1
|
Lei G, Huang J, Zhou H, Chen Y, Song J, Xie X, Vasseur L, You M, You S. Polygenic adaptation of a cosmopolitan pest to a novel thermal environment. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:387-404. [PMID: 38488345 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The fluctuation in temperature poses a significant challenge for poikilothermic organisms, notably insects, particularly in the context of changing climatic conditions. In insects, temperature adaptation has been driven by polygenes. In addition to genes that directly affect traits (core genes), other genes (peripheral genes) may also play a role in insect temperature adaptation. This study focuses on two peripheral genes, the GRIP and coiled-coil domain containing 2 (GCC2) and karyopherin subunit beta 1 (KPNB1). These genes are differentially expressed at different temperatures in the cosmopolitan pest, Plutella xylostella. GCC2 and KPNB1 in P. xylostella were cloned, and their relative expression patterns were identified. Reduced capacity for thermal adaptation (development, reproduction and response to temperature extremes) in the GCC2-deficient and KPNB1-deficient P. xylostella strains, which were constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Deletion of the PxGCC2 or PxKPNB1 genes in P. xylostella also had a differential effect on gene expression for many traits including stress resistance, resistance to pesticides, involved in immunity, trehalose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and so forth. The ability of the moth to adapt to temperature via different pathways is likely to be key to its ability to remain an important pest species under predicted climate change conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoke Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jieling Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Protection Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | | | | | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- BGI Research, Sanya, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou Z, Mang D, Smagghe G, Liu Y, Mu Y, Yang L, Wang X, Chen X. A Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene Is Expressed in Fat Body Regulates Cantharidin Synthesis in Male Epicauta impressicornis Blister Beetle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12935-12945. [PMID: 38822796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Blister beetles of Epicauta impressicornis have attracted attention because they contain a large amount of cantharidin (CTD). To date, however, the synthesis and transfer of CTD in adults of E. impressicornis are largely unknown. Here, we showed that the larvae E. impressicornis are capable of synthesizing CTD and they consume CTD during pupation. Before sexual maturity, both male and female adults synthesized a small amount of CTD, while after sexual maturity, males produced larger amounts of CTD, but females did not. The newly synthesized CTD in males first appeared in the hemolymph and then accumulated in the reproductive system. During the mating, the males transferred CTD to the reproductive system of females. In addition, a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) gene was identified in male E. impressicornis. RNA-seq analysis, quantitative RT-PCR, and RNA interference analyses were conducted to investigate expression patterns and the functional roles of E. impressicornis FPPS (EiFPPS). Our results indicate that EiFPPS is highly expressed in the fat body of males. Moreover, the knock-down of EiFPPS led to a significant decrease in CTD synthesis. The current study indicates that EiFPPS is expressed in the fat body to regulate CTD synthesis in male E. impressicornis blister beetles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zhou
- Institute of Entomology and Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dingze Mang
- School of Life Sciences/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Institute of Entomology and Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005, China
| | - Yinlin Mu
- Institute of Entomology and Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Institute of Entomology and Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Xiangsheng Chen
- Institute of Entomology and Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dos Santos CH, Gustani EC, Machado LPDB, Mateus RP. Dietary Variation Effect on Life History Traits and Energy Storage in Neotropical Species of Drosophila (Diptera; Drosophilidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:578-595. [PMID: 38687423 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The ability of an organism to respond to nutritional stress can be a plastic character under the action of natural selection, affecting several characteristics, including life history and energy storage. The genus Drosophila (Diptera; Drosophilidae) presents high variability regarding natural resource exploration. However, most works on this theme have studied the model species D. melanogaster Meigen, 1830 and little is known about Neotropical drosophilids. Here we evaluate the effects of three diets, with different carbohydrate-to-protein ratios, on life history (viability and development time) and metabolic pools (triglycerides, glycogen, and total soluble protein contents) of three Neotropical species of Drosophila: D. maculifrons Duda, 1927; D. ornatifrons Duda, 1927, both of the subgenus Drosophila Sturtevant, 1939, and D. willistoni Sturtevant, 1916 of the subgenus Sophophora Sturtevant, 1939. Our results showed that only D. willistoni was viable on all diets, D. maculifrons was not viable on the sugary diet, while D. ornatifrons was barely viable on this diet. The sugary diet increased the development time of D. willistoni and D. ornatifrons, and D. willistoni glycogen content. Thus, the viability of D. maculifrons and D. ornatifrons seems to depend on a certain amount of protein and/or a low concentration of carbohydrate in the diet. A more evident effect of the diets on triglyceride and protein pools was detected in D. ornatifrons, which could be related to the adult attraction to dung and carrion baited pitfall as food resource tested in nature. Our results demonstrated that the evolutionary history and differential adaptations to natural macronutrient resources are important to define the amplitude of response that a species can present when faced with dietary variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Heloise Dos Santos
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Paes de Barros Machado
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Rogério Pincela Mateus
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krishnan N. Endocrine Control of Lipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38782869 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are essential in insects and play pleiotropic roles in energy storage, serving as a fuel for energy-driven processes such as reproduction, growth, development, locomotion, flight, starvation response, and diapause induction, maintenance, and termination. Lipids also play fundamental roles in signal transduction, hormone synthesis, forming components of the cell membrane, and thus are essential for maintenance of normal life functions. In insects, the neuroendocrine system serves as a master regulator of most life activities, including growth and development. It is thus important to pay particular attention to the regulation of lipid metabolism through the endocrine system, especially when considering the involvement of peptide hormones in the processes of lipogenesis and lipolysis. In insects, there are several lipogenic and lipolytic hormones that are involved in lipid metabolism such as insulin-like peptides (ILPs), adipokinetic hormone (AKH), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), juvenile hormone (JH), and serotonin. Other neuropeptides such as diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN), CCHamide-2, short neuropeptide F, and the cytokines Unpaired 1 and 2 may play a role in inducing lipogenesis. On the other hand, neuropeptides such as neuropeptide F, allatostatin-A, corazonin, leukokinin, tachykinins, limostatins, and insulin-like growth factor (ILP6) stimulate lipolysis. This chapter briefly discusses the current knowledge of the endocrine regulation of lipid metabolism in insects that could be utilized to reveal differences between insects and mammalian lipid metabolism which may help understand human diseases associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism. Physiological similarities of insects to mammals make them valuable model systems for studying human diseases characterized by disrupted lipid metabolism, including conditions like diabetes, obesity, arteriosclerosis, and various metabolic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song F, Yan Y, Sun J. Energy consumption during insect flight and bioinspiration for MAV design: A review. Comput Biol Med 2024; 170:108092. [PMID: 38325218 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The excellent biological characteristics of insects provide an important source of inspiration for designing micro air vehicles (MAVs). Insect flight is an incredibly complex and energy-intensive process. Unique insect flight muscles and contraction mechanisms enable flapping at high frequencies. Moreover, the metabolic rate during flight can reach hundreds of times the resting state. Understanding energy consumption during flight is crucial for designing efficient biomimetic aircraft. This paper summarizes the structures and contraction mechanisms of insect flight muscles, explores the underlying metabolic processes, and identifies methods for energy substrate identification and detection, and discusses inspiration for biomimetic MAV design. This paper reviews energy consumption during insect flight, promotes the understanding of insect bioenergetics, and applies this information to the design of MAVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fa Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Yongwei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Jiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu HB, Lu JB, Li LL, Zhang ZL, Chen JP, Li JM, Zhang CX, Huang HJ. Functional analysis of neutral lipases in bug feeding and reproduction. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4809-4818. [PMID: 37483070 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, is known to cause significant economic losses in soybean crops due to its seed-sucking behavior, but the mechanism of its adaptation to lipid-rich seeds remains poorly understood. To exploit potential target genes for controlling this pest, neutral lipases are functionally characterized in this study. RESULTS In this study, a total of 69 lipases were identified in R. pedestris, including 35 neutral lipases that underwent significant expansion. The phylogeny, expression patterns, and catalytic capacity of neutral lipases were investigated and we selected six salivary gland-specific, eight gut-specific, and three ovary-specific genes for functional analysis. All three ovary-specific neutral lipases (Chr1.3195, Chr1.0994, and Chr5.0087) are critical for insect reproduction, while a few gut-specific neutral lipases (Chr4.0221 and Chr1.3207) influence insect survivorship or weight gain. In contrast, no significant phenotype change is observed when silencing salivary gland-specific neutral lipases. CONCLUSION The lipases Chr1.3195, Chr1.0994, Chr5.0087, Chr4.0221, and Chr1.3207 are essential for R. pedestris feeding and reproduction, and the insect is highly sensitive to their deficiency, suggesting that neutral lipases are promising candidates for application in RNAi-based control of this destructive pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ze-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen WF, Chi XP, Song HY, Wang HF, Wang Y, Liu ZG, Xu BH. Ame-miR-980-3p participates in autophagy-mediated midgut remodelling in Apis mellifera via targeting Atg2B. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:748-760. [PMID: 37658706 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that serves to degrade damaged proteins and organelles, thereby promoting cell homeostasis, differentiation, development and survival. Many miRNAs have been found to have regulatory roles in autophagy. In insects, it has been shown that autophagy is involved in hormone-regulated programmed cell death during metamorphic midgut remodelling. However, whether this is also true during the remodelling of the honey bee midgut is unclear. In the present study, we explored the relationship between autophagy and midgut remodelling and sought to identify miRNAs involved in this physiological process. We found that autophagy occurred during midgut remodelling and that the inhibition of autophagy resulted in midgut dysplasia in prepupae. Differentially expressed miRNAs enriched in the autophagy signalling pathway during midgut remodelling were identified by small RNA-seq. Ame-miR-980-3p, which targets the autophagy-related gene Atg2B, was screened out. Furthermore, abnormal expression of ame-miR-980-3p in the pupal stage led to the thinning of the midgut wall of newly emerged bees (NE). When ame-miR-980-3p expression was inhibited, the intestinal villi of NE bees became significantly shorter and sparse, and the lipid signal in the peritrophic matrix of Pb almost disappeared, indicating that the adult midgut was underdeveloped and the lipid absorption ability was weakened. Taken together, ame-miR-980-3p targeted Atg2B to participate in the regulation of midgut autophagy in the pupae, and the abnormal expression of ame-miR-980-3p would interfere with cell proliferation and death in the process of midgut remodelling, hinder the formation of adult midgut and eventually lead to adult midgut dysplasia and affect the lipid absorption function of the midgut in Apis mellifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xue-Peng Chi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hong-Yu Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hong-Fang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martins da Silva R, de Oliveira Daumas Filho CR, Calixto C, Nascimento da Silva J, Lopes C, da Silva Vaz I, Logullo C. PEPCK and glucose metabolism homeostasis in arthropods. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 160:103986. [PMID: 37454751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The fat body is responsible for a variety of functions related to energy metabolism in arthropods, by controlling the processes of de novo glucose production (gluconeogenesis) and glycogen metabolism. The rate-limiting factor of gluconeogenesis is the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), generally considered to be the first committed step in this pathway. Although the study of PEPCK and gluconeogenesis has been for decades restricted to mammalian models, especially focusing on muscle and liver tissue, current research has demonstrated particularities about the regulation of this enzyme in arthropods, and described new functions. This review will focus on arthropod PEPCK, discuss different aspects to PEPCK regulation and function, its general role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis and other pathways. The text also presents our views on potentially important new directions for research involving this enzyme in a variety of metabolic adaptations (e.g. diapause), discussing enzyme isoforms, roles during arthropod embryogenesis, as well as involvement in vector-pathogen interactions, contributing to a better understanding of insect vectors of diseases and their control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Martins da Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato de Oliveira Daumas Filho
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christiano Calixto
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jhenifer Nascimento da Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cintia Lopes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dong X, Chen J, Xu R, Li X, Wang Y, Pan X, Zhang C, Li Y, Wang F, Li C. Molecular identification and lipid mobilization role of adipokinetic hormone receptor in Spodoptera litura (F.). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:758-765. [PMID: 35431022 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485322000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is essential for organisms to maintain fluctuation in energy accumulation, mobilization. Lipids as the main energy reserve in insects, their metabolism is under the control of many physiological program. This study aimed to determine whether the adipokinetic hormone receptor (AKHR) was involved in the lipid mobilization in the Spodoptera litura. A full-length cDNA encoding AKHR was isolated from S. litura. The SlAKHR protein has a conserved seven-transmembrane domain which is the character of a putative G protein receptor. Expression profile investigation revealed that SlAKHR mRNA was highly expressed in immatural stage and abundant in fat body in newly emerged female adults. Knockdown of SlAKHR expression was achieved through RNAi by injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the 6th instar larvae. The content of triacylgycerol (TAG) in the fat body increased significantly after the SlAKHR gene was knockdown. And decrease of TAG releasing to hemolymph with increase of free fatty acid (FFA) in hemolymph were observed when the SlAKHR gene was knowned-down. In addition, lipid droplets increased in fat body was also found. These results suggested that SlAKHR is critical for insects to regulate lipids metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Dong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Junyuan Chen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Rubing Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430002, Hubei, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430002, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Cuici Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430002, Hubei, China
| | - Fulian Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanren Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan D, Hu H, Tong X, Han M, Gai T, Lou J, Yan Z, Xiong G, Lu C, Dai F. Mutation of a lepidopteran-specific PMP-like protein, BmLSPMP-like, induces a stick body shape in silkworm, Bombyx mori. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5334-5346. [PMID: 36039742 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lepidoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, some of which are major pests of crops and forests. The cuticles of lepidopteran pests play important roles in defense against insecticides and pathogens, and are indispensable for constructing and maintaining extracellular structures and locomotion during their life cycle. Lepidopteran-specific cuticular proteins could be potential targets for lepidopteran pest control. But information on this is limited. Our research aimed to screen the lepidopteran-specific cuticular proteins using the lepidopteran model, the silkworm, to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of cuticular proteins in body shape construction. RESULTS Positional cloning showed that BmLSPMP-like, a gene encoding a lepidopteran-specific peritrophic matrix protein (PMP) like protein which includes a peritrophin A-type chitin-binding domain (CBM_14), is responsible for the stick (sk) mutation. BmLSPMP-like is an evolutionarily conserved gene that exhibits synteny in Lepidoptera and underwent purifying selection during evolution. Expression profiles demonstrated that BmLSPMP-like is expressed in chitin-forming tissues, testis and ovary, and accumulates in the cuticle. BmLSPMP-like knockout, generated with CRISPR/Cas9, resulted in a stick-like larval body shape phenotype. Over-expression of BmLSPMP-like in the sk mutant rescued its abnormal body shape. The results showed that BmLSPMP-like may be involved in assemblage in the larval cuticle. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the dysfunction of BmLSPMP-like may result in a stick body shape phenotype in silkworm, through the regulation of the arrangement of the chitinous laminae and cuticle thickness. Our study provides new evidence of the effects of LSPMP-likes on lepidopteran body shape formation, metamorphosis and mortality, which could be an eco-friendly target for lepidopteran pest management. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minjin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghou Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xie X, Shang F, Ding BY, Yang L, Wang JJ. Assessment of a zinc finger protein gene (MPZC3H10) as potential RNAi target for green peach aphid Myzus persicae control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4956-4962. [PMID: 36181420 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) has potential application in pest control, and selection of the specific target gene is one of the key steps in RNAi. As an important effector, the zinc finger protein (ZFP) gene has high similarity among aphid species, and may have potential use in an RNAi-based pest control strategy. This study assessed the control efficiency of an RNAi target, MPZC3H10, a CCCH-type ZFP gene, against green peach aphid. RESULTS ZC3H10 amino acid sequence similarity is more than 97.71% among the five tested aphid species: Myzus persicae, Aphis citricidus, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Diuraphis noxia and Rhopalosiphum maidis. However, no homologous sequence was found in the transcriptome of their ladybeetle predator, Propylaea japonica. Spatial expression patterns revealed that MPZC3H10 showed high expression in the muscle and fat body of M. persicae. The RNAi bioassay revealed that silencing of MPZC3H10 resulted in high mortality (53.33%) in M. persicae. By contrast, there were no observed negative effects on the growth and development of P. japonica when fed on aphids treated with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or injected with a "high dose" of dsRNA. CONCLUSION Targeting MPZC3H10 showed promising efficiency for green peach aphid control via artificially designed dsRNA, and was safe for the predatory ladybeetle. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiucheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi-Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Song Y, Gu F, Liu Z, Li Z, Wu F, Sheng S. The Key Role of Fatty Acid Synthase in Lipid Metabolism and Metamorphic Development in a Destructive Insect Pest, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169064. [PMID: 36012329 PMCID: PMC9409488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key enzyme in the lipid synthesis pathway, however, its roles in insects remain largely unknown. Here, we firstly identified two FAS genes from the transcriptome dataset of the general cutworm Spodoptera litura, which is a destructive insect pest of many crops. Both SlFAS1 and SlFAS2 were highly expressed in third instar larvae and in their fat bodies. Then, we successfully silenced SlFAS1 in third instar larvae and the content of α-linolenic acid and triglyceride was significantly decreased. Besides that, the effect of FAS on the metamorphic development in S. litura was evaluated. The results indicate that after silencing SlFAS1, the survival rates of S. litura larvae decreased significantly compared to the control groups. Silencing SlFAS1 in fifth instar larvae resulted in more malformed pupae and adults, and the emergence rates were significantly reduced. Furthermore, the ecdysone content in the haemolymph of fifth instar larvae was significantly decreased after silencing SlFAS1. In addition, knocking down SlFAS1 significantly alters the expression of other key genes in the lipogenesis pathway, implying that FAS has an impact on the lipogenesis pathway. The present study deepens the understanding of FAS in insects and provides novel potential targets for managing insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Fengming Gu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zongnan Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Fu’an Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Z, Ma R, Wang L, Wang Y, Qin Q, Chen L, Dang X, Zhou Z. Starvation stress affects iron metabolism in honeybee Apis mellifera. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Zhang R, Du J, Cao YY, Thakur K, Tang SM, Hu F, Wei ZJ. Hydrogen sulfide treatment retrieves the inhibition of growth and development characteristics in silkworm (Bombyx mori) via phosphoacetyl glucosamine mutase gene knock down. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21873. [PMID: 35112397 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoacetyl glucosamine mutase (PGM) is the key gene for glycolysis of important metabolic pathways in silkworm, and H2 S (7.5 μM) can promote the growth and development of silkworm. Herein, we used body cavity injection of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) to interfere with the PGM gene in H2 S-treated silkworms. After RNA interference (RNAi), we investigated the growth and development of the silkworm. H2 S treatment could significantly recover the inhibition of body weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon shell ratio by knocking down PGM gene in silkworm, without significant effects on eggs laying and production, and then analyzed the mRNA expression of PGM gene. The interference of siRNA significantly decreased the expression of targeted PGM gene and was concentrated in 48 h followed by gradual recovery. Three interference fragments also showed different interference effects, and siRNA of PGM-3 exerted the highest interference effect to the target gene expression. Fat body had the highest mRNA expression of PGM gene, and the best interference effect was observed after siRNA injection. The results showed that the gene based on H2 S treatment may have an important impact on the growth and development of silkworm by affecting its metabolic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Yu-Yao Cao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, PR China
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, PR China
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Shun-Ming Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Fei Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, PR China
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, PR China
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gregor KM, Becker SC, Hellhammer F, Schön K, Baumgärtner W, Puff C. Histochemical staining techniques in Culex pipiens and Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera) with a comparison to mammals. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:836-849. [DOI: 10.1177/03009858221088786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects play an important role in ecosystems. Changes in their abundance and biodiversity are of paramount interest, as there has not only been an alarming decline of insects important for ecosystem health throughout the past decades, but also an increase in insects detrimental for biomes. Furthermore, insects pose a threat to modern society as arbovirus-transmitting vectors. Therefore, detailed knowledge of insect staining characteristics could be beneficial as a basis for further studies, whether in the context of species conservation or control of insect pests. Thus, this study compared 14 histochemical stains for their usefulness in insects regarding nervous tissue, connective tissue components, mucins and polysaccharides, mineralization, and microorganisms. The study used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of mammals ( Equus caballus) and 2 dipterans ( Culex pipiens biotype molestus, Drosophila melanogaster). Several histochemical stains were suitable for tissue assessment in insects and mammals, in particular for nervous tissue (Bielschowsky silver stain, luxol fast blue–cresyl violet) and polysaccharides (alcian blue, periodic acid–Schiff with and without diastase treatment, toluidine blue). Other stains proved useful for visualization of insect-specific organ characteristics such as Gomori’s reticulin stain for tracheoles in both dipteran species, Heidenhain’s azan for midgut-associated connective tissue, and von Kossa for mineral deposition in Malpighian tubules of C. pipiens biotype molestus. In summary, this study provides comparable insights into histochemical procedures in mammals and insects and their usefulness for histological assessment of C. pipiens biotype molestus and D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M. Gregor
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie C. Becker
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Kathleen Schön
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Qiao JW, Fan YL, Bai TT, Wu BJ, Pei XJ, Wang D, Liu TX. Lipophorin receptor regulates the cuticular hydrocarbon accumulation and adult fecundity of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1018-1032. [PMID: 32558147 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons form a barrier that protects terrestrial insects from water loss via the epicuticle. Lipophorin loads and transports lipids, including hydrocarbons, from one tissue to another. In some insects, the lipophorin receptor (LpR), which binds to lipophorin and accepts its lipid cargo, is essential for female fecundity because it mediates the incorporation of lipophorin by developing oocytes. However, it is unclear whether LpR is involved in the accumulation of cuticular hydrocarbons and its precise role in aphid reproduction remains unknown. We herein present the results of our molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and functional annotation of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) LpR gene (ApLpR). This gene was transcribed throughout the A. pisum life cycle, but especially during the embryonic stage and in the abdominal cuticle. Furthermore, we optimized the RHA interference (RNAi) parameters by determining the ideal dose and duration for gene silencing in the pea aphid. We observed that the RNAi-based ApLpR suppression significantly decreased the internal and cuticular hydrocarbon contents as well as adult fecundity. Additionally, a deficiency in cuticular hydrocarbons increased the susceptibility of aphids to desiccation stress, with decreased survival rates under simulated drought conditions. Moreover, ApLpR expression levels significantly increased in response to the desiccation treatment. These results confirm that ApLpR is involved in transporting hydrocarbons and protecting aphids from desiccation stress. Furthermore, this gene is vital for aphid reproduction. Therefore, the ApLpR gene of A. pisum may be a novel RNAi target relevant for insect pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian-Tian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fat Body-Multifunctional Insect Tissue. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060547. [PMID: 34208190 PMCID: PMC8230813 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Efficient and proper functioning of processes within living organisms play key roles in times of climate change and strong human pressure. In insects, the most abundant group of organisms, many important changes occur within their tissues, including the fat body, which plays a key role in the development of insects. Fat body cells undergo numerous metabolic changes in basic energy compounds (i.e., lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins), enabling them to move and nourish themselves. In addition to metabolism, the fat body is involved in the development of insects by determining the time an individual becomes an adult, and creates humoral immunity via the synthesis of bactericidal proteins and polypeptides. As an important tissue that integrates all signals from the body, the processes taking place in the fat body have an impact on the functioning of the entire body. Abstract The biodiversity of useful organisms, e.g., insects, decreases due to many environmental factors and increasing anthropopressure. Multifunctional tissues, such as the fat body, are key elements in the proper functioning of invertebrate organisms and resistance factors. The fat body is the center of metabolism, integrating signals, controlling molting and metamorphosis, and synthesizing hormones that control the functioning of the whole body and the synthesis of immune system proteins. In fat body cells, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins are the substrates and products of many pathways that can be used for energy production, accumulate as reserves, and mobilize at the appropriate stage of life (diapause, metamorphosis, flight), determining the survival of an individual. The fat body is the main tissue responsible for innate and acquired humoral immunity. The tissue produces bactericidal proteins and polypeptides, i.e., lysozyme. The fat body is also important in the early stages of an insect’s life due to the production of vitellogenin, the yolk protein needed for the development of oocytes. Although a lot of information is available on its structure and biochemistry, the fat body is an interesting research topic on which much is still to be discovered.
Collapse
|
18
|
Peng Y, Kelle R, Little C, Michonova E, Kornev KG, Alexov E. pH-Dependent Interactions of Apolipophorin-III with a Lipid Disk. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416520420041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apolipophorin-III (ApoLp-III) is required for stabilization of molecular shuttles of lipid fuels in insects and is found to contribute to the insect immune reaction. Rearrangement of its five [Formula: see text]-helices enables ApoLp-III to reversibly associate with lipids. We investigate computationally the conformational changes of ApoLp-III and the pH-dependence of the binding free energy of ApoLp-III association with a lipid disk. A dominant binding mode along with several minor, low population, modes of the ApoLp-III binding to a lipid disk was identified. The pH-dependence of the binding energy for ApoLp-III with the lipid disk is predicted to be significant, with the pH-optimum at pH[Formula: see text]. The calculations suggest that there are no direct interactions between the lipid head groups and titratable residues of ApoLp-III. In the physiological pH range from 6.0 to 9.0, the binding free energy of ApoLp-III with the lipid disk decreases significantly with respect to its optimal value at pH 8.0 (at pH[Formula: see text], it is 1.02[Formula: see text]kcal/mol and at pH[Formula: see text] it is 0.23[Formula: see text]kcal/mol less favorable than at the optimal pH[Formula: see text]), indicating that the pH is an important regulator of ApoLp-III lipid disk association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Rudolfs Kelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Erskine College, Due West, SC 29639, USA
| | - Chandler Little
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Erskine College, Due West, SC 29639, USA
| | | | - Kostantin G. Kornev
- Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Emil Alexov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
In vitro and in vivo digestibility from bionanocomposite edible films based on native pumpkin flour/plum flour. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
20
|
Zheng X, Xin Y, Peng Y, Shan J, Zhang N, Wu D, Guo J, Huang J, Guan W, Shi S, Zhou C, Chen R, Du B, Zhu L, Yang F, Fu X, Yuan L, He G. Lipidomic analyses reveal enhanced lipolysis in planthoppers feeding on resistant host plants. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:1502-1521. [PMID: 33165813 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a highly destructive pest that seriously damages rice (Oryza sativa L.) and causes severe yield losses. To better understand the physiological and metabolic mechanisms through which BPHs respond to resistant rice, we combined mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics with transcriptomic analysis and gene knockdown techniques to compare the lipidomes of BPHs feeding on either of the two resistant (NIL-Bph6 and NIL-Bph9) plants or a wild-type, BPH susceptible (9311) plant. Insects that were fed on resistant rice transformed triglyceride (TG) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), with these lipid classes showing significant alterations in fatty acid composition. Moreover, the insects that were fed on resistant rice were characterized by prominent expression changes in genes involved in lipid metabolism processes. Knockdown of the NlBmm gene, which encodes a lipase that regulates the mobilization of lipid reserves, significantly increased TG content and feeding performance of BPHs on resistant plants relative to dsGFP-injected BPHs. Our study provides the first detailed description of lipid changes in BPHs fed on resistant and susceptible rice genotypes. Results from BPHs fed on resistant rice plants reveal that these insects can accelerate TG mobilization to provide energy for cell proliferation, body maintenance, growth and oviposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yeyun Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yaxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Junhan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiqin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Longping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Körner M, Vogelweith F, Libbrecht R, Foitzik S, Feldmeyer B, Meunier J. Offspring reverse transcriptome responses to maternal deprivation when reared with pathogens in an insect with facultative family life. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200440. [PMID: 32345162 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring of species with facultative family life are able to live with and without parents (i.e. to adjust to extreme changes in their social environment). While these adjustments are well understood on a phenotypic level, their genetic underpinnings remain surprisingly understudied. Investigating gene expression changes in response to parental absence may elucidate the genetic constraints driving evolutionary transitions between solitary and family life. Here, we manipulated maternal presence to observe gene expression changes in the fat body of juvenile European earwigs, an insect with facultative family life. Because parents typically protect offspring against pathogens, expression changes were recorded in pathogen-free and pathogen-exposed environments. We found that manipulating maternal presence changed the expression of 154 genes, including several metabolism and growth-related genes, and that this change depended on pathogen presence. Specifically, localization and cell transporter genes were downregulated in maternal absence without pathogens but upregulated with pathogens. At least one immunity gene (pathogenesis-related protein 5) was affected by pathogen exposure regardless of maternal presence. Overall, our findings explicate how offspring adjust to parental deprivation on a molecular level and reveal that such adjustments heavily depend on pathogens in the environment. This emphasizes the central role of pathogens in family life evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Körner
- Evolutionary Animal Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Romain Libbrecht
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Moore BA, Gjeltema J. Once in a blue moon: Lipid keratopathy and intrastromal hemorrhage in a Mission golden-eyed tree frog (Trachycephalus resinifictrix). Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 22:933-936. [PMID: 31733050 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking natural anuran biology is a major challenge faced in the husbandry management of frogs, and the quandary of lipid keratopathy in frogs under human care has plagued keepers and practitioners for decades. Unlike corneal lipid dystrophy or lipidosis secondary to degeneration, where there is limited or no vascular in-growth or inflammatory response, lipid keratopathies are associated with vascularization, most often following the appearance of lipid. Hemorrhage from stromal neovascularization has not been described in a frog; however, the presence of vessels in lipid keratopathy certainly heralds the possibility. We report a rather unique case of lipid keratopathy in a 6-year-old female Mission golden-eyed tree frog (Trachycephalus resinifictrix) that not only had concurrent intrastromal hemorrhage, but blue plasmoid staining of the corneal stroma. Current views on both the function of blue plasma in several species and lipid keratopathy are briefly discussed. Overall, evidence suggests that the cause of lipid keratopathy is probably multifactorial and will not successfully be rectified until anuran biology and husbandry are better understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bret A Moore
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jenessa Gjeltema
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Colgan TJ, Finlay S, Brown MJF, Carolan JC. Mating precedes selective immune priming which is maintained throughout bumblebee queen diapause. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:959. [PMID: 31823732 PMCID: PMC6902353 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to unfavourable conditions is a fundamental question in ecology and evolutionary biology. One such mechanism is diapause, a period of dormancy typically found in nematodes, fish, crustaceans and insects. This state is a key life-history event characterised by arrested development, suppressed metabolism and increased stress tolerance and allows an organism to avoid prolonged periods of harsh and inhospitable environmental conditions. For some species, diapause is preceded by mating which can have a profound effect on female behaviour, physiology and key biological processes, including immunity. However, our understanding of how mating impacts long-term immunity and whether these effects persist throughout diapause is currently limited. To address this, we explored molecular changes in the haemolymph of the ecologically important pollinator, the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris. B. terrestris queens mate prior to entering diapause, a non-feeding period of arrested development that can last 6–9 months. Using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics, we quantified changes in the pre-diapause queen haemolymph after mating, as well as the subsequent protein expression of mated queens during and post-diapause. Results Our analysis identified distinct proteome profiles associated with diapause preparation, maintenance and termination. More specifically, mating pre-diapause was followed by an increase in the abundance of antimicrobial peptides, key effectors of the immune system. Furthermore, we identified the elevated abundance of these proteins to be maintained throughout diapause. This finding was in contrast to the general reduction observed in immune proteins during diapause suggestive of selective immune priming and expression during diapause. Diapause also affected the expression of proteins involved in cuticular maintenance, olfaction, as well as proteins of unknown function, which may have roles in diapause regulation. Conclusions Our results provide clear molecular evidence for the consequences and benefits of mating at the immune level as it precedes the selective increased abundance of antimicrobial peptides that are sustained throughout diapause. In addition, our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which bumblebees prepare for, survive, and recover from diapause, insights that may have implications for our general understanding of these processes in other insect groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Colgan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, County Cork, Ireland. .,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Sive Finlay
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mark J F Brown
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - James C Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Johnson AA, Stolzing A. The role of lipid metabolism in aging, lifespan regulation, and age-related disease. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13048. [PMID: 31560163 PMCID: PMC6826135 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of data suggests that lipid metabolism has an important role to play in the aging process. Indeed, a plethora of dietary, pharmacological, genetic, and surgical lipid‐related interventions extend lifespan in nematodes, fruit flies, mice, and rats. For example, the impairment of genes involved in ceramide and sphingolipid synthesis extends lifespan in both worms and flies. The overexpression of fatty acid amide hydrolase or lysosomal lipase prolongs life in Caenorhabditis elegans, while the overexpression of diacylglycerol lipase enhances longevity in both C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The surgical removal of adipose tissue extends lifespan in rats, and increased expression of apolipoprotein D enhances survival in both flies and mice. Mouse lifespan can be additionally extended by the genetic deletion of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, treatment with the steroid 17‐α‐estradiol, or a ketogenic diet. Moreover, deletion of the phospholipase A2 receptor improves various healthspan parameters in a progeria mouse model. Genome‐wide association studies have found several lipid‐related variants to be associated with human aging. For example, the epsilon 2 and epsilon 4 alleles of apolipoprotein E are associated with extreme longevity and late‐onset neurodegenerative disease, respectively. In humans, blood triglyceride levels tend to increase, while blood lysophosphatidylcholine levels tend to decrease with age. Specific sphingolipid and phospholipid blood profiles have also been shown to change with age and are associated with exceptional human longevity. These data suggest that lipid‐related interventions may improve human healthspan and that blood lipids likely represent a rich source of human aging biomarkers.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen X, Firdaus SJ, Fu Z, Wu Z, Soulages JL, Arrese EL. Manduca sexta Perilipin 1B: A new PLIN1 isoform linked to fat storage prior to pupation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 110:69-79. [PMID: 31055048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perilipins (PLINs) are proteins that associate with lipid droplets (LDs) and play roles in the control of triglycerides (TG) metabolism. Two types of PLINs - 1 and 2- occur in insects. Following previous work on MsPLIN1A (a 42 kDa protein formerly called MsLsd1), here we report a new PLIN1 isoform, MsPLIN1B. MsPLIN1B cDNA was cloned and the 1835bp cDNA contains an ORF encoding a 47.9 kDa protein whose expression was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Alternative transcripts A and B, which differ in the alternative use of exon 1, were the most abundant PLIN1 transcripts in the fat body. These transcripts encode nearly identical proteins except that the B isoform contains 59 additional residues in its amino terminus. No conserved domain was identified in the extra region of MsPLIN1B. The novel PLIN1 isoform is found in lepidopteran species. In Manduca, PLIN1B was expressed only in the 5th instar larva and its levels correlated with fat storage. Furthermore, PLIN1B levels increased with the fat content of the diet in insects of the same age confirming a direct relationship between PLIN1B and TG storage irrespective of development. The nutritional status impacted PLIN1B levels, which decreased in starvation and increased with subsequent re-feeding. Altogether data support a link between PLIN1B and TG storage in caterpillars prior to pupation. The combined findings suggest distinct roles for PLIN1A, PLIN1B and PLIN2. MsPLIN1A abundance correlates with mobilization of TG stores, MsPLIN2 with the synthesis of new LDs and MsPLIN1B abundance correlates with high levels of TG storage and large LD sizes at the end of the last feeding period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Sarah J Firdaus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Zhiyan Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Zengying Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jose L Soulages
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Estela L Arrese
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Novel Insight into Morphologic and Metabolic Changes in the Fat Body during Silkworm Metamorphosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113525. [PMID: 30423910 PMCID: PMC6274779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fat body plays key roles in energy storage and utilization as well as biosynthetic and metabolic activities in insects. During metamorphosis from larva to pupa, the fat body undergoes dramatic changes in morphology and metabolic processes. However, the genetic basis underlying these changes has not been completely understood. In this study, the authors performed a time-course transcriptome analysis of the fat body during silkworm metamorphosis using RNA-sequencing. A total of 5217 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the fat body at different developmental time points. DEGs involved in lipid synthesis and degradation were highly expressed at the third day of the last larval instar and during the prepupal-pupal transition, respectively. DEGs involved in the ecdysone signaling and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways that modulate organ development exhibited a high expression level during the fat body remodeling process from prepupa to pupa. Intriguingly, the RNA interference-mediated knockdown of either decapentaplegic (Dpp) or protein 60A (Gbb), two DEGs involved in the BMP signaling pathway, inhibited fat body dissociation but promoted lipid mobilization, suggesting that the BMP signaling pathway not only is required for fat body remodeling, but also moderately inhibits lipid mobilization to ensure an appropriate lipid supply during the pupal-adult transition. In conclusion, the comparative transcriptome analysis provides novel insight into morphologic and metabolic changes in the fat body during silkworm metamorphosis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Matos MPV, Konstantynova KI, Mohr RM, Jackson GP. Analysis of the 13C isotope ratios of amino acids in the larvae, pupae and adult stages of Calliphora vicina blow flies and their carrion food sources. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7943-7954. [PMID: 30357442 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult blow flies are one of the first necrophagous insects to colonize fresh carcasses. The eggs they lay hatch into larvae, which then feed on the decomposing body. Like all organisms, blow flies "are what they eat," meaning that the isotopic composition of their body tissues reflects their diet. This manuscript combines ecology with a forensic application by using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to understand the relationship between the δ13C of amino acids in different carrion sources and the blow fly that feed on them. We also measure the amino acid-level fractionation that occurs at each major life stage of the blow flies. Adult blow flies from a commercial strain of Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) oviposited on raw pork muscle, beef muscle, or chicken liver. Larvae, pupae, and adult blow flies from each carrion were selected for amino acid compound-specific isotope analysis. Canonical discriminant analysis showed that flies were correctly classified to specific carrion types in 100% (original rules) and 96.8% (leave-one-out cross-validation [LOOCV]) of cases. Regarding life stages, we obtained 100% and 71% of correct classification in original rules and LOOCV, respectively. The isotope ratios of most of the essential amino acids did not significantly change between life stages (at 95% CI). However, some non-essential amino acids (Ala, Ser, and Glu) and some conditionally essential amino acids (Gly and Pro) were isotopically depleted in the adult stage. Except for the essential amino acids, the amino acids in larvae and pupae were enriched in 13C, and adult blow flies were depleted in 13C relative to the carrion on which they fed. These results make it possible to exclude potential sources of carrion as larval food. Amino acid-specific IRMS could help inform entomologists whether a fly has just arrived from another location to feed on a corpse or has emerged from a pupa whose feedstock was the corpse. Such insight could enhance the significance of blow flies for post-mortem interval determinations. The analytical ability to link organisms from one trophic level to another through the use of compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids could have wide-reaching consequences in a variety of disciplines. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayara P V Matos
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Kateryna I Konstantynova
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Rachel M Mohr
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA. .,Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rodriguez ZB, Perkins SL, Austin CC. Multiple origins of green blood in New Guinea lizards. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao5017. [PMID: 29774232 PMCID: PMC5955620 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several species of lizards from the megadiverse island of New Guinea have evolved green blood. An unusually high concentration of the green bile pigment biliverdin in the circulatory system of these lizards makes the blood, muscles, bones, tongue, and mucosal tissues bright green in color, eclipsing the crimson color from their red blood cells. This is a remarkable physiological feature because bile pigments are toxic physiological waste products of red blood cell catabolism and, when chronically elevated, cause jaundice in humans and all other vertebrates. Although these lizards offer a promising system to examine the evolution of extraordinary physiological characteristics, little is known about the phylogenetic relationships of green-blooded lizards or the evolutionary origins of green blood. We present the first extensive phylogeny for green-blooded lizards and closely related Australasian lizards using thousands of genomic regions to examine the evolutionary history of this unusual trait. Maximum likelihood ancestral character state reconstruction supports four independent origins of green blood. Our results lay the phylogenetic foundation necessary to determine the role, if any, of natural selection in shaping this enigmatic physiological trait as well as understanding the genetic, proteomic, and biochemical basis for the lack of jaundice in those species that have independently evolved green blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B. Rodriguez
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Susan L. Perkins
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Christopher C. Austin
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nevoa JC, Mendes MT, da Silva MV, Soares SC, Oliveira CJF, Ribeiro JMC. An insight into the salivary gland and fat body transcriptome of Panstrongylus lignarius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), the main vector of Chagas disease in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006243. [PMID: 29462134 PMCID: PMC5834209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are hematophagous arthropod vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas Disease. Panstrongylus lignarius, also known as Panstrongylus herreri, is considered one of the most versatile triatomines because it can parasitize different hosts, it is found in different habitats and countries, it has sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic behavior and it is a very important vector of Chagas disease, especially in Peru. Molecules produced and secreted by salivary glands and fat body are considered of important adaptational value for triatomines because, among other functions, they subvert the host haemostatic, inflammatory and immune systems and detoxify or protect them against environmental aggressors. In this context, the elucidation of the molecules produced by these tissues is highly valuable to understanding the ability of this species to adapt and transmit pathogens. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing techniques to assemble and describe the coding sequences resulting from the transcriptome of the fat body and salivary glands of P. lignarius. The final assembly of both transcriptomes together resulted in a total of 11,507 coding sequences (CDS), which were mapped from a total of 164,676,091 reads. The CDS were subdivided according to their 10 folds overexpression on salivary glands (513 CDS) or fat body (2073 CDS). Among the families of proteins found in the salivary glands, lipocalins were the most abundant. Other ubiquitous families of proteins present in other sialomes were also present in P. lignarius, including serine protease inhibitors, apyrase and antigen-5. The unique transcriptome of fat body showed proteins related to the metabolic function of this organ. Remarkably, nearly 20% of all reads mapped to transcripts coded by Triatoma virus. The data presented in this study improve the understanding on triatomines' salivary glands and fat body function and reveal important molecules used in the interplay between vectors and vertebrate hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Nevoa
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria T. Mendes
- University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marcos V. da Silva
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Siomar C. Soares
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlo J. F. Oliveira
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lovera M, Pérez E, Laurentin A. Digestibility of starches isolated from stem and root tubers of arracacha, cassava, cush–cush yam, potato and taro. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
31
|
Ling L, Kokoza VA, Zhang C, Aksoy E, Raikhel AS. MicroRNA-277 targets insulin-like peptides 7 and 8 to control lipid metabolism and reproduction in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8017-E8024. [PMID: 28874536 PMCID: PMC5617303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710970114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematophagous female mosquitoes transmit numerous devastating human diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and others. Because of their obligatory requirement of a vertebrate blood meal for reproduction, these mosquitoes need a lot of energy; therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms linking metabolism and reproduction is of particular importance. Lipids are the major energy store providing the fuel required for host seeking and reproduction. They are essential components of the fat body, a metabolic tissue that is the insect analog of vertebrate liver and adipose tissue. In this study, we found that microRNA-277 (miR-277) plays an important role in regulating mosquito lipid metabolism. The genetic disruption of miR-277 using the CRISPR-Cas9 system led to failures in both lipid storage and ovary development. miR-277 mimic injection partially rescued these phenotypic manifestations. Examination of subcellular localization of FOXO protein via CRISPR-assisted, single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated homology-directed repair revealed that insulin signaling is up-regulated in response to miR-277 depletion. In silico target prediction identified that insulin-like peptides 7 and 8 (ilp7 and ilp8) are putative targets of miR-277; RNA immunoprecipitation and a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that ilp7 and ilp8 are direct targets of this miRNA. CRISPR-Cas9 depletion of ilp7 and ilp8 led to metabolic and reproductive defects. These depletions identified differential actions of ILP7 and ILP8 in lipid homeostasis and ovarian development. Thus, miR-277 plays a critical role in mosquito lipid metabolism and reproduction by targeting ilp7 and ilp8, and serves as a monitor to control ILP7 and ILP8 mRNA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ling
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Vladimir A Kokoza
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Changyu Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Emre Aksoy
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Alexander S Raikhel
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521;
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cervoni MS, Cardoso-Júnior CAM, Craveiro G, Souza ADO, Alberici LC, Hartfelder K. Mitochondrial capacity, oxidative damage and hypoxia gene expression are associated with age-related division of labor in honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4035-4046. [PMID: 28912256 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During adult life, honey bee workers undergo a succession of behavioral states. Nurse bees perform tasks inside the nest, and when they are about 2-3 weeks old they initiate foraging. This switch is associated with alterations in diet, and with the levels of juvenile hormone and vitellogenin circulating in hemolymph. It is not clear whether this behavioral maturation involves major changes at the cellular level, such as mitochondrial activity and the redox environment in the head, thorax and abdomen. Using high-resolution respirometry, biochemical assays and RT-qPCR, we evaluated the association of these parameters with this behavioral change. We found that tissues from the head and abdomen of nurses have a higher oxidative phosphorylation capacity than those of foragers, while for the thorax we found the opposite situation. As higher mitochondrial activity tends to generate more H2O2, and H2O2 is known to stabilize HIF-1α, this would be expected to stimulate hypoxia signaling. The positive correlation that we observed between mitochondrial activity and hif-1α gene expression in abdomen and head tissue of nurses would be in line with this hypothesis. Higher expression of antioxidant enzyme genes was observed in foragers, which could explain their low levels of protein carbonylation. No alterations were seen in nitric oxide (NO) levels, suggesting that NO signaling is unlikely to be involved in behavioral maturation. We conclude that the behavioral change seen in honey bee workers is reflected in differential mitochondrial activities and redox parameters, and we consider that this can provide insights into the underlying aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mário S Cervoni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A M Cardoso-Júnior
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Craveiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson de O Souza
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane C Alberici
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fruttero LL, Leyria J, Canavoso LE. Lipids in Insect Oocytes: From the Storage Pathways to Their Multiple Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 63:403-434. [PMID: 28779328 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In insect physiology, the mechanisms involved in the buildup and regulation of yolk proteins in developing oocytes have been thoroughly researched during the last three decades. Comparatively, the study of lipid metabolism in oocytes had received less attention. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that lipids make up to 40% of the dry weight of an insect egg, being the most important supply of energy for the developing embryo. Since the oocyte has a very limited capacity to synthesize lipids de novo, most of the lipids in the mature eggs arise from the circulation. The main lipid carriers in the insect circulatory system are the lipoproteins lipophorin and vitellogenin. In some species, the endocytosis of lipophorin and vitellogenin may account for about 10% of the lipids present in mature eggs. Thus, most of the lipids are transferred by a lipophorin-mediated pathway, in which the lipoprotein unloads its lipid cargo at the surface of oocytes without internalization. This chapter recapitulates the current status on lipid storage and its utilization in insect oocytes and discusses the participation of key factors including lipoproteins, transfer proteins, lipolytic enzymes, and dynamic organelles such as lipid droplets. The new findings in the field of lipophorin receptors are presented in the context of lipid accumulation during egg maturation, and the roles of lipids beyond energy source are summarized from the perspective of oogenesis and embryogenesis. Finally, prospective and fruitful areas of future research are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo L Fruttero
- Instituto do Cerebro (InsCer). Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jimena Leyria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
| | - Lilián E Canavoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gleixner E, Ripp F, Gorr TA, Schuh R, Wolf C, Burmester T, Hankeln T. Knockdown of Drosophila hemoglobin suggests a role in O2 homeostasis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 72:20-30. [PMID: 27001071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Almost all insects are equipped with a tracheal system, which appears to be sufficient for O2 supply even in phases of high metabolic activity. Therefore, with the exception of a few species dwelling in hypoxic habitats, specialized respiratory proteins had been considered unnecessary in insects. The recent discovery and apparently universal presence of intracellular hemoglobins in insects has remained functionally unexplained. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster harbors three different globin genes (referred to as glob1-3). Glob1 is the most highly expressed globin and essentially occurs in the tracheal system and the fat body. To better understand the functions of insect globins, the levels of glob1 were modulated in Drosophila larvae and adults by RNAi-mediated knockdown and transgenic over-expression. No effects on the development were observed in flies with manipulated glob1 levels. However, the knockdown of glob1 led to a significantly reduced survival rate of adult flies under hypoxia (5% and 1.5% O2). Surprisingly, the glob1 knockdown flies also displayed increased resistance towards the reactive oxygen species-forming agent paraquat, which may be explained by a restricted availability of O2 resulting in decreased formation of harmful O2(-). In summary, our results suggest an important functional role of glob1 in O2 homeostasis, possibly by enhancing O2 supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gleixner
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Ripp
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas A Gorr
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Regenerative Medicine Program, University and University Hospital Zurich, CH-8901 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Schuh
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hankeln
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rasmussen EMK, Vågbø CB, Münch D, Krokan HE, Klungland A, Amdam GV, Dahl JA. DNA base modifications in honey bee and fruit fly genomes suggest an active demethylation machinery with species- and tissue-specific turnover rates. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:9-15. [PMID: 28955859 PMCID: PMC5600429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-known epigenetic DNA modifications in mammals include the addition of a methyl group and a hydroxyl group to cytosine, resulting in 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) respectively. In contrast, the abundance and the functional implications of these modifications in invertebrate model organisms such as the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) are not well understood. Here we show that both adult honey bees and fruit flies contain 5mC and also 5hmC. Using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technique, we quantified 5mC and 5hmC in different tissues of adult honey bee worker castes and in adult fruit flies. A comparison of our data with reports from human and mouse shed light on notable differences in 5mC and 5hmC levels between tissues and species. Reporting cytosine modifications in uncharacterized tissues, phenotypes and species. Quantification of 5mC and 5hmC suggests species-specific roles and turnover. Low levels of 5hmC relative to 5mC and cytosine in honey bees compared to mammals. Honey bee abdominal tissues are richer in5hmC than the brain. We found a higher 5hmC to 5mC ratio in fruit flies as compared to the honey bee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik M K Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Cathrine B Vågbø
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Daniel Münch
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Hans E Krokan
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Klungland
- Department of Microbiology, Division of diagnostics and intervention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro V Amdam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Aas, Norway.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - John Arne Dahl
- Department of Microbiology, Division of diagnostics and intervention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
For the purpose of this work, insect biotechnology, which is also known as yellow biotechnology, is the use of insects as well as insect-derived cells or molecules in medical (red biotechnology), agricultural (green biotechnology), and industrial (white) biotechnology. It is based on the application of biotechnological techniques on insects or their cells to develop products or services for human use. Such products are then applied in agriculture, medicine, and industrial biotechnology. Insect biotechnology has proven to be a useful resource in diverse industries, especially for the production of industrial enzymes including chitinases and cellulases, pharmaceuticals, microbial insecticides, insect genes, and many other substances. Insect cells (ICs), and particularly lepidopteran cells, constitute a competitive strategy to mammalian cells for the manufacturing of biotechnology products. Among the wide range of methods and expression hosts available for the production of biotech products, ICs are ideal for the production of complex proteins requiring extensive posttranslational modification. The progress so far made in insect biotechnology essentially derives from scientific breakthroughs in molecular biology, especially with the advances in techniques that allow genetic manipulation of organisms and cells. Insect biotechnology has grown tremendously in the last 30 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Raman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas USA
| | - Marian R. Goldsmith
- Biological Sciences Department Center for Biotech. and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island USA
| | - Tolulope A. Agunbiade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Burmester T. Evolution of Respiratory Proteins across the Pancrustacea. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:792-801. [PMID: 26130703 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory proteins enhance the capacity of the blood for oxygen transport and support intracellular storage and delivery of oxygen. Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are the respiratory proteins that occur in the Pancrustacea. The copper-containing hemocyanins evolved from phenoloxidases in the stem lineage of arthropods. For a long time, hemocyanins had only been known from the malacostracan crustaceans but recent studies identified hemocyanin also in Remipedia, Ostracoda, and Branchiura. Hemoglobins are common in the Branchiopoda but have also been sporadically found in other crustacean classes (Malacostraca, Copepoda, Thecostraca). Respiratory proteins had long been considered unnecessary in the hexapods because of the tracheal system. Only chironomids, some backswimmers, and the horse botfly, which all live under hypoxic conditions, were known exceptions and possess hemoglobins. However, recent data suggest that hemocyanins occur in most ametabolous and hemimetabolous insects. Phylogenetic analysis showed the hemocyanins of insects and Remipedia to be similar, suggesting a close relationship of these taxa. Hemocyanin has been lost in dragonflies, mayflies, and Eumetabola (Hemiptera + Holometabola). In cockroaches and grasshoppers, hemocyanin expression is restricted to the developing embryo while in adults oxygen is supplied solely by the tracheal system. This pattern suggests that hemocyanin was the oxygen-transport protein in the hemolymph of the last common ancestor of the pancrustaceans. The loss was probably associated with miniaturization, a period of restricted availability of oxygen, a change in life-style, or morphological changes. Once lost, hemocyanin was not regained. Some pancrustaceans also possess cellular globin genes with uncertain functions, which are expressed at low levels. When a respiratory protein was again required, hemoglobins evolved several times independently from cellular globins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brandão ADS, do Amaral JB, Rezende-Teixeira P, Hartfelder K, Siviero F, Machado-Santelli GM. Cell death and tissue reorganization in Rhynchosciara americana (Sciaridae: Diptera) metamorphosis and their relation to molting hormone titers. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:511-522. [PMID: 24943875 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a focal topic for understanding processes underlying metamorphosis in insects, especially so in holometabolous orders. During adult morphogenesis it allows for the elimination of larva-specific tissues and the reorganization of others for their functionalities in adult life. In Rhynchosciara, this PCD process could be classified as autophagic cell death, yet the expression of apoptosis-related genes and certain morphological aspects suggest that processes, autophagy and apoptosis may be involved. Aiming to reveal the morphological changes that salivary gland and fat body cells undergo during metamorphosis we conducted microscopy analyses to detect chromatin condensation and fragmentation, as well as alterations in the cytoplasm of late pupal tissues of Rhynchosciara americana. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy revealed cells in variable stages of death. By analyzing the morphological structure of the salivary gland we observed the presence of cells with autophagic vacuoles and apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation was confirmed with the TUNEL assay in salivary gland. The reorganization of fat body occurs with discrete detection of cell death by TUNEL assay. However, both salivary gland histolysis and fat body reorganization occur under control of the hormone ecdysone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dos Santos Brandão
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Interunits Program in Biotechnology, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415 Edifício ICB - III - Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jônatas Bussador do Amaral
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Rezende-Teixeira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Siviero
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gláucia Maria Machado-Santelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Ed Biomédicas 1, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sugumar V, Vijayalakshmi G, Saranya K. Molt cycle related changes and effect of short term starvation on the biochemical constituents of the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 20:93-103. [PMID: 23961226 PMCID: PMC3730964 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and hardening of a new exoskeleton are essential to the arthropod molting process. The present study emphasizes the variations in the levels of hemolymph total free sugars, hepatopancreas glycogen and cuticular proteins during the molting stages of Portunus pelagicus. It also reports the effect of short-term starvation conditions on the biochemical constituents of the hemolymph. Intermolt crabs were subjected to 6 days of starvation and hemolymph samples were taken. Standard biochemical procedures were followed toward the quantification of total proteins, total free sugars and total lipids. The total free sugar level in the hemolymph of P. pelagicus was observed to increase during early premolt D0 (3.108 ± 0.032 g/ml) and a gradual decrease till late postmolt B stage (0.552 ± 0.124 g/ml), suggesting the need for total free sugars to provide energy for the apolysis process. Increase in the levels of hepatopancreas glycogen was observed from 1225 ± 0.04 μg/mg in early premolt D0 to 1700 ± 0.3 μg/mg in late premolt D2-3. This is in correlation with the decreased levels of free sugars during premolt stages, suggesting an increase in the storage of glycogen reserves in the hepatopancreas. Cuticular proteins increased during stage B (2.702 ± 0.093 g/ml) and stage C (3.065 ± 0.012 g/ml), indicating exoskeleton hardening and mineralization. Results of the starvation studies clearly showed a steady decline in the level of total free sugars till day 6 (0.099 ± 0.00 g/ml) when compared to the control (8.646 ± 0.08 g/ml). Gradual decrease of total lipids was also observed from the first day of the experiment (6.088 ± 2.44 g/ml) to the last day of the study (0.401 ± 0.20 g/ml) which was 85% lesser than the control (8.450 ± 0.49 g/ml)suggesting the efficient usage of total sugars to consolidate the loss of energy reserves during starvation. The knowledge of Molt-cycle events can be used as a tool for the evaluation of the developmental state providing a morphological reference system for physiological and biochemical studies related to crab aquaculture. Starvation studies enlightens that increasing carbohydrate levels in crab feed together with good protein content could alleviate the natural effects of starvation, improve farm productivity and reduce the deleterious impact of nitrogen pollution generated by rich-protein feeds used in crab farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Sugumar
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Thondi Campus, Thondi 623 409, India
| | - G. Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Biochemistry, J.J College Of Arts and Science, Pudukkottai 622 422, India
| | - K. Saranya
- Department of Biochemistry, J.J College Of Arts and Science, Pudukkottai 622 422, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao DJ, Zhang ZY, Harrison J, Kang L. Genome-wide analysis of transcriptional changes in the thoracic muscle of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1424-1431. [PMID: 22985864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypobaric hypoxia has both beneficial and detrimental effects on living organisms in high altitude regions. The impact of hypobaric hypoxia has been investigated in numerous vertebrates. However, it is still not well characterized how invertebrates respond to hypobaric hypoxia. In this study, we examined the transcriptional profiles of locust thoracic muscles using microarrays to disclose their strategies to cope with hypobaric hypoxia. We found that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and its target genes did not respond significantly to hypobaric hypoxia. As with severe, normobaric hypoxia, mitochondrial activities were systemically suppressed, mainly involving in energy production and mitochondrial biogenesis. The surveillance processes, involving in clearance of dysfunctional proteins in endoplasmic reticulum, were activated, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, protein glycosylation, and protein folding. In contrast to severe, normobaric hypoxia, glycolysis was suppressed and the pentose phosphate pathway strengthened. Our data suggested that hypobaric hypoxia induced an oxidative stress rather than an energy crisis in locust thoracic muscles. Our research provides a different perspective of biological responses to hypoxia, complementing the well-studied biological responses to extreme, normobaric hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wawrowski A, Matthews PGD, Gleixner E, Kiger L, Marden MC, Hankeln T, Burmester T. Characterization of the hemoglobin of the backswimmer Anisops deanei (Hemiptera). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:603-609. [PMID: 22575160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While O(2)-binding hemoglobin-like proteins are present in many insects, prominent amounts of hemoglobin have only been found in a few species. Backswimmers of the genera Anisops and Buenoa (Notonectidae) have high concentrations of hemoglobin in the large tracheal cells of the abdomen. Oxygen from the hemoglobin is delivered to a gas bubble and controls the buoyant density, which enables the bugs to maintain their position without swimming and to remain stationary in the mid-water zone where they hunt for prey. We have obtained the cDNA sequences of three Anisops deanei hemoglobin chains by RT-PCR and RACE techniques. The deduced amino acid sequences show an unusual insertion of a single amino acid in the conserved helix E, but this does not affect protein stability or ligand binding kinetics. Recombinant A. deanei hemoglobin has an oxygen affinity of P(50) = 2.4 kPa (18 torr) and reveals the presence of a dimeric fraction or two different conformations. The absorption spectra demonstrate that the Anisops hemoglobin is a typical pentacoordinate globin. Phylogenetic analyses show that the backswimmer hemoglobins evolved within Heteroptera and most likely originated from an intracellular hemoglobin with divergent function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Wawrowski
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, Biocenter Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Futahashi R, Shirataki H, Narita T, Mita K, Fujiwara H. Comprehensive microarray-based analysis for stage-specific larval camouflage pattern-associated genes in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus. BMC Biol 2012; 10:46. [PMID: 22651552 PMCID: PMC3386895 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body coloration is an ecologically important trait that is often involved in prey-predator interactions through mimicry and crypsis. Although this subject has attracted the interest of biologists and the general public, our scientific knowledge on the subject remains fragmentary. In the caterpillar of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus, spectacular changes in the color pattern are observed; the insect mimics bird droppings (mimetic pattern) as a young larva, and switches to a green camouflage coloration (cryptic pattern) in the final instar. Despite the wide variety and significance of larval color patterns, few studies have been conducted at a molecular level compared with the number of studies on adult butterfly wing patterns. Results To obtain a catalog of genes involved in larval mimetic and cryptic pattern formation, we constructed expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries of larval epidermis for P. xuthus, and P. polytes that contained 20,736 and 5,376 clones, respectively, representing one of the largest collections available in butterflies. A comparison with silkworm epidermal EST information revealed the high expression of putative blue and yellow pigment-binding proteins in Papilio species. We also designed a microarray from the EST dataset information, analyzed more than five stages each for six markings, and confirmed spatial expression patterns by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Hence, we succeeded in elucidating many novel marking-specific genes for mimetic and cryptic pattern formation, including pigment-binding protein genes, the melanin-associated gene yellow-h3, the ecdysteroid synthesis enzyme gene 3-dehydroecdysone 3b-reductase, and Papilio-specific genes. We also found many cuticular protein genes with marking specificity that may be associated with the unique surface nanostructure of the markings. Furthermore, we identified two transcription factors, spalt and ecdysteroid signal-related E75, as genes expressed in larval eyespot markings. This finding suggests that E75 is a strong candidate mediator of the hormone-dependent coordination of larval pattern formation. Conclusions This study is one of the most comprehensive molecular analyses of complicated morphological features, and it will serve as a new resource for studying insect mimetic and cryptic pattern formation in general. The wide variety of marking-associated genes (both regulatory and structural genes) identified by our screening indicates that a similar strategy will be effective for understanding other complex traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Futahashi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Baryshyan AL, Woods W, Trimmer BA, Kaplan DL. Isolation and maintenance-free culture of contractile myotubes from Manduca sexta embryos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31598. [PMID: 22355379 PMCID: PMC3280324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering has the potential to treat tissue loss and degenerative diseases. However, these systems are also applicable for a variety of devices where actuation is needed, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and robotics. Most current efforts to generate muscle bioactuators are focused on using mammalian cells, which require exacting conditions for survival and function. In contrast, invertebrate cells are more environmentally robust, metabolically adaptable and relatively autonomous. Our hypothesis is that the use of invertebrate muscle cells will obviate many of the limitations encountered when mammalian cells are used for bioactuation. We focus on the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, due to its easy availability, large size and well-characterized muscle contractile properties. Using isolated embryonic cells, we have developed culture conditions to grow and characterize contractile M. sexta muscles. The insect hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone was used to induce differentiation in the system, resulting in cells that stained positive for myosin, contract spontaneously for the duration of the culture, and do not require media changes over periods of more than a month. These cells proliferate under normal conditions, but the application of juvenile hormone induced further proliferation and inhibited differentiation. Cellular metabolism under normal and low glucose conditions was compared for C2C12 mouse and M. sexta myoblast cells. While differentiated C2C12 cells consumed glucose and produced lactate over one week as expected, M. sexta muscle did not consume significant glucose, and lactate production exceeded mammalian muscle production on a per cell basis. Contractile properties were evaluated using index of movement analysis, which demonstrated the potential of these cells to perform mechanical work. The ability of cultured M. sexta muscle to continuously function at ambient conditions without medium replenishment, combined with the interesting metabolic properties, suggests that this cell source is a promising candidate for further investigation toward bioactuator applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Baryshyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William Woods
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barry A. Trimmer
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rizwan-ul-Haq M, Gong L, Hu M, Luo J. Apolipophorin III and transmission electron microscopy as toxicity indicators for harmaline and tea saponin in Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:995-1001. [PMID: 21783224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III, traditionally known for lipid transport in insects is fairly established as toxicity indicator against harmaline and tea saponin during this study. Apolipophorin III expressed in the hemolymph and midgut tissues of 3rd, 4th, 5th larval instars and pupae of Spodoptera exigua. Apolipophorin III presence was further confirmed by achieving its partial cDNA (Genbank accession no. FJ606822) of 448bp. qRT PCR revealed that tea saponin resulted in significant reduction of gene expression in 3rd and 4th larval instars but increased in 5th instar as compared to control. Harmaline caused gradual increase of gene expression in 3rd, 4th and 5th instars after feeding on the treated diet. Fifth instar larvae synonymously resulted in the highest gene expressions against both the biochemicals. After the injection of harmaline and tea saponin abrupt increase in gene expression of 4th, 5th larval instar and pupae was observed as compared to control treatment. Transmission electron microscopy of midgut epithelium after being fed with harmaline and tea saponin depicted certain cytological changes. Harmaline treatment lead to cytoplasm vacuolization, mitochondrial disruption, spherocrystals with concentric layers, irregular nucleus and floating nuclei in cytoplasm. Tea saponin treatment resulted in denser cytoplasm, higher intracellular osmotic concentration and reduced complement of apical microvilli. Cells were found to have only a few mitochondria and glycogen deposits in comparison to control treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan-ul-Haq
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, South China Agriculture University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
The worker honeybee fat body proteome is extensively remodeled preceding a major life-history transition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24794. [PMID: 21969861 PMCID: PMC3182174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybee workers are essentially sterile female helpers that make up the majority of individuals in a colony. Workers display a marked change in physiology when they transition from in-nest tasks to foraging. Recent technological advances have made it possible to unravel the metabolic modifications associated with this transition. Previous studies have revealed extensive remodeling of brain, thorax, and hypopharyngeal gland biochemistry. However, data on changes in the abdomen is scarce. To narrow this gap we investigated the proteomic composition of abdominal tissue in the days typically preceding the onset of foraging in honeybee workers. In order to get a broader representation of possible protein dynamics, we used workers of two genotypes with differences in the age at which they initiate foraging. This approach was combined with RNA interference-mediated downregulation of an insulin/insulin-like signaling component that is central to foraging behavior, the insulin receptor substrate (irs), and with measurements of glucose and lipid levels. Our data provide new insight into the molecular underpinnings of phenotypic plasticity in the honeybee, invoke parallels with vertebrate metabolism, and support an integrated and irs-dependent association of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism with the transition from in-nest tasks to foraging.
Collapse
|
46
|
Jiroš P, Cvačka J, Hanus R, Kindl J, Kofroňová E, Valterová I. Changes in the composition of triacylglycerols in the fat bodies of bumblebee males during their lifetime. Lipids 2011; 46:863-71. [PMID: 21720931 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The age-dependent changes in the composition of triacylglycerols (TAG) in the fat bodies of bumblebee males were studied using HPLC/MS. Two related species (Bombus terrestris and B. lucorum) were compared, with the age of the males being 0-30 days. The total amount of TAG in B. lucorum was about 2.7 times higher than that in B. terrestris for all of the ages studied. One to three-day-old males had the highest content of TAG in their fat bodies (1.6-2.3 mg/individual in B. terrestris and 3.8-4.2 mg/individual in B. lucorum). The analytical data show different patterns in both species. The qualitative composition of fatty acids in TAG was similar, but the mean relative abundance between B. terrestris and B. lucorum differed: 14:0, 7 and 14%; 16:0, 20 and 44%; 18:3, 62 and 23%; 18:1, 3 and 8%, respectively (the data is based on a GC/MS integration). A statistical evaluation of the dynamic changes in the TAG composition revealed that in B. terrestris different age classes were well separated according to their TAG composition while in B. lucorum the TAG did not change substantially during the male's life. The TAG analyses provide more precise information on the differences between the classes studied than the FA composition alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jiroš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Initial analysis of the hemocyanin subunit type 1 (Hc1 gene) from Locusta migratoria manilensis. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3305-10. [PMID: 21706352 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanins are copper-containing (Cu(+)) proteins that transport oxygen in many arthropods hemolymph. We characterized Hc1 gene from the grasshopper species Locusta migratoria manilensis. In particular, we cloned and sequenced the corresponding cDNAs and studied their expression at different developmental stages. The cDNA of Hc1 gene (GenBank accession no.:HQ213937) is 2271 bp in length and the open reading frame is 2016 bp, which encodes a 672 amino acids protein with a calculated molecular mass of 77.9 kD and the isoelectric point of 6.06. Sequence alignment analysis result showed that this gene shares 94.7% identity with Schistocerca americana EHP. In addition, analysis of quantitative RT-PCR indicated that, LmiHc1 was expressed in the embyro (24, 39, 62, 86, 144, and 193 h after hatch), nymphs (1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar and 5th instar) and in adult. These results showed that Hc1 plays an important role in grasshopper, which may be related to an enhanced oxygen supply. Phylogenetic analysis of insecta based on Hc1 are basically consistent with the morphology.
Collapse
|
48
|
Rajarapu SP, Mamidala P, Herms DA, Bonello P, Mittapalli O. Antioxidant genes of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis): gene characterization and expression profiles. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:819-824. [PMID: 21439289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Phytophagous insects frequently encounter reactive oxygen species (ROS) from exogenous and endogenous sources. To overcome the effect of ROS, insects have evolved a suite of antioxidant defense genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), an exotic invasive insect pest from Asia has killed millions of ash trees and continues to invade North America at a rapid pace. From an on-going expressed sequence tag (EST) project of A. planipennis larval tissues, we identified ESTs coding for a Cu-Zn SOD (ApSOD1), a CAT (ApCAT1) and a GPX (ApGPX1). A multiple sequence alignment of the derived A. planipennis sequences revealed high homology with other insect sequences at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analysis of ApSOD1 grouped it with Cu-Zn SODs of other insect taxa. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis in different larval tissues (midgut, fat body, Malpighian tubule and cuticle) revealed high mRNA levels of ApCAT1 in the midgut. Interestingly, high mRNA levels for both ApSOD1 and ApGPX1 were observed in the Malpighian tubules. Assay of mRNA levels in developmental stages (larva, prepupa and adults) by qRT-PCR indicated high transcript levels of ApCAT1 and ApGPX1 in larval and prepupal stages with a decline in adults. On the other hand, the transcript levels of ApSOD1 were observed to be constitutive in all the developmental stages assayed. Results obtained reflect a plausible role of these A. planipennis antioxidant genes in quenching ROS from both diet (ash allelochemicals) as well as endogenous sources. These studies further help in understanding the adaptation/invasiveness of A. planipennis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Priya Rajarapu
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural and Research Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ohnishi A, Hull JJ, Kaji M, Hashimoto K, Lee JM, Tsuneizumi K, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Matsumoto S. Hormone signaling linked to silkmoth sex pheromone biosynthesis involves Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-mediated phosphorylation of the insect PAT family protein Bombyx mori lipid storage droplet protein-1 (BmLsd1). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24101-12. [PMID: 21572162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.250555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Species-specific sex pheromones released by female moths to attract conspecific male moths are synthesized de novo in the pheromone gland (PG) via the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. This pathway is regulated by a neurohormone termed pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), a 33-amino acid peptide that originates in the subesophageal ganglion. In the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, cytoplasmic lipid droplets, which store the sex pheromone (bombykol) precursor fatty acid, accumulate in PG cells. PBAN stimulates lipolysis of the stored lipid droplet triacylglycerols (TAGs) and releases the precursor for final modification. PBAN exerts its physiological function via the PG cell-surface PBAN receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor that belongs to the neuromedin U receptor family. The PBAN receptor-mediated signal is transmitted via a canonical store-operated channel activation pathway utilizing Gq-mediated phospholipase C activation (Hull, J. J., Kajigaya, R., Imai, K., and Matsumoto, S. (2007) Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71, 1993-2001; Hull, J. J., Lee, J. M., Kajigaya, R., and Matsumoto, S. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 31200-31213; Hull, J. J., Lee, J. M., and Matsumoto, S. (2010) Insect Mol. Biol. 19, 553-566). Little, however, is known about the molecular components regulating TAG lipolysis in PG cells. In the current study we found that PBAN signaling involves phosphorylation of an insect PAT family protein named B. mori lipid storage droplet protein-1 (BmLsd1) and that BmLsd1 plays an essential role in the TAG lipolysis associated with bombykol production. Unlike mammalian PAT family perilipins, however, BmLsd1 activation is dependent on phosphorylation by B. mori Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II rather than protein kinase A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ohnishi
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ravikumar G, Vardhana KV, Basavaraja HK. Characterization of lipophorin receptor (LpR) mediating the binding of high density lipophorin (HDLp) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:150. [PMID: 22236107 PMCID: PMC3391906 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In an earlier report, we described the gene encoding a lipophorin receptor (LpR) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), and recombinant expression of the protein. The present study was performed to characterize the corresponding native BmLpR and its binding characteristics. Polyclonal anti-LpR antibody prepared against the cloned receptor fragment from the cytoplasmic domain specifically detected the receptor. Through immunoblotting, ovary and brain membrane protein samples of BmLpR have shown an apparent molecular mass of 105 kDa and 120 kDa under nonreducing and reducing conditions, respectively. Ligand binding of LpR supported the immunoblot results. It bound to high density lipophorin (HDLp) and has shown requirement of Ca(2+) in binding. Further, a dose-dependent inhibition by EDTA was observed in receptor ligand binding. The characteristics of the BmLpR protein confirm the properties of a ligand-receptor interaction similar to that of vertebrate low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ravikumar
- Seri-biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Carmelaram Post, Kodathi, Bangalore 560035, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|