1
|
Segú H, Jalševac F, Lores M, Beltrán-Debón R, Terra X, Pinent M, Ardévol A, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Blay MT. Intestinal Taste Receptor Expression and Its Implications for Health: An Integrative Analysis in Female Rats after Chronic Insect Supplementation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13929-13942. [PMID: 38857423 PMCID: PMC11191688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Taste receptors are found in the gastrointestinal tract, where they are susceptible to dietary modulation, a key point that is crucial for diet-related responses. Insects are sustainable and good-quality protein sources. This study analyzed the impact of insect consumption on the modulation of taste receptor expression across various segments of the rat intestine under healthy or inflammatory conditions. Female Wistar rats were supplemented with Tenebrio molitor (T) or Alphitobius diaperinus (B), alongside a control group (C), over 21 days under healthy or LPS-induced inflammation. The present study reveals, for the first time, that insect consumption modulates taste receptor gene expression, mainly in the ascending colon. This modulation was not found under inflammation. Integrative analysis revealed colonic Tas1r1 as a key discriminator for insect consumption (C = 1.04 ± 0.32, T = 1.78 ± 0.72, B = 1.99 ± 0.82, p-value <0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Additionally, correlation analysis showed the interplay between intestinal taste receptors and metabolic and inflammatory responses. These findings underscore how insect consumption modulates taste receptors, influencing intestinal function and broader physiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Segú
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Florijan Jalševac
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mònica Lores
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Ardévol
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Blay
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang G, Liu R, Li Y, Aftab Q, Sun Z, Zhong Q. Effects of the kinetic pattern of dietary glucose release on nitrogen utilization, the portal amino acid profile, and nutrient transporter expression in intestinal enterocytes in piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:49. [PMID: 38500230 PMCID: PMC10946174 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoting the synchronization of glucose and amino acid release in the digestive tract of pigs could effectively improve dietary nitrogen utilization. The rational allocation of dietary starch sources and the exploration of appropriate dietary glucose release kinetics may promote the dynamic balance of dietary glucose and amino acid supplies. However, research on the effects of diets with different glucose release kinetic profiles on amino acid absorption and portal amino acid appearance in piglets is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the kinetic pattern of dietary glucose release on nitrogen utilization, the portal amino acid profile, and nutrient transporter expression in intestinal enterocytes in piglets. METHODS Sixty-four barrows (15.00 ± 1.12 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 groups and fed diets formulated with starch from corn, corn/barley, corn/sorghum, or corn/cassava combinations (diets were coded A, B, C, or D respectively). Protein retention, the concentrations of portal amino acid and glucose, and the relative expression of amino acid and glucose transporter mRNAs were investigated. In vitro digestion was used to compare the dietary glucose release profiles. RESULTS Four piglet diets with different glucose release kinetics were constructed by adjusting starch sources. The in vivo appearance dynamics of portal glucose were consistent with those of in vitro dietary glucose release kinetics. Total nitrogen excretion was reduced in the piglets in group B, while apparent nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention increased (P < 0.05). Regardless of the time (2 h or 4 h after morning feeding), the portal total free amino acids content and contents of some individual amino acids (Thr, Glu, Gly, Ala, and Ile) of the piglets in group B were significantly higher than those in groups A, C, and D (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis showed that different glucose release kinetic patterns resulted in different portal amino acid patterns in piglets, which decreased gradually with the extension of feeding time. The portal His/Phe, Pro/Glu, Leu/Val, Lys/Met, Tyr/Ile and Ala/Gly appeared higher similarity among the diet treatments. In the anterior jejunum, the glucose transporter SGLT1 was significantly positively correlated with the amino acid transporters B0AT1, EAAC1, and CAT1. CONCLUSIONS Rational allocation of starch resources could regulate dietary glucose release kinetics. In the present study, group B (corn/barley) diet exhibited a better glucose release kinetic pattern than the other groups, which could affect the portal amino acid contents and patterns by regulating the expression of amino acid transporters in the small intestine, thereby promoting nitrogen deposition in the body, and improving the utilization efficiency of dietary nitrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifu Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujie Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Dongfeng County Sika Deer Industry Development Service Center, Dongfeng County, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qamar Aftab
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingzhen Zhong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akhigbe RE, Adedamola Aminat BO, Akhigbe TM, Hamed MA. Glutamine Alleviates I/R-Induced Intestinal Injury and Dysmotility Via the Downregulation of Xanthine Oxidase/Uric Acid Signaling and Lactate Generation in Wistar Rats. J Surg Res 2024; 295:431-441. [PMID: 38070257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disruption of intestinal histoarchitecture and intestinal dysmotility is critical to intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and xanthine oxidase (XO)/uric acid (UA) signaling and increased lactate generation have been reported to play a role. More so, glutamine treatment has been demonstrated to inhibit XO/UA signaling. However, the role of glutamine in intestinal IR injury-induced intestinal dysmotility and the associated mechanisms of action are unclear. Therefore, this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the role of glutamine in intestinal IR injury. METHODS Forty male Wistar rats were acclimatized for two weeks and then randomized into four groups. The sham-operated, glutamine-treated, intestinal IR, and IR + glutamine groups. RESULTS Glutamine therapy attenuated the IR-induced increase in intestinal weight, disruption of intestinal histoarchitecture, and intestinal dysmotility. In addition, glutamine ameliorated IR-induced intestinal oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities), inflammation (increased TNF-α and IL-1β), and apoptosis (increased caspase three activity). These events were accompanied by glutamine alleviation of IR-induced upregulation of intestinal nuclear factor kappa B, XO/UA, and lactate generation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, XO/UA signaling and lactate levels are key factors in IR-induced intestinal injury and dysmotility, and glutamine-mediated XO/UA/lactate modulation may attenuate IR-induced intestinal injury and dysmotility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Tunmise Maryanne Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Breeding and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Agronomy, Osun State University, Osun State
| | - Moses Agbomhere Hamed
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Department of Research and Bioinformatics, The Brainwill Laboratory, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cooper AJL, Dorai T, Pinto JT, Denton TT. Metabolic Heterogeneity, Plasticity, and Adaptation to "Glutamine Addiction" in Cancer Cells: The Role of Glutaminase and the GTωA [Glutamine Transaminase-ω-Amidase (Glutaminase II)] Pathway. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1131. [PMID: 37627015 PMCID: PMC10452834 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers utilize l-glutamine as a major energy source. Often cited in the literature as "l-glutamine addiction", this well-characterized pathway involves hydrolysis of l-glutamine by a glutaminase to l-glutamate, followed by oxidative deamination, or transamination, to α-ketoglutarate, which enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, mammalian tissues/cancers possess a rarely mentioned, alternative pathway (the glutaminase II pathway): l-glutamine is transaminated to α-ketoglutaramate (KGM), followed by ω-amidase (ωA)-catalyzed hydrolysis of KGM to α-ketoglutarate. The name glutaminase II may be confused with the glutaminase 2 (GLS2) isozyme. Thus, we recently renamed the glutaminase II pathway the "glutamine transaminase-ω-amidase (GTωA)" pathway. Herein, we summarize the metabolic importance of the GTωA pathway, including its role in closing the methionine salvage pathway, and as a source of anaplerotic α-ketoglutarate. An advantage of the GTωA pathway is that there is no net change in redox status, permitting α-ketoglutarate production during hypoxia, diminishing cellular energy demands. We suggest that the ability to coordinate control of both pathways bestows a metabolic advantage to cancer cells. Finally, we discuss possible benefits of GTωA pathway inhibitors, not only as aids to studying the normal biological roles of the pathway but also as possible useful anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J. L. Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Thambi Dorai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - John T. Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Travis T. Denton
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99164, USA
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao J, Yang X, Qiu Z, Zhang R, Xu H, Wang T. Effects of tributyrin and alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on intestinal health of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides) fed with high soybean meal diet. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1140678. [PMID: 37266423 PMCID: PMC10230952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dietary tributyrin (TB) and alanyl-glutamine (AGn) on the intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed with high-level soybean meal (SM) diet, six isonitrogenous (41.36%) and isolipidic (10.25%) diets were formulated and fed to largemouth bass (initial body weight 25.5 ± 0.5g) for 8 weeks. The two control diets contained 34.8% peanut meal (PM) and 41.3% SM, while the other four experimental diets supplemented TB at 0.1% (TB0.1), 0.2% (TB0.2) and AGn at 1% (AGn1), 2% (AGn2) in SM, respectively. The results showed that there were no significant differences in weight gain, survival rate, and hepatosomatic index among all groups (P>0.05), while feed coefficient rate in AGn1, AGn2 and TB0.2 groups was significantly lower than that in SM group (P< 0.05). Compared with the PM group, the intestinal inflammation of largemouth bass in SM group were obvious, accompanied by the damage of intestinal structure, the decrease of digestive enzyme activity, and the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Compared with the SM group, the activities of intestinal trypsin, lipase and foregut amylase in TB and AGn groups increased significantly (P<0.05), and the gene expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were down-regulated, while the gene expression levels of target of rapamycin (TOR) and eIF4E-binding protein (4E-BP) were up-regulated in all experimental groups (P<0.05). It can be concluded that supplementation of 1%-2% AGn and 0.1%-0.2% TB can alleviate enteritis caused by high-level soybean meal, and the recommend level is 2% AGn and 0.2% TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou, China
| | - Zongsheng Qiu
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou, China
| | - Rongfei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lachica M, Rodríguez-López JM, González-Valero L, Fernández-Fígares I. Net Portal Appearance of Amino Acids in Iberian and Landrace Pigs Fed Different Protein Content in the Diet. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071263. [PMID: 37048518 PMCID: PMC10092945 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Iberian pigs have low rates of muscle protein deposition compared with modern breeds. Differences in net portal appearance (NPA) of amino acids (AA) might partially explain that. NPA of AA was measured in six Iberian and six Landrace gilts (28 kg) fitted with catheters in portal and mesenteric (para-aminohippuric acid infusion) veins, and carotid artery. Blood samples from porta and artery were simultaneously taken at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 6-h after feeding two isoenergetic diets (14-14.5 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter) with different crude protein (145 (LCP) and 187 (HCP) g/kg dry matter) content. NPA of essential AA (EAA) and non-essential AA (NEAA) was lower (p < 0.05) in Iberian than Landrace pigs, and in LCP than HCP diet. Fractional absorption (NPA/AA intake) of EAA, NEAA, and total AA was, respectively, 36, 49, and 44% lower in LCP than HCP diet in Iberian pigs; and 8, 2, and 4% greater in Landrace pigs. Fractional absorption of EAA, NEAA, and total AA was 42, 68, and 60% lower in Iberian than Landrace pigs fed LPC diet; and 1, 36, and 26% when fed the HCP diet. NPA of AA may partially explain the low growth rate of Iberian pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lachica
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, San Miguel 101, Armillla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez-López
- Départment Sciences Agronomiques et Animales, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais-Esitpa, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026 Beauvais, France
| | - Lucrecia González-Valero
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, San Miguel 101, Armillla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández-Fígares
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, San Miguel 101, Armillla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cook JR, Kohan AB, Haeusler RA. An Updated Perspective on the Dual-Track Model of Enterocyte Fat Metabolism. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100278. [PMID: 36100090 PMCID: PMC9593242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium has classically been envisioned as a conduit for nutrient absorption, but appreciation is growing for a larger and more dynamic role for enterocytes in lipid metabolism. Considerable gaps remain in our knowledge of this physiology, but it appears that the enterocyte's structural polarization dictates its behavior in fat partitioning, treating fat differently based on its absorption across the apical versus the basolateral membrane. In this review, we synthesize existing data and thought on this dual-track model of enterocyte fat metabolism through the lens of human integrative physiology. The apical track includes the canonical pathway of dietary lipid absorption across the apical brush-border membrane, leading to packaging and secretion of those lipids as chylomicrons. However, this track also reserves a portion of dietary lipid within cytoplasmic lipid droplets for later uses, including the "second-meal effect," which remains poorly understood. At the same time, the enterocyte takes up circulating fats across the basolateral membrane by mechanisms that may include receptor-mediated import of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins or their remnants, local hydrolysis and internalization of free fatty acids, or enterocyte de novo lipogenesis using basolaterally absorbed substrates. The ultimate destinations of basolateral-track fat may include fatty acid oxidation, structural lipid synthesis, storage in cytoplasmic lipid droplets, or ultimate resecretion, although the regulation and purposes of this basolateral track remain mysterious. We propose that the enterocyte integrates lipid flux along both of these tracks in order to calibrate its overall program of lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Cook
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison B. Kohan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,For correspondence: Rebecca A. Haeusler
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bae H, Lam K, Jang C. Metabolic flux between organs measured by arteriovenous metabolite gradients. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1354-1366. [PMID: 36075951 PMCID: PMC9534916 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian organs convert dietary nutrients into circulating metabolites and share them to maintain whole-body metabolic homeostasis. While the concentrations of circulating metabolites have been frequently measured in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, the exchange flux of circulating metabolites between organs is not easily measurable due to technical difficulties. Isotope tracing is useful for measuring such fluxes for a metabolite of interest, but the shuffling of isotopic atoms between metabolites requires mathematical modeling. Arteriovenous metabolite gradient measurements can complement isotope tracing to infer organ-specific net fluxes of many metabolites simultaneously. Here, we review the historical development of arteriovenous measurements and discuss their advantages and limitations with key example studies that have revealed metabolite exchange flux between organs in diverse pathophysiological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hosung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Katie Lam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paulusma CC, Lamers W, Broer S, van de Graaf SFJ. Amino acid metabolism, transport and signalling in the liver revisited. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115074. [PMID: 35568239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The liver controls the systemic exposure of amino acids entering via the gastro-intestinal tract. For most amino acids except branched chain amino acids, hepatic uptake is very efficient. This implies that the liver orchestrates amino acid metabolism and also controls systemic amino acid exposure. Although many amino acid transporters have been identified, cloned and investigated with respect to substrate specificity, transport mechanism, and zonal distribution, which of these players are involved in hepatocellular amino acid transport remains unclear. Here, we aim to provide a review of current insight into the molecular machinery of hepatic amino acid transport. Furthermore, we place this information in a comprehensive overview of amino acid transport, signalling and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Broer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stanescu S, Belanger-Quintana A, Fernandez-Felix BM, Ruiz-Sala P, del Valle M, Garcia F, Arrieta F, Martinez-Pardo M. Interorgan amino acid interchange in propionic acidemia: the missing key to understanding its physiopathology. Amino Acids 2022; 54:777-786. [PMID: 35098378 PMCID: PMC9167193 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Propionic acidemia is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the mitochondrial enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase that converts the propionyl CoA to methyl malonyl CoA. This leads to profound changes in distinct metabolic pathways, including the urea cycle, with consequences in ammonia detoxification. The implication of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is less well known, but its repercussions could explain both some of the acute and long-term symptoms of this disease.
Materials and methods
The present observational study investigates the amino acid profiles of patients with propionic acidemia being monitored at the Hospital Ramón y Cajal (Madrid, Spain), between January 2015 and September 2017, comparing periods of metabolic stability with those of decompensation with ketosis and/or hyperammonemia.
Results
The concentrations of 19 amino acids were determined in 188 samples provided by 10 patients. We identified 40 metabolic decompensation episodes (22 only with ketosis and 18 with hyperammonemia). Plasma glutamine and alanine levels were reduced during these metabolic crises, probably indicating deficiency of anaplerosis (p < 0.001 for both alanine and glutamine). Hypocitrulllinemia and hypoprolinemia were also detected during hyperammonemia (p < 0.001 and 0.03, respectively).
Conclusions
The amino acid profile detected during decompensation episodes suggests deficient anaplerosis from propionyl-CoA and its precursors, with implications in other metabolic pathways like synthesis of urea cycle amino acids and ammonia detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinziana Stanescu
- Unidad de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Crta de Colmenar Viejo, km 9,100, PC 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Belanger-Quintana
- Unidad de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Crta de Colmenar Viejo, km 9,100, PC 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Manuel Fernandez-Felix
- Unidad de Bioestadistica Clinica, Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Crta de Colmenar Viejo, km 9,100, PC 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Ruiz-Sala
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, PC 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes del Valle
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, PC 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, PC 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arrieta
- Unidad de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, CIBER-OBN, Crta de Colmenar Viejo, km 9,100, PC 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Martinez-Pardo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Crta de Colmenar Viejo, km 9,100, PC 28034, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang ZE, Zheng JJ, Bin Feng J, Wu D, Su S, Yang YJ, Wei Y, Chen ZH, Peng X. Glutamine relieves the hypermetabolic response and reduces organ damage in severe burn patients: A multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial. Burns 2021; 48:1606-1617. [PMID: 34973853 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe burns can cause a hypermetabolic response and organ damage. Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid with various pharmacological effects. In this study, whether glutamine could alleviate the hypermetabolic response and maintain organ function after burn injury was analyzed. METHODS A multicenter, randomized, single-blind, parallel controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of glutamine in decreasing hypermetabolism after burn injury. Physiological and biochemical indexes, such as vital signs, metabolic hormones, metabolic rate, and organ damage, were recorded on the 7th and 14th days after treatment. RESULTS In total, 55 adult burn patients with a total burn surface area (TBSA) of 30-70% were included in this study and randomly divided into the burn control (B, 28 patients) and burn+glutamine (B+G, 27 patients) groups. Except for the glutamine administration, the groups did not differ in the other treatments and nutrition supplements. The levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), lactulose/mannitol (L/M), β2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) and cardiac troponin l (cTnl) in the B+G group were significantly lower than those in the B group (p < 0.05 or 0.01). The levels of resting energy expenditure (REE), serum catecholamines, glucagon, lactate and Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) in the B+G group were significantly lower than those in the B group (p < 0.05 or 0.01). No significant difference was found in the length of hospitalization or the mortality rate between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Glutamine moderately alleviates the hypermetabolic response and reduces organ damage after severe burns. Therefore, the early application of glutamine, which is effective and safe, should be used as an active intervention as early as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi En Wang
- Department of Burns, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Jun Zheng
- Department of Burns, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin Bin Feng
- Department of Burn Surgery, No. 264 Hospital of PLA, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jun Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Hong Chen
- Department of Burns, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Department of Burns, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Shriners Burns Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kawaguchi S, Okada M. Cardiac Metabolism in Sepsis. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120846. [PMID: 34940604 PMCID: PMC8707959 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction is believed to be different from that of myocardial ischemia. In sepsis, chemical mediators, such as endotoxins, cytokines, and nitric oxide, cause metabolic abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, and downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors. These factors inhibit the production of ATP, essential for myocardial energy metabolism, resulting in cardiac dysfunction. This review focuses on the metabolic changes in sepsis, particularly in the heart. In addition to managing inflammation, interventions focusing on metabolism may be a new therapeutic strategy for cardiac dysfunction due to sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Motoi Okada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-166-68-2852
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Protective Effects of Dietary Supplement Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) against Toxically Impacts of Monosodium Glutamate in Blood and Behavior of Swiss mouse. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Well-known monosodium glutamate (E-621, MSG), originally used as a food flavor enhancer, was approved approximately in all countries, but the toxicity versus the safety of (MSG) are still unclear due to variable scientific toxicological reports. Moreover, it was reported to trigger elevated frequencies of nausea and headaches in humans and provide deleterious effects on laboratory animals. The objectives of the present study were to (i) estimate the possible toxic effects of the food additive MSG (ii) and the ameliorating protective effects of the dietary supplement spirulina (Spirulina platensis) on the biochemical parameters of blood and the damage produced in organs of Swiss mice after applying a supplementary daily dose of MSG for 4 weeks. (2) Methods: The present study was conducted on 20 mature Swiss mice, which were randomly organized into four groups of five Swiss mice. The treatments were (I) the control group, in which Swiss mice were fed only animal feed and drinking water; group II MSG1, which received 1 mL of MSG; group III MSG0.5, which was treated with 0.5 mL of MSG; and (IV) the group MSGS, which was treated with 1 mL of monosodium glutamate and 1 mL of spirulina (aiming to reduce the MSG toxicity). (3) Results: At the end of the experiment, Swiss mice treated with MSG demonstrated a passiveness regarding behavioral aspects. As we hypothesized, the parameters of the spirulina group reached similar values to the control group, and no histopathological observations have been found. Altogether, our findings evidenced that monosodium glutamate leads to histopathological changes in Swiss mice kidneys and caused important modifications for all biochemical parameters of the blood serum. Noticeably, the potential protective effect of Spirulina platensis was proved and was described by using the FTIR spectroscopy technique. (4) Conclusions: A diet rich in antioxidants and other plant-derived bioactive compounds may provide healthy nutrition, alleviating the potential side effects of some food additives.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bröer S, Gauthier-Coles G. Amino Acid Homeostasis in Mammalian Cells with a Focus on Amino Acid Transport. J Nutr 2021; 152:16-28. [PMID: 34718668 PMCID: PMC8754572 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid homeostasis is maintained by import, export, oxidation, and synthesis of nonessential amino acids, and by the synthesis and breakdown of protein. These processes work in conjunction with regulatory elements that sense amino acids or their metabolites. During and after nutrient intake, amino acid homeostasis is dominated by autoregulatory processes such as transport and oxidation of excess amino acids. Amino acid deprivation triggers processes such as autophagy and the execution of broader transcriptional programs to maintain plasma amino acid concentrations. Amino acid transport plays a crucial role in the absorption of amino acids in the intestine, the distribution of amino acids across cells and organs, the recycling of amino acids in the kidney, and the recycling of amino acids after protein breakdown.
Collapse
|
15
|
Metabolic Alterations in Sepsis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112412. [PMID: 34072402 PMCID: PMC8197843 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as “life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection”. Contrary to the older definitions, the current one not only focuses on inflammation, but points to systemic disturbances in homeostasis, including metabolism. Sepsis leads to sepsis-induced dysfunction and mitochondrial damage, which is suggested as a major cause of cell metabolism disorders in these patients. The changes affect the metabolism of all macronutrients. The metabolism of all macronutrients is altered. A characteristic change in carbohydrate metabolism is the intensification of glycolysis, which in combination with the failure of entering pyruvate to the tricarboxylic acid cycle increases the formation of lactate. Sepsis also affects lipid metabolism—lipolysis in adipose tissue is upregulated, which leads to an increase in the level of fatty acids and triglycerides in the blood. At the same time, their use is disturbed, which may result in the accumulation of lipids and their toxic metabolites. Changes in the metabolism of ketone bodies and amino acids have also been described. Metabolic disorders in sepsis are an important area of research, both for their potential role as a target for future therapies (metabolic resuscitation) and for optimizing the current treatment, such as clinical nutrition.
Collapse
|
16
|
Effect of age, stress and protein supply on plasma amino acids during continuous enteral nutrition; a pragmatic study in rats. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:3931-3939. [PMID: 34139466 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS As life expectancy increases, an increasing older population may require surgery with perioperative nutritional management. While little is known about the combined effect of age and stress on amino acid metabolism during enteral nutrition, we hypothesized that blood amino acid bioavailability may be influenced not only by the characteristics of the ingested protein but also by intestinal ageing and splanchnic sequestration of amino acids. Plasma amino acid kinetics were thus evaluated in aged and adult rats receiving continuous enteral nutrition before and after standardized surgical stress. METHODS Sixteen 5-month-old and sixteen 21-month-old male rats were used. After a gastrostomy, the insertion of a jugular vein catheter and a one-week recovery, the animals were enterally fed with commercially available formulas containing whole milk proteins or a whey hydrolysate for 24 h before (healthy state) and 18 h after a standardized laparotomy (surgical stress). Data were analyzed by 3-factor ANOVA. RESULTS In all rats, enteral nutrition was associated with a marked increase in plasma alanine, threonine, lysine and proline (+50 to +150 μmol/L; p < 0.001), and a decrease in glycine (≈-80 μmol/L; p < 0.01). For most amino acids, their availability depended first on the amino acid composition of each protein and second on surgical stress. Aging was only associated with higher tyrosine and threonine availability (p < 0.001). There was only limited statistical interaction between age and surgical stress. CONCLUSION In rats, plasma amino acid availability during continuous enteral nutrition is determined by the nature of the protein source and the occurrence of stress. The effects of aging on plasma amino acid availability seem very limited. Commonly used formulas therefore appear to be as suitable for elderly patients as for adult patients.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lachica M, Rojas-Cano M, Lara L, Haro A, Fernández-Fígares I. Net portal appearance of proteinogenic amino acids in Iberian pigs fed betaine and conjugated linoleic acid supplemented diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
The metabolic importance of the glutaminase II pathway in normal and cancerous cells. Anal Biochem 2020; 644:114083. [PMID: 33352190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In rapidly dividing cells, including many cancer cells, l-glutamine is a major energy source. Utilization of glutamine is usually depicted as: l-glutamine → l-glutamate (catalyzed by glutaminase isozymes; GLS1 and GLS2), followed by l-glutamate → α-ketoglutarate [catalyzed by glutamate-linked aminotransferases or by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)]. α-Ketoglutarate is a major anaplerotic component of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, the glutaminase II pathway also converts l-glutamine to α-ketoglutarate. This pathway consists of a glutamine transaminase coupled to ω-amidase [Net reaction: l-Glutamine + α-keto acid + H2O → α-ketoglutarate + l-amino acid + NH4+]. This review focuses on the biological importance of the glutaminase II pathway, especially in relation to metabolism of cancer cells. Our studies suggest a component enzyme of the glutaminase II pathway, ω-amidase, is utilized by tumor cells to provide anaplerotic carbon. Inhibitors of GLS1 are currently in clinical trials as anti-cancer agents. However, this treatment will not prevent the glutaminase II pathway from providing anaplerotic carbon derived from glutamine. Specific inhibitors of ω-amidase, perhaps in combination with a GLS1 inhibitor, may provide greater therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Effect of aging on the availability of amino acids from an immune-enhancing diet (IED) after a surgical stress in rats. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:2793-2801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
20
|
Burns JA, Kerney R, Duhamel S. Heterotrophic Carbon Fixation in a Salamander-Alga Symbiosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1815. [PMID: 32849422 PMCID: PMC7417444 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique symbiosis between a vertebrate salamander, Ambystoma maculatum, and unicellular green alga, Oophila amblystomatis, involves multiple modes of interaction. These include an ectosymbiotic interaction where the alga colonizes the egg capsule, and an intracellular interaction where the alga enters tissues and cells of the salamander. One common interaction in mutualist photosymbioses is the transfer of photosynthate from the algal symbiont to the host animal. In the A. maculatum-O. amblystomatis interaction, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether the algae in the egg capsule transfer chemical energy captured during photosynthesis to the developing salamander embryo. In experiments where we took care to separate the carbon fixation contributions of the salamander embryo and algal symbionts, we show that inorganic carbon fixed by A. maculatum embryos reaches 2% of the inorganic carbon fixed by O. amblystomatis algae within an egg capsule after 2 h in the light. After 2 h in the dark, inorganic carbon fixed by A. maculatum embryos is 800% of the carbon fixed by O. amblystomatis algae within an egg capsule. Using photosynthesis inhibitors, we show that A. maculatum embryos and O. amblystomatis algae compete for available inorganic carbon within the egg capsule environment. Our results confirm earlier studies suggesting a role of heterotrophic carbon fixation during vertebrate embryonic development. Our results also show that the considerable capacity of developing A. maculatum embryos for inorganic carbon fixation precludes our ability to distinguish any minor role of photosynthetically transferred carbon from algal symbionts to host salamanders using bicarbonate introduced to the egg system as a marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Burns
- Division of Biology and Paleo Environment, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
| | - Ryan Kerney
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, United States
| | - Solange Duhamel
- Division of Biology and Paleo Environment, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Dietary glutamate and the brain: In the footprints of a Jekyll and Hyde molecule. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:93-104. [PMID: 32687843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is a crucial neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system, a molecular component of our diet, and a popular food-additive. However, for decades, concerns have been raised about the issue of glutamate's safety as a food additive; especially, with regards to its ability (or otherwise) to cross the blood-brain barrier, cause excitotoxicity, or lead to neuron death. Results of animal studies following glutamate administration via different routes suggest that an array of effects can be observed. While some of the changes appear deleterious, some are not fully-understood, and the impact of others might even be beneficial. These observations suggest that with regards to the mammalian brain, exogenous glutamate might exert a double-sided effect, and in essence be a two-faced molecule whose effects may be dependent on several factors. This review draws from the research experiences of the authors and other researchers regarding the effects of exogenous glutamate on the brain of rodents. We also highlight the possible implications of such effects on the brain, in health and disease. Finally, we deduce that beyond the culinary effects of exogenous glutamate, there is the possibility of a beneficial role in the understanding and management of brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qi M, Wang J, Tan B, Li J, Liao S, Liu Y, Yin Y. Dietary glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate supplementation improves hepatic lipid metabolism in post-weaning piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:124-129. [PMID: 32542191 PMCID: PMC7283369 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A previous study has demonstrated that early weaning significantly suppressed hepatic glucose metabolism in piglets. Glutamate (Glu), aspartate (Asp) and glutamine (Gln) are major metabolic fuels for the small intestine and can alleviate weaning stress, and therefore might improve hepatic energy metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of Glu, Asp and Gln on the expression of hepatic genes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism in post-weaning piglets. Thirty-six weaned piglets were assigned to the following treatments: control diet (Control; basal diet + 15.90 g/kg alanine); Asp, Gln and Glu-supplemented diet (Control + AA; basal diet + 1.00 g/kg Asp + 5.00 g/kg Glu + 10.00 g/kg Gln); and the energy-restricted diet supplemented with Asp, Gln and Glu (Energy− + AA; energy deficient diet + 1.00 g/kg Asp + 5.00 g/kg Glu + 10.00 g/kg Gln). Liver samples were obtained on d 5 and 21 post-weaning. Piglets fed Energy− + AA diet had higher liver mRNA abundances of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), as well as higher protein expression of serine/threonine protein kinase 11 (LKB1), phosphor-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P-ACC) and SIRT1 compared with piglets fed control diet (P < 0.05) on d 5 post-weaning. Control + AA diet increased liver malic enzyme 1 (ME1) and SIRT1 mRNA levels, as well as protein expression of LKB1 and P-ACC on d 5 post-weaning (P < 0.05). On d 21 post-weaning, compared to control group, Glu, Gln and Asp supplementation up-regulated the mRNA levels of ACOX1, ME1 and SIRT1 (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that dietary Glu, Gln and Asp supplementation could improve hepatic lipid metabolism to some extent, which may provide nutritional intervention for the insufficient energy intake after weaning in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qi
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Bi'e Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Simeng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Singh S, Arthur S, Sundaram U. Mechanisms of Regulation of Transporters of Amino Acid Absorption in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:673-686. [PMID: 32163200 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of dietary amino acids/peptides is essential for protein homeostasis, which in turn is crucial for maintaining health as well as restoration of health from significant diseases. Dietary amino acids/peptides are absorbed by unique transporter processes present in the brush border membrane of absorptive villus cells, which line the entire length of the intestine. To date, the only nutrient absorptive system described in the secretory crypt cells in the mammalian intestine is the one that absorbs the amino acid glutamine. Majority of the amino acid transporters are sodium dependent and therefore require basolateral membrane Na-K-ATPase to maintain an efficient transcellular Na gradient for their activity. These transport processes are tightly regulated by various cellular and molecular mechanisms that facilitate their optimal activity during normal physiological processes. Malabsorption of amino acids, recently described in pathophysiological states such as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is undoubtedly responsible for the debilitating symptoms of IBD such as malnutrition, weight loss and ultimately a failure to thrive. Also recently, in vivo models of IBD and in vitro studies have demonstrated that specific immune-inflammatory mediators/pathways regulate specific amino acid transporters. This provides possibilities to derive novel nutrition and immune-based treatment options for conditions such as IBD. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:673-686, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soudamani Singh
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences and Appalachian Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Subha Arthur
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences and Appalachian Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Uma Sundaram
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences and Appalachian Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Chen H, Zhu W, Yu K. Cecal Infusion of Sodium Propionate Promotes Intestinal Development and Jejunal Barrier Function in Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060284. [PMID: 31141995 PMCID: PMC6617143 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids can exert influence on intestinal development and intestinal barrier function. Usually, it is well known that short-chain fatty acid butyrate provides energy for the colonic cell turnover and maintains the integrity of the colonic epithelium. However, the effect of short-chain fatty acid propionate on intestinal development and jejunal barrier function is given less attention. In this study, we found that cecal infusion of propionate promoted development of the jejunum and colon, and selectively enhanced jejunal tight junction protein expression. These results suggest that propionate by microbial fermentation in the hindgut has an important role in intestinal development and gut health. Abstract Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by microbial fermentation facilitate the differentiation and proliferation of intestinal epithelium. However, the role of individual SCFAs, such as propionate, on intestinal development is still unclear. In the present study, sixteen barrows fitted with a cecal fistula were randomly divided into two groups for cecal infusion of either saline (control group) or sodium propionate (propionate group). After 28 days, the length and the relative weight of intestinal segments were calculated, the intestinal morphology was assessed, and the expression of tight junction protein was measured using qPCR and Western blotting. Compared to the saline group, the length of the colon was significantly increased in the propionate group (p < 0.05). The jejunal villi length and villi/crypt ratio in the propionate group were significantly higher than in the saline group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, propionate infusion significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of Claudin-4 and the expression of Claudin-1, Claudin-4, and Occludin protein in the jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05). Collectively, these findings revealed that the short-chain fatty acid propionate in the hindgut contributed to intestinal development, and selectively enhanced jejunal tight junction protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Huizi Chen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Andersen AD, Nguyen DN, Langhorn L, Renes IB, van Elburg RM, Hartog A, Tims S, van de Looij Y, Sangild PT, Thymann T. Synbiotics Combined with Glutamine Stimulate Brain Development and the Immune System in Preterm Pigs. J Nutr 2019; 149:36-45. [PMID: 30608604 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm infants are born with an immature gut, brain, and immune system, predisposing them to short- and long-term complications. Objective We hypothesized that a milk diet supplemented with pre- and probiotics (i.e. synbiotics) and glutamine would improve gut, brain, and immune maturation in preterm neonates, using preterm pigs as a model. Methods Preterm pigs (Landrace x Yorkshire x Duroc, n = 40, delivered by c-section at 90% of gestation) were reared individually until day 23 after birth under highly standardized conditions. Piglets in the intervention group (PPG, n = 20) were fed increasing volumes of bovine milk supplemented with prebiotics (short-chain galacto- and long chain fructo-oligosaccharides 9:1, 4-12 g/L), probiotics (Bifidobacterium breve M16-V, 3 × 109 CFU/d) and l-glutamine [0.15-0.30 g/(kg · d)], and compared with pigs fed bovine milk with added placebo compounds as control (CON, n = 20). Clinical, gastrointestinal, immunological, cognitive, and neurological endpoints were measured. Results The PPG pigs showed more diarrhea but weight gain, body composition, and gut parameters were similar between the groups. Cognitive performance, assessed in a T-maze, was significantly higher in PPG pigs (P < 0.01), whereas motor function and exploratory interest were similar between the groups. Using ex vivo diffusion imaging, the orientation dispersion index in brain cortical gray matter was 50% higher (P = 0.04), and fractional anisotropy value was 7% lower (P = 0.05) in PPG pigs compared with CON pigs, consistent with increased dendritic branching in PPG. In associative fibers, radial diffusivity was lower and fractional anisotropy was higher in PPG pigs compared with CON pigs (all P < 0.05), while measures in the internal capsule showed a tendency towards reduced radial diffusivity and mean diffusivity (both P = 0.09). On day 23 pigs in the PPG group showed higher blood leukocyte numbers (+43%), neutrophil counts (+100%), and phagocytic rates (+24%), relative to CON, all P < 0.05. Conclusion Preterm pigs supplemented with Bifidobacterium breve, galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides, and l-glutamine showed enhanced neuronal and immunological development. The findings indicate the potential for targeted nutritional interventions after preterm birth, to support development of important systems such as immunity and brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders D Andersen
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Langhorn
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid B Renes
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruurd M van Elburg
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology & Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Yohan van de Looij
- Division of Child Development & Growth, University Children's Hospital Geneva & Functional and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Per T Sangild
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lachica M, Rodríguez-López JM, González-Valero L, Fernández-Fígares I. Iberian pig adaptation to acorn consumption: II. Net portal appearance of amino acids. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6137. [PMID: 30588411 PMCID: PMC6302897 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Iberian pig outdoor production, pigs are fed equilibrated diets until the final fattening period when grazing pigs consume mainly acorns from oak trees. Acorns are rich in energy but poor in crude protein where lysine is the first limiting amino acid (AA). Net portal appearance (NPA) is very useful to ascertain AA available for liver and peripheral tissues. The aim of this study was to determine NPA of AA in Iberian gilts fed with acorns and to ascertain if there was an effect of acorn feeding over time. Two sampling periods were carried out (after one day and after one week of acorn feeding) with six gilts (34 kg average BW) set up with three catheters: in carotid artery and portal vein for blood sampling, and ileal vein for a marker infusion to measure portal plasma flow (PPF). Pigs were fed at 2.5 × ME for maintenance a standard diet in two meals, at 09:00 (0.25) and 15:00 h (the remaining 0.75). The day previous to first sampling, pig diet was replaced by 2.4 kg of acorn. A serial blood collection was done at -5 min, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5 and 6 h after feeding 0.25 of total daily acorn ration. Following identical protocol, one week later the second sampling was done. NPA of sum of essential AA (EAA) was poor. Although increased NPA of histidine (P < 0.001), leucine, phenylalanine and valine (0.05 < P < 0.08) was found after one week of acorn consumption, the sum of EAA did not change. Furthermore, fractional absorption (NPA/AA intake) of EAA, non-essential AA (NEAA) and total AA was 97, 44 and 49% lower, respectively, at the beginning of eating acorn than a week later. Supplementation, with some of the EAA and NEAA to Iberian pigs during the grazing period would be beneficial to overcome the increased portal-drained viscera (PDV) utilization of AA observed in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lachica
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Lucrecia González-Valero
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández-Fígares
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fernández-Fígares I, Rodríguez-López JM, González-Valero L, Lachica M. Iberian pig adaptation to acorn consumption: I. Net portal appearance of metabolites. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5861. [PMID: 30402353 PMCID: PMC6215437 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most valuable cured products from Iberian pigs come from pure bred animals raised for a final grazing-fattening period where pigs eat mainly acorns, a low protein energy rich fruit. This is a nutritional challenge for animals fed equilibrated diets from weaning. The aim of the study was to determine net portal appearance (NPA) of metabolites in gilts fed acorns and evaluate adaptational changes after one week of feeding. Two sampling periods were carried out (after one day and after one week of acorn feeding) with six gilts (34 kg average BW) set up with three catheters: in carotid artery and portal vein for blood sampling, and ileal vein for para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) infusion to measure portal plasma flow (PPF). Pigs were fed at 2.5 × ME for maintenance a standard diet in two portions, at 09:00 (0.25) and 15:00 h (the remaining 0.75). On the day prior to the first sampling period, pigs were fed 2.4 kg of oak acorns. After feeding 0.25 of ration a 6 h serial blood collection was initiated. Following an identical protocol, a second sampling session was performed 1 week later. Adaptation to acorn consumption decreased NPA of ammonia (47%, P < 0.001). Although there was a transfer of urea from the gastrointestinal tract to the circulation in both sampling periods, no differences in NPA of urea was found (P > 0.05). NPA of glucose was not influenced by sampling period (P > 0.05), but NPA of lactate was greatly increased (231%, P < 0.001). There was a negative NPA of albumin although adaptation to acorn feeding did not alter it. Although NPA of triglycerides and cholesterol were unchanged, a subtle increase in arterial and portal cholesterol was noticed (9.6%, P < 0.01). Pigs fed a protein deficient diet for one week adapted decreasing NPA of ammonia for saving metabolic energy as less ammonia would become available for conversion to urea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernández-Fígares
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Lucrecia González-Valero
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Lachica
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Creatine-loading preserves intestinal barrier function during organ preservation. Cryobiology 2018; 84:69-76. [PMID: 30076796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel, intraluminal preservation solution that is tailored to the metabolic requirements of the intestine. This organ-specific solution addresses many of the problems associated with low temperature organ storage including energy, oxidative and osmotic stresses. However, conservation of energy levels remains one of the most difficult obstacles to overcome due to the inherent sensitivity of the mucosa to ischemia. Creatine-loading has become a popular and scientifically proven method of augmenting energy reserves in athletes performing anaerobic burst work activities. We hypothesized that if we could develop a method that was able to augment cellular energy levels, the structure and function of the mucosa would be more effectively preserved. The purpose of this study was to determine if creatine-loading is a feasible and effective strategy for preserving the intestine. Our data indicate that creatine loading has significant impact on energy levels during storage with corresponding improvements in mucosal structure and function. Both of our rodent models, a) continuous perfusion for 4 h and b) a single flush with our intraluminal preservation solution supplemented with 50 mM creatine, demonstrated significant improvements in creatine phosphate, ATP, Energy Charge and ATP/AMP following cold storage (P < 0.05). Notably, after 10 h creatine phosphate was 324% greater in Creatine-treated tissues compared to Controls (P < 0.05). Preferential utilization of glutathione in the Creatine group was effective at controlling oxidative injury after 10 h storage (P < 0.05). Improvements in barrier function and electrophysiology with creatine-treatment reflected superior mucosal integrity after 10 h storage; Permeability and Transepithelial resistance measurements remained at fresh tissue values. This was in stark contrast to Control tissues in which permeability rose to >300% of fresh tissue values (P < 0.005) and transepithelial resistance dropped by 95% (P < 0.005). After 10 h storage, Park's grading of histologic injury reflected extensive villus denudation (grade 4) in control tissues compared to healthy tissue (grade 0) in the Creatine group. This study demonstrates that a strategy of creatine supplementation of our intraluminal preservation solution facilitates the preservation of the intestinal mucosa during storage.
Collapse
|
29
|
Potts A, Uchida A, Deja S, Berglund ED, Kucejova B, Duarte JA, Fu X, Browning JD, Magnuson MA, Burgess SC. Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as a cataplerotic pathway in the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G249-G258. [PMID: 29631378 PMCID: PMC6139646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00039.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is a gluconeogenic enzyme that is highly expressed in the liver and kidney but is also expressed at lower levels in a variety of other tissues where it may play adjunct roles in fatty acid esterification, amino acid metabolism, and/or TCA cycle function. PEPCK is expressed in the enterocytes of the small intestine, but it is unclear whether it supports a gluconeogenic rate sufficient to affect glucose homeostasis. To examine potential roles of intestinal PEPCK, we generated an intestinal PEPCK knockout mouse. Deletion of intestinal PEPCK ablated ex vivo gluconeogenesis but did not significantly affect glycemia in chow, high-fat diet, or streptozotocin-treated mice. In contrast, postprandial triglyceride secretion from the intestine was attenuated in vivo, consistent with a role in fatty acid esterification. Intestinal amino acid profiles and 13C tracer appearance into these pools were significantly altered, indicating abnormal amino acid trafficking through the enterocyte. The data suggest that the predominant role of PEPCK in the small intestine of mice is not gluconeogenesis but rather to support nutrient processing, particularly with regard to lipids and amino acids. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The small intestine expresses gluconeogenic enzymes for unknown reasons. In addition to glucose synthesis, the nascent steps of this pathway can be used to support amino acid and lipid metabolisms. When phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, an essential gluconeogenic enzyme, is knocked out of the small intestine of mice, glycemia is unaffected, but mice inefficiently absorb dietary lipid, have abnormal amino acid profiles, and inefficiently catabolize glutamine. Therefore, the initial steps of intestinal gluconeogenesis are used for processing dietary triglycerides and metabolizing amino acids but are not essential for maintaining blood glucose levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Potts
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Aki Uchida
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stanislaw Deja
- 2Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Eric D. Berglund
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Blanka Kucejova
- 2Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joao A. Duarte
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- 2Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeffrey D. Browning
- 3Department of Clinical Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mark A. Magnuson
- 5Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shawn C. Burgess
- 1Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,4Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mansilla WD, Silva KE, Zhu C, Nyachoti CM, Htoo JK, Cant JP, de Lange CFM. Ammonia-Nitrogen Added to Low-Crude-Protein Diets Deficient in Dispensable Amino Acid-Nitrogen Increases the Net Release of Alanine, Citrulline, and Glutamate Post-Splanchnic Organ Metabolism in Growing Pigs. J Nutr 2018; 148:1081-1087. [PMID: 29878142 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary ammonia is rapidly absorbed but poorly used for urea synthesis in pigs fed low-crude-protein (low-CP) diets deficient in dispensable amino acid (DAA)-nitrogen. Objective We explored the effect of dietary ammonia on net amino acid (AA) balances in portal-drained viscera (PDV) and livers of pigs fed a diet deficient in DAA-nitrogen. Methods Eight barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 26.5 ± 1.4 kg (mean + SD) were surgically fitted with 4 catheters each (portal, hepatic, and mesenteric veins and carotid artery). The pigs were restricted-fed (2.8 × 191 kcal/kg BW0.60) for 7 d, and every 8 h a diet deficient in DAA-nitrogen supplemented with increasing amounts of ammonia-nitrogen (CP = 7.76%, 9.27%, and 10.77% for the control and low- and high-ammonia diets, respectively). The treatment sequence was based on a 3 × 3 Latin-square design with 3 consecutive periods. On the last day of each period, blood flows in portal and hepatic veins were determined with a continuous infusion of ρ-amino hippuric acid into the mesenteric vein. Consecutive blood samples were taken for AA concentration in blood plasma, and AA balances were calculated for PDV and the liver. Results Cumulative release of citrulline (Cit) and proline (Pro) increased with ammonia supplementation in PDV but decreased for glutamine (Gln) and glycine (Gly) (Gln: -19.32 ± 3.56, -32.50 ± 3.73, and -42.11 ± 3.55 mmol/meal for the control and low- and high-ammonia groups, respectively; P ≤ 0.05). Cumulative release of alanine (Ala), glutamic acid (Glu), and Gln increased with ammonia supplementation across the liver (P ≤ 0.05). When combined, PDV+liver, the cumulative release of Ala, Cit, and Glu increased with ammonia-nitrogen supplementation (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Dietary ammonia could be used as a nitrogen supplement to increase the synthesis of Ala, Cit, and Glu across splanchnic organs in pigs fed a diet deficient in DAA-nitrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo D Mansilla
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayla E Silva
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cuilan Zhu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John K Htoo
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - John P Cant
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Araya S, Kuster E, Gluch D, Mariotta L, Lutz C, Reding TV, Graf R, Verrey F, Camargo SMR. Exocrine pancreas glutamate secretion help to sustain enterocyte nutritional needs under protein restriction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G517-G536. [PMID: 29167114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00135.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the most concentrated amino acid in blood and considered conditionally essential. Its requirement is increased during physiological stress, such as malnutrition or illness, despite its production by muscle and other organs. In the malnourished state, Gln has been suggested to have a trophic effect on the exocrine pancreas and small intestine. However, the Gln transport capacity, the functional relationship of these two organs, and the potential role of the Gln-glutamate (Glu) cycle are unknown. We observed that pancreatic acinar cells express lower levels of Glu than Gln transporters. Consistent with this expression pattern, the rate of Glu influx into acinar cells was approximately sixfold lower than that of Gln. During protein restriction, acinar cell glutaminase expression was increased and Gln accumulation was maintained. Moreover, Glu secretion by acinar cells into pancreatic juice and thus into the lumen of the small intestine was maintained. In the intestinal lumen, Glu absorption was preserved and Glu dehydrogenase expression was augmented, potentially providing the substrates for increasing energy production via the TCA cycle. Our findings suggest that one mechanism by which Gln exerts a positive effect on exocrine pancreas and small intestine involves the Gln metabolism in acinar cells and the secretion of Glu into the small intestine lumen. The exocrine pancreas acinar cells not only avidly accumulate Gln but metabolize Gln to generate energy and to synthesize Glu for secretion in the pancreatic juice. Secreted Glu is suggested to play an important role during malnourishment in sustaining small intestinal homeostasis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glutamine (Gln) has been suggested to have a trophic effect on exocrine pancreas and small intestine in malnourished states, but the mechanism is unknown. In this study, we suggest that this trophic effect derives from an interorgan relationship between exocrine pancreas and small intestine for Gln-glutamate (Glu) utilization involving the uptake and metabolism of Gln in acinar cells and secretion of Glu into the lumen of the small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Araya
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - E Kuster
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - D Gluch
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - L Mariotta
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - C Lutz
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - T V Reding
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - R Graf
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - F Verrey
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - S M R Camargo
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Coyle JP, Rinaldi RJ, Johnson GT, Bourgeois MM, McCluskey JD, Harbison RD. Reduced oxygen tension culturing conditionally alters toxicogenic response of differentiated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts to acrolein. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:488-498. [PMID: 29564938 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1455785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein is a reactive electrophilic aldehyde known to cause mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of signaling transduction in vitro. Most in vitro systems employ standard cell culture maintenance conditions of 95% air/5% CO2, translating to a culture oxygen tension of approximately 20%, far above most physiological tissues. The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether low-serum, retinoic acid differentiated H9c2 cells were less sensitive to acrolein insult when cultured under reduced oxygen tension. H9c2 cells were maintained separately in 20% and 5% oxygen, differentiated for 5 d, and then exposed to acrolein for 30 min in media containing varying concentrations of tricarboxylic acid and glycolytic substrates, followed by fresh medium replacement. Cells were then assessed for MTT reduction at 2 h and 24 h after acrolein insult. We showed that pyruvate supplementation in combination with lowered oxygen culturing significantly attenuated acrolein-induced viability loss at 24 h. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition and EGTA preferentially provided partial rescue to low oxygen cultures, but not for standard cultures. Collectively, these results offer evidence supporting altered toxicogenic response of H9c2 during physiologically relevant oxygen tension culturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayme P Coyle
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath , College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Robert J Rinaldi
- b Department of Integrative Biology , College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Giffe T Johnson
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath , College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Marie M Bourgeois
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath , College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - James D McCluskey
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath , College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Raymond D Harbison
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath , College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Limketkai BN, Wolf A, Parian AM. Nutritional Interventions in the Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2018; 47:155-177. [PMID: 29413010 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional strategies have been explored as primary or adjunct therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Exclusive enteral nutrition is effective for the induction of remission in Crohn disease and is recommended as a first-line therapy for children. Dietary strategies focus on adjusting the ratio of consumed nutrients that are proinflammatory or antiinflammatory. Treatments with dietary supplements focus on the antiinflammatory effects of the individual supplements (eg, curcumin, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D) or their positive effects on the intestinal microbiome (eg, prebiotics, probiotics). This article discusses the role of diets and dietary supplements in the treatment of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berkeley N Limketkai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway M211, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Andrea Wolf
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alyssa M Parian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Ke P, Shao BZ, Xu ZQ, Chen XW, Liu C. Intestinal Autophagy and Its Pharmacological Control in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 7:695. [PMID: 28119697 PMCID: PMC5220102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly composed of the intestinal mucus layer and the epithelium, plays a critical role in nutrient absorption as well as protection from pathogenic microorganisms. It is widely acknowledged that the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier or the disturbance of microorganism balance in the intestinal tract contributes greatly to the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that involves degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles for recycling. The roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis and progression of IBD have been increasingly studied. This present review mainly describes the roles of autophagy of Paneth cells, macrophages, and goblet cells in IBD, and finally, several potential therapeutic strategies for IBD taking advantage of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiong-Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Moran ET. Gastric digestion of protein through pancreozyme action optimizes intestinal forms for absorption, mucin formation and villus integrity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
37
|
de Oliveira DC, da Silva Lima F, Sartori T, Santos ACA, Rogero MM, Fock RA. Glutamine metabolism and its effects on immune response: molecular mechanism and gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-016-0016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
38
|
Yoshida C, Maekawa M, Bannai M, Yamamoto T. Glutamate promotes nucleotide synthesis in the gut and improves availability of soybean meal feed in rainbow trout. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1021. [PMID: 27441140 PMCID: PMC4938806 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) plays various roles directly or through conversions to other amino acids in intracellular metabolisms such as energy source for enterocytes and precursor for nucleic acids. In this study, we examined the effect of single and chronic oral administration of Glu on cell proliferation in intestine and growth in rainbow trout fed soybean meal (SBM) based diet. In the single dose study, 30, 120 and 360 min after oral administration of 50 and 500 mg/kg Glu, the blood and intestine tissues were collected for amino acid concentration and gene expression analysis. Cell-proliferation was detected 24 h after administration using bromo-deoxy uridine (BrdU) in intestine. In the chronic experiment, fish were fed SBM-based diet added 1 and 2 % of Glu for 8 weeks. Final body weight, plasma amino acid concentrations, gene expression and cell-proliferation in the intestine were analyzed. The expressions of some nucleic acid-synthesis related genes were significantly increased 30 min after administration of 50 mg/kg of Glu. After 8 weeks of feeding, the fish fed SBM-based diet showed significantly lower body weight and microvillus thickness in proximal intestine. Supplementation of 2 % of Glu in the SBM-based feed improved both of them. Though it was not significant difference, Glu tended to increase cell-proliferation in the proximal intestine dose-dependently in both single and chronic administration. Our experiment indicates that Glu has positive effect on rainbow trout fed SBM-based feed by reforming proximal intestine through altering cell-proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chika Yoshida
- />Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-8681 Japan
- />Strategy Implementation Group, Business Strategy and Planning Department, Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition Group, Inc., Tokyo, 104-0031 Japan
| | - Mayumi Maekawa
- />Material Development and Application Labs, Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-8681 Japan
| | - Makoto Bannai
- />Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-8681 Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- />Feed Group, Tamaki Laboratory, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Borel MJ, Williams PE, Jabbour K, Flakoll PJ. Chronic Hypocaloric Parenteral Nutrition Containing Glutamine Promotes Hepatic Rather Than Skeletal Muscle or Gut Uptake of Glutamine After Fasting. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/014860719602000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
40
|
Tamada H, Nezu R, Imamura I, Matsuo Y, Takagi Y, Kamata S, Okada A. The Dipeptide Alanyl-Glutamine Prevents Intestinal Mucosal Atrophy in Parenterally Fed Rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 16:110-6. [PMID: 1372946 DOI: 10.1177/0148607192016002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine whether the addition of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) can prevent intestinal mucosal atrophy induced by standard solution of total parenteral nutrition (S-TPN). Forty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 g were randomly divided into four groups: group I was killed after overnight fasting; group II received S-TPN. The other groups received S-TPN supplemented with amino acids other than glutamine (group III) or supplemented with Ala-Gln 2 g/100 mL (group IV); both solutions were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. After 1 week of TPN the rats were killed, and the duodenum, proximal jejunum, mid-small bowel, and distal ileum were obtained for morphologic and functional analysis. Weight gain did not differ significantly among these four groups, and there was no difference in nitrogen balance between groups III and IV. Serum glutamine in group IV (102.8 +/- 13.3 mumol/dL) was significantly increased (p less than .05) compared with groups I, II, and III (66.2 +/- 3.9, 55.7 +/- 7.8, and 61.3 +/- 10.8 mumol/dL, respectively). Mucosal wet weight, protein, RNA, sucrase, and maltase of group IV were significantly increased (p less than .05) compared with groups II and III. Villus height was significantly increased (p less than .05) in the jejunum of group IV rats compared with groups II and III, but not in any other segments of the intestine. No significant changes were observed in crypt depth among all groups. Diamine oxidase in groups II, III, and IV was significantly decreased (p less than .05) compared with group I in all segments except for the ileum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tamada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Quantification of 18 amino acids in human plasma: application in renal transplant patient plasma by targeted UHPLC–MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1337-51. [PMID: 27277874 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantification of amino acids in human plasma has become an important and essential analysis parameter in life science. In this paper, we developed a targeted UHPLC–MS/MS method for 18 amino acids in the renal transplant patients. Methods & results: Plasma in small volume (150 μl) was pretreated by a one-step protein precipitant extraction for analysis. Detection was executed by MS/MS in the MRM mode. Assays were validated according to current bioanalytical guidelines, with good linearity (R > 0.99), intraday and interday precision (CV < 11.6%, RE ≤ ± 14.8%), extraction recovery (between 77.4 and 117.6%), matrix effect (73.3–118.0%) and stability (RE≤ ±14.7%). Conclusion: The method was successfully applicable for amino acid analysis in the renal transplant patient.
Collapse
|
42
|
D'Aquila T, Hung YH, Carreiro A, Buhman KK. Recent discoveries on absorption of dietary fat: Presence, synthesis, and metabolism of cytoplasmic lipid droplets within enterocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:730-47. [PMID: 27108063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fat provides essential nutrients, contributes to energy balance, and regulates blood lipid concentrations. These functions are important to health, but can also become dysregulated and contribute to diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Within enterocytes, the digestive products of dietary fat are re-synthesized into triacylglycerol, which is either secreted on chylomicrons or stored within cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). CLDs were originally thought to be inert stores of neutral lipids, but are now recognized as dynamic organelles that function in multiple cellular processes in addition to lipid metabolism. This review will highlight recent discoveries related to dietary fat absorption with an emphasis on the presence, synthesis, and metabolism of CLDs within this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa D'Aquila
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alicia Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kimberly K Buhman
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yang C, Yang X, Lackeyram D, Rideout TC, Wang Z, Stoll B, Yin Y, Burrin DG, Fan MZ. Expression of apical Na(+)-L-glutamine co-transport activity, B(0)-system neutral amino acid co-transporter (B(0)AT1) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 along the jejunal crypt-villus axis in young pigs fed a liquid formula. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1491-508. [PMID: 26984322 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gut apical amino acid (AA) transport activity is high at birth and during suckling, thus being essential to maintain luminal nutrient-dependent mucosal growth through providing AA as essential metabolic fuel, substrates and nutrient stimuli for cellular growth. Because system-B(0) Na(+)-neutral AA co-transporter (B(0)AT1, encoded by the SLC6A19 gene) plays a dominant role for apical uptake of large neutral AA including L-Gln, we hypothesized that high apical Na(+)-Gln co-transport activity, and B(0)AT1 (SLC6A19) in co-expression with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were expressed along the entire small intestinal crypt-villus axis in young animals via unique control mechanisms. Kinetics of Na(+)-Gln co-transport activity in the apical membrane vesicles, prepared from epithelial cells sequentially isolated along the jejunal crypt-villus axis from liquid formula-fed young pigs, were measured with the membrane potential being clamped to zero using thiocyanate. Apical maximal Na(+)-Gln co-transport activity was much higher (p < 0.05) in the upper villus cells than in the middle villus (by 29 %) and the crypt (by 30 %) cells, whereas Na(+)-Gln co-transport affinity was lower (p < 0.05) in the upper villus cells than in the middle villus and the crypt cells. The B(0)AT1 (SLC6A19) mRNA abundance was lower (p < 0.05) in the crypt (by 40-47 %) than in the villus cells. There were no significant differences in B(0)AT1 and ACE2 protein abundances on the apical membrane among the upper villus, the middle villus and the crypt cells. Our study suggests that piglet fast growth is associated with very high intestinal apical Na(+)-neutral AA uptake activities via abundantly co-expressing B(0)AT1 and ACE2 proteins in the apical membrane and by transcribing the B(0)AT1 (SLC6A19) gene in the epithelia along the entire crypt-villus axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN, 56093, USA
| | - Dale Lackeyram
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, the State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA
| | - Zirong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Barbara Stoll
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ming Z Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shen YB, Ferket P, Park I, Malheiros RD, Kim SW. Effects of feed grade L-methionine on intestinal redox status, intestinal development, and growth performance of young chickens compared with conventional DL-methionine. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2977-86. [PMID: 26115284 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the effects of supplemental L-Met on redox status, gut development, and growth performance of young broiler chickens compared with DL-Met. A total of 888 (half male and half female) 1-d-old Ross 308 chickens were weighed and randomly allotted to 7 treatments in a randomized complete block design for 21 d, including a basal diet (BD), the BD + 0.095% L-Met or DL-Met, the BD + 0.190% L-Met or DL-Met, and the BD + 0.285% L-Met or DL-Met (representing 60, 70, 80, and 90% of the Met + Cys requirement). Feed disappearance and BW were recorded every 7 d. Liver and duodenum samples were collected on d 0, 7, and 21 to measure redox status and intestine morphology. On d 7, chicks fed a diet supplemented with either 0.285% L-Met or 0.285% DL-Met had increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and reduced (P < 0.05) protein carbonyl (PC) and malonedialdehyde contents in duodenum mucosa compared with chicks fed the BD. Chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% L-Met had greater (P < 0.05) villus width compared with chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% DL-Met. Chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% L-Met had lower (P < 0.05) crypt depth and greater (P < 0.05) villus height:crypt depth ratio compared with chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% DL-Met or the BD. On d 21, chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% L-Met had increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of GSH and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) but reduced (P < 0.05) PC content in duodenum mucosa compared with chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% DL-Met and the BD. Chicks fed a diet supplemented with 0.285% L-Met had greater (P < 0.05) villus height compared with chicks fed the BD. During the entire 21-d supplementation of either L-Met or DL-Met, ADG and G:F were enhanced (P < 0.01) compared with chicks fed the BD. Chicks fed diets supplemented with L-Met had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F than chicks fed diets supplemented with DL-Met. The relative bioavailability of L-Met to DL-Met for ADG and G:F was 138.2 and 140.7%, respectively. Overall, supplementation of either L-Met or DL-Met has beneficial effects on villus development in association with increased GSH production and levels of TAC and reduced protein oxidation in duodenum. Supplementation of L-Met served a better function on redox status and development of the gut of chicks compared with DL-Met. Chicks fed diets with L-Met had better growth response than chicks fed diets with DL-Met.
Collapse
|
45
|
Yang H, Xiong X, Yin Y. Metabolomic analysis of intestinal epithelial cell maturation along the crypt–villus axis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present experiment showed a gradual change in the metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells during maturation along CVA. Metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose was significantly different between villus and crypt cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huansheng Yang
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Research Center of Healthy Breeding Livestock & Poultry
- Human Engineering & Research Center of Animal & Poultry Science
- Key Lab Agroecology Processing Subtropical Region
| | - Xia Xiong
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Research Center of Healthy Breeding Livestock & Poultry
- Human Engineering & Research Center of Animal & Poultry Science
- Key Lab Agroecology Processing Subtropical Region
| | - Yulong Yin
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Research Center of Healthy Breeding Livestock & Poultry
- Human Engineering & Research Center of Animal & Poultry Science
- Key Lab Agroecology Processing Subtropical Region
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rocheteau P, Chatre L, Briand D, Mebarki M, Jouvion G, Bardon J, Crochemore C, Serrani P, Lecci PP, Latil M, Matot B, Carlier PG, Latronico N, Huchet C, Lafoux A, Sharshar T, Ricchetti M, Chrétien F. Sepsis induces long-term metabolic and mitochondrial muscle stem cell dysfunction amenable by mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10145. [PMID: 26666572 PMCID: PMC4682118 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, or systemic inflammatory response syndrome, is the major cause of critical illness resulting in admission to intensive care units. Sepsis is caused by severe infection and is associated with mortality in 60% of cases. Morbidity due to sepsis is complicated by neuromyopathy, and patients face long-term disability due to muscle weakness, energetic dysfunction, proteolysis and muscle wasting. These processes are triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines and metabolic imbalances and are aggravated by malnutrition and drugs. Skeletal muscle regeneration depends on stem (satellite) cells. Herein we show that mitochondrial and metabolic alterations underlie the sepsis-induced long-term impairment of satellite cells and lead to inefficient muscle regeneration. Engrafting mesenchymal stem cells improves the septic status by decreasing cytokine levels, restoring mitochondrial and metabolic function in satellite cells, and improving muscle strength. These findings indicate that sepsis affects quiescent muscle stem cells and that mesenchymal stem cells might act as a preventive therapeutic approach for sepsis-related morbidity. Sepsis patients often develop muscle atrophy that can last for years. Here the authors show in a mouse model that sepsis causes long-term impairment of the satellite cells, affecting mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, and that injection of mesenchymal stem cells restores satellite cell metabolism and muscle regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Rocheteau
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - L Chatre
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells and Development, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France.,Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, CNRS UMR 3525, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - D Briand
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - M Mebarki
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - G Jouvion
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - J Bardon
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - C Crochemore
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells and Development, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France.,Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, CNRS UMR 3525, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - P Serrani
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - P P Lecci
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - M Latil
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - B Matot
- NMR Laboratory, Institute of Myology, Paris 75013, France.,CEA, I2BM, MIRCen, NMR Laboratory, Paris 75013, France
| | - P G Carlier
- NMR Laboratory, Institute of Myology, Paris 75013, France.,CEA, I2BM, MIRCen, NMR Laboratory, Paris 75013, France
| | - N Latronico
- Anesthesia and Reanimation Department, Department of Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia 25121, Italy
| | - C Huchet
- INSERM UMR1087/ CNRS UMR6291, Institut du Thorax, Therassay, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, F44322 Nantes 44000, France
| | - A Lafoux
- INSERM UMR1087/ CNRS UMR6291, Institut du Thorax, Therassay, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, F44322 Nantes 44000, France
| | - T Sharshar
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France.,Service de réanimation médico-chirurgicale adulte, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches 92380, France.,Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Versailles 78000, France.,TRIGGERSEP, F-CRIN Network, Versailles 78000, France
| | - M Ricchetti
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells and Development, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France.,Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, CNRS UMR 3525, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France
| | - F Chrétien
- Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75724 cedex15, Paris, France.,TRIGGERSEP, F-CRIN Network, Versailles 78000, France.,Laboratoire de Neuropathologie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris 75014, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Larsen M, Galindo C, Ouellet D, Maxin G, Kristensen N, Lapierre H. Abomasal amino acid infusion in postpartum dairy cows: Effect on whole-body, splanchnic, and mammary amino acid metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7944-61. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
48
|
Shen YB, Weaver AC, Kim SW. Effect of feed grade L-methionine on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with conventional DL-methionine. J Anim Sci 2015; 92:5530-9. [PMID: 25414105 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test if supplementation of LMET has beneficial effects on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs compared with DL-Met. In Exp. 1, 168 pigs in 56 pens were randomly allotted to 7 dietary treatments for 20 d, including a basal diet (BD; 55% of the NRC requirement for Met), the BD+0.048% L-Met or DL-Met (70% of the NRC requirement), the BD+0.096% L-Met or DL-Met (85% of the NRC requirement), and the BD+0.144% L-Met or DL-Met (100% of the NRC requirement). Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded every 5 d for computation of growth performance. In Exp. 2, 20 individually housed nursery pigs were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments for 20 d: DML (0.16% Met from the BD+0.145% supplemental DL-Met) or LMET (0.16% Met from the BD+0.145% supplemental L-Met). Both diets had Met meeting 95% of the NRC requirement. Duodenum samples from all pigs were collected at the end of the trial to evaluate morphology and redox status. In Exp. 1, during the entire 20 d, pigs fed diets supplemented with L-Met tended to have greater (P=0.087) ADG and reduced (P<0.01) plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) than pigs fed diets supplemented with DL-Met. The relative bioavailability (RBA) of L-Met to DL-Met for ADG and G:F was 143.8 and 122.7%, respectively. In Exp. 2, pigs fed a diet supplemented with L-Met had duodenum tissue with greater (P<0.05) concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and greater villus height and width as well as lower (P<0.05) concentrations of protein carbonyl compared with pigs fed DL-Met. Overall, compared with DL-Met, the use of L-Met as a source of supplemental Met in nursery pig diets enhanced duodenum villus development in association with reduced oxidative stress and improved GSH. The beneficial effects of supplementing L-Met compared to DL-Met in gut of nursery pigs resulted in a potential enhancement of ADG and reduction of PUN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y B Shen
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - A C Weaver
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - S W Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jiao N, Wu Z, Ji Y, Wang B, Dai Z, Wu G. L-Glutamate Enhances Barrier and Antioxidative Functions in Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells. J Nutr 2015; 145:2258-64. [PMID: 26338884 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-Glutamate (Glu) is a major amino acid in milk and postweaning diets for mammals (including pigs and human infants). However, effects of Glu on intestinal mucosal barrier and antioxidative functions are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that Glu may enhance the barrier function of intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) cells by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins. METHODS IPEC-1 cells were cultured with or without Glu in the presence or absence of 1 mmol/L diquat (an oxidant) for indicated time points. Cell numbers, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), mRNA, and protein abundance of glutamate transporter, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the abundance of tight junction proteins were determined. RESULTS Compared with 0 mmol/L Glu, 0.5-, 1-, and 2 mmol/L Glu stimulated (P < 0.05) cell growth by 13-37% at 24 h and 12-34% at 48 h, respectively. In addition, 0.5 mmol/L Glu increased (P < 0.05) TEER (by 58% at 24 h and by 98% at 48 h, respectively). These effects of Glu were associated with increased mRNA abundance of Glu transporter solute carrier family 1 member 1 (SLC1A1) by 30-130% and protein abundance of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (encoded by SLC1A1) by 19-34%, respectively. In a cell model of oxidative stress induced by 1 mmol/L diquat, 0.5 mmol/L Glu enhanced cell viability, TEER, and membrane integrity (as indicated by the reduced release of LDH) in IPEC-1 cells by increasing the abundance of the tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-3, zonula occludens (ZO)-2, and ZO-3. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that Glu plays an important role in mucosal barrier function by enhancing cell growth and maintaining membrane integrity in response to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jiang J, Shi D, Zhou XQ, Yin L, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang WD, Zhao Y. Effects of glutamate on growth, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant-related signaling molecule expression in primary cultures of fish enterocytes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1143-53. [PMID: 25999304 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the effects of glutamate (Glu) on the growth, antioxidant capacity, and gene expression of NF-E2-related nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling molecule in enterocytes of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). The enterocytes were incubated in media containing 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mM/L Glu for 96 h. The results showed that Glu could promote fish enterocytes proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, activities of alkaline phosphatase, Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and creatine kinase were significantly improved with the increase in Glu level up to 6 mM/L. Lactic acid dehydrogenase activity and malondialdehyde content in the medium and cellular protein carbonyls were depressed by Glu. Moreover, optimum Glu significantly enhanced glutathione content and the activities and gene expression of catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase in enterocytes. Finally, the expression level of Nrf2 in enterocytes was significantly elevated by appropriate Glu content in the medium. Furthermore, optimum Glu significantly decreased Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 mRNA level in enterocytes. In conclusion, Glu improved the proliferation, function, and antioxidant capacity and regulated antioxidant-related signaling molecule expression of fish enterocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|