marrow, muscle and the nervous system. For this reason, we describe its effects on hematopoietic stem cells, myoblasts, oligodendrocyte progenitors and osteoclast precursors. We also present the involvement of CXCL1 in diseases of selected tissues and organs including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis, ischemic stroke, major depression, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, neuropathic pain, osteoporosis, prion diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), traumatic spinal cord injury and West Nile fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Wójcik
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Mikołaj Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914-661-515
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Katano M, Kurokawa MS, Matsuo K, Masuko K, Suematsu N, Okamoto K, Kamada T, Nakamura H, Kato T. Phosphoproteome analysis of synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:708-721. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Katano
- Research and Development, Clinical Department; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Manae S. Kurokawa
- Disease Biomarker Analysis and Molecular Regulation; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Yokohama City University School of Medicine; Yokohama Japan
| | - Kayo Masuko
- Preventive Medical Center; Sanno Hospital Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoya Suematsu
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; International University of Health and Welfare; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
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Brinckerhoff CE. What are the therapeutic implications of increased collagen expression in melanoma cells treated with vemurafenib? Melanoma Manag 2016; 3:5-8. [PMID: 30190867 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Constance E Brinckerhoff
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Jenkins MH, Croteau W, Mullins DW, Brinckerhoff CE. The BRAF(V600E) inhibitor, PLX4032, increases type I collagen synthesis in melanoma cells. Matrix Biol 2015; 48:66-77. [PMID: 25989506 PMCID: PMC5048745 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertical growth phase (VGP) melanoma is frequently metastatic, a process mediated by changes in gene expression, which are directed by signal transduction pathways in the tumor cells. A prominent signaling pathway is the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk MAPK pathway, which increases expression of genes that promote melanoma progression. Many melanomas harbor a mutation in this pathway, BRAF(V600E), which constitutively activates MAPK signaling and expression of downstream target genes that facilitate tumor progression. In BRAF(V600E) melanoma, the small molecule inhibitor, vemurafenib (PLX4032), has revolutionized therapy for melanoma by inducing rapid tumor regression. This compound down-regulates the expression of many genes. However, in this study, we document that blocking the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk MAPK pathway, either with an ERK (PLX4032) or a MEK (U1026) signaling inhibitor, in BRAF(V600E) human and murine melanoma cell lines increases collagen synthesis in vitro and collagen deposition in vivo. Since TGFß signaling is a major mediator of collagen synthesis, we examined whether blocking TGFß signaling with a small molecule inhibitor would block this increase in collagen. However, there was minimal reduction in collagen synthesis in response to blocking TGFß signaling, suggesting additional mechanism(s), which may include activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Presently, it is unclear whether this increased collagen synthesis and deposition in melanomas represent a therapeutic benefit or an unwanted "off target" effect of inhibiting the Ras-Raf-Erk-Mek pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly H Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States.
| | - Walburga Croteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - David W Mullins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Constance E Brinckerhoff
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
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Guha D, Klamar CR, Reinhart T, Ayyavoo V. Transcriptional Regulation of CXCL5 in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages and Its Functional Consequences on CNS Pathology. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:373-84. [PMID: 25536401 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected monocytes/macrophages and microglia release increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including ELR+ (containing glutamic acid-leucine-arginine motif) chemokines. To investigate the role of HIV-1 infection on chemokine regulation, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from normal donors were infected with HIV-1 and the expression of chemokines and their downstream biological functions were evaluated. Among the tested chemokines, CXCL5 was upregulated significantly both at the mRNA and protein level in the HIV-1-infected MDMs compared with mock-infected cultures. Upregulation of CXCL5 in the HIV-1-infected MDMs is, in part, regulated by increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Functional analyses indicate that HIV-1-induced overexpression of CXCL5 has enhanced the ability to attract neutrophils, as observed by chemotaxis assay. However, exposure of NT2, SH-SY5Y cells, and primary neurons to HIV-1-infected MDM supernatants resulted in cell death that was not rescued by anti-CXCL5 antibody suggesting that CXCL5 does not have direct effect on neuronal death. Together, these results suggest that the increased level of CXCL5 in tissue compartments, including the central nervous system of HIV-1-infected individuals might alter the inflammatory response through the infiltration of neutrophils into tissue compartment, thus causing secondary effects on resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Guha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Niu X, Lu C, Xiao C, Zhang Z, Jiang M, He D, Bian Y, Zhang G, Bian Z, Lu A. The shared crosstalk of multiple pathways involved in the inflammation between rheumatoid arthritis and coronary artery disease based on a digital gene expression profile. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113659. [PMID: 25514790 PMCID: PMC4267808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are both complex inflammatory diseases, and an increased prevalence of CAD and a high rate of mortality have been observed in RA patients. But the molecular mechanism of inflammation that is shared between the two disorders is unclear. High-throughput techniques, such as transcriptome analysis, are becoming important tools for genetic biomarker discovery in highly complex biological samples, which is critical for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of disease. In the present study, we reported one type of transcriptome analysis method: digital gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 10 RA patients, 10 CAD patients and 10 healthy people. In all, 213 and 152 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in RA patients compared with normal controls (RA vs. normal) and CAD patients compared with normal controls (CAD vs. normal), respectively, with 73 shared DEGs between them. Using this technique in combination with Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software, the effects on inflammation of four shared canonical pathways, three shared activated predicted upstream regulators and three shared molecular interaction networks were identified and explored. These shared molecular mechanisms may provide the genetic basis and potential targets for optimizing the application of current drugs to more effectively treat these diseases simultaneously and for preventing one when the other is diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Niu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Dan He
- E-Institute of Chinese Traditional Internal Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanqin Bian
- E-Institute of Chinese Traditional Internal Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- E-Institute of Chinese Traditional Internal Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Maubert MA, Quévrain E, Capton E, Grill JP, Thomas G, Bachelet M, Rainteau D, Trugnan G, Tabet JC, Masliah J, Afonso C. High-resolution mass spectrometry and partial de novo sequencing constitute a useful approach for determining the profile of chemokine secretion following the stimulation of human intestinal epithelial cells. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2179-2187. [PMID: 23996391 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) secrete many chemokines in response to proinflammatory stimuli. We investigated their role in the mucosal inflammatory response in the intestine, by developing a non-targeted approach for analyzing the profile of peptides secreted by stimulated IEC, based on differential mass spectrometry analysis. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was incubated with IEC as a proinflammatory stimulus. Differential peptidomic analysis was then carried out, comparing the profiles of IEC with and without LPS stimulation. A mass spectrometry procedure was developed, based on a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) approach without enzymatic pretreatment of the peptides. Partial de novo sequencing was carried out by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR), and the native peptides in the culture media were identified. RESULTS A major ion (m/z 7862.51) detected after stimulation was identified as GRO alpha and a minor ion (m/z 8918.17) was identified as IL-8. ELISA-based comparisons gave results consistent with those obtained by MS. Surprisingly, GRO alpha was secreted in amounts 5 to 15 times higher than those for IL-8 in our cellular model. The truncated form of IL-8, resulting from activation, was detected and distinguished from the native peptide by MS, whereas this was not possible with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CONCLUSIONS Mass spectrometric analysis of culture media can be used to identify the principal peptides produced in response to the stimulation of IEC, and their metabolites. Mass spectrometry provides a comprehensive view of the chemokines and peptides potentially involved in gut inflammation, making it possible to identify the most appropriate peptides for further quantification.
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Lv YX, Zhao SP, Zhang JY, Zhang H, Xie ZH, Cai GM, Jiang WH. Effect of orange peel essential oil on oxidative stress in AOM animals. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:1144-50. [PMID: 22342737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The processing parameters of pump speed, inlet air temperature, outlet air temperature and homogenization pressure were evaluated. Encapsulation efficiency is high with a satisfied releasing rate. Then, acute otitis media (AOM) animal model was built and diet containing orange peel essential oil microcapsules were administrated to AOM animals. Pharmacological test showed that orange peel essential oil treatment could decrease serum and cochlea malondialdehyde (MDA), immunoglobulins A (IgA), immunoglobulins G (IgG), immunoglobulins M (IgM) levels and increase antioxidant enzymes activities. It can be concluded that orange peel essential oil treatment could decrease oxidative injury in acute otitis media rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xia Lv
- Otolaryngology Head & Neck Department of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
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García-Arnandis I, Guillén MI, Gomar F, Castejón MA, Alcaraz MJ. Control of cell migration and inflammatory mediators production by CORM-2 in osteoarthritic synoviocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24591. [PMID: 21961038 PMCID: PMC3178532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most widespread degenerative joint disease. Inflamed synovial cells contribute to the release of inflammatory and catabolic mediators during OA leading to destruction of articular tissues. We have shown previously that CO-releasing molecules exert anti-inflammatory effects in animal models and OA chondrocytes. We have studied the ability of CORM-2 to modify the migration of human OA synoviocytes and the production of chemokines and other mediators sustaining inflammatory and catabolic processes in the OA joint. Methodology/Principal Findings OA synoviocytes were stimulated with interleukin(IL)-1β in the absence or presence of CORM-2. Migration assay was performed using transwell chambers. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR and protein expression by Western Blot and ELISA. CORM-2 reduced the proliferation and migration of OA synoviocytes, the expression of IL-8, CCL2, CCL20, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-1 and MMP-3, and the production of oxidative stress. We found that CORM-2 reduced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 and to a lesser extent p38. Our results also showed that CORM-2 significantly decreased the activation of nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1 regulating the transcription of chemokines and MMPs in OA synoviocytes. Conclusion/Significance A number of synoviocyte functions relevant in OA synovitis and articular degradation can be down-regulated by CORM-2. These results support the interest of this class of agents for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in inflammatory and degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Isabel Guillén
- Department of Pharmacology and IDM, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gomar
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Castejón
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, De la Ribera University Hospital, Alzira, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria José Alcaraz
- Department of Pharmacology and IDM, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Association of interleukin-8 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with oral lichen planus in a Chinese population. Inflammation 2010; 33:76-81. [PMID: 19842025 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a CXC chemokine with multiple biological functions, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-8 gene with OLP in a Chinese population. Four SNPs of the IL-8 gene at positions -845 T/C (rs2227532), -738 T/A, -251 A/T (rs4073) and +781 C/T (rs2227306) were analyzed in 109 patients with OLP and 101 normal controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The data revealed that the -251 AA genotype and -251 A allele frequency was significantly lower in the erosive OLP (eOLP) group than in the control group (P = 0.012 and P = 0.031, respectively). Haplotype analysis revealed that the -251 A/+781 C haplotype frequency was lower in the eOLP group than in the control group (P = 0.029) while the -251 T/+781 C haplotype frequency was higher in the eOLP patients than in the healthy controls (P = 0.028). The study suggests that the IL-8 polymorphisms may be associated with the severity of OLP in this Chinese cohort.
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Meltzer KR, Cao TV, Schad JF, King H, Stoll ST, Standley PR. In vitro modeling of repetitive motion injury and myofascial release. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2010; 14:162-71. [PMID: 20226363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we modeled repetitive motion strain (RMS) and myofascial release (MFR) in vitro to investigate possible cellular and molecular mechanisms to potentially explain the immediate clinical outcomes associated with RMS and MFR. METHOD Cultured human fibroblasts were strained with 8h RMS, 60s MFR and combined treatment; RMS+MFR. Fibroblasts were immediately sampled upon cessation of strain and evaluated for cell morphology, cytokine secretions, proliferation, apoptosis, and potential changes to intracellular signaling molecules. RESULTS RMS-induced fibroblast elongation of lameopodia, cellular decentralization, reduction of cell to cell contact and significant decreases in cell area to perimeter ratios compared to all other experimental groups (p<0.0001). Cellular proliferation indicated no change among any treatment group; however RMS resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis rate (p<0.05) along with increases in death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation by 74% and 58% respectively, when compared to control. These responses were not observed in the MFR and RMS+MFR group. Of the 20 cytokines measured there was a significant increase in GRO secretion in the RMS+MFR group when compared to control and MFR alone. CONCLUSION Our modeled injury (RMS) appropriately displayed enhanced apoptosis activity and loss of intercellular integrity that is consistent with pro-apoptotic dapk-2 and FAK signaling. Treatment with MFR following RMS resulted in normalization in apoptotic rate and cell morphology both consistent with changes observed in dapk-2. These in vitro studies build upon the cellular evidence base needed to fully explain clinical efficacy of manual manipulative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R Meltzer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004-2157, USA
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Marotte H, Ruth JH, Campbell PL, Koch AE, Ahmed S. Green tea extract inhibits chemokine production, but up-regulates chemokine receptor expression, in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 49:467-79. [PMID: 20032224 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the efficacy of green tea extract (GTE) in regulating chemokine production and chemokine receptor expression in human RA synovial fibroblasts and rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). METHODS Fibroblasts isolated from human RA synovium were used in the study. Regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2, growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)alpha/CXCL1 and IL-8/CXCL8 production was measured by ELISA. Western blotting was used to study the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC)delta and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The benefit of GTE administration in rat AIA was determined. RESULTS GTE (2.5-40 microg/ml) inhibited IL-1beta-induced MCP-1/CCL2 (10 ng/ml), RANTES/CCL5, GROalpha/CXCL1 and IL-8/CXCL8 production in human RA synovial fibroblasts (P < 0.05). However, GTE inhibited MCP-1/CCL2 and GROalpha/CXCL1 mRNA synthesis in RA synovial fibroblasts. Furthermore, GTE also inhibited IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of PKCdelta, the signalling pathway mediating IL-1beta-induced chemokine production. Interestingly, GTE preincubation enhanced constitutive and IL-1beta-induced CCR1, CCR2b, CCR5, CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor expression. GTE administration (200 mg/kg/day p.o.) modestly ameliorated rat AIA, which was accompanied by a decrease in MCP-1/CCL2 and GROalpha/CXCL1 levels and enhanced CCR-1, -2, -5 and CXCR1 receptor expression in the joints of GTE administered rats. CONCLUSIONS Chemokine receptor overexpression with reduced chemokine production by GTE may be one potential mechanism to limit the overall inflammation and joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Marotte
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Yoko Ishihara Norihiko Kohyama Jun. CONTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PULMONARY MACROPHAGE-DERIVED CYTOKINES TO ASBESTOS-INDUCED LUNG INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/089583798197736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Iwamoto T, Okamoto H, Toyama Y, Momohara S. Molecular aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: chemokines in the joints of patients. FEBS J 2008; 275:4448-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Methylprednisolone and Mitoxantrone Modulates the Expression of CXC Chemokine Receptors in PBMC. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:122-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ahmed S, Pakozdi A, Koch AE. Regulation of interleukin-1beta-induced chemokine production and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation by epigallocatechin-3-gallate in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2393-401. [PMID: 16869002 DOI: 10.1002/art.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a potent antiinflammatory molecule, in regulating interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced production of the chemokines RANTES (CCL5), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78/CXCL5), growth-regulated oncogene alpha (GROalpha/CXCL1), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts. METHODS Fibroblasts obtained from RA synovium were grown, and conditioned medium was obtained. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. RANTES, MCP-1, ENA-78, and GROalpha produced in culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MMP-2 activity was analyzed by gelatin zymography. Western blotting was used to study the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. RESULTS EGCG was nontoxic to RA synovial fibroblasts. Treatment with EGCG at 10 microM or 20 microM significantly inhibited IL-1beta-induced ENA-78, RANTES, and GROalpha, but not MCP-1 production in a concentration-dependent manner. EGCG at 50 microM caused a complete block of IL-1beta-induced production of RANTES, ENA-78, and GROalpha, and reduced production of MCP-1 by 48% (P < 0.05). Zymography showed that EGCG blocked constitutive, IL-1beta-induced, and chemokine-mediated MMP-2 activity. Evaluation of signaling events revealed that EGCG preferentially blocked the phosphorylation of PKCdelta and inhibited the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in IL-1beta-treated RA synovial fibroblasts. CONCLUSION These results suggest that EGCG may be of potential therapeutic value in inhibiting joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahuddin Ahmed
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Huang J, Yao JL, Zhang L, Bourne PA, Quinn AM, di Sant'Agnese PA, Reeder JE. Differential expression of interleukin-8 and its receptors in the neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine compartments of prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:1807-15. [PMID: 15920165 PMCID: PMC1602414 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal therapy (androgen ablation and/or inhibition of androgen action) is the treatment of choice for advanced prostate cancer. After an initial response in most patients, tumors invariably progress to an androgen-independent state. It is unclear how prostate cancer cells proliferate without androgen. Recent studies suggest that interleukin-8 may promote androgen-independent proliferation, but the source of interleukin-8 in the prostate is unknown. Using immunohistochemistry, we show that interleukin-8 was expressed by the neuroendocrine tumor cells in human prostate cancer tissue. Expression of the interleukin-8 receptor CXCR1 was negative or low in benign prostatic tissue and was frequently increased in malignant cells of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer; however, CXCR1 was not detected in the neuroendocrine tumor cells, suggesting a paracrine mechanism by which interleukin-8 produced by neuroendocrine tumor cells stimulates androgen-independent proliferation of prostate cancer. Neuroendocrine tumor cells expressed another type of interleukin-8 receptor, CXCR2, suggesting an autocrine mechanism by which interleukin-8 regulates the differentiation or function of the neuroendocrine cells. These results, combined with previous reports that neuroendocrine differentiation is induced by hormonal therapy, suggest that neuroendocrine cells play an important role in promoting androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer through interleukin-8 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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18
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Panepucci RA, Siufi JLC, Silva WA, Proto-Siquiera R, Neder L, Orellana M, Rocha V, Covas DT, Zago MA. Comparison of gene expression of umbilical cord vein and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2005; 22:1263-78. [PMID: 15579645 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) give origin to the marrow stromal environment that supports hematopoiesis. These cells present a wide range of differentiation potentials and a complex relationship with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and endothelial cells. In addition to bone marrow (BM), MSCs can be obtained from other sites in the adult or the fetus. We isolate MSCs from the umbilical cord (UC) veins that are morphologically and immunophenotpically similar to MSCs obtained from the BM. In culture, these cells are capable of differentiating in vitro into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and condrocytes. The gene expression profiles of BM-MSCs and of UC-MSCs were compared by serial analysis of gene expression, then validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of selected genes. The two lineages shared almost all of the first thousand most expressed transcripts, including vimentin, galectin 1, osteonectin, collagens, transgelins, annexin A2, and MMP2. Nevertheless, a set of genes related to antimicrobial activity and to osteogenesis was more expressed in BM-MSCs, whereas higher expression in UC-MSCs was observed for genes that participate in pathways related to matrix remodeling via metalloproteinases and angiogenesis. Finally, cultured endothelial cells, CD34+ HSCs, MSCs, blood leukocytes, and bulk BM clustered together, separated from seven other normal nonhematopoietic tissues, on the basis of shared expressed genes. MSCs isolated from UC veins are functionally similar to BM-MSCs, but differentially expressed genes may reflect differences related to their sites of origin: BM-MSCs would be more committed to osteogenesis, whereas UC-MSCs would be more committed to angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Panepucci
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regional Blood Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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19
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Koch AE. Chemokines and their receptors in rheumatoid arthritis: Future targets? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:710-21. [DOI: 10.1002/art.20932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ueland JM, Gwira J, Liu ZX, Cantley LG. The chemokine KC regulates HGF-stimulated epithelial cell morphogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 286:F581-9. [PMID: 14600031 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00289.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces migration, proliferation, and branching in renal epithelial cells from the inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD-3 cells). Microarray analysis after HGF stimulation of these cells revealed upregulation of the chemokine KC. We found that both the message and protein levels of KC are increased after HGF treatment and that mIMCD-3 cells express the KC receptor CXCR2. Treatment with KC results in stimulation of mIMCD-3 cell proliferation but has no effect on basal rates of cell migration or branching morphogenesis. In contrast to its known stimulatory effect on neutrophil migration, KC markedly inhibits HGF-mediated cell migration and branching morphogenesis, resulting in shorter tubules with fewer branch points. Examination of the mechanism of this effect reveals that KC does not alter phosphorylation of the c-met receptor or the initial activation of the MAPK or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) signaling pathways. However, sustained activation of the PI 3-K pathway by HGF was inhibited by treatment with KC, and mimicking this effect by treatment with LY-294002 2 h after HGF stimulation reproduced the inhibition of HGF-stimulated branching morphogenesis. These data demonstrate that HGF-mediated KC production can act in an autocrine fashion to downregulate excessive branching and migration of renal epithelial cells in response to HGF, while still supporting cell proliferation. These characteristics may play a role in modulating the response to HGF during developmental tubule formation and/or during the repair of the tubular architecture following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Ueland
- Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Gilbert St., CAB S240, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Abstract
Tissue fibrosis, a serious and even deadly complication of chronic inflammation and environmental exposures, is regulated by a host of factors including interactions with the extracellular matrix, surface of inflammatory cells, hormones, and an extremely complex and redundant network of profibrotic cytokines. The nature of mechanisms by which cytokines regulate fibrosis is dual - indirect, through attraction of inflammatory cells, and direct, through binding to specific receptors on fibroblasts and stimulating proliferation, collagen production and secretion of autocrine factors. This review focuses on systematizing the direct effects of cytokines on fibroblasts. Understanding of the complexity of the cytokine-driven mechanisms of fibrosis is important for identification of potential molecular targets for future pharmacological interventions in prevention and treatment of tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF building, Room 8-34, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Lisignoli G, Toneguzzi S, Grassi F, Piacentini A, Tschon M, Cristino S, Gualtieri G, Facchini A. Different chemokines are expressed in human arthritic bone biopsies: IFN-gamma and IL-6 differently modulate IL-8, MCP-1 and rantes production by arthritic osteoblasts. Cytokine 2002; 20:231-8. [PMID: 12550108 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we analyse chemokine expression in the remodelling of subchondral bone in arthritis patients. Trabecular bone biopsies were tested by immunohistochemistry to identify interleukin (IL)-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta expression. Subsequently, we evaluated by immunoassay the effect of interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-6 on chemokine production by osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and post-traumatic (PT) patients' isolated osteoblasts (OB). OB constitutively produced in situ IL-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-1, RANTES and MIP-1alpha. MIP-1beta was positive only in mononuclear cells. In RA many of these chemokines were also produced by mononuclear cells. IFN-gamma significantly down-regulated IL-8 and up-regulated MCP-1 produced by OB from all patients tested, whereas it did not affect the other chemokines analysed. Moreover, IFN-gamma reduced IL-1beta-stimulated IL-8 production but significantly increased both MCP-1 and RANTES. Interestingly, IL-6 significantly downregulated IFN-gamma-induced MCP-1 production, that was significantly lower in OA compared to RA patients. OB expressed chemokines both in vivo and in vitro suggesting that these cells are primary effectors in the bone capable of regulating autocrine/paracrine circuits that affect bone remodelling in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Lisignoli
- Laboratorio di Immunologia e Genetica, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Kehlen A, Thiele K, Riemann D, Langner J. Expression, modulation and signalling of IL-17 receptor in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 127:539-46. [PMID: 11966773 PMCID: PMC1906300 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been characterized as a proinflammatory cytokine produced by CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells. Overproduction of IL-17 was detected in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to patients with osteoarthritis. In contrast to the restricted expression of IL-17, the IL-17 receptor (IL-17R/CDw217) is expressed ubiquitously. Using a real-time RT-PCR assay, we detected similar absolute levels of IL-17R mRNA expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (SFC) from patients with RA (mean 9 pg/microg total RNA; ranged from 0.1 pg to 96 pg IL-17R mRNA/microg total RNA) compared to synoviocytes of non-RA patients. Analysis of the IL-17R surface expression confirmed the results obtained for IL-17R mRNA expression. Exposure of SFC to IL-17 led to a mRNA induction of CXC chemokines IL-8, GRO-alpha and GRO-beta. An anti-IL-17 antibody blocked these effects of IL-17. The MAPK p38 appears necessary for the regulation of IL-8, GRO-alpha and GRO-beta expression as shown by inhibition with SB203580. The inhibitors genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and calphostin C (inhibitor of protein kinase C) reduced significantly the IL-17-stimulated mRNA expression of IL-8, GRO-alpha and GRO-beta in SFC, whereas PD98059 (inhibitor of MEK-1/2) was without effect. Pharmacological drugs used in therapy of RA, such as cyclosporin and methotrexate, induced a fourfold increase of IL-17R mRNA expression and augmented the IL-17-stimulated IL-8 expression. Our results support the hypothesis that IL-17/IL-17R may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of RA contributing to an unbalanced production of cytokines as well as participating in connective tissue remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kehlen
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
Although chemokines were originally defined as host defense proteins it is now clear that their repertoire of functions extend well beyond this role. For example chemokines such as MGSA have growth regulatory properties while members of the CXC chemokine family can be mediators or inhibitors of angiogenesis and may be important targets for oncology. Recent work shows that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its cognate ligand SDF play important roles in the development of the immune, circulatory and central nervous systems. In addition, chemokine receptors play an important role in the pathogenesis of the AIDS virus, HIV-1. Taken together these findings expand the biological importance of chemokines from that of simple immune modulators to a much broader biological role than was at first appreciated and these and other properties of the chemokine receptor family are discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Horuk
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Bioscience, 15049 San Pablo Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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25
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Schiller M, Raghunath M, Kubitscheck U, Scholzen TE, Fisbeck T, Metze D, Luger TA, Böhm M. Human dermal fibroblasts express prohormone convertases 1 and 2 and produce proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:227-35. [PMID: 11511298 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years it has become apparent that the skin is a locoregional source for several proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides including alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropin, and beta-endorphin. The enzymes that regulate expression of these neuropeptides are the prohormone convertases 1 and 2. In this study we demonstrate, by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western immunoblotting, that cultured human dermal fibroblasts express prohormone convertases 1 and 2 as well as 7B2, which is an essential cofactor for enzymatic activity of prohormone convertase 2. Immunofluorescence studies revealed prohormone convertase 1 to be mainly expressed in the perinuclear region in vesicular structures resembling the trans-Golgi network, whereas prohormone convertase 2 was found in the trans-Golgi network as well as in vesicular structures diffusely distributed in the peripheral cytoplasm. Expression of both enzymes was also confirmed in fibroblasts of normal adult human skin by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against prohormone convertases 1 and 2 and vimentin. To assess the relevance of prohormone convertase 1 and 2 expression in human dermal fibroblasts, we studied the expression of proopiomelanocortin and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. Proopiomelanocortin expression was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western immunoblotting. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropin, and beta-endorphin were mainly located in vesicular structures as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Production of these peptides was confirmed by radioimmunoassay, immunoradiometric assay, or enzyme immunoassay. Among several stimuli tested, interleukin-1 was found to upregulate production of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human dermal fibroblasts. In summary, we have shown that human dermal fibroblasts express the enzymatic machinery for proopiomelanocortin processing and make proopiomelanocortin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropin, and beta-endorphin. Production of proopiomelanocortin peptides by human dermal fibroblasts may be relevant for fibroblast functions such as collagen degradation and/or regulation of dermal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schiller
- Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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26
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Alaaeddine N, Olee T, Hashimoto S, Creighton-Achermann L, Lotz M. Production of the chemokine RANTES by articular chondrocytes and role in cartilage degradation. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:1633-43. [PMID: 11465714 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200107)44:7<1633::aid-art286>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the expression of the chemokine RANTES and its receptors in normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human cartilage and to analyze its effects on chondrocyte function. METHODS The expression of RANTES and its receptors were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The effect of RANTES on gene expression of other cytokines and on the release of mediators of cartilage degradation was also examined by PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The expression of RANTES was undetectable in normal chondrocytes until after stimulation with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or IL-18. Cultures of normal cartilage also produced RANTES in response to IL-1beta, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. All OA cartilage samples analyzed expressed RANTES messenger RNA (mRNA); RANTES protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in the superficial and mid zones of the tissue. OA chondrocytes produced elevated levels of RANTES constitutively and after IL-1beta stimulation. Normal cartilage expressed the RANTES receptors CCR3 and CCR5, but not CCR1. CCR1 was expressed in OA cartilage, and CCR3 and CCR5 were increased. In normal chondrocytes, RANTES induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL-6. RANTES stimulated the release of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in normal and OA chondrocytes as effectively as IL-1beta. Treatment of normal articular cartilage with RANTES increased the release of glycosaminoglycans and profoundly reduced the intensity of Safranin O staining. CONCLUSION Chondrocytes produce RANTES and express RANTES receptors. RANTES and CCR5 were markedly increased in OA and after in vitro treatment of normal chondrocytes with IL-1. Chondrocyte activation and cartilage degradation were identified as novel biologic and pathogenetic activities of this chemokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alaaeddine
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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27
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Nirodi CS, Devalaraja R, Nanney LB, Arrindell S, Russell S, Trupin J, Richmond A. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in keloid and normal fibroblasts. Wound Repair Regen 2000; 8:371-82. [PMID: 11115149 PMCID: PMC3140346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2000.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are benign collagenous tumors that occur during dermal wound healing in genetically predisposed individuals. The lesions are characterized by over-proliferation of fibroblasts, some leukocyte infiltration, and prolonged high rates of collagen synthesis. To determine whether leukocyte chemoattractants or chemokines are participating in this disease process, immunohistochemical staining for the CXC chemokine, MGSA/GROalpha, and its receptor, CXCR2, was performed on tissue from keloids, hypertrophic scars and normal skin. Immunoreactive MGSA/GROalpha was not observed in hypertrophic scars or normal dermis, but was present in some myofibroblasts and lymphocytes in nodular areas of the keloid samples. This staining positively correlated with the degree of inflammatory infiltrate in the lesions. Keloids, but not hypertrophic scars or normal dermis, also exhibited intensive immunoreactivity for the CXCR2 receptor in endothelial cells and inflammatory infiltrates with occasional staining of myofibroblasts. In contrast, cultured fibroblasts from either keloids or normal skin did not express detectable amounts of mRNA for MGSA/GRO or CXCR2, although interleukin-1 strongly induced MGSA/GRO mRNA in both cell types. Interleukin-1 induction of MGSA/GRO was inhibited by glucocorticoid in normal and keloid fibroblasts, and the effect was more pronounced in keloid fibroblasts. This event was not correlated with inhibition of nuclear activation of NF-kappaB, AP-1 or Sp1, and might therefore be mediated by another mechanism such as decreased mRNA stability or transcriptional repression through the glucocorticoid response element in the MGSA/GRO promoter. Data from in vitro wounding experiments with cultured normal and keloid fibroblasts indicate that there were no significant differences in MGSA/GRO or CXCR2 receptor levels between normal and keloid fibroblasts. We also show that cultured keloid fibroblasts exhibit a delayed wound healing response. We postulate that the inflammatory component is important in development of keloid lesions and chemotactic cytokines may participate in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatanya S. Nirodi
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Radika Devalaraja
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lillian B. Nanney
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Shirley Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joel Trupin
- Department of Microbiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ann Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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28
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Tsuji F, Oki K, Senda T, Horiuchi M, Mita S. Effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors or phosphodiesterase inhibitors on interleukin-1-induced cytokines production in synovium-derived cells. Immunol Lett 1999; 68:275-9. [PMID: 10424432 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(99)00051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors or phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on interleukin (IL)-1-induced cytokines production in synovium-derived cells were investigated. Human synoviocyte (HS) or synovial sarcoma (SW982) stimulated by IL-1beta (100 ng/ml) produced various cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, GROalpha, VEGF, basic FGF and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in vitro. SB202190 or SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase, inhibited all cytokines production in both cells. PD98059, an inhibitor of MAP kinase kinase (MEK), inhibited IL-6, IL-8 and basic FGF production in HS and all cytokines production except basic FGF in SW982. However, many of its effects were weaker than those of SB202190 or SB203580. Quazinone, an inhibitor of cyclic GMP-inhibited PDE, scarcely affected cytokines production in both cells. Rolipram or R0201724, an inhibitor of cyclic AMP-specific PDE, inhibited IL-8 and basic FGF production in HS and TNFalpha production in SW982, however, it enhanced the other cytokines production in SW982. These results suggest that the activation of MAP kinase cascade may be important for IL-1-induced cytokines production in synovium-derived cells. On the other hand, the role of cyclic AMP may be dependent on cell and cytokine types.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tsuji
- Discovery Research Division, Santen Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan
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29
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Szekanecz Z, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Koch AE. Chemokines in rheumatoid arthritis. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 20:115-32. [PMID: 9836372 DOI: 10.1007/bf00832002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Szekanecz
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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30
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Volin MV, Shah MR, Tokuhira M, Haines GK, Woods JM, Koch AE. RANTES expression and contribution to monocyte chemotaxis in arthritis. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 89:44-53. [PMID: 9756723 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1998.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by recruitment of leukocytes from the vasculature into inflamed synovial tissue (ST) and synovial fluid (SF), which depends, in part, upon the continued maintenance of chemotactic stimuli. RANTES is a potent chemoattractant for leukocytes including monocytes and CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the production, the source, and the function of antigenic RANTES in arthritis. We detected antigenic RANTES in SFs from RA and OA patients (100 +/- 22.7 and 72 +/- 30.7 pg/ml, respectively). CM from RA ST fibroblasts stimulated with interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha contained significantly more antigenic RANTES than unstimulated CM (452 +/- 181.6 and 581 +/- 200.2 pg/ml, respectively, versus 12 +/- 4.4 pg/ml, P < 0.05). PHA-stimulated RA SF mononuclear cells secreted 5- to 15-fold more antigenic RANTES than did nonstimulated mononuclear cells, while LPS induced secretion up to 4-fold. We immunolocalized antigenic RANTES to sublining macrophages (28 +/- 3.7 and 8 +/- 2.0% immunopositive cells), perivascular macrophages (56 +/- 6.9 and 19 +/- 3.4%), and synovial lining cells (37 +/- 5.8 and 60 +/- 10.4%) in RA and OA tissue, respectively. Anti-RANTES neutralized 20.2 +/- 1.3% of the RA SF chemotactic activity for normal peripheral blood monocytes (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate antigenic RANTES in RA and OA ST and SF and identify RANTES as a chemoattractant for monocytes in the RA joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Volin
- Northwestern University Medical School, Lakeside Division, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
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31
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Lippert U, Artuc M, Grützkau A, Möller A, Kenderessy-Szabo A, Schadendorf D, Norgauer J, Hartmann K, Schweitzer-Stenner R, Zuberbier T, Henz BM, Krüger-Krasagakes S. Expression and Functional Activity of the IL-8 Receptor Type CXCR1 and CXCR2 on Human Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To further elucidate mechanisms involved in mast cell accumulation at sites of cutaneous inflammation, we have studied the ability of human leukemic mast cells (HMC-1 cells) to express functionally active IL-8 receptors. Expression of mRNA for both types of IL-8 receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) was demonstrated by PCR and of both proteins by flow cytometry. Binding and competition studies with 125I-labeled IL-8 and its homologue melanoma growth stimulating activity (125I-labeled MGSA) revealed two specific binding sites for IL-8, K1 = 1.1 × 1011 M−1 and K2 = 5 × 107 M−1; and for MGSA, K1 = 2.8 × 1010 M−1 and K2 = 5 × 107 M−1. This finding was supported by a dose-dependent rise of cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by both chemokines and to a lesser extent by the homologue neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2). A significant migratory response of human leukemic mast cells (HMC-1) was observed with all three chemokines at a range from 10−8 M to 10−9 M. Moreover, the formation of cellular F-actin was induced in a rapid, dose-dependent fashion, with a maximally 1.7-fold increase at 10−7 M. Using postembedding immunoelectron microscopy, we could show the expression of CXCR1 on the cytoplasmatic membrane of isolated human skin mast cells whereas CXCR2 was located in mast cell-specific granules. These findings demonstrate for the first time the functional expression of both types of IL-8 receptors on human mast cells, suggesting a role for their ligands during mast cell activation and recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undine Lippert
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Metin Artuc
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annelie Möller
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Schadendorf
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Karin Hartmann
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Zuberbier
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate M. Henz
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Krüger-Krasagakes
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Terkeltaub R, Baird S, Sears P, Santiago R, Boisvert W. The murine homolog of the interleukin-8 receptor CXCR-2 is essential for the occurrence of neutrophilic inflammation in the air pouch model of acute urate crystal-induced gouty synovitis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:900-9. [PMID: 9588743 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199805)41:5<900::aid-art18>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute neutrophil-dependent inflammation is central to acute gout. Urate crystals induce different classes of neutrophil chemotaxins, including certain chemokines (e.g., interleukin-8 [IL-8], growth-related oncogene alpha [GROalpha]) that share CXCR-2 as a receptor. This study was undertaken to assess the role of CXCR-2 ligands in a model of acute gout. METHODS Urate crystals were injected into subcutaneous air pouches in mice that expressed or lacked the murine CXCR-2 homolog (mIL-8RH), and the development of neutrophilic inflammation was assessed. RESULTS In normal mice, urate crystals induced a 10-fold increase (P < 0.01) in pouch fluid leukocytes (principally neutrophils) at 4 hours. Leukocytes adhered to the pouch lining, where crystals, the mIL-8RH ligand KC/GROalpha, and cells bearing mIL-8RH were abundant. In mIL-8RH(-/-) mice, urate crystals induced a proteinaceous leukocyte-poor exudate at 4 hours, despite crystal-induced activation of resident cells (documented by KC/GROalpha expression). CONCLUSION Chemokines that bind the IL-8 receptor CXCR-2 are essential for the development of acute neutrophilic inflammation in response to urate crystals in the subcutaneous air pouch model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Terkeltaub
- San Diego VA Medical Center and University of California, 92161, USA
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33
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Westergren-Thorsson G, Norman M, Björnsson S, Endrésen U, Stjernholm Y, Ekman G, Malmström A. Differential expressions of mRNA for proteoglycans, collagens and transforming growth factor-beta in the human cervix during pregnancy and involution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1406:203-13. [PMID: 9573366 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(98)00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy and involution, an extensive remodelling of the human cervical connective tissue occurs. This cervical ripening is one of the most pronounced physiological remodelling processes known in human connective tissue. To investigate how the remodelling is accomplished, the levels of mRNA for collagen I and III, versican and three small proteoglycans, biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin, were evaluated using Northern blots at different stages of cervical ripening. In the corresponding biopsies the concentration of collagen and of small and large proteoglycans were determined. The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) as a mediator of the remodelling process was also investigated. The concentration of collagen decreased and 1 week before partus, 50% of the nonpregnant level was attained. No further decrease was noted after partus. The mRNA for collagen I and III did, however, not decrease in the term pregnant cervix 1 week before partus. Only 20-30% decrease during the final ripening just before partus was recorded. Neither did the mRNA levels of the small proteoglycans change significantly during the ripening, despite an almost 50% decrease in the concentration of the small proteoglycans. The message for versican was, however, 5-fold increased at partus and then gradually returned to nonpregnant levels within 4 days after delivery. These changes corresponded to similar changes in the concentration of the large proteoglycan. Thus, the remodelling of the cervical connective tissue is achieved by two different mechanisms, on one hand an increased turnover of collagen and the small proteoglycans, on the other a changed transcription followed by an increased production of versican. During the involution 2- to 3-fold increases in the messages for collagen I and III, and the small proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, corresponded to increases in the concentration of the small proteoglycans and non-extractable collagen. The message for TGF-beta was increased 2-fold immediately after delivery compared with the term pregnant state. Thus, TGF-beta may be of importance for the reconstruction of the cervix, which starts immediately after partus.
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Mukaida N, Harada A, Matsushima K. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF/MCP-1), chemokines essentially involved in inflammatory and immune reactions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1998; 9:9-23. [PMID: 9720753 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(97)00022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration is a hallmark of inflammation. Knowledge on molecular mechanisms of leukocyte infiltration has advanced rapidly due to the recent elucidation of structures and functions of adhesion molecules and chemokines. Since the discovery of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a prototype of CXC chemokines, in 1987 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCAF/MCP-1), a prototype of chemotactic cytokines (CC) chemokines, in 1989, more than 30 members of chemokines have been identified so far. Evidence is accumulating that these chemokines exert overlapping but distinct actions on specific types of leukocytes in vitro through interacting with their specific G-protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains. However, redundancy at receptor levels has frequently hindered the clarification on the precise physiological or pathophysiological roles of chemokines. Here, we describe the pathophysiological roles of IL-8 and MCAF/MCP-1 in several animal models of neutrophil- and macrophage-mediated inflammation, respectively, by focusing on our recent work using neutralizing antibodies to these chemokines. We discuss further potential roles of these chemokines in T-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mukaida
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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35
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Horuk R, Reilly D, Yansura D. Expression, purification, and characterization of Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human melanoma growth stimulating activity. Methods Enzymol 1997; 287:3-12. [PMID: 9330311 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)87003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Horuk
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94804, USA
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36
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Heller RA, Schena M, Chai A, Shalon D, Bedilion T, Gilmore J, Woolley DE, Davis RW. Discovery and analysis of inflammatory disease-related genes using cDNA microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2150-5. [PMID: 9122163 PMCID: PMC20056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/1996] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
cDNA microarray technology is used to profile complex diseases and discover novel disease-related genes. In inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, expression patterns of diverse cell types contribute to the pathology. We have monitored gene expression in this disease state with a microarray of selected human genes of probable significance in inflammation as well as with genes expressed in peripheral human blood cells. Messenger RNA from cultured macrophages, chondrocyte cell lines, primary chondrocytes, and synoviocytes provided expression profiles for the selected cytokines, chemokines, DNA binding proteins, and matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Comparisons between tissue samples of rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease verified the involvement of many genes and revealed novel participation of the cytokine interleukin 3, chemokine Gro alpha and the metalloproteinase matrix metallo-elastase in both diseases. From the peripheral blood library, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, ferritin light chain, and manganese superoxide dismutase genes were identified as expressed differentially in rheumatoid arthritis compared with inflammatory bowel disease. These results successfully demonstrate the use of the cDNA microarray system as a general approach for dissecting human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Heller
- Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305, USA
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37
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Badolato R, Oppenheim JJ. Role of cytokines, acute-phase proteins, and chemokines in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996; 26:526-38. [PMID: 8916297 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-0172(96)80041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has no firm etiologic basis. It progresses as an autoimmune disease and evolves into a chronic inflammatory joint disease complicated by recurrent episodes of systemic acute-phase reactions, which sometimes result in amyloidosis. Cytokines play a pivotol role in inflammation and the immune response. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 are present at high levels in arthritic joints, and their blood concentration correlates with the severity of the RA. Some of the activities of the proinflammatory cytokines, such as stimulation of leukocyte infiltration and release of their proteolytic enzymes, may be mediated by acute phase proteins (APPs), such as C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A, and by chemokines such as interleukin-8. Cytokines, chemokines, and APPs reciprocally regulate each others' expression and activities, constituting a communication network between fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, and hepatocytes. Activation of the network results in inflammation and the progressive destruction of joints and systemic symptoms characteristic of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Badolato
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD, USA
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38
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Murch SH, Costeloe K, Klein NJ, MacDonald TT. Early production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha occurs in respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with poor outcome. Pediatr Res 1996; 40:490-7. [PMID: 8865289 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199609000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although progression to pulmonary fibrosis in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is related to the inflammatory response, the nature of this response remains controversial. We have therefore performed sequential bronchoalveolar lavages in 30 infants with RDS (13 of whom developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia) and 7 ventilated control infants, characterizing the cells obtained by immunohistochemical analysis of lineage-specific markers and assaying macrophage-associated chemokines and cytokines in supernatant fluid. At all ages from birth, lavage supernatants demonstrated highly significant increase over controls of the beta-chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, although not of regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-1 beta, and of elastase/alpha-1 antitrypsin. Significantly higher concentrations of MIP-1 alpha in particular were associated with the later development of fibrosis. Increased numbers of macrophages expressing the activation marker RM/3-1 were found at all ages in bronchopulmonary dysplasic infants, whereas neutrophil numbers were increased from d 3. Dexamethasone administered to 10 infants induced rapid decrease in inflammatory cell numbers and concentrations of MIP-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1 beta, and elastase/alpha-1 antitrypsin. The inflammatory response in neonatal RDS begins within the first day of life. Long-term outcome is associated with the magnitude of this early response, in particular production of MIP-1 alpha. The early introduction of specific therapy is thus likely to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Murch
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Homerton Hospital, London, England
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39
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Damaj BB, McColl SR, Neote K, Hébert CA, Naccache PH. Diverging signal transduction pathways activated by interleukin 8 (IL-8) and related chemokines in human neutrophils. IL-8 and Gro-alpha differentially stimulate calcium influx through IL-8 receptors A and B. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:20540-4. [PMID: 8702797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.34.20540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 8 (IL-8) and Gro-alpha are members of the CXC branch of a family of cytokines recently designated the "chemokine" superfamily. Recent evidence indicates that, contrary to previously held beliefs, IL-8 and Gro-alpha may not be perceived equivalently by neutrophils. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of IL-8 and Gro-alpha on the rate of calcium influx in human neutrophils and in 293 cells transfected with type A or type B IL-8 receptors. Of these two chemokines, only Gro-alpha induced an influx of calcium in neutrophils as judged by the sensitivity of the mobilization of calcium to the extracellular calcium chelator EGTA and to the nonselective divalent cation channel inhibitor SK&F 96365, as well as by manganese quenching experiments. IL-8 was similarly without effect on the rate of Mn2+ influx in 293 cells transfected with IL-8 receptor A (IL-8RA) or IL-8RB. On the other hand, Gro-alpha induced an SK&F 96365-sensitive increase of the rate of Mn+2 influx in IL-8RB-, but not in IL-8RA-transfected 293 cells. These results indicate not only that neutrophils respond differently to IL-8 than they do to Gro-alpha but, furthermore, that the consequences of the binding of IL-8 and Gro-alpha to IL-8RB are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Damaj
- Le Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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40
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Johnson MC, Kajikawa O, Goodman RB, Wong VA, Mongovin SM, Wong WB, Fox-Dewhurst R, Martin TR. Molecular expression of the alpha-chemokine rabbit GRO in Escherichia coli and characterization of its production by lung cells in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:10853-8. [PMID: 8631900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.18.10853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GRO proteins are alpha-chemokine cytokines that attract neutrophils and stimulate the growth of a variety of cells. Previously, we observed that rabbit alveolar macrophages transcribe the genes for at least two GRO homologues. In order to study the role of GRO cytokines in lung inflammation, we cloned the predominant rabbit GRO cDNA (RabGRO) from alveolar macrophages, expressed bioactive recombinant protein (rRabGRO) in Escherichia coli, and developed a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for RabGRO protein. We found that rabbit AM express and secrete GRO in vitro in response to both exogenous (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, and crystalline silica) and endogenous inflammatory stimuli (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha) as determined by both radioimmunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biologically significant amounts of GRO are present in vivo in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rabbits with E. coli pneumonia; by in situ hybridization, GRO mRNA is detectable in infiltrating pulmonary leukocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. These results indicate that GRO chemokines are likely to be important mediators of the inflammatory response that accompanies acute infectious processes in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Johnson
- Medical Research Service, Seattle Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington 98108, USA
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41
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Norgauer J, Metzner B, Czech W, Schraufstatter I. Reconstitution of chemokine-induced actin polymerization in undifferentiated human leukemia cells (HL-60) by heterologous expression of interleukin-8 receptors. Inflamm Res 1996; 45:127-31. [PMID: 8689391 DOI: 10.1007/bf02265165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and GRO alpha bind in neutrophils to the interleukin-8 receptor alpha and beta (IL-8R alpha and beta) triggering reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and activation of phospholipase C (PLC). Reconstitution of chemokine-induced activation of PLC indicated coupling of IL-8R alpha and beta to pertussis toxin-insensitive G alpha 16-proteins as well as to pertussis toxin-sensitive G alpha i2- or G alpha i3-proteins. To identify the signal transduction mechanisms of chemokine-induced actin response, undifferentiated human leukemia cells (HL-60 cells) constitutively expressing G alpha 16-, G alpha i2- and G alpha i3-proteins were chosen for reconstitution studies. Expression of recombinant receptors after transfection of the cells with the cDNA of IL-8R alpha and beta was confirmed by binding studies with radiolabeled ligands. IL-8R alpha bound IL-8 with high affinity (Kd approximately 1 nM) and GRO alpha with low affinity (Kd approximately 1 microM), whereas IL-8R beta bound both IL-8 and GRO alpha with high affinity (Kd approximately 1nM). Flow cytometric actin measurements indicated that high affinity ligand-receptor interactions in both receptor transfectants displayed inducible responses. Pretreatment of transfectants with pertussis toxin caused ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins and blocked chemokine-induced polymerization, indicating involvement of G alpha i2- or G alpha i3-proteins, but not G alpha 16-proteins in this response.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CXC
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors/metabolism
- Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- HL-60 Cells/cytology
- HL-60 Cells/drug effects
- HL-60 Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/pharmacology
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Pertussis Toxin
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transfection
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- J Norgauer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Deleuran BW. Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Localization in arthritic joint tissue and regulation in vitro. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1996; 104:1-34. [PMID: 8668952 DOI: 10.3109/03009749609103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B W Deleuran
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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43
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Mueller SG, Schraw WP, Richmond A. Activation of protein kinase C enhances the phosphorylation of the type B interleukin-8 receptor and stimulates its degradation in non-hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:10439-48. [PMID: 7737978 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously characterized the stably transfected, clonally selected human placental cell line, 3ASubE P-3, which overexpresses the type B interleukin-8 receptor (IL-8RB) and responds to the chemokine melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA) with enhanced phosphorylation of this receptor. In work described here, we demonstrate that the MGSA-enhanced phosphorylation of this receptor is mediated via a process involving pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. Furthermore, treatment of the 3ASubE P-3 cells with either 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) or 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (diC8), two different activators of protein kinase C (PKC), results in a concentration-dependent increase in the phosphorylation of the IL-8RB. Inhibition of PKC, by treatment with staurosporin (50 nM for 2 h), or down-regulation of PKC, by prolonged treatment with TPA (400 nM for 40 h) suppresses the TPA-enhanced receptor phosphorylation, but has no effect on the MGSA-enhanced receptor phosphorylation. These data suggest that the isoforms of PKC that are sensitive to these manipulations may not play a role in mediating the MGSA-enhanced phosphorylation of the IL-8RB. TPA treatment also results in a time-dependent decrease in 125I-MGSA binding to the 3ASubE P-3 cells. A 30-min treatment with 400 nM TPA results in approximately a 50% decrease in binding, whereas a 2-h treatment essentially eliminates specific binding of 125I-MGSA to these cells. The TPA-induced decrease in 125I-MGSA binding is accompanied by enhanced degradation of the IL-8RB, as indicated by Western blot analysis and pulse-chase experiments, suggesting a potential role for PKC as a negative regulator of the IL-8RB. MGSA treatment (50 nM for 2 h) also stimulates receptor degradation in the 3ASubE P-3 cells, indicating that this receptor is down-regulated in response to prolonged exposure to its ligand. In similar studies conducted on the promonocytic cell line, U937, MGSA treatment of the U937 cells resulted in receptor phosphorylation, whereas PKC activation failed to significantly modulate the phosphorylation state of the IL-8RB. Treatment of the U937 cells with MGSA, TPA, or diC8 resulted in a loss of receptor protein present in these cell types. These data imply that MGSA signaling through the IL-8RB is similar in both the non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic cell types, whereas activation of PKC by TPA or diC8 elicits different responses in these two distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Mueller
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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44
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Mukaida N, Harada A, Matsushima K. A novel leukocyte chemotactic and activating cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8). Cancer Treat Res 1995; 80:261-86. [PMID: 8821581 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1241-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology
- Dogs
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Targeting
- Humans
- Infections/physiopathology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Interleukin-8/chemistry
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/pharmacology
- Interleukin-8/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mukaida
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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45
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Chapter 22. Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors play a major role in the mobilization and activation of the cells of the immune system, and are discussed in this review by Richard Horuk. Six receptors that bind chemokines with high affinity have been cloned and all belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Chemokine receptors are mainly expressed in immune cells, which are their major target cells. However, two of the cloned receptors are expressed by viruses and may play a role in protecting the virus from immune surveillance. In addition, a novel chemokine receptor that is expressed in human erythrocytes not only binds CC and CXC chemokines with high affinity but is also a receptor for the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Horuk
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San francisco, CA 94080, USA
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47
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Abstract
The interleukin 8 (IL-8)-receptor family includes two specific receptors (type A and B) that both bind IL-8 with high affinity. These receptors have been cloned, and belong to a superfamily of G-protein-linked receptors that signal in response to IL-8 on a variety of cell types. In contrast to these receptors, which have a narrow ligand-binding profile, a promiscuous IL-8 receptor has been found on human erythrocytes that binds a variety of chemokines with high affinity. This protein, known as the chemokine receptor, was recently shown to bind the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax, and may play a major role in inflammation by limiting the concentration of soluble chemokines in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Horuk
- Dept of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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48
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Mueller S, Schraw W, Richmond A. Melanoma growth stimulatory activity enhances the phosphorylation of the class II interleukin-8 receptor in non-hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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49
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Fairbrother WJ, Reilly D, Colby T, Horuk R. 1H assignment and secondary structure determination of human melanoma growth stimulating activity (MGSA) by NMR spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 1993; 330:302-6. [PMID: 8397104 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The solution structure of melanoma growth stimulating activity (MGSA) has been investigated using proton NMR spectroscopy. Sequential resonance assignments have been carried out, and elements of secondary structure have been identified on the basis of NOE, coupling constant, chemical shift, and amide proton exchange data. Long-range NOEs have established that MGSA is a dimer in solution. The secondary structure and dimer interface of MGSA appear to be similar to those found previously for the homologous chemokine interleukin-8 [Clore et al. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 1689-1696]. The MGSA monomer contains a three stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet arranged in a 'Greek-key' conformation, and a C-terminal alpha-helix (residues 58-69).
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fairbrother
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990
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50
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Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines--CXC and CC chemokines. Adv Immunol 1993. [PMID: 8304236 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1477] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Baggiolini
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
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