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Takahashi S, Ishizuka S, Kitamura K, Yang T, Abe SI, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF. Growth patterns of facial muscles at the angle of the mouth: A histological study using midterm and near-term human fetuses. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38953435 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
At the angle of the mouth, spoke-like muscle bundles converge at the "modiolus," which is believed to appear in utero. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth of the modiolus histologically. We studied frontal histological sections of the face from 12 midterm and six near-term fetuses. At midterm, a convergence of the levator anguli oris (LAOM) and depressor anguli oris (DAOM) was frequently present, and another convergence of the LAOM with the platysma (PM) or orbicularis oris (OOM) was also often evident. At near-term, muscle fiber merging or interdigitation was classified into nine combinations, five of which were frequently seen: LAOM-PM, LAOM-DAOM, zygomaticus major (ZMM)-orbicularis oris (OOM), buccinator (BM)-LAOM, and BM-PM. These combinations existed at slightly different depths and/or sites, thus allowing the angle of the mouth to receive multiple muscles. Notably, tissues interposed between the muscle fibers were limited to a thin epimysium at each crossing or interdigitation. Therefore, the LAOM, DAOM, OOM, BM, and PM appear to form a basic configuration at birth, but the development and growth were much delayed than the classical description. The modiolus is not a specific fibromuscular structure but simply represents a cluster of muscle convergence sites. Even at meeting between an elevator and depressor, a specific fibrous structure seems unlikely to connect the epimysium for the muscle convergence. Instead, the central nervous system appears to regulate the activity of related muscles to minimize tension or friction stress at the meeting site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kitamura
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianyi Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Cupid Clinic, Iwamizawa, Japan
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Pirri C, Petrelli L, Guidolin D, Porzionato A, Fede C, Macchi V, De Caro R, Stecco C. Myofascial junction: Emerging insights into the connection between deep/muscular fascia and muscle. Clin Anat 2024; 37:534-545. [PMID: 38476005 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Muscles and fasciae are mutually connected and are influenced by force transmission. However, the anatomical connectivity and histological features of these structures remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the evidence for connection between muscles and deep/muscular fasciae. We assessed this relationship in different topographical regions of human cadavers and in mice. The results showed that myofascial junctions (MFJ) were made up of collagen I immune-positive structures occupying an average area of 5.11 ± 0.81 μm2, distributed in discrete regions at the interface between muscle and fascia with an average density of 9.7 ± 2.51 MFJ/mm and an average inclination angle of 35.25 ± 1.52°. These specialized structures also showed collagen III and HA immunopositivity and the presence of elastic fibers. The human myofascial junction can be visualized, opening emerging insights into the connection between deep/muscular fascia and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Pirri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Petrelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Fede
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Aussieker T, Janssen TAH, Hermans WJH, Holwerda AM, Senden JM, van Kranenburg JMX, Goessens JPB, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. Coingestion of Collagen With Whey Protein Prevents Postexercise Decline in Plasma Glycine Availability in Recreationally Active Men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:189-198. [PMID: 38604602 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Whey protein ingestion during recovery from exercise increases myofibrillar but not muscle connective protein synthesis rates. It has been speculated that whey protein does not provide sufficient glycine to maximize postexercise muscle connective protein synthesis rates. In the present study, we assessed the impact of coingesting different amounts of collagen with whey protein as a nutritional strategy to increase plasma glycine availability during recovery from exercise. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 14 recreationally active men (age: 26 ± 5 years; body mass index: 23.8 ± 2.1 kg·m-2) ingested in total 30 g protein, provided as whey protein with 0 g (WHEY), 5 g (WC05); 10 g (WC10), and 15 g (WC15) of collagen protein immediately after a single bout of resistance exercise. Blood samples were collected frequently over 6 hr of postexercise recovery to assess postprandial plasma amino acid kinetics and availability. Protein ingestion strongly increased plasma amino acid concentrations (p < .001) with no differences in plasma total amino acid availability between treatments (p > .05). The postprandial rise in plasma leucine and essential amino acid availability was greater in WHEY compared with the WC10 and WC15 treatments (p < .05). Plasma glycine and nonessential amino acid concentrations declined following whey protein ingestion but increased following collagen coingestion (p < .05). Postprandial plasma glycine availability averaged -8.9 ± 5.8, 9.2 ± 3.7, 23.1 ± 6.5, and 39.8 ± 11.0 mmol·360 min/L in WHEY, WC05, WC10, and WC15, respectively (incremental area under curve values, p < .05). Coingestion of a small amount of collagen (5 g) with whey protein (25 g) is sufficient to prevent the decline in plasma glycine availability during recovery from lower body resistance-type exercise in recreationally active men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Aussieker
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A H Janssen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Zein MI, Mokkenstorm MJK, Cardinale M, Holtzhausen L, Whiteley R, Moen MH, Reurink G, Tol JL. Baseline clinical and MRI risk factors for hamstring reinjury showing the value of performing baseline MRI and delaying return to play: a multicentre, prospective cohort of 330 acute hamstring injuries. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:766-776. [PMID: 38729628 PMCID: PMC11228232 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies identifying clinical and MRI reinjury risk factors are limited by relatively small sample sizes. This study aimed to examine the association between baseline clinical and MRI findings with the incidence of hamstring reinjuries using a large multicentre dataset. METHODS We merged data from four prospective studies (three randomised controlled trials and one ongoing prospective case series) from Qatar and the Netherlands. Inclusion criteria included patients with MRI-confirmed acute hamstring injuries (<7 days). We performed multivariable modified Poisson regression analysis to assess the association of baseline clinical and MRI data with hamstring reinjury incidence within 2 months and 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS 330 and 308 patients were included in 2 months (31 (9%) reinjuries) and 12 months (52 (17%) reinjuries) analyses, respectively. In the 2-month analysis, the presence of discomfort during the active knee extension test was associated with reinjury risk (adjusted risk ratio (ARR) 3.38; 95% CI 1.19 to 9.64). In the 12 months analysis, the time to return to play (RTP) (ARR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.00), straight leg raise angle on the injured leg (ARR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00), the presence of discomfort during active knee extension test (ARR 2.52; 95% CI 1.10 to 5.78), the extent of oedema anteroposterior on MRI (ARR 0.74; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.96) and myotendinous junction (MTJ) involvement on MRI (ARR 3.10; 95% CI 1.39 to 6.93) were independently associated with hamstring reinjury. CONCLUSIONS Two clinical findings (the presence of discomfort during active knee extension test, lower straight leg raise angle on the injured leg), two MRI findings (less anteroposterior oedema, MTJ involvement) and shorter time to RTP were independently associated with increased hamstring reinjury risk. These findings may assist the clinician to identify patients at increased reinjury risk following acute hamstring injury. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT01812564; NCT02104258; NL2643; NL55671.018.16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikhwan Zein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Milo J K Mokkenstorm
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Sports Science, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Louis Holtzhausen
- Sports Medicine Department, Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rod Whiteley
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Maarten H Moen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Bergman Clinics BV, Naarden, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Reurink
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS), Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kim JH, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Sekiya R, Yang T, Abe SI. Insertions of the striated muscles in the skin and mucosa: a histological study of fetuses and cadavers. Anat Cell Biol 2024; 57:278-287. [PMID: 38720632 PMCID: PMC11184418 DOI: 10.5115/acb.24.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Striated muscle insertions into the skin and mucosa are present in the head, neck, and pelvic floor. We reexamined the histology of these tissues to elucidate their role in transmission of the force. We examined histological sections of 25 human fetuses (gestational ages of ~11-19 weeks and ~26-40 weeks) and 6 cadavers of elderly individuals. Facial muscle insertion or terminal almost always formed as an interdigitation with another muscle or as a circular arrangement in which muscle fiber insertions were sandwiched and mechanically supported by other muscle fibers (like an in-series muscle). Our examination of the face revealed some limited exceptions in which muscle fibers that approached the dermis were always in the nasalis and mentalis muscles, and often in the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle. The buccinator muscle was consistently inserted into the basement membrane of the oral mucosa. Parts of the uvulae muscle in the soft palate and of the intrinsic vertical muscle of the tongue were likely to direct toward the mucosa. In contrast, the pelvic floor did not contain striated muscle fibers that were directed toward the skin or mucosa. Although 'cutaneous muscle' is a common term, the actual insertion of a muscle into the skin or mucosa seemed to be very rare. Instead, superficial muscle insertion often consisted of interdigitated muscle bundles that had different functional vectors. In this case, the terminal of one muscle bundle was sandwiched and fixed mechanically by other bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Aska Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianyi Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sin-ichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim TK, Gil HY. Effects of Paraspinal Intramuscular Injection of Atelocollagen in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Retrospective Observational Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2607. [PMID: 38731135 PMCID: PMC11084233 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Atelocollagen is used for soft tissue repair and reconstruction by replacing defective or damaged muscles, membranes, ligaments, and tendons. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of additional paraspinal intramuscular injection of atelocollagen on lumbar epidural steroid injection for reducing pain and improving functional capacity of patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 608 consecutive patients with CLBP who received lumbar epidural steroid injection with or without additional paraspinal intramuscular injection of atelocollagen. The Numerical Rating Scale and the Oswestry Disability Index were used to assess pain and functional capacity, respectively, before the procedure, and three months after the injection. Also, we analyzed the relationship between the additional paraspinal intramuscular injection of atelocollagen and the success rate. Results: Both Numerical Rating Scale and the Oswestry Disability Index scores were significantly reduced in both groups at three months after injection. However, there was a significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, the success rate was significantly higher in the additional paraspinal intramuscular injection of atelocollagen group. Conclusions: This study's results showed that additional paraspinal intramuscular injection of atelocollagen on lumbar epidural steroid injection reduced pain and improved functional capacity for patients with CLBP. Therefore, the paraspinal intramuscular injection of atelocollagen may be a promising option for the treatment of patients with CLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwang Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ho Young Gil
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Gumi 39371, Republic of Korea
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Rodriguez LA, Liu Y, Soedirdjo SDH, Thakur B, Dhaher YY. Oral Contraception Use and Musculotendinous Injury in Young Female Patients: A Database Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:511-519. [PMID: 37890119 PMCID: PMC10922414 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to characterize the effect of sex and the influence of oral contraception usage on musculotendinous injury (MTI). Current literature suggests a disparity in the incidence of MTI between males and females. This may be attributed to inherent biological differences between the sexes, such as in the sex hormonal milieu. There is a lack of information associating sex hormone milieu and MTI. METHODS We searched the PearlDiver database (a for-fee healthcare database) for males, females taking oral contraceptives (OC), and eumenorrheic females not taking any form of hormonal contraceptives (non-OC) 18-39 yr old. The three populations were matched by age and body mass index. We queried the database for lower-extremity skeletal MTI diagnoses in these groups. RESULTS Each group contained 42,267 patients with orthopedic injuries. There were a total of 1476 (3.49%) skeletal MTI in the male group, 1078 (2.55%) in non-OC females, and 231 (0.55%) in OC females. Both the non-OC and the OC groups had a significantly smaller proportion of MTI than males ( P < 0.0001), and therefore these groups were less likely (adjusted odds ratios, 0.72 and 0.15, respectively) to experience MTI when controlled for potential covariates. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that females are less likely to develop MTI to total injuries, when compared with males, with OC using females being least likely followed by non-OC females. These results are consistent with other epidemiological studies; however, overall results in the literature are variable. This study adds to the emerging body of literature on sex hormone-influenced musculoskeletal injury but, more specifically, MTI, which have not been rigorously investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Rodriguez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Yida Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Bhaskar Thakur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Yasin Y. Dhaher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Sinha U, Sinha S. Editorial for "Characterizing the Myoarchitecture of the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus Muscles With MRI Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging". J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:863-864. [PMID: 37261813 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Sinha
- Department of Physics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shantanu Sinha
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Tong S, Sun Y, Kuang B, Wang M, Chen Z, Zhang W, Chen J. A Comprehensive Review of Muscle-Tendon Junction: Structure, Function, Injury and Repair. Biomedicines 2024; 12:423. [PMID: 38398025 PMCID: PMC10886980 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The muscle-tendon junction (MTJ) is a highly specific tissue interface where the muscle's fascia intersects with the extracellular matrix of the tendon. The MTJ functions as the particular structure facilitating the transmission of force from contractive muscle fibers to the skeletal system, enabling movement. Considering that the MTJ is continuously exposed to constant mechanical forces during physical activity, it is susceptible to injuries. Ruptures at the MTJ often accompany damage to both tendon and muscle tissues. In this review, we attempt to provide a precise definition of the MTJ, describe its subtle structure in detail, and introduce therapeutic approaches related to MTJ tissue engineering. We hope that our detailed illustration of the MTJ and summary of the representative research achievements will help researchers gain a deeper understanding of the MTJ and inspire fresh insights and breakthroughs for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuzhi Sun
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Baian Kuang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhixuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
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Iwasaki N, Karali A, Roldo M, Blunn G. Full-Field Strain Measurements of the Muscle-Tendon Junction Using X-ray Computed Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:162. [PMID: 38391648 PMCID: PMC10886230 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the full-field 3D strain distribution of the muscle-tendon junction (MTJ). Understanding the strain distribution at the junction is crucial for the treatment of injuries and to predict tear formation at this location. Three-dimensional full-field strain distribution of mouse MTJ was measured using X-ray computer tomography (XCT) combined with digital volume correlation (DVC) with the aim of understanding the mechanical behavior of the junction under tensile loading. The interface between the Achilles tendon and the gastrocnemius muscle was harvested from adult mice and stained using 1% phosphotungstic acid in 70% ethanol. In situ XCT combined with DVC was used to image and compute strain distribution at the MTJ under a tensile load (2.4 N). High strain measuring 120,000 µε, 160,000 µε, and 120,000 µε for the first principal stain (εp1), shear strain (γ), and von Mises strain (εVM), respectively, was measured at the MTJ and these values reduced into the body of the muscle or into the tendon. Strain is concentrated at the MTJ, which is at risk of being damaged in activities associated with excessive physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodoka Iwasaki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Aikaterina Karali
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Gordon Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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11
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Cenni F, Alexander N, Sukanen M, Mustafaoglu A, Wang Z, Wang R, Finni T. ISB clinical biomechanics award winner 2023: Medial gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon interplay during gait in cerebral palsy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 111:106158. [PMID: 38061205 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between the medial gastrocnemius muscle and the Achilles tendon is crucial for efficient walking. In cerebral palsy, muscle and tendon remodelling alters the role of contractile and elastic components. The aim was to investigate the length changes of medial gastrocnemius belly and fascicles, and Achilles tendon to understand their interplay to gait propulsion in individuals with cerebral palsy. METHODS Twelve young individuals with cerebral palsy and 12 typically developed peers were assessed during multiple gait cycles using 3D gait analysis combined with a portable ultrasound device. By mapping ultrasound image locations into the shank reference frame, the medial gastrocnemius belly, fascicle, and Achilles tendon lengths were estimated throughout the gait cycle. Participants with cerebral palsy were classified into equinus and non-equinus groups based on their sagittal ankle kinematics. FINDINGS In typically developed participants, the Achilles tendon undertook most of the muscle-tendon unit lengthening during stance, whereas in individuals with cerebral palsy, this lengthening was shared between the medial gastrocnemius belly and Achilles tendon, which was more evident in the equinus group. The lengthening behaviour of the medial gastrocnemius fascicles resembled that of the Achilles tendon in cerebral palsy. INTERPRETATION The findings revealed similar length changes of the medial gastrocnemius fascicles and Achilles tendon, highlighting the enhanced role of the muscle in absorbing energy during stance in cerebral palsy. These results, together with the current knowledge of increased intramuscular stiffness, suggest the exploitation of intramuscular passive forces for such energy absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cenni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Nathalie Alexander
- Laboratory for Motion Analysis, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maria Sukanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Afet Mustafaoglu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Zhongzheng Wang
- KTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruoli Wang
- KTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Li Z, Wang H, Bao X, Liu X, Yang J. Gene network analyses of Sepia esculenta larvae exposed to copper and cadmium: A comprehensive investigation of oxidative stress, immune response, and toxicological mechanisms. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109230. [PMID: 37977542 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and Cadmium (Cd), prevalent heavy metals in marine environments, have known implications in oxidative stress, immune response, and toxicity in marine organisms. Sepia esculenta, a cephalopod of significant economic value along China's eastern coastline, experiences alterations in growth, mobility, and reproduction when subjected to these heavy metals. However, the specific mechanisms resulting from heavy metal exposure in S. esculenta remain largely uncharted. In this study, we utilized transcriptome and four oxidative, immunity, and toxicity indicators to assess the toxicological mechanism in S. esculenta larvae exposed to Cu and Cd. The measurements of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), and Metallothioneins (MTs) revealed that Cu and Cd trigger substantial oxidative stress, immune response, and metal toxicity. Further, we performed an analysis on the transcriptome data through Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis. Our findings indicate that exposure methods and duration influence the type and the extent of toxicity and oxidative stress within the S. esculenta larvae. We took an innovative approach in this research by integrating WGCNA and PPI network analysis with four significant physiological indicators to closely examine the toxicity and oxidative stress profiles of S. esculenta upon exposure to Cu and Cd. This investigation is vital in decoding the toxicological, immunological, and oxidative stress mechanisms within S. esculenta when subjected to heavy metals. It provides foundational insights capable of advancing invertebrate environmental toxicology and informs S. esculenta artificial breeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- St. John's School, Vancouver, V6K 2J1, Canada
| | - Xiaokai Bao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
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13
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Wohlgemuth RP, Brashear SE, Smith LR. Alignment, cross linking, and beyond: a collagen architect's guide to the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1017-C1030. [PMID: 37661921 PMCID: PMC10635663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00287.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) forms a complex network of collagens, proteoglycans, and other proteins that produce a favorable environment for muscle regeneration, protect the sarcolemma from contraction-induced damage, and provide a pathway for the lateral transmission of contractile force. In each of these functions, the structure and organization of the muscle ECM play an important role. Many aspects of collagen architecture, including collagen alignment, cross linking, and packing density affect the regenerative capacity, passive mechanical properties, and contractile force transmission pathways of skeletal muscle. The balance between fortifying the muscle ECM and maintaining ECM turnover and compliance is highly dependent on the integrated organization, or architecture, of the muscle matrix, especially related to collagen. While muscle ECM remodeling patterns in response to exercise and disease are similar, in that collagen synthesis can increase in both cases, one outcome leads to a stronger muscle and the other leads to fibrosis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the architectural features of each layer of muscle ECM: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. Further, we detail the importance of muscle ECM architecture to biomechanical function in the context of exercise or fibrosis, including disease, injury, and aging. We describe how collagen architecture is linked to active and passive muscle biomechanics and which architectural features are acutely dynamic and adapt over time. Future studies should investigate the significance of collagen architecture in muscle stiffness, ECM turnover, and lateral force transmission in the context of health and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross P Wohlgemuth
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Sarah E Brashear
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Lucas R Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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14
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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Yoshida R, Murakami Y, Sato S, Koizumi R, Behm DG, Nakamura M. Comparison of Isolated or Combined Static Stretching and Foam Rolling on Knee Extensors' Function. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:389-396. [PMID: 37711712 PMCID: PMC10499120 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching (SS), foam rolling (FR), and a combination of both are used as warm-ups for sports and training. However, no reports have compared or examined the warm-up effects of short-term interventions (i.e., 30-s). Therefore, this study was designed to compare and examine the effects of short-term SS, FR, and SS+FR on knee extensors. The dominant knee extensors of 14 male university students (22.0 ± 1.3 years old) were tested. Five conditions were randomized: 60-s SS, 60-s FR, 30-s SS+ 30-s FR, 30-s SS, and 30-s FR to examine differences in intervention method, duration, and combined. The measures were knee flexion range of motion (ROM), pain pressure threshold (PPT), tissue hardness, maximum voluntary contraction-isometric (MVC-ISO), and MVC-concentric (MVC-CON) torques, measured before and after the intervention. Knee flexion ROM (d = 0.40, d = 0.59, d = 0.54, d = 0.59, d = 0.52 respectively) and PPT (d = 0.77, d = 0.60, d = 0.90, d = 0.74, d = 0.52, respectively) were significantly increased (p < 0.01), and tissue hardness (d = -0.79, d = -0.63, d = -0.53, d = -0.59, d = -0.72, respectively) was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in all conditions. However, MVC-ISO decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in the 60-s SS and 30-s SS conditions but did not affect MVC-CON in all conditions. The results of this study revealed that SS, FR, and SS+FR interventions for a short-term as a warm-up before exercise were effective in increasing ROM, PPT, and decreasing tissue hardness. However, SS intervention with more than 30-s on the knee extensors decreased muscle strength, so short-term FR intervention is recommended when the goal is to increase ROM while maintaining both MVC-ISO and MVC-CON torques. Similarly, a short-term FR intervention after a short-term SS can eliminate the effect of strength impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoma Koizumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, 842-8585, Japan
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15
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Blemker SS. In vivo imaging of skeletal muscle form and function: 50 years of insight. J Biomech 2023; 158:111745. [PMID: 37579605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle form and function has fascinated scientists for centuries. Our understanding of muscle function has long been driven by advancements in imaging techniques. For example, the sliding filament theory of muscle, which is now widely leveraged in biomechanics research, stemmed from observations made possible by scanning electron microscopy. Over the last 50 years, advancing in medical imaging, combined with ingenuity and creativity of biomechanists, have provide a wealth of new and important insights into in vivo human muscle function. Incorporation of in vivo imaging has also advanced computational modeling and allowed our research to have an impact in many clinical populations. While this review does not provide a comprehensive or meta-analysis of the all the in vivo muscle imaging work over the last five decades, it provides a narrative about the past, present, and future of in vivo muscle imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Blemker
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Ophthalmology, and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Springbok Analytics, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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16
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Tier L, Salomoni SE, Hug F, Besomi M, Hodges PW. Adaptability of the load sharing between the longissimus and components of the multifidus muscle during isometric trunk extension in healthy individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1879-1893. [PMID: 37079082 PMCID: PMC10460738 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Redundancy of the musculoskeletal system implies multiple strategies are theoretically available to coordinate back extensor muscles. This study investigated whether coordination between back muscles during a tightly constrained isometric trunk extension task varies within and between individuals, and whether this changes following brief exposure to activation feedback of a muscle. METHODS Nine healthy participants performed three blocks of two repetitions of ramped isometric trunk extension in side-lying against resistance from 0-30% of maximum voluntary contraction over 30 s (force feedback). Between blocks, participants repeated contractions with visual feedback of electromyography (EMG) from either superficial (SM) or deep multifidus (DM), in two conditions; 'After SM' and 'After DM'. Intramuscular EMG was recorded from SM, DM, and longissimus (LG) simultaneously with shear wave elastography (SWE) from SM or DM. RESULTS In the 'Natural' condition (force feedback only), group data showed incremental increases in EMG with force, with minor changes in distribution of activation between muscles as force increased. SM was the most active muscle during the 'Natural' condition, but with DM most active in some participants. Individual data showed that coordination between muscles differed substantially between repetitions and individuals. Brief exposure to EMG feedback altered coordination. SWE showed individual variation, but findings differed from EMG. CONCLUSION This study revealed substantial variation in coordination between back extensor muscles within and between participants, and after exposure to feedback, in a tightly constrained task. Shear modulus revealed similar variation, but with an inconsistent relationship to EMG. These data highlight highly flexible control of back muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tier
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Sauro E Salomoni
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - François Hug
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d'azur, Nice, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Manuela Besomi
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul W Hodges
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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17
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Finni T, de Brito Fontana H, Maas H. Force transmission and interactions between synergistic muscles. J Biomech 2023; 152:111575. [PMID: 37120913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The classical view of muscles as independent motors has been challenged over the past decades. An alternative view has emerged in which muscles are not isolated but embedded in a three-dimensional connective tissue network that links them to adjacent muscles and other non-muscular structures in the body. Animal studies showing that the forces measured at the distal and proximal ends of a muscle are not equal have provided undisputable evidence that these connective tissue linkages are strong enough to serve as an extra pathway for muscular force transmission. In this historical review, we first introduce the terminology and anatomy related to these pathways of muscle force transmission and provide a definition for the term epimuscular force transmission. We then focus on important experimental evidence indicating mechanical interactions between synergistic muscles that may affect force transmission and/or influence the muscles' force generating capacity. We illustrate that there may exist different expressions of the highly relevant force-length properties depending on whether the force is measured at the proximal or distal tendon and depending on the dynamics of surrounding structures. Changes in length, activation level or disruption of the connective tissue of neighboring muscles, can affect how muscles interact and produce force on the skeleton. While most direct evidence is from animal experiments, studies on humans also suggest functional implications of the connective tissues surrounding muscles. These implications may explain how distant segments, which are not part of the same joint system, affect force generation at a given joint, and, in clinical conditions, explain observations from tendon transfer surgeries, where a muscle transferred to act as an antagonist continues to produce agonistic moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heiliane de Brito Fontana
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Pirri C, Pirri N, Guidolin D, Macchi V, Porzionato A, De Caro R, Stecco C. Ultrasound Imaging of Thoracolumbar Fascia Thickness: Chronic Non-Specific Lower Back Pain versus Healthy Subjects; A Sign of a "Frozen Back"? Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081436. [PMID: 37189537 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) plays an important role in lower back pain (LBP). Recent studies have revealed an association between increases in TLF thickness and reduced TLF gliding in patients with LBP. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare by ultrasound (US) imaging the thickness of the TLF at the bilateral L3 level of the lumbar spine in the longitudinal and transverse axes in chronic non-specific LBP and in healthy subjects. A cross-sectional study was performed using US imaging to measure the longitudinal and transverse axes with a new protocol in a sample of 92 subjects: 46 chronic non-specific LBP patients and 46 healthy participants. The findings for TLF thickness revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the longitudinal and transverse axes between the two groups. Moreover, in the healthy group, a statistically significant difference was found between the longitudinal and transverse axes (p = 0.001 for left and p = 0.02 for right), which was not evident in the LBP patients. These findings suggest that the LBP patients lost anisotropy of the TLF, with it becoming homogeneously thicker and losing adaptability in the transversal direction. The US imaging evaluation suggests that TLF thickness behavior points out altered fascial remodelling compared to healthy subjects, a sort of "frozen back".
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Pirri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Nina Pirri
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, School of Radiology, Radiology Institute, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
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19
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Wang S, Hayashi S, Jin ZW, Kim JH, Yamamoto M, Murakami G, Abe S. Distally-extending muscle fibers across involved joints: study of long muscles and tendons of wrist and ankle in late-term fetuses and adult cadavers. Anat Cell Biol 2023; 56:46-53. [PMID: 36245240 PMCID: PMC9989797 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether forearm and crural muscle fibers extend distally across the wrist and ankle joints, respectively. We hypothesized, in late-term fetuses, an over-production of muscle bellies extending over the joint. Muscle fibers in histological sections from unilateral wrists and ankles of 16 late-term fetuses (30-40 weeks) were examined and compared with 15 adult cadavers. Muscle fibers of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) in fetuses, especially muscle bellies to the third and fourth fingers, were found to extend far distally beyond the radiocarpal joint. The extensor digitorum and extensor pollicis longus on the extensor side of the wrist were found to carry distally-extending muscle fibers, but these fibers did not extend beyond the distal end of the radius. In the ankle, most muscle bundles in the flexor hallucis longus (FHL), fibularis brevis (FB) and extensor digitorum longus extended distally beyond the talocrural joint, with most FB muscle fibers reaching the level of the talocalcaneal joint. In adult cadavers, muscle fibers of the FDP and FHL did not reach the levels of the radiocarpal and talocrural joints, respectively, whereas the FB muscle belly always reached the talocalcaneal joint. Similarly, some of the FDS reached the level of the radiocarpal joint. Generally, infants' movements at the wrist and ankle could result in friction injury to over-extended muscle. However, the calcaneal and FDP tendons might protect the FB and FDS tendons, respectively, from friction stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohe Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Zhe-Wu Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Masahito Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 5Division of Internal Medicine, Cupid Clinic, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 5Division of Internal Medicine, Cupid Clinic, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 5Division of Internal Medicine, Cupid Clinic, Iwamizawa, Japan
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20
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Stecco A, Giordani F, Fede C, Pirri C, De Caro R, Stecco C. From Muscle to the Myofascial Unit: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054527. [PMID: 36901958 PMCID: PMC10002604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The "motor unit" or the "muscle" has long been considered the quantal element in the control of movement. However, in recent years new research has proved the strong interaction between muscle fibers and intramuscular connective tissue, and between muscles and fasciae, suggesting that the muscles can no longer be considered the only elements that organize movement. In addition, innervation and vascularization of muscle is strongly connected with intramuscular connective tissue. This awareness induced Luigi Stecco, in 2002, to create a new term, the "myofascial unit", to describe the bilateral dependent relationship, both anatomical and functional, that occurs between fascia, muscle and accessory elements. The aim of this narrative review is to understand the scientific support for this new term, and whether it is actually correct to consider the myofascial unit the physiological basic element for peripheral motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Stecco
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Federico Giordani
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Padova University, 35141 Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Fede
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35141 Padova, Italy
| | - Carmelo Pirri
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35141 Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35141 Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35141 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-04-9827-2315
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21
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Smith DR, Caban-Rivera DA, Williams LT, Van Houten EE, Bayly PV, Paulsen KD, McGarry MD, Johnson CL. In vivoestimation of anisotropic mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius during functional loading with MR elastography. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acb482. [PMID: 36652716 PMCID: PMC9943592 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective.In vivoimaging assessments of skeletal muscle structure and function allow for longitudinal quantification of tissue health. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) non-invasively quantifies tissue mechanical properties, allowing for evaluation of skeletal muscle biomechanics in response to loading, creating a better understanding of muscle functional health.Approach. In this study, we analyze the anisotropic mechanical response of calf muscles using MRE with a transversely isotropic, nonlinear inversion algorithm (TI-NLI) to investigate the role of muscle fiber stiffening under load. We estimate anisotropic material parameters including fiber shear stiffness (μ1), substrate shear stiffness (μ2), shear anisotropy (ϕ), and tensile anisotropy (ζ) of the gastrocnemius muscle in response to both passive and active tension.Main results. In passive tension, we found a significant increase inμ1,ϕ,andζwith increasing muscle length. While in active tension, we observed increasingμ2and decreasingϕandζduring active dorsiflexion and plantarflexion-indicating less anisotropy-with greater effects when the muscles act as agonist.Significance. The study demonstrates the ability of this anisotropic MRE method to capture the multifaceted mechanical response of skeletal muscle to tissue loading from muscle lengthening and contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, 30307
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch GA, 30542
| | | | - L. Tyler Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
| | | | - Phil V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH, 03756
| | | | - Curtis L. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
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22
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Jakobsen JR, Mackey AL, Koch M, Imhof T, Hannibal J, Kjaer M, Krogsgaard MR. Larger interface area at the human myotendinous junction in type 1 compared with type 2 muscle fibers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:136-145. [PMID: 36226768 PMCID: PMC10091713 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is structurally specialized to transmit force. The highly folded muscle membrane at the MTJ increases the contact area between muscle and tendon and potentially the load tolerance of the MTJ. Muscles with a high content of type II fibers are more often subject to strain injury compared with muscles with type I fibers. It is hypothesized that this is explained by a smaller interface area of MTJ in type II compared with type I muscle fibers. The aim was to investigate by confocal microscopy whether there is difference in the surface area at the MTJ between type I and II muscle fibers. Individual muscle fibers with an intact MTJ were isolated by microscopic dissection in samples from human semitendinosus, and they were labeled with antibodies against collagen XXII (indicating MTJ) and type I myosin (MHCI). Using a spinning disc confocal microscope, the MTJ from each fiber was scanned and subsequently reconstructed to a 3D-model. The interface area between muscle and tendon was calculated in type I and II fibers from these reconstructions. The MTJ was analyzed in 314 muscle fibers. Type I muscle fibers had a 22% larger MTJ interface area compared with type II fibers (p < 0.05), also when the area was normalized to fiber diameter. By the new method, it was possible to analyze the structure of the MTJ from a large number of human muscle fibers. The finding that the interface area between muscle and tendon is higher in type I compared with type II fibers suggests that type II fibers are less resistant to strain and therefore more susceptible to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rithamer Jakobsen
- Section for Sports Traumatology M51, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Abigail Louise Mackey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, and Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Imhof
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, and Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael Rindom Krogsgaard
- Section for Sports Traumatology M51, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Is Curcumine Useful in the Treatment and Prevention of the Tendinopathy and Myotendinous Junction Injury? A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020384. [PMID: 36678255 PMCID: PMC9860696 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity in general and sports in particular, is a mechanism that produces stress and generates great force in the tendon and in the muscle-tendon unit, which increases the risk of injury (tendinopathies). Eccentric and repetitive contraction of the muscle precipitates persistent microtraumatism in the tendon unit. In the development of tendinopathies, the cellular process includes inflammation, apoptosis, vascular, and neuronal changes. Currently, treatments with oral supplements are frequently used. Curcumin seems to preserve, and even repair, damaged tendons. In this systematic review, we focus more especially on the benefits of curcumin. The biological actions of curcumin are diverse, but act around three systems: (a) inflammatory, (b) nuclear factor B (NF-κB) related apoptosis pathways, and (c) oxidative stress systems. A bibliographic search is conducted under the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) as a basis for reporting reliable systematic reviews to perform a Scoping review. After analysing the manuscripts, we can conclude that curcumin is a product that demonstrates a significant biological antialgic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant power. Therefore, supplementation has a positive effect on the inflammatory and regenerative response in tendinopathies. In addition, curcumin decreases and modulates the cell infiltration, activation, and maturation of leukocytes, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory mediators at the site of inflammation.
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Chai Y, Zhou Y, Tagaya M. Rubbing-Assisted Approach for Fabricating Oriented Nanobiomaterials. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1358. [PMID: 36014280 PMCID: PMC9414502 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The highly-oriented structures in biological tissues play an important role in determining the functions of the tissues. In order to artificially fabricate oriented nanostructures similar to biological tissues, it is necessary to understand the oriented mechanism and invent the techniques for controlling the oriented structure of nanobiomaterials. In this review, the oriented structures in biological tissues were reviewed and the techniques for producing highly-oriented nanobiomaterials by imitating the oriented organic/inorganic nanocomposite mechanism of the biological tissues were summarized. In particular, we introduce a fabrication technology for the highly-oriented structure of nanobiomaterials on the surface of a rubbed polyimide film that has physicochemical anisotropy in order to further form the highly-oriented organic/inorganic nanocomposite structures based on interface interaction. This is an effective technology to fabricate one-directional nanobiomaterials by a biomimetic process, indicating the potential for wide application in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Chai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka 940-2188, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC), 5-3-1 Koji-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yanni Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka 940-2188, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tagaya
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka 940-2188, Japan
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Fascial Manipulation Method Is Effective in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain, but the Treatment Protocol Matters: A Randomised Control Trial—Preliminary Report. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154546. [PMID: 35956161 PMCID: PMC9369771 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are many therapeutic methods targeting fascia. However, the only method whose basic assumption is to eliminate the densification of fascia is Fascial Manipulation. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of various Fascial Manipulation (FM) protocols in reducing myofascial pain. Design: Randomized control trial. Subjects: A total of 54 individuals, aged 18–29 years, with musculoskeletal pain for at least 1 week. Methods: The patients were divided into four groups subjected to different treatment protocols: group 1—underwent the standard FM treatment protocol (STP), group 2—modified protocol (MTP), group 3—modified protocol 2 (MTP2), and the control group (CG)—did not undergo any therapy. Each protocol involved three treatments at intervals of 7–10 days and a follow-up examination after 30 days. The outcome was pain level measured using the VAS. Results: In the STP, all the measurements showed a significant decrease in pain level—the mean difference was 2.077 after the first treatment, 3.462 after the third treatment and 3.385 in the follow-up. In the MTP, a significant mean difference was noted after the third treatment, 3, and in the follow up, 2.4. In the MTP2, it was noted after the third session, 2, and in the follow up, 2.25. Only the CG group did not display significant changes. Conclusions: FM-based therapy results in pain relief. However, there are differences in the dynamics and durability of the results depending on the chosen protocol.
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Hinks A, Jacob K, Mashouri P, Medak KD, Franchi MV, Wright DC, Brown SHM, Power GA. Influence of weighted downhill running training on serial sarcomere number and work loop performance in the rat soleus. Biol Open 2022; 11:276077. [PMID: 35876382 PMCID: PMC9346294 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased serial sarcomere number (SSN) has been observed in rats following downhill running training due to the emphasis on active lengthening contractions; however, little is known about the influence on dynamic contractile function. Therefore, we employed 4 weeks of weighted downhill running training in rats, then assessed soleus SSN and work loop performance. We hypothesised trained rats would produce greater net work output during work loops due to a greater SSN. Thirty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a training or sedentary control group. Weight was added during downhill running via a custom-made vest, progressing from 5–15% body mass. Following sacrifice, the soleus was dissected, and a force-length relationship was constructed. Work loops (cyclic muscle length changes) were then performed about optimal muscle length (LO) at 1.5–3-Hz cycle frequencies and 1–7-mm length changes. Muscles were then fixed in formalin at LO. Fascicle lengths and sarcomere lengths were measured to calculate SSN. Intramuscular collagen content and crosslinking were quantified via a hydroxyproline content and pepsin-solubility assay. Trained rats had longer fascicle lengths (+13%), greater SSN (+8%), and a less steep passive force-length curve than controls (P<0.05). There were no differences in collagen parameters (P>0.05). Net work output was greater (+78–209%) in trained than control rats for the 1.5-Hz work loops at 1 and 3-mm length changes (P<0.05), however, net work output was more related to maximum specific force (R2=0.17-0.48, P<0.05) than SSN (R2=0.03-0.07, P=0.17-0.86). Therefore, contrary to our hypothesis, training-induced sarcomerogenesis likely contributed little to the improvements in work loop performance. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: An investigation of adaptations in mechanical function induced by a novel method of weighted downhill running training in rats, and the connections to adaptations in muscle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn Jacob
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Parastoo Mashouri
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padua, Padua 35122, Italy
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stephen H M Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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27
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Hinks A, Franchi MV, Power GA. The influence of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth on mechanical function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:87-103. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00114.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the remarkable ability to remodel and adapt, such as the increase in serial sarcomere number (SSN) or fascicle length (FL) observed after overstretching a muscle. This type of remodelling is termed longitudinal muscle fascicle growth, and its impact on biomechanical function has been of interest since the 1960s due to its clinical applications in muscle strain injury, muscle spasticity, and sarcopenia. Despite simplified hypotheses on how longitudinal muscle fascicle growth might influence mechanical function, existing literature presents conflicting results partly due to a breadth of methodologies. The purpose of this review is to outline what is currently known about the influence of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth on mechanical function and suggest future directions to address current knowledge gaps and methodological limitations. Various interventions indicate longitudinal muscle fascicle growth can increase the optimal muscle length for active force, but whether the whole force-length relationship widens has been less investigated. Future research should also explore the ability for longitudinal fascicle growth to broaden the torque-angle relationship's plateau region, and the relation to increased force during shortening. Without a concurrent increase in intramuscular collagen, longitudinal muscle fascicle growth also reduces passive tension at long muscle lengths; further research is required to understand whether this translates to increased joint range of motion. Lastly, some evidence suggests longitudinal fascicle growth can increase maximum shortening velocity and peak isotonic power, however, there has yet to be direct assessment of these measures in a neurologically intact model of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,, University of Padua, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Geoffrey A. Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Haroon M, Bloks NGC, Deldicque L, Koppo K, Seddiqi H, Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Jaspers RT. Fluid shear stress-induced mechanotransduction in myoblasts: Does it depend on the glycocalyx? Exp Cell Res 2022; 417:113204. [PMID: 35588795 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are involved in muscle maintenance and regeneration. Mechanically loaded MuSCs within their native niche undergo tensile and shear deformations, but how MuSCs sense mechanical stimuli and translate these into biochemical signals regulating function and fate is still poorly understood. We aimed to investigate whether the glycocalyx is involved in the MuSC mechanoresponse, and whether MuSC morphology affects mechanical loading-induced pressure, shear stress, and fluid velocity distribution. FSS-induced deformation of active proliferating MuSCs (myoblasts) with intact or degraded glycocalyx was assessed by live-cell imaging. Glycocalyx-degradation did not significantly affect nitric oxide production, but reduced FSS-induced myoblast deformation and modulated gene expression. Finite-element analysis revealed that the distribution of FSS-induced pressure, shear stress, and fluid velocity on myoblasts was non-uniform, and the magnitude depended on myoblast morphology and apex-height. In conclusion, our results suggest that the glycocalyx does not play a role in NO production in myoblasts but might impact mechanotransduction and gene expression, which needs further investigation. Future studies will unravel the underlying mechanism by which the glycocalyx affects FSS-induced myoblast deformation, which might be related to increased drag forces. Moreover, MuSCs with varying apex-height experience different levels of FSS-induced pressure, shear stress, and fluid velocity, suggesting differential responsiveness to fluid shear forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haroon
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Niek G C Bloks
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hadi Seddiqi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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29
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He X, Taneja K, Chen JS, Lee CH, Hodgson J, Malis V, Sinha U, Sinha S. Multiscale modeling of passive material influences on deformation and force output of skeletal muscles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3571. [PMID: 35049153 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Passive materials in human skeletal muscle tissues play an important role in force output of skeletal muscles. This paper introduces a multiscale modeling framework to investigate how age-associated variations on microscale passive muscle components, including microstructural geometry (e.g., connective tissue thickness) and material properties (e.g., anisotropy), influence the force output and deformations of the continuum skeletal muscle. We first define a representative volume element (RVE) for the microstructure of muscle and determine the homogenized macroscale mechanical properties of the RVE from the separate mechanical properties of the individual components of the RVE, including muscle fibers and connective tissue with its associated collagen fibers. The homogenized properties of the RVE are then used to define the elements of the continuum muscle model to evaluate the force output and deformations of the whole muscle. Conversely, the regional deformations of the continuum model are fed back to the RVE model to determine the responses of the individual microscale components. Simulations of muscle isometric contractions at a range of muscle lengths are performed to investigate the effects of muscle architectural changes (e.g., pennation angles) due to aging on force output and muscle deformation. The correlations between the pennation angle, the shear deformation in the microscale connective tissue (an indicator for the lateral force transmission), the angle difference between the fiber direction and principal strain direction and the resulting shear deformation at the continuum scale, as well as the force output of the skeletal muscle are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong He
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Karan Taneja
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jiun-Shyan Chen
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Chung-Hao Lee
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - John Hodgson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vadim Malis
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Usha Sinha
- Department of Physics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shantanu Sinha
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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30
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Sahani R, Wallace CH, Jones BK, Blemker SS. Diaphragm muscle fibrosis involves changes in collagen organization with mechanical implications in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:653-672. [PMID: 35050792 PMCID: PMC9076426 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00248.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), diaphragm muscle dysfunction results in respiratory insufficiency, a leading cause of death in patients. Increased muscle stiffness occurs with buildup of fibrotic tissue, characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen, and prevents the diaphragm from achieving the excursion lengths required for respiration. However, changes in mechanical properties are not explained by collagen amount alone and we must consider the complex structure and mechanics of fibrotic tissue. The goals of our study were to 1) determine if and how collagen organization changes with the progression of DMD in diaphragm muscle tissue and 2) predict how collagen organization influences the mechanical properties of the ECM. We first visualized collagen structure with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and then developed an analysis framework to quantify collagen organization and generate image-based finite-element models. Image analysis revealed increased collagen fiber straightness and alignment in mdx over wild type (WT) at 3 mo (straightness: mdx = 0.976 ± 0.0108, WT = 0.887 ± 0.0309, alignment: mdx = 0.876 ± 0.0333, WT = 0.759 ± 0.0416) and 6 mo (straightness: mdx = 0.942 ± 0.0182, WT = 0.881 ± 0.0163, alignment: mdx = 0.840 ± 0.0315, WT = 0.759 ± 0.0368). Collagen fibers retained a transverse orientation relative to muscle fibers (70°-90°) in all groups. Mechanical models predicted an increase in the transverse relative to longitudinal (muscle fiber direction) stiffness, with stiffness ratio (transverse/longitudinal) increased in mdx over WT at 3 mo (mdx = 5.45 ± 2.04, WT = 1.97 ± 0.670) and 6 mo (mdx = 4.05 ± 0.985, WT = 1.96 ± 0.506). This study revealed changes in diaphragm ECM structure and mechanics during disease progression in the mdx muscular dystrophy mouse phenotype, highlighting the need to consider the role of collagen organization on diaphragm muscle function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Scanning electron microscopy images of decellularized diaphragm muscle from WT and mdx, Duchenne muscular dystrophy model, mice revealed that collagen fibers in the epimysium are oriented transverse to muscle fibers, with age- and disease-dependent changes in collagen arrangement. Finite-element models generated from these images predicted that changes in collagen arrangement during disease progression influence the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Thus, changes in collagen fiber-level structure are implicated on tissue-level properties during fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhi Sahani
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - C. Hunter Wallace
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Brian K. Jones
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Silvia S. Blemker
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia,2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia,3Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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31
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Liu F, Wang M, Ma Y. Multiscale modeling of skeletal muscle to explore its passive mechanical properties and experiments verification. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:1251-1279. [PMID: 35135203 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The research of the mechanical properties of skeletal muscle has never stopped, whether in experimental tests or simulations of passive mechanical properties. To investigate the effect of biomechanical properties of micro-components and geometric structure of muscle fibers on macroscopic mechanical behavior, in this manuscript, we establish a multiscale model where constitutive models are proposed for fibers and the extracellular matrix, respectively. Besides, based on the assumption that the fiber cross-section can be expressed by Voronoi polygons, we optimize the Voronoi polygons as curved-edge Voronoi polygons to compare the effects of the two cross-sections on macroscopic mechanical properties. Finally, the macroscopic stress response is obtained through the numerical homogenization method. To verify the effectiveness of the multi-scale model, we measure the mechanical response of skeletal muscles in the in-plane shear, longitudinal shear, and tensions, including along the fiber direction and perpendicular to the fiber direction. Compared with experimental data, the simulation results show that this multiscale framework predicts both the tension response and the shear response of skeletal muscle accurately. The root mean squared error (RMSE) is 0.0035 MPa in the tension along the fiber direction; The RMSE is 0.011254 MPa in the tension perpendicular to the fiber direction; The RMSE is 0.000602 MPa in the in-plane shear; The RMSE was 0.00085 MPa in the longitudinal shear. Finally, we obtained the influence of the component constitutive model and muscle fiber cross-section on the macroscopic mechanical behavior of skeletal muscle. In terms of the tension perpendicular to the fiber direction, the curved-edge Voronoi polygons achieve the result closer to the experimental data than the Voronoi polygons. Skeletal muscle mechanics experiments verify the effectiveness of our multiscale model. The comparison results of experiments and simulations prove that our model can accurately capture the tension and shear behavior of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Liu
- School of mechanical power engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Xue Fu Road No. 52, Nangang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Monan Wang
- School of mechanical power engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Xue Fu Road No. 52, Nangang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuzheng Ma
- School of mechanical power engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Xue Fu Road No. 52, Nangang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
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32
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Yucesoy CA, Pontén E, Valero-Cuevas FJ, Smeulders M, Simms CK. Editorial: Muscle Mechanics, Extracellular Matrix, Afferentation, Structural, and Neurological Coupling and Coordination in Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:802202. [PMID: 34938207 PMCID: PMC8685432 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.802202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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33
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Wang Z, Zhu Y, Han D, Huang Q, Maruyama H, Onoda K. Effect of hip external rotator muscle contraction on pelvic floor muscle function and the piriformis. Int Urogynecol J 2021; 33:2833-2839. [PMID: 34842941 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-021-05046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS There is a lack of in-depth understanding of the muscles surrounding the pelvic floor muscle (PFM). The study aimed to investigate the functional relationship between PFM and hip external rotator muscles by observing the piriformis muscle thickness and displacement of the bladder base under different contraction conditions of the hip external rotator and/or PFM. We hypothesized that PFM function would be the strongest when the hip external rotator and PFM contracted simultaneously and that during PFM contraction, the piriformis muscle would act as an auxiliary muscle and show coactivation. METHODS The participants included 13 healthy adult women (mean age 23.8 ± 2.8 years). The three contraction conditions were PFM contraction, hip external rotator contraction, and simultaneous contraction of the hip external rotator and PFM. During the tasks, the piriformis muscle thickness and bladder base displacement were measured using ultrasonography and compared among the contraction conditions using one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Significant differences were noted in bladder base displacement among the three contraction conditions (P < 0.01), with PFM contraction having the highest value. The piriformis muscle thickness showed the greatest increase in simultaneous contraction. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we showed PFM contraction positively influences piriformis contraction, while PFM function operationalized by bladder base displacement was highest during PFM contraction alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Wang
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuetong Zhu
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.
| | - Dan Han
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.,Physical Therapy Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuchen Huang
- Physical Therapy Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hitoshi Maruyama
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Ko Onoda
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
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34
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Minato K, Yoshimoto Y, Kurosawa T, Watanabe K, Kawashima H, Ikemoto-Uezumi M, Uezumi A. Measurement of Lateral Transmission of Force in the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle of Young and Old Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212356. [PMID: 34830237 PMCID: PMC8623005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of skeletal muscles is to generate force. The force developed by myofiber contraction is transmitted to the tendon. There are two pathways of force transmission from myofibers to tendons: longitudinal transmission that depends on tension elicited via the myotendinous junction and lateral transmission that depends on shear elicited via the interface between the myofiber surface and surrounding connective tissue. Experiments using animal muscle and mathematical models indicated that lateral transmission is the dominant pathway in muscle force transmission. Studies using rat muscle showed that the efficiency of lateral force transmission declines with age. Here, the lateral transmission of force was measured using the extensor digitorum longus muscle from young and old mice. Dependence on longitudinal transmission increased in the old muscle, and there was a trend for lower efficiency of lateral force transmission in the old muscle compared to the young muscle. There was a noticeable increase in the connective tissue volume in the old muscle; however, there was no significant change in the expression of dystrophin, a critical molecule for the link between the myofiber cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. This study demonstrates the measurement of lateral force transmission in mouse muscles and that alteration in force transmission property may underlie age-related muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Minato
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.Y.); (T.K.); (M.I.-U.)
- Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Tyuo-Ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (K.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Yuki Yoshimoto
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.Y.); (T.K.); (M.I.-U.)
| | - Tamaki Kurosawa
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.Y.); (T.K.); (M.I.-U.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Tokyo University, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Tyuo-Ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (K.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Tyuo-Ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; (K.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Madoka Ikemoto-Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.Y.); (T.K.); (M.I.-U.)
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.Y.); (T.K.); (M.I.-U.)
- Correspondence:
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Di Clemente A, Maiole F, Bornia I, Zullo L. Beyond muscles: role of intramuscular connective tissue elasticity and passive stiffness in octopus arm muscle function. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273394. [PMID: 34755832 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The octopus arm is a 'one of a kind' muscular hydrostat, as demonstrated by its high maneuverability and complexity of motions. It is composed of a complex array of muscles and intramuscular connective tissue, allowing force and shape production. In this study, we investigated the organization of the intramuscular elastic fibers in two main muscles composing the arm bulk: the longitudinal (L) and the transverse (T) muscles. We assessed their contribution to the muscles' passive elasticity and stiffness and inferred their possible roles in limb deformation. First, we performed confocal imaging of whole-arm samples and provided evidence of a muscle-specific organization of elastic fibers (more chaotic and less coiled in T than in L). We next showed that in an arm at rest, L muscles are maintained under 20% compression and T muscles under 30% stretching. Hence, tensional stresses are inherently present in the arm and affect the strain of elastic fibers. Because connective tissue in muscles is used to transmit stress and store elastic energy, we investigated the contribution of elastic fibers to passive forces using step-stretch and sinusoidal length-change protocols. We observed a higher viscoelasticity of L and a higher stiffness of T muscles, in line with their elastic fiber configurations. This suggests that L might be involved in energy storage and damping, whereas T is involved in posture maintenance and resistance to deformation. The elastic fiber configuration thus supports the specific role of muscles during movement and may contribute to the mechanics, energetics and control of arm motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Di Clemente
- University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.,Center for Micro-BioRobotics & Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Maiole
- University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.,Center for Micro-BioRobotics & Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Irene Bornia
- University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Letizia Zullo
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics & Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.,IRCSS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Increasing the resting time between drop jumps lessens delayed-onset muscle soreness and limits the extent of prolonged low-frequency force depression in human knee extensor muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:255-266. [PMID: 34674024 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unaccustomed eccentric contractions generally result in a long-lasting contractile impairment, referred to as prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD), and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). We here used repeated drop jumps (DJs) as an eccentric contraction model and studied the effects of increasing the time between DJs from 20 s to 5 min. We hypothesized that both PLFFD and DOMS would be less marked at the longer DJ interval due to the longer time to restore structural elements between DJs. METHODS Young men (n = 12) randomly performed 50 DJs with either 20-s (DJ-20 s) or 5-min (DJ-5 min) rest between DJs. Voluntary, 20 Hz and 100 Hz electrically stimulated isometric knee extension torques and muscle soreness were monitored before and for 7 days after DJs; serum CK activity was measured to assess muscle fibre protein leakage. In additional experiments, changes in mRNA levels were assessed in muscle biopsies collected before and 1 h after exercise. RESULTS A marked PLFFD was observed with both protocols and the extent of 20 Hz torque depression was smaller immediately and 1 day after DJ-5 min than after DJ-20 s (p < 0.05), whereas the MVC and 100 Hz torques were similarly decreased with the two protocols. Markedly larger differences between the two protocols were observed for the muscle soreness score, which 1-4 days after exercise was about two times larger with DJ-20 s than with DJ-5 min (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The larger protective effect of the longer DJ interval against DOMS than against PLFFD indicates that their underlying mechanisms involve different structural elements.
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Klotz T, Bleiler C, Röhrle O. A Physiology-Guided Classification of Active-Stress and Active-Strain Approaches for Continuum-Mechanical Modeling of Skeletal Muscle Tissue. Front Physiol 2021; 12:685531. [PMID: 34408657 PMCID: PMC8365610 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.685531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-established sliding filament and cross-bridge theory explain the major biophysical mechanism responsible for a skeletal muscle's active behavior on a cellular level. However, the biomechanical function of skeletal muscles on the tissue scale, which is caused by the complex interplay of muscle fibers and extracellular connective tissue, is much less understood. Mathematical models provide one possibility to investigate physiological hypotheses. Continuum-mechanical models have hereby proven themselves to be very suitable to study the biomechanical behavior of whole muscles or entire limbs. Existing continuum-mechanical skeletal muscle models use either an active-stress or an active-strain approach to phenomenologically describe the mechanical behavior of active contractions. While any macroscopic constitutive model can be judged by it's ability to accurately replicate experimental data, the evaluation of muscle-specific material descriptions is difficult as suitable data is, unfortunately, currently not available. Thus, the discussions become more philosophical rather than following rigid methodological criteria. Within this work, we provide a extensive discussion on the underlying modeling assumptions of both the active-stress and the active-strain approach in the context of existing hypotheses of skeletal muscle physiology. We conclude that the active-stress approach resolves an idealized tissue transmitting active stresses through an independent pathway. In contrast, the active-strain approach reflects an idealized tissue employing an indirect, coupled pathway for active stress transmission. Finally the physiological hypothesis that skeletal muscles exhibit redundant pathways of intramuscular stress transmission represents the basis for considering a mixed-active-stress-active-strain constitutive framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klotz
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Sciences (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Bleiler
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Sciences (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Sciences (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Hu LY, Mileti CJ, Loomis T, Brashear SE, Ahmad S, Chellakudam RR, Wohlgemuth RP, Gionet-Gonzales MA, Leach JK, Smith LR. Skeletal muscle progenitors are sensitive to collagen architectural features of fibril size and cross linking. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C330-C342. [PMID: 34191625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00065.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for the robust regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. However, in fibrotic environments marked by abundant collagen and altered collagen organization, the regenerative capability of MuSCs is diminished. MuSCs are sensitive to their extracellular matrix environment but their response to collagen architecture is largely unknown. The present study aimed to systematically test the effect of underlying collagen structures on MuSC functions. Collagen hydrogels were engineered with varied architectures: collagen concentration, cross linking, fibril size, and fibril alignment, and the changes were validated with second harmonic generation imaging and rheology. Proliferation and differentiation responses of primary mouse MuSCs and immortal myoblasts (C2C12s) were assessed using EdU assays and immunolabeling skeletal muscle myosin expression, respectively. Changing collagen concentration and the corresponding hydrogel stiffness did not have a significant influence on MuSC proliferation or differentiation. However, MuSC differentiation on atelocollagen gels, which do not form mature pyridinoline cross links, was increased compared with the cross-linked control. In addition, MuSCs and C2C12 myoblasts showed greater differentiation on gels with smaller collagen fibrils. Proliferation rates of C2C12 myoblasts were also higher on gels with smaller collagen fibrils, whereas MuSCs did not show a significant difference. Surprisingly, collagen alignment did not have significant effects on muscle progenitor function. This study demonstrates that MuSCs are capable of sensing their underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) structures and enhancing differentiation on substrates with less collagen cross linking or smaller collagen fibrils. Thus, in fibrotic muscle, targeting cross linking and fibril size rather than collagen expression may more effectively support MuSC-based regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ya Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Cassidy J Mileti
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Taryn Loomis
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sarah E Brashear
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sarah Ahmad
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Rosemary R Chellakudam
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ross P Wohlgemuth
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Lucas R Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California
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Adam I, Maxwell A, Rößler H, Hansen EB, Vellema M, Brewer J, Elemans CPH. One-to-one innervation of vocal muscles allows precise control of birdsong. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3115-3124.e5. [PMID: 34089645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The motor control resolution of any animal behavior is limited to the minimal force step available when activating muscles, which is set by the number and size distribution of motor units (MUs) and muscle-specific force. Birdsong is an excellent model system for understanding acquisition and maintenance of complex fine motor skills, but we know surprisingly little about how the motor pool controlling the syrinx is organized and how MU recruitment drives changes in vocal output. Here we developed an experimental paradigm to measure MU size distribution using spatiotemporal imaging of intracellular calcium concentration in cross-sections of living intact syrinx muscles. We combined these measurements with muscle stress and an in vitro syrinx preparation to determine the control resolution of fundamental frequency (fo), a key vocal parameter, in zebra finches. We show that syringeal muscles have extremely small MUs, with 40%-50% innervating ≤3 and 13%-17% innervating a single muscle fiber. Combined with the lowest specific stress (5 mN/mm2) known to skeletal vertebrate muscle, small force steps by the major fo controlling muscle provide control of 50-mHz to 7.3-Hz steps per MU. We show that the song system has the highest motor control resolution possible in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest this evolved due to strong selection on fine gradation of vocal output. Furthermore, we propose that high-resolution motor control was a key feature contributing to the radiation of songbirds that allowed diversification of song and speciation by vocal space expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Adam
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Alyssa Maxwell
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helen Rößler
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Michiel Vellema
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Brewer
- PhyLife, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Coen P H Elemans
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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Sato T, Kim JH, Cho KH, Hayashi S, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Murakami G. Fetal development and growth of the human erector spinae with special reference to attachments on the surface aponeurosis. Surg Radiol Anat 2021; 43:1503-1517. [PMID: 34059927 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-021-02759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The longissimus (LO) and iliocostalis (IC) of adults consist of myofibers extending from the superolateral to the inferomedial side of the back and, because of the same course, they are fused in the thoracolumbar region. The LO also has a medial attachment to the long myofibers of the transversospinalis (TS) showing a course from the superomedial to the inferolateral side. However, there is apparently no information regarding when and how these similar longitudinal muscles differentiate from a cluster of dorsomedial myotome cells. METHODS We examined sagittal and horizontal sections of the trunks of 39 human embryos and fetuses (18-330 mm crown-rump length). RESULTS At 6-7 weeks gestational age (GA), the surface aponeurosis appeared prior to and independent of the thoracolumbar fascia. At 6-9 weeks GA, the LO myofibers had a postero-inferior course, from the transverse process to the initial aponeurosis, whereas the TS myofibers had a postero-superior course, from a lateral extension of the intertransverse ligament to the aponeurosis. However, the IC consisted of supracostal longitudinal myofibers and was distant from the LO until 12 weeks GA. Because of the lack of ligamentous attachments and ribs, myofibers of the TS, LO, and IC took a similar inferior course in the lumbar region. When the early TS was represented by the transverso-aponeurotic muscle, consequently, the LO corresponded to the aponeuro-transversal muscle and was independent from the IC. CONCLUSION The classical model of TS and LO development does not recognize the essential role of the aponeurosis identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Sato
- Emeritus Professor of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Geunji-ro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang Ho Cho
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Hospital, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Iksan, Korea
| | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | | | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Cupid Clinic, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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41
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Guo J, Yin Y, Peng G. Fractional-order viscoelastic model of musculoskeletal tissues: correlation with fractals. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-similar fractals are widely obtained from biomaterials within the human musculoskeletal system, and their viscoelastic behaviours can be described by fractional-order derivatives. However, existing viscoelastic models neglect the internal correlation between the fractal structure of biomaterials and their fractional-order temporal responses. We further expanded the fractal hyper-cell (FHC) viscoelasticity theory to investigate this spatio-temporal correlation. The FHC element was first compared with other material elements and spring–dashpot viscoelastic models, thereby highlighting its discrete and fractal nature. To demonstrate the utility of an FHC, tree-like, ladder-like and triangle-like FHCs were abstracted from human cartilage, tendons and muscle cross-sections, respectively. The duality and symmetry of the FHC element were further discussed, where operating the duality transformation generated new types of FHC elements, and the symmetry breaking of an FHC altered its fractional-order viscoelastic responses. Thus, the correlations between the staggering patterns of FHCs and their rheological power-law orders were established, and the viscoelastic behaviour of the multi-level FHC elements fitted well in stress relaxation experiments at both the macro- and nano-levels of the tendon hierarchy. The FHC element provides a theoretical basis for understanding the connections between structural degeneration of bio-tissues during ageing or disease and their functional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Flight Vehicle, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajun Yin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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42
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Jakobsen JR, Krogsgaard MR. The Myotendinous Junction-A Vulnerable Companion in Sports. A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:635561. [PMID: 33841171 PMCID: PMC8032995 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.635561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of strain injuries continues to be high in many popular sports, especially hamstring strain injuries in football, despite a documented important effect of eccentric exercise to prevent strains. Studies investigating the anatomical properties of these injuries in humans are sparse. The majority of strains are seen at the interface between muscle fibers and tendon: the myotendinous junction (MTJ). It has a unique morphology with a highly folded muscle membrane filled with invaginations of collagen fibrils from the tendon, establishing an increased area of force transmission between muscle and tendon. There is a very high rate of remodeling of the muscle cells approaching the MTJ, but little is known about how the tissue adapts to exercise and which structural changes heavy eccentric exercise may introduce. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the anatomy, composition and adaptability of the MTJ, and discusses reasons why strain injuries can be prevented by eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rithamer Jakobsen
- Section of Sports Traumatology, M51, A Part of IOC Research Center, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Carraro U, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Translational research on Myology and Mobility Medicine: 2021 semi-virtual PDM3 from Thermae of Euganean Hills, May 26 - 29, 2021. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31:9743. [PMID: 33733717 PMCID: PMC8056169 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 19-21 November 2020, the meeting of the 30 years of the Padova Muscle Days was virtually held while the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic was hitting the world after a seemingly quiet summer. During the 2020-2021 winter, the epidemic is still active, despite the start of vaccinations. The organizers hope to hold the 2021 Padua Days on Myology and Mobility Medicine in a semi-virtual form (2021 S-V PDM3) from May 26 to May 29 at the Thermae of Euganean Hills, Padova, Italy. Here the program and the Collection of Abstracts are presented. Despite numerous world problems, the number of submitted/selected presentations (lectures and oral presentations) has increased, prompting the organizers to extend the program to four dense days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padova, Italy; CIR-Myo - Myology Centre, University of Padova, Italy; A-C Mioni-Carraro Foundation for Translational Myology, Padova.
| | - Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
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44
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B. Knudsen A, Mackey AL, Jakobsen JR, Krogsgaard MR. No demonstrable ultrastructural adaptation of the human myotendinous junction to immobilization or 4 weeks of heavy resistance training. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B. Knudsen
- Department of Sports Traumatology M51 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalIOC Research Center Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Abigail Louise Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopedic Surgery M Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalIOC Research Center Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jens Rithamer Jakobsen
- Department of Sports Traumatology M51 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalIOC Research Center Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Rindom Krogsgaard
- Department of Sports Traumatology M51 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalIOC Research Center Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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45
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Trommelen J, Holwerda AM, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, VAN Kranenburg J, Gijsen AP, Verdijk LB, VAN Loon LJC. Casein Ingestion Does Not Increase Muscle Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:1983-1991. [PMID: 32195768 PMCID: PMC7431152 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary protein ingestion on intramuscular connective tissue protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery from a single bout of resistance exercise. METHODS Thirty-six healthy, young males were randomly assigned to one of three treatments. One group ingested 30 g intrinsically L-[1-C]-phenylalanine-labeled casein protein before sleep (PRO, n = 12). The other two groups performed a bout of resistance exercise in the evening and ingested either placebo (EX, n = 12) or 30 g intrinsically L-[1-C]-phenylalanine-labeled casein protein before sleep (EX + PRO, n = 12). Continuous intravenous infusions of L-[ring-H5]-phenylalanine and L-[1-C]-leucine were applied, and blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to assess connective tissue protein synthesis rates and dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation in the connective tissue protein fraction. RESULTS Resistance exercise resulted in higher connective tissue protein synthesis rates when compared with rest (0.086 ± 0.017%·h [EX] and 0.080 ± 0.019%·h [EX + PRO] vs 0.059 ± 0.016%·h [PRO]; P < 0.05). Postexercise casein protein ingestion did not result in higher connective tissue protein synthesis rates when compared with postexercise placebo ingestion (P = 1.00). Dietary protein-derived amino acids were incorporated into the connective tissue protein fraction at rest, and to a greater extent during recovery from exercise (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Resistance exercise increases intramuscular connective tissue protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep, with no further effect of postexercise protein ingestion. However, dietary protein-derived amino acids are being used as precursors to support de novo connective tissue protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan M Senden
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Janneau VAN Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
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Predicting muscle tissue response from calibrated component models and histology-based finite element models. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104375. [PMID: 33578299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an anisotropic soft biological tissue composed of muscle fibres embedded in a structurally complex, hierarchically organised extracellular matrix. In a recent work (Kuravi et al., 2021) we have developed 3D finite element models from series of histological sections. Moreover, based on decellularisation of fresh tissue samples, a novel set of experimental data on the direction dependent mechanical properties of collagenous ECM was established (Kohn et al., 2021). Together with existing information on the material properties of single muscle fibres, the combination of these techniques allows computing predictions of the composite tissue response. To this end, an inverse finite element procedure is proposed in the present work to calibrate a constitutive model of the extracellular matrix, and supplementary biaxial tensile tests on fresh and decellularised tissues are performed for model validation. The results of this rigorously predictive and thus unforgiving strategy suggest that the prediction of the tissue response from the individual characteristics of muscle cells and decellularised tissue is only possible within clear limits. While orders of magnitude are well matched, and the qualitative behaviour in a wide range of load cases is largely captured, the existing deviations point at potentially missing components of the model and highlight the incomplete experimental information in bottom-up multiscale approaches to model skeletal muscle tissue.
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Abstract
Stretching exercises are integral part of the rehabilitation and sport. Despite this, the mechanism behind its proposed effect remains ambiguous. It is assumed that flexibility increases, e.g., action on muscle and tendon, respectively, but this is not always present in the stretching protocol of the exercises used. Recently, the fasciae have increased popularity and seems that they can have a role to define the flexibility and the perception of the limitation of the maximal range of motion (ROM). Deep fascia is also considered a key element to transmit load in parallel bypassing the joints, transmitting around 30% of the force generated during a muscular contraction. So, it seems impossible dividing the action of the muscles from the fasciae, but they have to be considered as a “myofascial unit”. The purpose of this manuscript is to evaluate the mechanical behavior of muscles, tendons, and fasciae to better understand how they can interact during passive stretching. Stress-strain values of muscle, tendon and fascia demonstrate that during passive stretching, the fascia is the first tissue that limit the elongation, suggesting that fascial tissue is probably the major target of static stretching. A better understanding of myofascial force transmission, and the study of the biomechanical behavior of fasciae, with also the thixotropic effect, can help to design a correct plan of stretching.
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M. The optimal duration of high-intensity static stretching in hamstrings. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240181. [PMID: 33007014 PMCID: PMC7531788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the duration of high-intensity static stretching on flexibility and strength in the hamstrings. Methods Fourteen healthy males (20.8 ± 0.6 years, 170.7 ± 6.5 cm, 66.4 ± 9.9 kg) underwent high-intensity static stretching for three different durations (10, 15, and 20 seconds). The intensity of static stretching was set at the maximum point of discomfort. To examine the change in flexibility and strength, range of motion, peak passive torque, relative passive torque, muscle-tendon unit stiffness, peak torque of isokinetic knee flexion, and knee angle at peak torque of isokinetic knee flexion were measured. To evaluate a time course of pain, a numerical rating scale was described. Results Range of motion (P < 0.01), peak passive torque (P < 0.01), and knee angle at peak torque were increased at all interventions. Relative passive torque (P < 0.01) and muscle-tendon unit stiffness (P < 0.01) were decreased at all interventions. Peak torque decreased after 10 seconds of stretching (P < 0.05). Numerical rating scale during stretching was 8–9 levels in all interventions, the pain disappeared immediately after the post-measurements (median = 0). Conclusion The results suggested that muscle-tendon unit stiffness decreased regardless of duration of high-intensity static stretching. However, peak torque of isokinetic knee flexion decreased after 10 seconds of high-intensity static stretching, though it was no change after for more than 15 seconds of stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kobe International University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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Gumpenberger M, Wessner B, Graf A, Narici MV, Fink C, Braun S, Hoser C, Blazevich AJ, Csapo R. Remodeling the Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix in Older Age-Effects of Acute Exercise Stimuli on Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197089. [PMID: 32992998 PMCID: PMC7583913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With advancing age, the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes fibrotic changes that may lead to increased muscle stiffness, injury susceptibility and strength loss. This study tested the potential of different exercises to counter these changes by stimulating the activity of genes associated with ECM remodeling. Twenty-six healthy men (66.9 ± 3.9 years) were stratified to two of four groups, performing unilateral (i) conventional resistance exercise, (ii) conventional resistance exercise followed by self-myofascial release (CEBR), (iii) eccentric-only exercise (ECC) or (iv) plyometric jumps (PLY). The non-trained leg served as control. Six hours post-exercise, vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were analyzed for the expression of genes associated with ECM collagen synthesis (COL1A1), matrix metallopeptidases (collagen degradation; MMPs) and peptidase inhibitors (TIMP1). Significant between-group differences were found for MMP3, MMP15 and TIMP1, with the greatest responses in MMP3 and TIMP1 seen in CEBR and in MMP15 in ECC. MMP9 (3.24–3.81-fold change) and COL1A1 (1.47–2.40-fold change) were increased in CEBR and PLY, although between-group differences were non-significant. The expression of ECM-related genes is exercise-specific, with CEBR and PLY triggering either earlier or stronger remodeling than other stimuli. Training studies will test whether execution of such exercises may help counter age-associated muscle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gumpenberger
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna 1150, Austria;
| | - Alexandra Graf
- Institute for Medical Statistics, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria;
| | - Marco V. Narici
- CirMyo Myology Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Christian Fink
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
- Gelenkpunkt Sports and Joint Surgery, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Sepp Braun
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
- Gelenkpunkt Sports and Joint Surgery, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Christian Hoser
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
- Gelenkpunkt Sports and Joint Surgery, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Anthony J. Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
| | - Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall 6060, Austria; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.B.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-50-8648-3887
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50
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Böl M, Iyer R, Garcés-Schröder M, Kohn S, Dietzel A. Mechano-geometrical skeletal muscle fibre characterisation under cyclic and relaxation loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:104001. [PMID: 32957260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, mechano-geometrical characterisations of skeletal muscle fibres in two different deformation states, namely, axial tension and axial compression, were realised. In both cases, cyclic and relaxation tests were performed. Additionally, the changes in the volume of the fibres during deformation were recorded to obtain more detailed information about the muscle fibre load transfer mechanisms. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present experimental investigation of the mechanical and geometrical characteristics of muscle fibres provides a novel comprehensive data set that can be used to obtain a better understanding of muscle fibre load transfer mechanisms and to construct meaningful models. In the present study, it is shown that muscle fibres exhibit incompressibility (5% volume decrease at maximum deformation) under tension and that this feature is more pronounced under compression loading (37% volume decrease at maximum deformation). These findings are particularly interesting and lead to a further understanding of load transfer mechanisms and to the development of new modelling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany.
| | - Rahul Iyer
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Mayra Garcés-Schröder
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Stephan Kohn
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Micro Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
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