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da Silva RP, Costa DM, da Cruz-Filho J, Santos TDO, Dos Anjos-Santos HC, Vasconcelos ABS, Heck LC, Kettelhut ÍDC, Navegantes LC, Dos Santos JR, de Souza PRM, Badauê-Passos D, Mecawi AS, DeSantana JM, Lustrino D. Reduced sympathetic activity is associated with the development of pain and muscle atrophy in a female rat model of fibromyalgia. Physiol Behav 2024; 281:114575. [PMID: 38692384 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue and muscle atrophy. Although its etiology is not known, studies have shown that FM patients exhibit altered function of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which regulates nociception and muscle plasticity. Nevertheless, the precise SNS-mediated mechanisms governing hyperalgesia and skeletal muscle atrophy in FM remain unclear. Thus, we employed two distinct FM-like pain models, involving intramuscular injections of acidic saline (pH 4.0) or carrageenan in prepubertal female rats, and evaluated the catecholamine content, adrenergic signaling and overall muscle proteolysis. Subsequently, we assessed the contribution of the SNS to the development of hyperalgesia and muscle atrophy in acidic saline-injected rats treated with clenbuterol (a selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist) and in animals maintained under baseline conditions and subjected to epinephrine depletion through adrenodemedullation (ADM). Seven days after inducing an FM-like model with acidic saline or carrageenan, we observed widespread mechanical hyperalgesia along with loss of strength and/or muscle mass. These changes were associated with reduced catecholamine content, suggesting a common underlying mechanism. Notably, treatment with a β2-agonist alleviated hyperalgesia and prevented muscle atrophy in acidic saline-induced FM-like pain, while epinephrine depletion induced mechanical hyperalgesia and increased muscle proteolysis in animals under baseline conditions. Together, the results suggest that reduced sympathetic activity is involved in the development of pain and muscle atrophy in the murine model of FM analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Prado da Silva
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Daniely Messias Costa
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - João da Cruz-Filho
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Tatiane de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Hevely Catharine Dos Anjos-Santos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Lilian Carmo Heck
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry & Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ísis do Carmo Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry & Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Navegantes
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry & Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Ronaldo Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Badauê-Passos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, São Paulo Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Josimari Melo DeSantana
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Danilo Lustrino
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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Sato R, Vatic M, Peixoto da Fonseca GW, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Biological basis and treatment of frailty and sarcopenia. Cardiovasc Res 2024:cvae073. [PMID: 38828887 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In an ageing society, the importance of maintaining healthy life expectancy has been emphasized. As a result of age-related decline in functional reserve, frailty is a state of increased vulnerability and susceptibility to adverse health outcomes with a serious impact on healthy life expectancy. The decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, also known as sarcopenia, is key in the development of physical frailty. Both frailty and sarcopenia are highly prevalent in patients not only with advanced age but also in patients with illnesses that exacerbate their progression like heart failure (HF), cancer, or dementia, with the prevalence of frailty and sarcopenia in HF patients reaching up to 50-75% and 19.5-47.3%, respectively, resulting in 1.5-3 times higher 1-year mortality. The biological mechanisms of frailty and sarcopenia are multifactorial, complex, and not yet fully elucidated, ranging from DNA damage, proteostasis impairment, and epigenetic changes to mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and environmental factors, many of which are further linked to cardiac disease. Currently, there is no gold standard for the treatment of frailty and sarcopenia, however, growing evidence supports that a combination of exercise training and nutritional supplement improves skeletal muscle function and frailty, with a variety of other therapies being devised based on the underlying pathophysiology. In this review, we address the involvement of frailty and sarcopenia in cardiac disease and describe the latest insights into their biological mechanisms as well as the potential for intervention through exercise, diet, and specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sato
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirela Vatic
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da Fonseca
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Layman DK. Impacts of protein quantity and distribution on body composition. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1388986. [PMID: 38765819 PMCID: PMC11099237 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1388986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of meal distribution of dietary protein to optimize muscle mass and body remains unclear, and the findings are intertwined with age, physical activity, and the total quantity and quality of protein consumed. The concept of meal distribution evolved from multiple discoveries about regulating protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The most significant was the discovery of the role of the branched-chain amino acid leucine as a metabolic signal to initiate a post-meal anabolic period of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in older adults. Aging is often characterized by loss of muscle mass and function associated with a decline in protein synthesis. The age-related changes in protein synthesis and subsequent muscle atrophy were generally considered inevitable until the discovery of the unique role of leucine for the activation of the mTOR signal complex for the initiation of MPS. Clinical studies demonstrated that older adults (>60 years) require meals with at least 2.8 g of leucine (~30 g of protein) to stimulate MPS. This meal requirement for leucine is not observed in younger adults (<30 years), who produce a nearly linear response of MPS in proportion to the protein content of a meal. These findings suggest that while the efficiency of dietary protein to stimulate MPS declines with aging, the capacity for MPS to respond is maintained if a meal provides adequate protein. While the meal response of MPS to total protein and leucine is established, the long-term impact on muscle mass and body composition remains less clear, at least in part, because the rate of change in muscle mass with aging is small. Because direct diet studies for meal distribution during aging are impractical, research groups have applied meal distribution and the leucine threshold to protein-sparing concepts during acute catabolic conditions such as weight loss. These studies demonstrate enhanced MPS at the first meal after an overnight fast and net sparing of lean body mass during weight loss. While the anabolic benefits of increased protein at the first meal to stimulate MPS are clear, the benefits to long-term changes in muscle mass and body composition in aging adults remain speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K. Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Costa DM, da Silva RP, da Cruz-Filho J, de Oliveira Santos T, Dos Anjos-Santos HC, de Lucca W, do Carmo Kettelhut Í, Navegantes LC, de Souza PRM, Camargo EA, Lauton-Santos S, Badauê-Passos D, Mecawi AS, DeSantana JM, Lustrino D. Adrenalectomy attenuates hyperalgesia but does not regulate muscle wasting in a female rat model of fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 51:e13837. [PMID: 38302081 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Although it is well established that fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is characterized by chronic diffuse musculoskeletal hyperalgesia, very little is known about the effect of this pathology on muscle tissue plasticity. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize the putative alterations in skeletal muscle mass in female rats subjected to a FM model by inducing chronic diffuse hyperalgesia (CDH) through double injections of acidic saline (pH 4.0) into the left gastrocnemius muscle at 5-day intervals. To determine protein turnover, the total proteolysis, proteolytic system activities and protein synthesis were evaluated in oxidative soleus muscles of pH 7.2 (control) and pH 4.0 groups at 7 days after CDH induction. All animals underwent behavioural analyses of mechanical hyperalgesia, strength and motor performance. Our results demonstrated that, in addition to hyperalgesia, rats injected with acidic saline exhibited skeletal muscle loss, as evidenced by a decrease in the soleus fibre cross-sectional area. This muscle loss was associated with increased proteasomal proteolysis and expression of the atrophy-related gene (muscle RING-finger protein-1), as well as reduced protein synthesis and decreased protein kinase B/S6 pathway activity. Although the plasma corticosterone concentration did not differ between the control and pH 4.0 groups, the removal of the adrenal glands attenuated hyperalgesia, but it did not prevent the increase in muscle protein loss in acidic saline-injected animals. The data suggests that the stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in the development of hyperalgesia, but is not responsible for muscle atrophy observed in the FM model induced by intramuscular administration of acidic saline. Although the mechanisms involved in the attenuation of hyperalgesia in rats injected with acidic saline and subjected to adrenalectomy still need to be elucidated, the results found in this study suggest that glucocorticoids may not represent an effective therapeutic approach to alleviate FM symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniely Messias Costa
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Raquel Prado da Silva
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - João da Cruz-Filho
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Tatiane de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Hevely Catharine Dos Anjos-Santos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Waldecy de Lucca
- Department of Morphology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Ísis do Carmo Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Navegantes
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Lauton-Santos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Daniel Badauê-Passos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, São Paulo Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josimari Melo DeSantana
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Danilo Lustrino
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
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5
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Santos TDO, Cruz-Filho JD, Costa DM, Silva RPD, Anjos-Santos HCD, Santos JRD, Reis LC, Kettelhut ÍDC, Navegantes LC, Camargo EA, Lauton-Santos S, Badauê-Passos D, Mecawi ADS, Lustrino D. Non-canonical Ca 2+- Akt signaling pathway mediates the antiproteolytic effects induced by oxytocin receptor stimulation in skeletal muscle. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115850. [PMID: 37832795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been previously demonstrated that oxytocin (OXT) receptor stimulation can control skeletal muscle mass in vivo, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate this effect are still poorly understood. Thus, rat oxidative skeletal muscles were isolated and incubated with OXT or WAY-267,464, a non-peptide selective OXT receptor (OXTR) agonist, in the presence or absence of atosiban (ATB), an OXTR antagonist, and overall proteolysis was evaluated. The results indicated that both OXT and WAY-267,464 suppressed muscle proteolysis, and this effect was blocked by the addition of ATB. Furthermore, the WAY-induced anti-catabolic action on protein metabolism did not involve the coupling between OXTR and Gαi since it was insensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX). The decrease in overall proteolysis induced by WAY was probably due to the inhibition of the autophagic/lysosomal system, as estimated by the decrease in LC3 (an autophagic/lysosomal marker), and was accompanied by an increase in the content of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (PKC)-phosphorylated substrates, pSer473-Akt, and pSer256-FoxO1. Most of these effects were blocked by the inhibition of inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3R), which mediate Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytoplasm, and triciribine, an Akt inhibitor. Taken together, these findings indicate that the stimulation of OXTR directly induces skeletal muscle protein-sparing effects through a Gαq/IP3R/Ca2+-dependent pathway and crosstalk with Akt/FoxO1 signaling, which consequently decreases the expression of genes related to atrophy, such as LC3, as well as muscle proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - João da Cruz-Filho
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Daniely Messias Costa
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Raquel Prado da Silva
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Hevely Catharine Dos Anjos-Santos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - José Ronaldo Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Reis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ísis do Carmo Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry & Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Navegantes
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry & Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Enilton Aparecido Camargo
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Sandra Lauton-Santos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Daniel Badauê-Passos
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - André de Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, São Paulo Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo Lustrino
- Laboratory of Basic and Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (LANBAC), Department of Physiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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Kaspy MS, Hannaian SJ, Bell ZW, Churchward-Venne TA. The effects of branched-chain amino acids on muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein breakdown and associated molecular signalling responses in humans: an update. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37681443 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are three of the nine indispensable amino acids, and are frequently consumed as a dietary supplement by athletes and recreationally active individuals alike. The popularity of BCAA supplements is largely predicated on the notion that they can stimulate rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and suppress rates of muscle protein breakdown (MPB), the combination of which promotes a net anabolic response in skeletal muscle. To date, several studies have shown that BCAA (particularly leucine) increase the phosphorylation status of key proteins within the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway involved in the regulation of translation initiation in human muscle. Early research in humans demonstrated that BCAA provision reduced indices of whole-body protein breakdown and MPB; however, there was no stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS. In contrast, recent work has demonstrated that BCAA intake can stimulate postprandial MPS rates at rest and can further increase MPS rates during recovery after a bout of resistance exercise. The purpose of this evidence-based narrative review is to critically appraise the available research pertaining to studies examining the effects of BCAA on MPS, MPB and associated molecular signalling responses in humans. Overall, BCAA can activate molecular pathways that regulate translation initiation, reduce indices of whole-body and MPB, and transiently stimulate MPS rates. However, the stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS rates is less than the response observed following ingestion of a complete protein source providing the full complement of indispensable amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Kaspy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Room D6 237.F, 1650 Cedar Avenue, H3G 1A4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Maurotti S, Pujia R, Galluccio A, Nucera S, Musolino V, Mare R, Frosina M, Noto FR, Mollace V, Romeo S, Pujia A, Montalcini T. Preventing muscle wasting: pro-insulin C-peptide prevents loss in muscle mass in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1117-1129. [PMID: 36878894 PMCID: PMC10067479 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-peptide therapy exerts several positive actions on nerves, vasculature, smooth muscle relaxation, kidney function and bone. To date, the role of C-peptide in preventing type 1 diabetes-related muscle atrophy has not been investigated. Our aim was to evaluate if C-peptide infusion prevents muscle wasting in diabetic rats. METHODS Twenty-three male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group, diabetic group and diabetic group plus C-peptide. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection, and C-peptide was administered subcutaneously for 6 weeks. The blood samples were obtained at baseline, before streptozotocin injection and at the end of the study to assess C-peptide, ubiquitin and other laboratory parameters. We also tested the ability of C-peptide to regulate the skeletal muscle mass, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the autophagy pathway as well as to improve muscle quality. RESULTS C-peptide administration reversed hyperglycaemia (P = 0.02) and hypertriglyceridaemia (P = 0.01) in diabetic plus C-peptide rats compared with diabetic control rats. The diabetic-control animals displayed a lower weight of the muscles in the lower limb considered individually than the control rats and the diabetic plus C-peptide rats (P = 0.03; P = 0.03; P = 0.04; P = 0.004, respectively). The diabetic-control rats presented a significantly higher serum concentration of ubiquitin compared with the diabetic plus C-peptide and the control animals (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01). In muscles of the lower limb, the pAmpk expression was higher in the diabetic plus C-peptide than the diabetic-control rats (in the gastrocnemius, P = 0.002; in the tibialis anterior P = 0.005). The protein expression of Atrogin-1 in gastrocnemius and tibialis was lower in the diabetic plus C-peptide than in diabetic-control rats (P = 0.02, P = 0.03). After 42 days, the cross-sectional area in the gastrocnemius of the diabetic plus C-peptide group had been reduced by 6.6% while the diabetic-control rats had a 39.5% reduction compared with the control animals (P = 0.02). The cross-sectional area of the tibialis and the extensor digitorum longus muscles was reduced, in the diabetic plus C-peptide rats, by 10% and 11%, respectively, while the diabetic-control group had a reduction of 65% and 45% compared with the control animals (both P < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained for the minimum Feret's diameter and perimeter. CONCLUSIONS C-peptide administration in rats could protect skeletal muscle mass from atrophy induced by type 1 diabetes mellitus. Our findings could suggest that targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system, Ampk and muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases such as Atrogin-1 and Traf6 may be an effective strategy for molecular and clinical intervention in the muscle wasting pathological process in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Maurotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Galluccio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Mare
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Frosina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Rita Noto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases (CR METDIS), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases (CR METDIS), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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8
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Klaessens S, Stroobant V, De Plaen E, Van den Eynde BJ. Systemic tryptophan homeostasis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:897929. [PMID: 36188218 PMCID: PMC9515494 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.897929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which is not only a building block for protein synthesis, but also a precursor for the biosynthesis of co-enzymes and neuromodulators, such as NAD/NADP(H), kynurenic acid, melatonin and serotonin. It also plays a role in immune homeostasis, as local tryptophan catabolism impairs T-lymphocyte mediated immunity. Therefore, tryptophan plasmatic concentration needs to be stable, in spite of large variations in dietary supply. Here, we review the main checkpoints accounting for tryptophan homeostasis, including absorption, transport, metabolism and elimination, and we discuss the physiopathology of disorders associated with their dysfunction. Tryptophan is catabolized along the kynurenine pathway through the action of two enzymes that mediate the first and rate-limiting step of the pathway: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). While IDO1 expression is restricted to peripheral sites of immune modulation, TDO is massively expressed in the liver and accounts for 90% of tryptophan catabolism. Recent data indicated that the stability of the TDO protein is regulated by tryptophan and that this regulation allows a tight control of tryptophanemia. TDO is stabilized when tryptophan is abundant in the plasma, resulting in rapid degradation of dietary tryptophan. In contrast, when tryptophan is scarce, TDO is degraded by the proteasome to avoid excessive tryptophan catabolism. This is triggered by the unmasking of a degron in a non-catalytic tryptophan-binding site, resulting in TDO ubiquitination by E3 ligase SKP1-CUL1-F-box. Deficiency in TDO or in the hepatic aromatic transporter SLC16A10 leads to severe hypertryptophanemia, which can disturb immune and neurological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klaessens
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne De Plaen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wavre, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
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9
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Dikmen HO, Yilmaz K, Benoit S, Bernard P, Drenovska K, Gerdes S, Gläser R, Günther C, Homey B, Horváth ON, Huilaja L, Joly P, Kiritsi D, Meller S, Patsatsi A, Sárdy M, Schauer F, Shahid M, Sticherling M, Tasanen K, Vassileva S, Worm M, Zillikens D, Sadik CD, van Beek N, König IR, Schmidt E. Serum autoantibody reactivity in bullous pemphigoid is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and the use of antidiabetics and antipsychotics: a large prospective cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:2181-2189. [PMID: 35796163 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullous pemphigoid (BP), the by far most frequent autoimmune blistering skin disease (AIBD), is immunopathologically characterized by autoantibodies against the two hemidesmosomal proteins BP180 (collagen type XVII) and BP230 (BPAG1 or dystonin). Several comorbidities and potentially disease-inducing medication have been described in BP, yet, a systematic analysis of these clinically relevant findings and autoantibody reactivities has not been performed. OBJECTIVE To determine associations of autoantibody reactivities with comorbidities and concomitant medication. METHODS In this prospective multicenter study, 499 patients diagnosed with BP in sixteen European referral centers were included. The relation between anti-BP180 NC16A and anti-BP230 IgG ELISA values at the time of diagnosis as well as comorbidities and concomitant medication collected by a standardized form were analyzed. RESULTS An association between higher serum anti-BP180 reactivity and neuropsychiatric but not atopic and metabolic disorders was observed as well as with the use of insulin or antipsychotics but not with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, inhibitors of platelet aggregation and L-thyroxine. The use of DPP4 inhibitors was associated with less anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 reactivity compared to BP patients without these drugs. This finding was even more pronounced when compared with diabetic BP patients without DPP4 inhibitors. Associations between anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 reactivities were also found in patients using insulin and antipsychotics, respectively, compared with patients without this medication, but not for the use of inhibitors of platelet aggregation, and L-thyroxine. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data imply a relation between autoantibody reactivities at the time of diagnosis and both neuropsychiatric comorbidities as well as distinct concomitant medication suggesting a link between the pathological immune mechanisms and clinical conditions that precede the clinically overt AIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaan Yilmaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sandrine Benoit
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Kossara Drenovska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sascha Gerdes
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Dermatology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Orsolya N Horváth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Huilaja
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pascal Joly
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Meller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Patsatsi
- 2nd Dermatology Department, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Franziska Schauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Shahid
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Kaisa Tasanen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Snejina Vassileva
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Nina van Beek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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10
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Frankenberg NT, Mason SA, Wadley GD, Murphy RM. Skeletal muscle cell-specific differences in type 2 diabetes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:256. [PMID: 35460430 PMCID: PMC9035013 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Major stores of glucose are found as glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver. Skeletal muscle is a heterogenous tissue, with cellular metabolic and contractile distinctions dependent on whether the cell (fibre) is slow-twitch (Type I) or fast-twitch (Type II). We hypothesised that proteins important for glycogen metabolism would be differentially abundant between these diverse fibres. We further hypothesised that the cellular location of these proteins would be different in muscle samples between control (CON) and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We dissected individual muscle fibre segments from vastus lateralis skeletal muscle biopsy samples from CON and T2D and used cell-type-specific approaches to address muscle heterogeneity. We measured glycogen and glycogen-related proteins by immunoblotting techniques. A lower proportion of Type I fibres was found in muscle in T2D compared with CON. AMPK-β2, glycogen branching enzyme (GBE), glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE), and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) were differentially localized between fibre types and in fibres from CON and T2D individuals. A key novel finding was that the majority of glycogen is loosely bound or cytosolic in location in human skeletal muscle. The proportion of this diffusible pool of glycogen was significantly lower in Type I fibres in T2D compared to CON. A hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic clamp in people with type 2 diabetes had no effect on the proportion of diffusible glycogen. We identify cell-type as an important consideration when assessing glycogen metabolism in muscle. Our findings demonstrate varying glucose handling abilities in specific muscle fibre types in type 2 diabetes. A model is presented to provide an overview of the cell-specific differences in glycogen metabolism in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noni T Frankenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, 3125, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, 3125, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia.
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11
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Munasinghe M, Afshari R, Heydarian D, Almotayri A, Dias DA, Thomas J, Jois M. Effects of cocoa on altered metabolite levels in purine metabolism pathways and urea cycle in Alzheimer's disease in C. elegans. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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12
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Resistance exercise improves learning and memory and modulates hippocampal metabolomic profile in aged rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 766:136322. [PMID: 34737021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity has been considered an important non-medication intervention to preserve mnemonic processes during aging. However, how resistance exercise promotes such benefits remains unclear. A possible hypothesis is that brain-metabolic changes of regions responsible for memory consolidation is affected by muscular training. Therefore, we analyzed the memory, axiety and the metabolomic of aged male Wistar rats (19-20 months old in the 1st day of experiment) submitted to a 12-week resistance exercise protocol (EX, n = 11) or which remained without physical exercise (CTL, n = 13). Barnes maze, elevated plus maze and inhibitory avoidance tests were used to assess the animals' behaviour. The metabolomic profile was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. EX group had better performance in the tests of learning and spatial memory in Barnes maze, and an increase of short and long-term aversive memories formation in inhibitory avoidance. In addition, the exercised animals showed a greater amount of metabolites, such as 4-aminobutyrate, acetate, butyrate, choline, fumarate, glycerol, glycine, histidine, hypoxanthine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, niacinamide, phenylalanine, succinate, tyrosine, valine and a reduction of ascorbate and aspartate compared to the control animals. These data indicate that the improvement in learning and memory of aged rats submitted to resistance exercise program is associated by changes in the hippocampal metabolomic profile.
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13
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Build-UPS and break-downs: metabolism impacts on proteostasis and aging. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:505-521. [PMID: 33398091 PMCID: PMC7862225 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of metabolism elicits cellular stress which profoundly modulates the cellular proteome and thus protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Consequently, changes in the cellular proteome due to metabolic shift require adaptive mechanisms by molecular protein quality control. The mechanisms vitally controlling proteostasis embrace the entire life cycle of a protein involving translational control at the ribosome, chaperone-assisted native folding, and subcellular sorting as well as proteolysis by the proteasome or autophagy. While metabolic imbalance and proteostasis decline have been recognized as hallmarks of aging and age-associated diseases, both processes are largely considered independently. Here, we delineate how proteome stability is governed by insulin/IGF1 signaling (IIS), mechanistic target of Rapamycin (TOR), 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and NAD-dependent deacetylases (Sir2-like proteins known as sirtuins). This comprehensive overview is emphasizing the regulatory interconnection between central metabolic pathways and proteostasis, indicating the relevance of shared signaling nodes as targets for future therapeutic interventions. ![]()
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14
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Oberbauer AM, Larsen JA. Amino Acids in Dog Nutrition and Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:199-216. [PMID: 33770408 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dog has assumed a prominent role in human society. Associated with that status, diet choices for companion dogs have begun to reflect the personal preferences of the owners, with greater emphasis on specialty diets such as organic, vegan/vegetarian, and omission or inclusion of specific ingredients. Despite consumer preferences and many marketing strategies employed, the diets must ensure nutritional adequacy for the dog; if not, health becomes compromised, sometimes severely. The most frequent consideration of consumers and dog food manufacturers is protein source and concentration with a growing emphasis on amino acid composition and bioavailability. Amino acids in general play diverse and critical roles in the dog, with specific amino acids being essential. This review covers what is known regarding amino acids in dog nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Just PA, Charawi S, Denis RGP, Savall M, Traore M, Foretz M, Bastu S, Magassa S, Senni N, Sohier P, Wursmer M, Vasseur-Cognet M, Schmitt A, Le Gall M, Leduc M, Guillonneau F, De Bandt JP, Mayeux P, Romagnolo B, Luquet S, Bossard P, Perret C. Lkb1 suppresses amino acid-driven gluconeogenesis in the liver. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6127. [PMID: 33257663 PMCID: PMC7705018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive glucose production by the liver is a key factor in the hyperglycemia observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here, we highlight a novel role of liver kinase B1 (Lkb1) in this regulation. We show that mice with a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Lkb1 have higher levels of hepatic amino acid catabolism, driving gluconeogenesis. This effect is observed during both fasting and the postprandial period, identifying Lkb1 as a critical suppressor of postprandial hepatic gluconeogenesis. Hepatic Lkb1 deletion is associated with major changes in whole-body metabolism, leading to a lower lean body mass and, in the longer term, sarcopenia and cachexia, as a consequence of the diversion of amino acids to liver metabolism at the expense of muscle. Using genetic, proteomic and pharmacological approaches, we identify the aminotransferases and specifically Agxt as effectors of the suppressor function of Lkb1 in amino acid-driven gluconeogenesis. Excessive glucose production by the liver contributes to poor blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Here the authors report that the liver kinase B1 (Lkb1) suppresses amino acid driven postprandial glucose production in the liver through the aminotransferase Agxt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Just
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France.,APHP, Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sara Charawi
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël G P Denis
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Centre National la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Savall
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Massiré Traore
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Sultan Bastu
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | | | - Nadia Senni
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sohier
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Maud Wursmer
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Vasseur-Cognet
- UMR IRD 242, UPEC, CNRS 7618, UPMC 113, INRA 1392, Sorbonne Universités Paris and Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Bondy, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France.,Electron Miscroscopy Facility, Institut Cochin, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Le Gall
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France.,3P5 proteom'IC Facility, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Marjorie Leduc
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France.,3P5 proteom'IC Facility, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - François Guillonneau
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France.,3P5 proteom'IC Facility, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France
| | | | - Patrick Mayeux
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France.,3P5 proteom'IC Facility, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Romagnolo
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Centre National la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Bossard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France
| | - Christine Perret
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014, Paris, France.
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16
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Wang G, Yu Y, Cai W, Batista TM, Suk S, Noh HL, Hirshman M, Nigro P, Li ME, Softic S, Goodyear L, Kim JK, Kahn CR. Muscle-Specific Insulin Receptor Overexpression Protects Mice From Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance but Leads to Postreceptor Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2020; 69:2294-2309. [PMID: 32868340 PMCID: PMC7576573 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a prominent early feature in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In attempt to overcome this defect, we generated mice overexpressing insulin receptors (IR) specifically in skeletal muscle (IRMOE). On normal chow, IRMOE mice have body weight similar to that of controls but an increase in lean mass and glycolytic muscle fibers and reduced fat mass. IRMOE mice also show higher basal phosphorylation of IR, IRS-1, and Akt in muscle and improved glucose tolerance compared with controls. When challenged with high-fat diet (HFD), IRMOE mice are protected from diet-induced obesity. This is associated with reduced inflammation in fat and liver, improved glucose tolerance, and improved systemic insulin sensitivity. Surprisingly, however, in both chow and HFD-fed mice, insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation is significantly reduced in muscle of IRMOE mice, indicating postreceptor insulin resistance. RNA sequencing reveals downregulation of several postreceptor signaling proteins that contribute to this resistance. Thus, enhancing early insulin signaling in muscle by overexpression of the IR protects mice from diet-induced obesity and its effects on glucose metabolism. However, chronic overstimulation of this pathway leads to postreceptor desensitization, indicating the critical balance between normal signaling and hyperstimulation of the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yingying Yu
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Weikang Cai
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Thiago M Batista
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sujin Suk
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Hye Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Michael Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mengyao Ella Li
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samir Softic
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Divisions of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Laurie Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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17
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Genome-Wide Detection of Selection Signatures in Duroc Revealed Candidate Genes Relating to Growth and Meat Quality. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3765-3773. [PMID: 32859686 PMCID: PMC7534417 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the development of high-throughput genotyping techniques, selection signatures in the genome of domestic pigs have been extensively interrogated in the last decade. The Duroc, a major commercial pig breed famous for its fast growth rate and high lean ratio, has not been extensively studied focusing on footprints of intensively artificial selection in their genomes by a lot of re-sequencing data. The goal of this study was to investigate genomic regions under artificial selection and their contribution to the unique phenotypic traits of the Duroc using whole-genome resequencing data from 97 pigs. Three complementary methods (di, CLR, and iHH12) were implemented for selection signature detection. In Total, 464 significant candidate regions were identified, which covered 46.4 Mb of the pig genome. Within the identified regions, 709 genes were annotated, including 600 candidate protein-coding genes (486 functionally annotated genes) and 109 lncRNA genes. Genes undergoing selective pressure were significantly enriched in the insulin resistance signaling pathway, which may partly explain the difference between the Duroc and other breeds in terms of growth rate. The selection signatures identified in the Duroc population demonstrated positive pressures on a set of important genes with potential functions that are involved in many biological processes. The results provide new insights into the genetic mechanisms of fast growth rate and high lean mass, and further facilitate follow-up studies on functional genes that contribute to the Duroc's excellent phenotypic traits.
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18
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Kim IY, Park S, Jang J, Wolfe RR. Quantifications of Lipid Kinetics In Vivo Using Stable Isotope Tracer Methodology. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:110-123. [PMID: 32821725 PMCID: PMC7379070 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other bodily materials, lipids such as plasma triacylglycerol, cholesterols, and free fatty acids are in a dynamic state of constant turnover (i.e., synthesis, breakdown, oxidation, and/or conversion to other compounds) as essential processes for achieving dynamic homeostasis in the body. However, dysregulation of lipid turnover can lead to clinical conditions such as obesity, fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia. Assessment of “snap-shot” information on lipid metabolism (e.g., tissue contents of lipids, abundance of mRNA and protein and/or signaling molecules) are often used in clinical and research settings, and can help to understand one's health and disease status. However, such “snapshots” do not provide critical information on dynamic nature of lipid metabolism, and therefore may miss “true” origin of the dysregulation implicated in related diseases. In this regard, stable isotope tracer methodology can provide the in vivo kinetic information of lipid metabolism. Combining with “static” information, knowledge of lipid kinetics can enable the acquisition of in depth understanding of lipid metabolism in relation to various health and disease status. This in turn facilitates the development of effective therapeutic approaches (e.g., exercise, nutrition, and/or drugs). In this review we will discuss 1) the importance of obtaining kinetic information for a better understanding of lipid metabolism, 2) basic principles of stable isotope tracer methodologies that enable exploration of “lipid kinetics” in vivo, and 3) quantification of some aspects of lipid kinetics in vivo with numerical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jiwoong Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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19
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Crossland H, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Wilkinson DJ. A novel stable isotope tracer method to simultaneously quantify skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. Metabol Open 2020; 5:100022. [PMID: 32494771 PMCID: PMC7259457 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aims Methodological challenges have been associated with the dynamic measurement of muscle protein breakdown (MPB), as have the measurement of both muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and MPB within the same experiment. Our aim was to use the transmethylation properties of methionine as proof-of-concept to measure rates of MPB via its methylation of histidine within skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins, whilst simultaneously utilising methionine incorporation into bound protein to measure MPS. Results During the synthesis measurement period, incorporation of methyl[D3]-13C-methionine into cellular protein in C2C12 myotubes was observed (representative of MPS), alongside an increase in the appearance of methyl[D3]-methylhistidine into the media following methylation of histidine (representative of MPB). For further validation of this approach, fractional synthetic rates (FSR) of muscle protein were increased following treatment of the cells with the anabolic factors insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin, while dexamethasone expectedly reduced MPS. Conversely, rates of MPB were reduced with IGF-1 and insulin treatments, whereas dexamethasone accelerated MPB. Conclusions This is a novel stable isotope tracer approach that permits the dual assessment of muscle cellular protein synthesis and breakdown rates, through the provision of a single methionine amino acid tracer that could be utilised in a wide range of biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Crossland
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
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20
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Pharaoh G, Owen D, Yeganeh A, Premkumar P, Farley J, Bhaskaran S, Ashpole N, Kinter M, Van Remmen H, Logan S. Disparate Central and Peripheral Effects of Circulating IGF-1 Deficiency on Tissue Mitochondrial Function. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1317-1331. [PMID: 31732912 PMCID: PMC7060968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related decline in circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is associated with reduced cognitive function, neuronal aging, and neurodegeneration. Decreased mitochondrial function along with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation of damaged macromolecules are hallmarks of cellular aging. Based on numerous studies indicating pleiotropic effects of IGF-1 during aging, we compared the central and peripheral effects of circulating IGF-1 deficiency on tissue mitochondrial function using an inducible liver IGF-1 knockout (LID). Circulating levels of IGF-1 (~ 75%) were depleted in adult male Igf1f/f mice via AAV-mediated knockdown of hepatic IGF-1 at 5 months of age. Cognitive function was evaluated at 18 months using the radial arm water maze and glucose and insulin tolerance assessed. Mitochondrial function was analyzed in hippocampus, muscle, and visceral fat tissues using high-resolution respirometry O2K as well as redox status and oxidative stress in the cortex. Peripherally, IGF-1 deficiency did not significantly impact muscle mass or mitochondrial function. Aged LID mice were insulin resistant and exhibited ~ 60% less adipose tissue but increased fat mitochondrial respiration (20%). The effects on fat metabolism were attributed to increases in growth hormone. Centrally, IGF-1 deficiency impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial acquisition as well as reversal learning in male mice. Hippocampal mitochondrial OXPHOS coupling efficiency and cortex ATP levels (~ 50%) were decreased and hippocampal oxidative stress (protein carbonylation and F2-isoprostanes) was increased. These data suggest that IGF-1 is critical for regulating mitochondrial function, redox status, and spatial learning in the central nervous system but has limited impact on peripheral (liver and muscle) metabolism with age. Therefore, IGF-1 deficiency with age may increase sensitivity to damage in the brain and propensity for cognitive deficits. Targeting mitochondrial function in the brain may be an avenue for therapy of age-related impairment of cognitive function. Regulation of mitochondrial function and redox status by IGF-1 is essential to maintain brain function and coordinate hippocampal-dependent spatial learning. While a decline in IGF-1 in the periphery may be beneficial to avert cancer progression, diminished central IGF-1 signaling may mediate, in part, age-related cognitive dysfunction and cognitive pathologies potentially by decreasing mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Pharaoh
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Daniel Owen
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alexander Yeganeh
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Pavithra Premkumar
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Julie Farley
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nicole Ashpole
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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21
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Abe T, Kazama R, Okauchi H, Oishi K. Food deprivation during active phase induces skeletal muscle atrophy via IGF-1 reduction in mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 677:108160. [PMID: 31639326 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is largely influenced by nutritional status and physical activity. Although feeding at specific times of the day (time-restricted feeding, TRF) modulates obesity and other metabolic functions, its effects on skeletal muscles remain unclear. We explored the effects of feeding mice only during the inactive (daytime feeding, DF) or active (nighttime feeding, NF) phases for one week. Daytime feeding did not abolish the nocturnal activity rhythm, although total daily activity was reduced in these mice. Temporal expression of the circadian clock genes, Per2 and Rev-erbα, became synchronized to the feeding cycle in the liver, but not in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, and cross-sectional area were significantly lower in DF, than in NF mice, although DF increased body weight gain and lipid accumulation. Expression of the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, Atrogin-1 and Murf1 and the autophagy-related genes, Lc3b and Bnip3, was induced during the active phase in the gastrocnemius muscles of DF, compared with those of NF mice. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations and Igf-1 expression in the livers and gastrocnemius muscles during the active phase were lower in DF, than in NF mice. Furthermore, exogenous IGF-1 injection significantly suppressed DF-induced reduction in gastrocnemius muscle mass, which might at least partly explain the association between decreased plasma IGF-1 concentrations and reductions in the skeletal muscle mass of DF mice. These findings suggest that feeding only during the inactive phase reduces skeletal muscle mass via a decrease in plasma IGF-1 concentrations during the active phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Abe
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rei Kazama
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Okauchi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan; School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
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22
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Ruegsegger GN, Vanderboom PM, Dasari S, Klaus KA, Kabiraj P, McCarthy CB, Lucchinetti CF, Nair KS. Exercise and metformin counteract altered mitochondrial function in the insulin-resistant brain. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130681. [PMID: 31534057 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance associates with increased risk for cognitive decline and dementia; however, the underpinning mechanisms for this increased risk remain to be fully defined. As insulin resistance impairs mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and increases ROS in skeletal muscle, we considered whether similar events occur in the brain, which - like muscle - is rich in insulin receptors and mitochondria. We show that high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) brain insulin resistance in mice decreased mitochondrial ATP production rate and oxidative enzyme activities in brain regions rich in insulin receptors. HFD increased ROS emission and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, with the concurrent accumulation of oxidatively damaged mitochondrial proteins and increased mitochondrial fission. Improvement of insulin sensitivity by both aerobic exercise and metformin ameliorated HFD-induced abnormalities. Moreover, insulin-induced enhancement of ATP production in primary cortical neurons and astrocytes was counteracted by the insulin receptor antagonist S961, demonstrating a direct effect of insulin resistance on brain mitochondria. Further, intranasal S961 administration prevented exercise-induced improvements in ATP production and ROS emission during HFD, supporting that exercise enhances brain mitochondrial function by improving insulin action. These results support that insulin sensitizing by exercise and metformin restores brain mitochondrial function in insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia F Lucchinetti
- Department of Neurology, and.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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23
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Millward DJ, Smith K. The application of stable-isotope tracers to study human musculoskeletal protein turnover: a tale of bag filling and bag enlargement. J Physiol 2019; 597:1235-1249. [PMID: 30097998 PMCID: PMC6395420 DOI: 10.1113/jp275430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional regulation of protein and amino acid balance in human skeletal muscle carried out by the authors with Mike Rennie is reviewed in the context of a simple physiological model for the regulation of the maintenance and growth of skeletal muscle, the "Bag Theory". Beginning in London in the late 1970s the work has involved the use of stable isotopes to probe muscle protein synthesis and breakdown with two basic experimental models, primed-dose continuous tracer infusions combined with muscle biopsies and arterio-venous (A-V) studies across a limb, most often the leg, allowing both protein synthesis and breakdown as well as net balance to be measured. In this way, over a 30 year period, the way in which amino acids and insulin mediate the anabolic effect of a meal has been elaborated in great detail confirming the original concepts of bag filling within the muscle endomysial "bag", which is limited by the "bag" size unless bag enlargement occurs requiring new collagen synthesis. Finally we briefly review some new developments involving 2 H2 O labelling of muscle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences and MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchNational Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Ken Smith
- Department of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences and MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchNational Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
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24
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O'Neill BT, Bhardwaj G, Penniman CM, Krumpoch MT, Suarez Beltran PA, Klaus K, Poro K, Li M, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Nair KS, Kahn CR. FoxO Transcription Factors Are Critical Regulators of Diabetes-Related Muscle Atrophy. Diabetes 2019; 68:556-570. [PMID: 30523026 PMCID: PMC6385751 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin deficiency and uncontrolled diabetes lead to a catabolic state with decreased muscle strength, contributing to disease-related morbidity. FoxO transcription factors are suppressed by insulin and thus are key mediators of insulin action. To study their role in diabetic muscle wasting, we created mice with muscle-specific triple knockout of FoxO1/3/4 and induced diabetes in these M-FoxO-TKO mice with streptozotocin (STZ). Muscle mass and myofiber area were decreased 20-30% in STZ-Diabetes mice due to increased ubiquitin-proteasome degradation and autophagy alterations, characterized by increased LC3-containing vesicles, and elevated levels of phosphorylated ULK1 and LC3-II. Both the muscle loss and markers of increased degradation/autophagy were completely prevented in STZ FoxO-TKO mice. Transcriptomic analyses revealed FoxO-dependent increases in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways in STZ-Diabetes, including regulation of Fbxo32 (Atrogin1), Trim63 (MuRF1), Bnip3L, and Gabarapl. These same genes were increased 1.4- to 3.3-fold in muscle from humans with type 1 diabetes after short-term insulin deprivation. Thus, FoxO-regulated genes play a rate-limiting role in increased protein degradation and muscle atrophy in insulin-deficient diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T O'Neill
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gourav Bhardwaj
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Christie M Penniman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Megan T Krumpoch
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pablo A Suarez Beltran
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Katherine Klaus
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Kennedy Poro
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Mengyao Li
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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25
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Canfield CA, Bradshaw PC. Amino acids in the regulation of aging and aging-related diseases. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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26
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition monitoring in the context of critical care presents unique challenges. Traditionally used anthropometric and biochemical markers may be difficult to obtain or confounded by factors such as fluid status and the inflammatory response. A previous survey identified 15 parameters in common use, all of which have confounding influences during critical illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted to assess current use of commonly used nutrition-monitoring parameters and to explore other possible methods that might be more useful. More than 1000 journal articles were reviewed to identify indicators of nutrition status or nutrition progress that have been used in ICU studies. The most recent 200 articles were examined to quantify the number of occurrences for each indicator. Each parameter was rated for availability and feasibility in the ICU. RESULTS There were 53 parameters found, including the 15 already identified as commonly used; 27 were used in ≥3 recent studies. Less-well-established nutrition indicators with potential for use in the ICU (moderate or high feasibility and availability) included ultrasound measurement of arm or leg muscle thickness, fatigue scoring with the Chalder scale, urinary creatinine assay, and serum insulin-like growth factor 1 level. None of these was among the commonly used indicators in recent studies. CONCLUSION This study identifies commonly used nutrition-monitoring parameters and discusses their feasibility and availability in the critical care setting. Further investigation of nutrition indicators in ICU is needed, ideally as part of a randomized trial to reduce the effect of the many possible confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie Ferrie
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erica Tsang
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Manfredi LH, Paula-Gomes S, Zanon NM, Kettelhut IC. Myostatin promotes distinct responses on protein metabolism of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers of rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6733. [PMID: 29069231 PMCID: PMC5649873 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Myostatin is a novel negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Myostatin expression is also found in heart in a much less extent, but it can be upregulated in pathological conditions, such as heart failure. Myostatin may be involved in inhibiting protein synthesis and/or increasing protein degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Herein, we used cell cultures and isolated muscles from rats to determine protein degradation and synthesis. Muscles incubated with myostatin exhibited an increase in proteolysis with an increase of Atrogin-1, MuRF1 and LC3 genes. Extensor digitorum longus muscles and C2C12 myotubes exhibited a reduction in protein turnover. Cardiomyocytes showed an increase in proteolysis by activating autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system, and a decrease in protein synthesis by decreasing P70S6K. The effect of myostatin on protein metabolism is related to fiber type composition, which may be associated to the extent of atrophy mediated effect of myostatin on muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Manfredi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.,Curso de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brasil
| | - S Paula-Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - N M Zanon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - I C Kettelhut
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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28
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A novel puromycin decorporation method to quantify skeletal muscle protein breakdown: A proof-of-concept study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:608-614. [PMID: 29054406 PMCID: PMC5697498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The precise roles that the major proteolytic pathways play in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass remain incompletely understood, in part due to technical limitations associated with current techniques used to quantify muscle protein breakdown (MPB). We aimed to develop a method to assess MPB in cells, based on loss of puromycin labelling of translated polypeptide chains. Following an initial 24 h incubation period with puromycin (1 μM), loss of puromycin labelling from murine C2C12 myotubes was assessed over 48 h, both in the presence or absence of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX). To validate the method, loss of puromycin labelling was determined from cells treated with selected compounds known to influence MPB (e.g. serum starvation, Dexamethasone (Dex), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and MG-132)). Reported established (static) markers of MPB were measured following each treatment. Loss of puromycin labelling from cells pre-incubated with puromycin was evident over a 48 h period, both with and without CHX. Treatment with Dex (−14 ± 2% vs. Ctl; P < 0.01), TNF-α (−20 ± 4% vs. Ctl; P < 0.001) and serum starvation (−14 ± 4% vs. Ctl; P < 0.01) caused a greater loss of puromycin labelling than untreated controls, while the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 caused a relatively lower loss of puromycin labelling (+15 ± 8% vs. Ctl; P < 0.05). Thus, we have developed a novel decorporation method for measuring global changes in MPB, validated in vitro using an established muscle cell line. It is anticipated this non isotopic-tracer alternative to measuring MPB will facilitate insight into the mechanisms that regulate muscle mass/MPB both in vitro, and perhaps, in vivo. Limitations exist in the techniques used to quantify muscle protein breakdown (MPB). We developed a method for assessing MPB through loss of puromycin labelling in cells. We validated the method using selected compounds known to dynamically modulate MPB.
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29
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James HA, O'Neill BT, Nair KS. Insulin Regulation of Proteostasis and Clinical Implications. Cell Metab 2017; 26:310-323. [PMID: 28712655 PMCID: PMC8020859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance and modification of the cellular proteome are at the core of normal cellular physiology. Although insulin is well known for its control of glucose homeostasis, its critical role in maintaining proteome homeostasis (proteostasis) is less appreciated. Insulin signaling regulates protein synthesis and degradation as well as posttranslational modifications at the tissue level and coordinates proteostasis at the organism level. Here, we review regulation of proteostasis by insulin in postabsorptive, postprandial, and diabetic states. We present the effects of insulin on amino acid flux in skeletal muscle and splanchnic tissues, the regulation of protein quality control, and turnover of mitochondrial protein pools in humans. We also review the current evidence for the mechanistic control of proteostasis by insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors based on preclinical studies. Finally, we discuss irreversible posttranslational modifications of the proteome in diabetes and how future investigations will provide new insights into mechanisms of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh A James
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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30
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Nutritional content and health benefits of sun-dried and salt-aged radish (takuan-zuke). Food Chem 2017; 231:33-41. [PMID: 28450014 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the nutritional characteristics of salted radish roots (takuan-zuke) prepared using different methods: takuan-zuke based on sun-drying (hoshi) or salt-pressing (shio-oshi) dehydration, different salt-aging temperatures, and salting with rice bran. We examined differences in nutritional substances in salted radish using chromatographic analysis, bioassay methods, and multivariate analysis. We previously reported that the amount of γ-aminobutyrate in takuan-zuke was increased by both dehydration treatments. In the present study, we observed that sucrose and proline were increased by sun-drying treatment, while little change occurred with salt-pressing treatment. Branched-chain amino acids were increased by both treatments. Interestingly, free fatty acids increased with salt-aging duration, irrespective of the dehydration method. Addition of rice bran to long salt-aging treatment increased the levels of niacin, glutamate, and acetate. Metabolite concentrations were higher in hoshi takuan-zuke than shio-oshi takuan-zuke. Our comprehensive analysis reveals effects of specific manufacturing conditions on beneficial components of takuan-zuke.
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De Bandt JP. Leucine and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin-Dependent Activation of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Aging. J Nutr 2016; 146:2616S-2624S. [PMID: 27934653 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.234518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation or restoration of muscle mass is of prime importance for healthy aging. However, aging has been repeatedly shown to be associated with resistance of muscle to the anabolic effects of feeding. Leucine supplementation has been proposed as a possible strategy because of its regulatory role on protein homeostasis. Indeed, it acts independently of growth factors and leads to enhanced cap-dependent mRNA translation initiation and increased protein synthesis. Leucine acts as a signaling molecule directly at the muscle level via the activation of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). However, in aged muscle, mTORC1 activation seems to be impaired, with decreased sensitivity and responsiveness of muscle protein synthesis to amino acids, whereas the phosphorylation state of several components of this signaling pathway appears to be higher in the basal state. This may stem from specific age-related impairment of muscle signaling and from decreased nutrient and growth factor delivery to the muscle. Whether aging per se affects mTORC1 signaling remains to be established, because aging is frequently associated with inadequate protein intake, decreased insulin sensitivity, inactivity, inflammatory processes, etc. Whatever its origin, this anabolic resistance to feeding can be mitigated by quantitative and qualitative manipulation of protein supply, such as leucine supplementation; however, there remains the question of possible adverse effects of long-term, high-dose leucine supplementation in terms of insulin resistance and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal De Bandt
- EA4466 PRETRAM, Nutrition Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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O'Neill BT, Lee KY, Klaus K, Softic S, Krumpoch MT, Fentz J, Stanford KI, Robinson MM, Cai W, Kleinridders A, Pereira RO, Hirshman MF, Abel ED, Accili D, Goodyear LJ, Nair KS, Kahn CR. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors regulate FoxO-mediated signaling in muscle proteostasis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3433-46. [PMID: 27525440 DOI: 10.1172/jci86522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes strongly impacts protein metabolism, particularly in skeletal muscle. Insulin and IGF-1 enhance muscle protein synthesis through their receptors, but the relative roles of each in muscle proteostasis have not been fully elucidated. Using mice with muscle-specific deletion of the insulin receptor (M-IR-/- mice), the IGF-1 receptor (M-IGF1R-/- mice), or both (MIGIRKO mice), we assessed the relative contributions of IR and IGF1R signaling to muscle proteostasis. In differentiated muscle, IR expression predominated over IGF1R expression, and correspondingly, M-IR-/- mice displayed a moderate reduction in muscle mass whereas M-IGF1R-/- mice did not. However, these receptors serve complementary roles, such that double-knockout MIGIRKO mice displayed a marked reduction in muscle mass that was linked to increases in proteasomal and autophagy-lysosomal degradation, accompanied by a high-protein-turnover state. Combined muscle-specific deletion of FoxO1, FoxO3, and FoxO4 in MIGIRKO mice reversed increased autophagy and completely rescued muscle mass without changing proteasomal activity. These data indicate that signaling via IR is more important than IGF1R in controlling proteostasis in differentiated muscle. Nonetheless, the overlap of IR and IGF1R signaling is critical to the regulation of muscle protein turnover, and this regulation depends on suppression of FoxO-regulated, autophagy-mediated protein degradation.
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Kimball SR, Gordon BS, Moyer JE, Dennis MD, Jefferson LS. Leucine induced dephosphorylation of Sestrin2 promotes mTORC1 activation. Cell Signal 2016; 28:896-906. [PMID: 27010498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The studies described herein were designed to explore the role of Sestrin2 in mediating the selective action of leucine to activate mTORC1. The results demonstrate that Sestrin2 is a phosphoprotein and that its phosphorylation state is responsive to the availability of leucine, but not other essential amino acids. Moreover, leucine availability-induced alterations in Sestrin2 phosphorylation correlated temporally and dose dependently with the activation state of mTORC1, there being a reciprocal relationship between the degree of phosphorylation of Sestrin2 and the extent of repression of mTORC1. With leucine deprivation, Sestrin2 became more highly phosphorylated and interacted more strongly with proteins of the GATOR2 complex. Notably, in cells lacking the protein kinase ULK1, the activation state of mTORC1 was elevated in leucine-deficient medium, such that the effect of re-addition of the amino acid was blunted. In contrast, overexpression of ULK1 led to hyperphosphorylation of Sestrin2 and enhanced its interaction with GATOR2. Neither rapamycin nor Torin2 had any effect on Sestrin2 phosphorylation, suggesting that leucine deprivation-induced repression of mTORC1 was not responsible for the action of ULK1 on Sestrin2. Mass spectrometry analysis of Sestrin2 revealed three phosphorylation sites that are conserved across mammalian species. Mutation of the three sites to phospho-mimetic amino acids in exogenously expressed Sestrin2 promoted its interaction with GATOR2 and dramatically repressed mTORC1 even in the presence of leucine. Overall, the results support a model in which leucine selectively promotes dephosphorylation of Sestrin2, causing it to dissociate from and thereby activate GATOR2, leading to activation of mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot R Kimball
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | - Bradley S Gordon
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Jenna E Moyer
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Michael D Dennis
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Leonard S Jefferson
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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Bourgoin-Voillard S, Goron A, Seve M, Moinard C. Regulation of the proteome by amino acids. Proteomics 2016; 16:831-46. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bourgoin-Voillard
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE; IAB; University Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie; CHU de Grenoble; Grenoble France
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE; IAB; INSERM; Grenoble France
| | - Arthur Goron
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA); University Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA); INSERM; Grenoble France
| | - Michel Seve
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE; IAB; University Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie; CHU de Grenoble; Grenoble France
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE; IAB; INSERM; Grenoble France
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA); University Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA); INSERM; Grenoble France
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Holecek M, Siman P, Vodenicarovova M, Kandar R. Alterations in protein and amino acid metabolism in rats fed a branched-chain amino acid- or leucine-enriched diet during postprandial and postabsorptive states. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 26877757 PMCID: PMC4751732 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many people believe in favourable effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine, and isoleucine), especially leucine, on muscle protein balance and consume BCAAs for many years. We determined the effects of the chronic intake of a BCAA- or leucine-enriched diet on protein and amino acid metabolism in fed and postabsorptive states. Methods Rats were fed a standard diet, a diet with a high content of valine, leucine, and isoleucine (HVLID), or a high content of leucine (HLD) for 2 months. Half of the animals in each group were sacrificed in the fed state on the last day, and the other half were sacrificed after overnight fast. Protein synthesis was assessed using the flooding dose method (L-[3,4,5-3H]phenylalanine), proteolysis on the basis of chymotrypsin-like activity (CHTLA) of proteasome and cathepsin B and L activities. Results Chronic intake of HVLID or HLD enhanced plasma levels of urea, alanine and glutamine. HVLID also increased levels of all three BCAA and branched-chain keto acids (BCKA), HLD increased leucine, ketoisocaproate and alanine aminotransferase and decreased valine, ketovaline, isoleucine, ketoisoleucine, and LDL cholesterol. Tissue weight and protein content were lower in extensor digitorum longus muscles in the HLD group and higher in kidneys in the HVLID and HLD groups. Muscle protein synthesis in postprandial state was higher in the HVLID group, and CHTLA was lower in muscles of the HVLID and HLD groups compared to controls. Overnight starvation enhanced alanine aminotransferase activity in muscles, and decreased protein synthesis in gastrocnemius (in HVLID group) and extensor digitorum longus (in HLD group) muscles more than in controls. Effect of HVLID and HLD on CHTLA in muscles in postabsorptive state was insignificant. Conclusions The results failed to demonstrate positive effects of the chronic consumption of a BCAA-enriched diet on protein balance in skeletal muscle and indicate rather negative effects from a leucine-enriched diet. The primary effects of both diets are an activated catabolism of BCAAs, which leads to an enhanced production of BCKA, alanine and glutamine and their utilization in visceral tissues and an impaired protein synthesis in postabsorptive state, particularly in fast-twitch (white) muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holecek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove, 500 38 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Siman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Melita Vodenicarovova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove, 500 38 Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kandar
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Trommelen J, Groen BBL, Hamer HM, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Exogenous insulin does not increase muscle protein synthesis rate when administered systemically: a systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R25-34. [PMID: 25646407 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though it is well appreciated that insulin plays an important role in the regulation of muscle protein metabolism, there is much discrepancy in the literature on the capacity of exogenous insulin administration to increase muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. OBJECTIVE To assess whether exogenous insulin administration increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young and older adults. DESIGN A systematic review of clinical trials was performed and the presence or absence of an increase in muscle protein synthesis rate was reported for each individual study arm. In a stepwise manner, multiple models were constructed that excluded study arms based on the following conditions: model 1, concurrent hyperaminoacidemia; model 2, insulin-induced hypoaminoacidemia; model 3, supraphysiological insulin concentrations; and model 4, older, more insulin resistant, subjects. CONCLUSIONS From the presented data in the current systematic review, we conclude that: i) exogenous insulin and amino acid administration effectively increase muscle protein synthesis, but this effect is attributed to the hyperaminoacidemia; ii) exogenous insulin administered systemically induces hypoaminoacidemia which obviates any insulin-stimulatory effect on muscle protein synthesis; iii) exogenous insulin resulting in supraphysiological insulin levels exceeding 50, 000 pmol/l may effectively augment muscle protein synthesis; iv) exogenous insulin may have a diminished effect on muscle protein synthesis in older adults due to age-related anabolic resistance; and v) exogenous insulin administered systemically does not increase muscle protein synthesis in healthy, young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike M Hamer
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement SciencesFaculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The NetherlandsDivision of Human NutritionWageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Layman DK, Anthony TG, Rasmussen BB, Adams SH, Lynch CJ, Brinkworth GD, Davis TA. Defining meal requirements for protein to optimize metabolic roles of amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:1330S-1338S. [PMID: 25926513 PMCID: PMC5278948 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.084053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein provides essential amino acids (EAAs) for the synthesis of new proteins plus an array of other metabolic functions; many of these functions are sensitive to postprandial plasma and intracellular amino acid concentrations. Recent research has focused on amino acids as metabolic signals that influence the rate of protein synthesis, inflammation responses, mitochondrial activity, and satiety, exerting their influence through signaling systems including mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), general control nonrepressed 2 (GCN2), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), serotonin, and insulin. These signals represent meal-based responses to dietary protein. The best characterized of these signals is the leucine-induced activation of mTORC1, which leads to the stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis after ingestion of a meal that contains protein. The response of this metabolic pathway to dietary protein (i.e., meal threshold) declines with advancing age or reduced physical activity. Current dietary recommendations for protein are focused on total daily intake of 0.8 g/kg body weight, but new research suggests daily needs for older adults of ≥1.0 g/kg and identifies anabolic and metabolic benefits to consuming at least 20-30 g protein at a given meal. Resistance exercise appears to increase the efficiency of EAA use for muscle anabolism and to lower the meal threshold for stimulation of protein synthesis. Applying this information to a typical 3-meal-a-day dietary plan results in protein intakes that are well within the guidelines of the Dietary Reference Intakes for acceptable macronutrient intakes. The meal threshold concept for dietary protein emphasizes a need for redistribution of dietary protein for optimum metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K Layman
- From the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (DKL); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (TGA); the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Science, and Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (BBR); Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR (SHA); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA (CJL); the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization–Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, Australia (GDB); and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (TAD)
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- From the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (DKL); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (TGA); the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Science, and Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (BBR); Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR (SHA); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA (CJL); the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization–Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, Australia (GDB); and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (TAD)
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- From the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (DKL); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (TGA); the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Science, and Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (BBR); Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR (SHA); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA (CJL); the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization–Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, Australia (GDB); and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (TAD)
| | - Sean H Adams
- From the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (DKL); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (TGA); the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Science, and Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (BBR); Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR (SHA); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA (CJL); the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization–Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, Australia (GDB); and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (TAD)
| | - Christopher J Lynch
- From the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (DKL); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (TGA); the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Science, and Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (BBR); Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR (SHA); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA (CJL); the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization–Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, Australia (GDB); and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (TAD)
| | - Grant D Brinkworth
- From the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (DKL); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (TGA); the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Science, and Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (BBR); Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR (SHA); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA (CJL); the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization–Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, Australia (GDB); and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (TAD)
| | - Teresa A Davis
- From the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL (DKL); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (TGA); the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Science, and Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (BBR); Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR (SHA); the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA (CJL); the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization–Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, Australia (GDB); and the USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (TAD)
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O'Neill BT, Lauritzen HPMM, Hirshman MF, Smyth G, Goodyear LJ, Kahn CR. Differential Role of Insulin/IGF-1 Receptor Signaling in Muscle Growth and Glucose Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1220-35. [PMID: 25981038 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are major regulators of muscle protein and glucose homeostasis. To determine how these pathways interact, we generated mice with muscle-specific knockout of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (IR). These MIGIRKO mice showed >60% decrease in muscle mass. Despite a complete lack of insulin/IGF-1 signaling in muscle, MIGIRKO mice displayed normal glucose and insulin tolerance. Indeed, MIGIRKO mice showed fasting hypoglycemia and increased basal glucose uptake. This was secondary to decreased TBC1D1 resulting in increased Glut4 and Glut1 membrane localization. Interestingly, overexpression of a dominant-negative IGF1R in muscle induced glucose intolerance in MIGIRKO animals. Thus, loss of insulin/IGF-1 signaling impairs muscle growth, but not whole-body glucose tolerance due to increased membrane localization of glucose transporters. Nonetheless, presence of a dominant-negative receptor, even in the absence of functional IR/IGF1R, induces glucose intolerance, indicating that interactions between these receptors and other proteins in muscle can impair glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T O'Neill
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hans P M M Lauritzen
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Graham Smyth
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Areta JL, Hawley JA, Ye JM, Chan MS, Coffey VG. Increasing leucine concentration stimulates mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling and cell growth in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Nutr Res 2014; 34:1000-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ferey JLA, Brault JJ, Smith CAS, Witczak CA. Constitutive activation of CaMKKα signaling is sufficient but not necessary for mTORC1 activation and growth in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E686-94. [PMID: 25159322 PMCID: PMC4200303 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00322.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle loading/overload stimulates the Ca²⁺-activated, serine/threonine kinase Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-α (CaMKKα); yet to date, no studies have examined whether CaMKKα regulates muscle growth. The purpose of this study was to determine if constitutive activation of CaMKKα signaling could stimulate muscle growth and if so whether CaMKKα is essential for this process. CaMKKα signaling was selectively activated in mouse muscle via expression of a constitutively active form of CaMKKα using in vivo electroporation. After 2 wk, constitutively active CaMKKα expression increased muscle weight (~10%) and protein content (~10%), demonstrating that activation of CaMKKα signaling can stimulate muscle growth. To determine if active CaMKKα expression stimulated muscle growth via increased mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and protein synthesis, [³H]phenylalanine incorporation into proteins was assessed with or without the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. Constitutively active CaMKKα increased protein synthesis ~60%, and this increase was prevented by rapamycin, demonstrating a critical role for mTORC1 in this process. To determine if CaMKKα is essential for growth, muscles from CaMKKα knockout mice were stimulated to hypertrophy via unilateral ablation of synergist muscles (overload). Surprisingly, compared with wild-type mice, muscles from CaMKKα knockout mice exhibited greater growth (~15%) and phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrate 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (Thr³⁸⁹; ~50%), demonstrating that CaMKKα is not essential for overload-induced mTORC1 activation or muscle growth. Collectively, these results demonstrate that activation of CaMKKα signaling is sufficient but not necessary for activation of mTORC1 signaling and growth in mouse skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie L A Ferey
- Departments of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Departments of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Cheryl A S Smith
- Departments of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Carol A Witczak
- Departments of Kinesiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Pereira MG, Silva MT, Carlassara EOC, Gonçalves DA, Abrahamsohn PA, Kettelhut IC, Moriscot AS, Aoki MS, Miyabara EH. Leucine supplementation accelerates connective tissue repair of injured tibialis anterior muscle. Nutrients 2014; 6:3981-4001. [PMID: 25268835 PMCID: PMC4210903 DOI: 10.3390/nu6103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of leucine supplementation on the skeletal muscle regenerative process, focusing on the remodeling of connective tissue of the fast twitch muscle tibialis anterior (TA). Young male Wistar rats were supplemented with leucine (1.35 g/kg per day); then, TA muscles from the left hind limb were cryolesioned and examined after 10 days. Although leucine supplementation induced increased protein synthesis, it was not sufficient to promote an increase in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of regenerating myofibers (p > 0.05) from TA muscles. However, leucine supplementation reduced the amount of collagen and the activation of phosphorylated transforming growth factor-β receptor type I (TβR-I) and Smad2/3 in regenerating muscles (p < 0.05). Leucine also reduced neonatal myosin heavy chain (MyHC-n) (p < 0.05), increased adult MyHC-II expression (p < 0.05) and prevented the decrease in maximum tetanic strength in regenerating TA muscles (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that leucine supplementation accelerates connective tissue repair and consequent function of regenerating TA through the attenuation of TβR-I and Smad2/3 activation. Therefore, future studies are warranted to investigate leucine supplementation as a nutritional strategy to prevent or attenuate muscle fibrosis in patients with several muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Pereira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Meiricris T Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo O C Carlassara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Dawit A Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Bandeirantes Av. 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo A Abrahamsohn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 1524, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Isis C Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Bandeirantes Av. 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Anselmo S Moriscot
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo S Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Arlindo Bettio Av. 1000, Sao Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil.
| | - Elen H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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42
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Abstract
In association with sleep-wake and fasting-feeding cycles, organisms experience dramatic oscillations in energetic demands and nutrient supply. It is therefore not surprising that various metabolic parameters, ranging from the activity status of molecular energy sensors to circulating nutrient levels, oscillate in time-of-day-dependent manners. It has become increasingly clear that rhythms in metabolic processes are not simply in response to daily environmental/behavioral influences, but are driven in part by cell autonomous circadian clocks. By synchronizing the cell with its environment, clocks modulate a host of metabolic processes in a temporally appropriate manner. The purpose of this article is to review current understanding of the interplay between circadian clocks and metabolism, in addition to the pathophysiologic consequences of disruption of this molecular mechanism, in terms of cardiometabolic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Bailey
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Uduak S Udoh
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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43
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Batistela E, Pereira MP, Siqueira JT, Paula-Gomes S, Zanon NM, Oliveira EB, Navegantes LCC, Kettelhut IC, Andrade CMB, Kawashita NH, Baviera AM. Decreased rate of protein synthesis, caspase-3 activity, and ubiquitin–proteasome proteolysis in soleus muscles from growing rats fed a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:445-54. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the rates of both protein synthesis and breakdown, and the activation of intracellular effectors that control these processes in soleus muscles from growing rats fed a low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet for 15 days. The mass and the protein content, as well as the rate of protein synthesis, were decreased in the soleus from LPHC-fed rats. The availability of amino acids was diminished, since the levels of various essential amino acids were decreased in the plasma of LPHC-fed rats. Overall rate of proteolysis was also decreased, explained by reductions in the mRNA levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, ubiquitin conjugates, proteasome activity, and in the activity of caspase-3. Soleus muscles from LPHC-fed rats showed increased insulin sensitivity, with increased levels of insulin receptor and phosphorylation levels of AKT, which probably explains the inhibition of both the caspase-3 activity and the ubiquitin–proteasome system. The fall of muscle proteolysis seems to represent an adaptive response that contributes to spare proteins in a condition of diminished availability of dietary amino acids. Furthermore, the decreased rate of protein synthesis may be the driving factor to the lower muscle mass gain in growing rats fed the LPHC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Batistela
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Mayara Peron Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Paula-Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neusa Maria Zanon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brandt Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isis C. Kettelhut
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nair Honda Kawashita
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, CEP 14801 360, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Graded inclusions of sodium metabisulphite in sorghum-based diets: II. Modification of starch pasting properties in vitro and beneficial impacts on starch digestion dynamics in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Abstract
The ideal set of variables for nutritional monitoring that may correlate with patient outcomes has not been identified. This is particularly difficult in the PICU patient because many of the standard modes of nutritional monitoring, although well described and available, are fraught with difficulties. Thus, repeated anthropometric and laboratory markers must be jointly analyzed but individually interpreted according to disease and metabolic changes, in order to modify and monitor the nutritional treatment. In addition, isotope techniques are neither clinically feasible nor compatible with the multiple measurements needed to follow progression. On the other hand, indirect alternatives exist but may have pitfalls, of which the clinician must be aware. Risks exist for both overfeeding and underfeeding of PICU patients so that an accurate monitoring of energy expenditure, using targeted indirect calorimetry, is necessary to avoid either extreme. This is very important, since the monitoring of the nutritional status of the critically ill child serves as a guide to early and effective nutritional intervention.
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46
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Graça FA, Gonçalves DAP, Silveira WA, Lira EC, Chaves VE, Zanon NM, Garófalo MAR, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LCC. Epinephrine depletion exacerbates the fasting-induced protein breakdown in fast-twitch skeletal muscles. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1483-94. [PMID: 24169047 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00267.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of epinephrine in the regulation of skeletal muscle protein metabolism under fasting is unknown. We examined the effects of plasma epinephrine depletion, induced by adrenodemedullation (ADMX), on muscle protein metabolism in fed and 2-day-fasted rats. In fed rats, ADMX for 10 days reduced muscle mass, the cross-sectional area of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle fibers, and the phosphorylation levels of Akt. In addition, ADMX led to a compensatory increase in muscle sympathetic activity, as estimated by the rate of norepinephrine turnover; this increase was accompanied by high rates of muscle protein synthesis. In fasted rats, ADMX exacerbated fasting-induced proteolysis in EDL but did not affect the low rates of protein synthesis. Accordingly, ADMX activated lysosomal proteolysis and further increased the activity of the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS). Moreover, expression of the atrophy-related Ub ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and the autophagy-related genes LC3b and GABARAPl1 were upregulated in EDL muscles from ADMX-fasted rats compared with sham-fasted rats, and ADMX reduced cAMP levels and increased fasting-induced Akt dephosphorylation. Unlike that observed for EDL muscles, soleus muscle proteolysis and Akt phosphorylation levels were not affected by ADMX. In isolated EDL, epinephrine reduced the basal UPS activity and suppressed overall proteolysis and atrogin-1 and MuRF1 induction following fasting. These data suggest that epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla inhibits fasting-induced protein breakdown in fast-twitch skeletal muscles, and these antiproteolytic effects on the UPS and lysosomal system are apparently mediated through a cAMP-Akt-dependent pathway, which suppresses ubiquitination and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia A Graça
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Moberg M, Apró W, Ohlsson I, Pontén M, Villanueva A, Ekblom B, Blomstrand E. Absence of leucine in an essential amino acid supplement reduces activation of mTORC1 signalling following resistance exercise in young females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:183-94. [PMID: 24476474 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the specific effect of leucine on mTORC1 signalling and amino acid metabolism in connection with resistance exercise. Comparisons were made between ingestion of supplements with and without leucine. Eight young women performed leg press exercise on 2 occasions. In randomized order they received either an aqueous solution of essential amino acids with leucine (EAA) or without leucine (EAA-Leu), given as small boluses throughout the experiment. Muscle biopsies were taken after an overnight fast before exercise and 1 and 3 h postexercise and samples of blood were taken repeatedly during the experiment. Plasma and muscle concentrations of leucine rose 60%-140% (p < 0.05) with EAA and fell 35%-45% (p < 0.05) with the EAA-Leu supplement. In the EAA-trial, plasma and muscle levels of tyrosine (not present in the supplement) and the sum of the EAA were 15%-25% (p < 0.05) lower during recovery. Phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6k was elevated to a larger extent following 1 h of recovery with leucine in the supplement (120% vs. 49% (p < 0.05) and 59- vs. 8-fold (p < 0.05) for EAA and EAA-Leu, respectively). The levels of MAFbx and MuRF-1 mRNA and of the corresponding proteins were not significantly altered after 3 h recovery from exercise. In conclusion, the presence of leucine in the supplement enhances the stimulatory effect on mTORC1 signalling and reduces the level of tyrosine and the sum of the EAA in muscle and plasma, suggesting a stimulation of protein synthesis and (or) inhibition of breakdown, leading to improvement in net protein balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Moberg
- a Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm SE-114 86, Sweden
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48
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Manfredi LH, Zanon NM, Garófalo MA, Navegantes LCC, Kettelhut IC. Effect of short-term cold exposure on skeletal muscle protein breakdown in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1496-505. [PMID: 23908317 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00474.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are profoundly altered by cold stress, the effects of short-term cold exposure on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle are still poorly understood. Because cold acclimation requires that an organism adjust its metabolic flux, and muscle amino acids may be an important energy source for heat production, we hypothesize that muscle proteolysis is increased and protein synthesis is decreased under such a stress condition. Herein, cold exposure for 24 h decreased rates of protein synthesis and increased overall proteolysis in both soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, but it did not affect muscle weight. An increase in proteolysis was accompanied by hyperactivity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in both soleus and EDL, and Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis in EDL. Furthermore, muscles of rats exposed to cold showed increased mRNA and protein levels of atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger enzyme-1 (MuRF1). Additionally, cold stress reduced phosphorylation of Akt and Forkhead box class O1 (FoxO1), a well-known effect that increases FoxO translocation to the nucleus and leads to activation of proteolysis. Plasma insulin levels were lower, whereas catecholamines, corticosterone, and thyroid hormones were higher in cold-exposed rats compared with control rats. The present data provide the first direct evidence that short-term cold exposure for 24 h decreases rates of protein synthesis and increases the UPS and Ca(2+)-dependent proteolytic processes, and increases expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in skeletal muscles of young rats. The activation of atrophy induced by acute cold stress seems to be mediated at least in part through the inactivation of Akt/FoxO signaling and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Manfredi
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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49
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Gould DW, Lahart I, Carmichael AR, Koutedakis Y, Metsios GS. Cancer cachexia prevention via physical exercise: molecular mechanisms. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:111-24. [PMID: 23239116 PMCID: PMC3684702 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a debilitating consequence of disease progression, characterised by the significant weight loss through the catabolism of both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, leading to a reduced mobility and muscle function, fatigue, impaired quality of life and ultimately death occurring with 25-30 % total body weight loss. Degradation of proteins and decreased protein synthesis contributes to catabolism of skeletal muscle, while the loss of adipose tissue results mainly from enhanced lipolysis. These mechanisms appear to be at least, in part, mediated by systemic inflammation. Exercise, by virtue of its anti-inflammatory effect, is shown to be effective at counteracting the muscle catabolism by increasing protein synthesis and reducing protein degradation, thus successfully improving muscle strength, physical function and quality of life in patients with non-cancer-related cachexia. Therefore, by implementing appropriate exercise interventions upon diagnosis and at various stages of treatment, it may be possible to reverse protein degradation, while increasing protein synthesis and lean body mass, thus counteracting the wasting seen in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Gould
- School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure, Department of Physical Activity, Exercise and Health, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Midlands, UK,
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50
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Burdakov D, Karnani MM, Gonzalez A. Lateral hypothalamus as a sensor-regulator in respiratory and metabolic control. Physiol Behav 2013; 121:117-24. [PMID: 23562864 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Physiological fluctuations in the levels of hormones, nutrients, and gasses are sensed in parallel by interacting control systems distributed throughout the brain and body. We discuss the logic of this arrangement and the definitions of "sensing"; and then focus on lateral hypothalamic (LH) control of energy balance and respiration. LH neurons control diverse behavioral and autonomic processes by projecting throughout the neuraxis. Three recently characterized types of LH cells are discussed here. LH orexin/hypocretin (ORX) neurons fire predominantly during wakefulness and are thought to promote reward-seeking, arousal, obesity resistance, and adaptive thermogenesis. Bidirectional control of ORX cells by extracellular macronutrients may add a new regulatory loop to these processes. ORX neurons also stimulate breathing and are activated by acid/CO2in vivo and in vitro. LH melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons fire mostly during sleep, promote physical inactivity, weight gain, and may impair glucose tolerance. Reported stimulation of MCH neurons by glucose may thus modulate energy homeostasis. Leptin receptor (LepR) neurons of the LH are distinct from ORX and MCH neurons, and may suppress feeding and locomotion by signaling to the mesolimbic dopamine system and local ORX neurons. Integration within the ORX-MCH-LepR microcircuit is suggested by anatomical and behavioral data, but requires clarification with direct assays of functional connectivity. Further studies of how LH circuits counteract evolutionarily-relevant environmental fluctuations will provide key information about the logic and fragilities of brain controllers of healthy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Burdakov
- King's College London, MRC Center for Developmental Neurobiology, London, UK; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK.
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