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Diana S, Emanuel T, Keren AS, Izhak S. Ethnic Differences in Home-Related Maternal Stress: Muslim and Jewish Mothers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4393. [PMID: 31717679 PMCID: PMC6888124 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parental stresses are normal responses to raising children. They are affected by stresses parents and children accumulate and bring to their interrelations. Background factors like economic difficulties or the relations between the parents may affect parental stresses as well as demographic and environmental factors like noise and access to urban parks. Most studies on parental stress are based on a verified psychological questionnaire. We suggest using frequency domain heart rate variability index (HRV) to measure parental stress enabling, by thus, the measurement of physiological aspects of stress and risk to health. Parental stress is measured as the difference between HRV accumulated at home while staying with the children and without the husband and HRV measured in the neighborhood while staying without the children and the husband. We use the index to compare differences among Muslim and Jewish mothers in exposure to maternal stress at their homes and to expose the factors that predict differences in maternal stress. We found that Muslim mothers suffer from home-related maternal stress while Jewish mother do not. Number of children and ethnically related environmental aspects predict differences in maternal stress between Muslim and Jewish mothers. Muslims' lower access to parks stems from lack of home garden and parks in their neighborhoods in the Arab towns but mainly by restrictions on Muslim mothers' freedom of movement to parks. Despite differences in levels of noise at home and in the status of the mother in the household, these factors did not predict differences in maternal stress. Instead, the study highlights the crucial role of greenery and freedom of movement to parks in moderating home-related maternal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadi Diana
- Porter School of the Environmental and Earth Sciences, the Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tirosh Emanuel
- Bnei Zion Medical Center, the Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, (emeritus), The Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 23774, Israel;
| | - Agay-Shay Keren
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed 5290002, Israel; or
| | - Schnell Izhak
- Department of Geography and Human Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 66978, Israel
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2
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Klein E, Bieck SM, Bloechle J, Huber S, Bahnmueller J, Willmes K, Moeller K. Anticipation of difficult tasks: neural correlates of negative emotions and emotion regulation. Behav Brain Funct 2019; 15:4. [PMID: 30885230 PMCID: PMC6421679 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficult cognitive tasks are often associated with negative feelings. This can be already the case for the mere anticipation of having to do a difficult task. For the case of difficult math tasks, it was recently suggested that such a negative emotional response may be exclusive to highly math-anxious individuals. However, it is also conceivable that negative emotional responses simply reflect that math is perceived as difficult. Here we investigated whether non-math-anxious individuals also experience negative emotional responses when anticipating to do difficult math tasks. METHODS We compared brain activation following the presentation of a numerical cue indicating either difficult or easy upcoming proportion magnitude comparison tasks. RESULTS Comparable to previous results for highly math-anxious individuals we observed a network associated with negative emotions to be activated in non-math-anxious individuals when facing cues indicating a difficult upcoming task. Importantly, however, math anxiety scores did not predict the neural response. Furthermore, we observed activation in areas associated with processes of cognitive control areas such as anterior cingulate cortex, which were suggested to play a key role in emotion regulation. CONCLUSION Activation in the emotion processing network was observed when anticipating an upcoming difficult (math) task. However, this activation was not predicted by individual' degree of math anxiety. Therefore, we suggest that negative emotional responses to difficult math tasks might be a rather common reaction not specific to math-anxious individuals. Whether or not this initial negative response impairs math performance, however, might depend on the ability to regulate those emotions effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Klein
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silke M Bieck
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany. .,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Bloechle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Huber
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Bahnmueller
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Willmes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Lin H, Li WZ. Effect of the menstrual cycle on circulation during combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia. BMC Anesthesiol 2018; 18:109. [PMID: 30115031 PMCID: PMC6097406 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-018-0573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From adolescence to menopause, hormone levels during the menstrual cycle affect various body systems, from the cardiovascular system to the water and electrolyte balance. This study investigated the effect of different phases of the menstrual cycle on circulatory function relative to changes in body position and combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia (CSEA). Methods Forty-six women were selected who underwent scheduled gynaecological surgery, were classified as American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I-II, and met the test criteria. The sample was divided into the follicular and corpus luteal groups. Preoperative heart rate and blood pressure measurements were taken from the supine and standing positions. Heart rate measurements as well as systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure measurements were taken upon entering the operating room, at the beginning of the spinal-epidural anaesthesia, and 10, 20, and 30 min after anaesthesia was administered. Results The heart rates of patients in the corpus luteal group were higher than those of patients in the follicular group both before and after anaesthesia (P < 0.05). Significantly more ephedrine was used during the first 30 min of CSEA in the corpus luteal group than in the follicular group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Although the effect was slight, women in the follicular phase were better able to compensate and tolerate circulatory fluctuations than those in the luteal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lin
- Department of Anesthesia, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Li
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
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4
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Johnson M, Rasouli S. Contingent self-esteem structures related to cardiac, exhaustive, and immunological disease: A comparison between groups of outpatients. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1391677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahnaz Rasouli
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Cortical and Autonomic Stress Responses in Adults with High Versus Low Levels of Trait Anxiety: A Pilot Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 977:127-132. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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6
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Cauley JA, Smagula SF, Hovey KM, Wactawski-Wende J, Andrews CA, Crandall CJ, LeBoff MS, Li W, Coday M, Sattari M, Tindle HA. Optimism, Cynical Hostility, Falls, and Fractures: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS). J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:221-229. [PMID: 27566996 PMCID: PMC7079733 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Traits of optimism and cynical hostility are features of personality that could influence the risk of falls and fractures by influencing risk-taking behaviors, health behaviors, or inflammation. To test the hypothesis that personality influences falls and fracture risk, we studied 87,342 women enrolled in WHI-OS. Optimism was assessed by the Life Orientation Test-Revised and cynical hostility, the cynicism subscale of the Cook-Medley questionnaire. Higher scores indicate greater optimism and hostility. Optimism and hostility were correlated at r = -0. 31, p < 0.001. Annual self-report of falling ≥2 times in the past year was modeled using repeated measures logistic regression. Cox proportional hazards models were used for the fracture outcomes. We examined the risk of falls and fractures across the quartiles (Q) of optimism and hostility with tests for trends; Q1 formed the referent group. The average follow-up for fractures was 11.4 years and for falls was 7.6 years. In multivariable (MV)-adjusted models, women with the highest optimism scores (Q4) were 11% less likely to report ≥2 falls in the past year (odds ratio [OR] = 0.89; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.85-0.90). Women in Q4 for hostility had a 12% higher risk of ≥2 falls (OR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.07-1.17). Higher optimism scores were also associated with a 10% lower risk of fractures, but this association was attenuated in MV models. Women with the greatest hostility (Q4) had a modest increased risk of any fracture (MV-adjusted hazard ratio = 1. 05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09), but there was no association with specific fracture sites. In conclusion, optimism was independently associated with a decreased risk of ≥2 falls, and hostility with an increased risk of ≥2 falls, independent of traditional risk factors. The magnitude of the association was similar to aging 5 years. Whether interventions aimed at attitudes could reduce fall risks remains to be determined. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenjun Li
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mace Coday
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maryam Sattari
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Walters RP, Harrison PK, Campbell RW, Harrison DW. Frontal lobe regulation of blood glucose levels: support for the limited capacity model in hostile violence-prone men. Brain Inform 2016; 3:221-231. [PMID: 27747812 PMCID: PMC5106403 DOI: 10.1007/s40708-016-0034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hostile men have reliably displayed an exaggerated sympathetic stress response across multiple experimental settings, with cardiovascular reactivity for blood pressure and heart rate concurrent with lateralized right frontal lobe stress (Trajanoski et al., in Diabetes Care 19(12):1412-1415, 1996; see Heilman et al., in J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38(1):69-72, 1975). The current experiment examined frontal lobe regulatory control of glucose in high and low hostile men with concurrent left frontal lobe (Control Oral Word Association Test [verbal]) or right frontal lobe (Ruff Figural Fluency Test [nonverbal]) stress. A significant interaction was found for Group × Condition, F (1,22) = 4.16, p ≤ .05 with glucose levels (mg/dl) of high hostile men significantly elevated as a function of the right frontal stressor (M = 101.37, SD = 13.75) when compared to the verbal stressor (M = 95.79, SD = 11.20). Glucose levels in the low hostile group remained stable for both types of stress. High hostile men made significantly more errors on the right frontal but not the left frontal stressor (M = 17.18, SD = 19.88) when compared to the low hostile men (M = 5.81, SD = 4.33). These findings support our existing frontal capacity model of hostility (Iribarren et al., in J Am Med Assoc 17(19):2546-2551, 2000; McCrimmon et al., in Physiol Behav 67(1):35-39, 1999; Brunner et al., in Diabetes Care 21(4):585-590, 1998), extending the role of the right frontal lobe to regulatory control over glucose mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Walters
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Williams Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Patti Kelly Harrison
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Williams Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ransom W Campbell
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Williams Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - David W Harrison
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Williams Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Crowley OV, Kimhy D, McKinley PS, Burg MM, Schwartz JE, Lachman ME, Tun PA, Ryff CD, Seeman TE, Sloan RP. Vagal Recovery From Cognitive Challenge Moderates Age-Related Deficits in Executive Functioning. Res Aging 2016; 38:504-25. [PMID: 26303063 PMCID: PMC4764500 DOI: 10.1177/0164027515593345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Decline in executive functioning (EF) is a hallmark of cognitive aging. We have previously reported that faster vagal recovery from cognitive challenge is associated with better EF. This study examined the association between vagal recovery from cognitive challenge and age-related differences in EF among 817 participants in the Midlife in the U.S. study (aged 35-86). Cardiac vagal control was measured as high-frequency heart rate variability. Vagal recovery moderated the association between age and EF (β = .811, p = .004). Secondary analyses revealed that older participants (aged 65-86) with faster vagal recovery had superior EF compared to their peers who had slower vagal recovery. In contrast, among younger (aged 35-54) and middle-aged (aged 55-64) participants, vagal recovery was not associated with EF. We conclude that faster vagal recovery from cognitive challenge is associated with reduced deficits in EF among older, but not younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Kimhy
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paula S McKinley
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew M Burg
- Division of General Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph E Schwartz
- Division of General Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Patricia A Tun
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Teresa E Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard P Sloan
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Kuehl LK, Deuter CE, Richter S, Schulz A, Rüddel H, Schächinger H. Two separable mechanisms are responsible for mental stress effects on high frequency heart rate variability: an intra-individual approach in a healthy and a diabetic sample. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 95:299-303. [PMID: 25500224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Central withdrawal of parasympathetic cardiac control and increased respiratory frequency represent two important determinants of reduced respiratory-related heart rate variability (HRV). However, studies are missing to disentangle their relative contribution during mental stress. Healthy subjects (n=10) and type 2 diabetic patients (n=8), the latter with evidence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy, participated in this study. Using an intra-individual approach, high-frequency (hf) HRV was assessed for spontaneous (during rest and mental stress) and paced breathing (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 0.45 Hz; randomized sequence). Mental stress was induced by a challenging reaction time task. Effects of respiratory frequency on hf HRV were individually predicted by paced breathing data. Mental stress decreased hf HRV (p<.001), and increased respiratory frequency (p=.01). Individual prediction of hf HRV by stress respiratory frequency resulted in lower values (p=.02) than observed during rest, indicating that respiratory stress effects were sufficient to reduce hf HRV. However, observed hf HRV values during stress were even lower (p<.001). These results indicate that hf HRV reductions during stress can only partly be explained by concomitant respiratory frequency changes. This effect is detectable in healthy subjects and in patients with evidence of diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn K Kuehl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian E Deuter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050 Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Johanniterufer 15, 54290 Trier, Germany.
| | - Steffen Richter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050 Berlin, Germany.
| | - André Schulz
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Research Unit INSIDE, University of Luxembourg, Route de Diekirch, L-7220 Walferdange, Luxembourg.
| | - Heinz Rüddel
- University of Trier, Centre for Psychobiological and Psychosomatic Research, Department of Behavioral Medicine, St. Franziska Stift, Franziska-Puricelli-Str. 3, 55543 Bad Kreuznach, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Schächinger
- Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Johanniterufer 15, 54290 Trier, Germany.
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10
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Shenoy JP, Pa S, J S. Study of cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress in different phases of menstrual cycle. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:BC01-4. [PMID: 25120967 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/8327.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is a well known fact that normally female sex hormone levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle. The presence of receptors for these hormones on both heart and blood vessels may also hint at variations in physiological functions during menstrual cycle. So this study was an attempt to determine whether the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle are characterized by variations in cardiovascular parameters in the resting state and also examine changes in cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress challenge during both the phases of menstrual cycle. METHODOLOGY Thirty healthy females in the age group of 18-25 years with regular menstrual cycles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were examined for cardiovascular parameters (heart rate and blood pressures) at rest and their reactivity to mental stress during the follicular and luteal phase and were compared by using paired t-test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The women included in the study produced the well known reactivity to mental stress, in terms of blood pressure and heart rate increases, but the two phases of menstrual cycle were indistinguishable in so far as reactivity patterns were considered. The resting values of these cardiovascular parameters were also alike during the two phases. CONCLUSION We were unable to unearth any differences in resting and reactivity values of cardiovascular parameters during the course of a normal menstrual cycle. This shows that stress reactivity variations during different phases of menstrual cycle may not be due to variations in hormonal levels per se, but due to collusion of hormonal variations and unknown genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jnaneshwara P Shenoy
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Father Muller Medical College , Mangalore, India
| | - Sahana Pa
- Student, MBBS Phase 2, Father Muller Medical College , Mangalore, India
| | - Shivakumar J
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, KIMS , Hubli, India
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Abstract
Exposure to various forms of stress is a common daily occurrence in the lives of most individuals, with both positive and negative effects on brain function. The impact of stress is strongly influenced by the type and duration of the stressor. In its acute form, stress may be a necessary adaptive mechanism for survival and with only transient changes within the brain. However, severe and/or prolonged stress causes overactivation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis thus inflicting detrimental changes in the brain structure and function. Therefore, chronic stress is often considered a negative modulator of the cognitive functions including the learning and memory processes. Exposure to long-lasting stress diminishes health and increases vulnerability to mental disorders. In addition, stress exacerbates functional changes associated with various brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview for neuroscientists who are seeking a concise account of the effects of stress on learning and memory and associated signal transduction mechanisms. This review discusses chronic mental stress and its detrimental effects on various aspects of brain functions including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and cognition-related signaling enabled via key signal transduction molecules.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many suicide-related features such as affective disorders, impulsivity, and hostility have been associated with an aberrant regulation of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Moreover, the neural bases of HR and BP regulation are similar to those of emotion regulation. The present study examined whether high resting HR or BP would be associated with an increased risk of suicide. METHODS Resting HR and BP were measured among 204,600 men (mean [standard deviation] age = 44.5 [12.1] years) and 119,110 women (mean [standard deviation] age = 45.0 [14.0] years), together with depressive mood and perceived stress. Age, marital status, working status, socioeconomic status, physical activity, alcohol intake, and current medications were self-reported. Dates and causes of death were obtained from the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies and the French National Cause-of-Death Registry, respectively. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 9.1 years, 133 participants (106 men) completed suicide. Resting HR, but not BP, was positively associated with suicide, together with depressive mood, perceived stress, low body mass index, male sex, status as a current smoker, and taking a psychotropic medication. Adjusting for these covariates, resting HR still independently predicted suicide. Ten additional beats per minute increased the risk of suicide by 19% in the unadjusted model and by 24% to 37% in the adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS Resting HR and suicide risk may share some biologic determinants, such as genetic factors or neural bases. These results may inform further attempts to understand how suicide is mediated at a brain level.
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Tindle H, Davis E, Kuller L. Attitudes and cardiovascular disease. Maturitas 2011; 67:108-13. [PMID: 20554132 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychological attitudes are prospectively related to cardiovascular disease (CVD), but a causal relationship has not been demonstrated. Trait optimism/pessimism (positive or negative future expectation, respectively), and cynical hostility (mistrust of people), are attitudes with features of personality traits. These attitudes may affect CVD risk in several ways, by influencing an individual's (1) adoption of health behaviors, (2) maladaptive stress responding resulting in direct alteration of physiology (i.e., autonomic dysfunction, thrombosis, arrhythmias), (3) development of traditional CVD risk factors, and (4) lack of adherence to therapy in both primary and secondary prevention. More adaptive attitudes may favorably influence CVD risk at each of these critical junctures. The genetic and environmental (i.e., social, economic, racial/ethnic) determinants of attitudes have not been extensively studied. In addition, it is important to understand how some of these environmental determinants may also moderate the association between attitudes and CVD. Clinical trials to modify attitudes for CVD risk reduction (either by reducing negative attitudes or by increasing positive attitudes) are difficult to conduct, but are necessary to determine whether attitudes can indeed be modified, and if, so, to quantify any CVD-related benefits. To address these questions we present a broad, multidisciplinary research agenda utilizing mixed methods and integrating principles of epidemiology, genetics, psychophysiology, and behavioral medicine over the lifecourse (first figure). This overview focuses on attitudes and CVD, but has broader implications for understanding how psychological factors relate to chronic diseases of adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Tindle
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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14
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Ellis AJ, Fischer KM, Beevers CG. Is dysphoria about beingredandblue? Potentiation of anger and reduced distress tolerance among dysphoric individuals. Cogn Emot 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/13803390902851176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Influence of psychological and coronary parameters on coronary patient rehospitalization. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2010; 138:154-61. [DOI: 10.2298/sarh1004154n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Psychological reactions are often comorbid with coronary risk factors and could be important for a six-month outcome. Objective. Determination of anxiety level, depression and aggression, persistence of risk health behaviour, stress life events, and coronary risk factors after coronary event and a predictive value of those parameters for six-month rehospitalization. Methods. In the group with Angina Pectoris (E1=30) and the group with Acute Myocardial Infarction (E2=33), there were applied, at baseline and after 6 months, the following: Semistructured Clinical Interview based on ICD-10, for depressive episode and anxiety disorder, Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), KON-6 sigma Scale for aggression, Holms-Rahe Scale (H-R) for stress events and Questionnaire for risk behaviour: alcohol consumption, smoking, lack of physical activity. Group differences were assessed by t-test and chi-square test, p<0.05, regression analysis for assessing initial variables, a predictive value for six month rehospitalization. Results. After acute coronary event, the anxiety and depression levels were mild and aggression was low in E1 and mild in E2. Stress event score was significantly higher in E2 (H-R=115.18) than in E1 (H-R=72.20), p<0.05. After 6 months, the results were the same except for a significantly lower stress event score in E1 (H-R=49.48), and in E2 (H-R=91.65), but still significantly higher than in E1. Coronary parameters were reduced, smokers' rate was increased in E1. Alcohol consumption, hypercholesterolaemia and hereditary tendency were predictive for six- month rehospitalization. Conclusion. After acute cardiac event, hospitalized coronary patients had a mild anxiety, depression and aggression level as well as after six months. The infarct patients had experienced more stress life events in the previous year than the angina patients. Risk health behaviour did not change in the following six months, with the increased smokers' rate in the angina group. Alcohol consumption, smoking and heredity were predictive for rehospitalization.
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Tindle HA, Chang YF, Kuller LH, Manson JE, Robinson JG, Rosal MC, Siegle GJ, Matthews KA. Optimism, cynical hostility, and incident coronary heart disease and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation 2009; 120:656-62. [PMID: 19667234 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.827642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trait optimism (positive future expectations) and cynical, hostile attitudes toward others have not been studied together in relation to incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality in postmenopausal women. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants were 97 253 women (89 259 white, 7994 black) from the Women's Health Initiative who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at study entry. Optimism was assessed by the Life Orientation Test-Revised and cynical hostility by the cynicism subscale of the Cook Medley Questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models produced adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for incident CHD (myocardial infarction, angina, percutaneous coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass surgery) and total mortality (CHD, cardiovascular disease, or cancer related) over approximately 8 years. Optimists (top versus bottom quartile ["pessimists"]) had lower age-adjusted rates (per 10 000) of CHD (43 versus 60) and total mortality (46 versus 63). The most cynical, hostile women (top versus bottom quartile) had higher rates of CHD (56 versus 44) and total mortality (63 versus 46). Optimists (versus pessimists) had a lower hazard of CHD (AHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.99), CHD-related mortality (AHR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.90), cancer-related mortality (blacks only; AHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.88), and total mortality (AHR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.93). Most (versus least) cynical, hostile women had a higher hazard of cancer-related mortality (AHR 1.23, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.40) and total mortality (AHR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.27; this effect was pronounced in blacks). Effects of optimism and cynical hostility were independent. CONCLUSIONS Optimism and cynical hostility are independently associated with important health outcomes in black and white women. Future research should examine whether interventions designed to change attitudes would lead to altered risk.
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Abstract
The current experiment investigated the effects of hostility on affective verbal learning and physiological regulation in high and low hostile women. The Auditory Affective Verbal Learning Test (AAVLT) was administered to women in either a cold pressor or no cold pressor condition. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded before and after the cold pressor or no cold pressor manipulation. Results indicated that high hostile women learned fewer words across conditions. The cold pressor primarily influenced neutral learning in high and low hostile participants. Additionally, primacy and recency effects of the AAVLT were replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina A Mollet
- Virginia Tech, Department of Psychology, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether the level of hostility predicted the rate of cognitive decline in a community of older blacks and whites and whether the association varied as a function of race. METHODS Over 4800 persons from a defined community in Chicago completed up to three structured interviews at approximately 3 year intervals over a period of up to 8.8 years (mean = 4.4 years). At the baseline interview, hostility was assessed with 8-items from the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale. Cognitive function was assessed at each interview with four cognitive function tests from which a composite measure of cognition was formed. Mixed effects models were used to assess change in cognition and its relation to hostility, controlling for age, sex, education, and race. RESULTS The average score on the hostility scale at baseline was 3.0 (SD = 2.1). Higher levels of hostility were associated with lower cognitive scores (estimate = -0.028, SE = 0.004, p < .001). Cognition declined at a rate of 0.051 U per year on average, but hostility was not related to the rate of decline. Results were unchanged after controlling for depressive symptoms, chronic health, neuroticism, and social and cognitive activity patterns, or when persons with cognitive impairment at baseline were excluded. The association was similar in blacks and whites. CONCLUSION The results suggest that hostility is associated with level of cognitive function in older persons but not related to cognitive decline.
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Tanida M, Katsuyama M, Sakatani K. Effects of fragrance administration on stress-induced prefrontal cortex activity and sebum secretion in the facial skin. Neurosci Lett 2008; 432:157-61. [PMID: 18191897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although fragrances have long been known to influence stress-induced psychosomatic disorders, the neurophysiological mechanism remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of fragrance on the relation between the level of sebum secretion in the facial skin and the stress-induced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity, which regulates the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Employing near infrared spectroscopy, we measured hemoglobin concentration changes in the bilateral PFC during a mental arithmetic task in normal adults (n=31), and evaluated asymmetry of the PFC activity in terms of the laterality index (i.e., [(right-left)/(right+left)]) of oxyhemoglobin concentration changes (LI-oxyHb). We measured the level of sebum secretion in the facial skin before the task performance. There was a significant positive correlation between the LI-oxyHb and the level of sebum secretion (r=+0.44, p=0.01). We selected the subjects who exhibited high levels of sebum secretion and right-dominant PFC activity for the study on the fragrance effect (n=12). Administration of fragrance for four weeks significantly reduced the level of sebum (p=0.02) in the fragrance group (n=6). In addition, the LI-oxyHb decreased significantly from 0.11+/-0.07 to -0.10+/-0.18 (p=0.01), indicating that the dominant side of the stress-induced PFC activity changed from the right to left side. In contrast, neither LI-oxyHb nor the levels of sebum secretion changed significantly in the control group (n=6). These results suggest that administration of fragrance reduced the level of sebum secretion by modulating the stress-induced PFC activity. The PFC may be involved in the neurophysiological mechanism of fragrance effects on systemic response to mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tanida
- Bioengineering Research Laboratories, Shiseido Life Science Research Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Tanida M, Katsuyama M, Sakatani K. Relation between mental stress-induced prefrontal cortex activity and skin conditions: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Res 2007; 1184:210-6. [PMID: 17950258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alkadhi K, Alzoubi K. Role of long-term potentiation of sympathetic ganglia (gLTP) in hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2007; 29:267-86. [PMID: 17653963 DOI: 10.1080/10641960701500356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ganglionic long-term potentiation (gLTP) is an activity-dependent sustained increase in the synaptic efficacy of the nicotinic pathway that has been demonstrated in autonomic ganglia. Sustained enhancement in ganglionic transmission as in chronic mental stress may affect the activity of autonomic functions, including blood pressure and heart rate. An increase in sympathetic activity associated with psychosocial stress and stress-prone conditions such as obesity and aging could result in in vivo expression of gLTP leading to hypertension of a neural origin. Recent reports indicated that the prevention of the expression of gLTP in animal models of hypertension prevented or reduced high blood pressure. Although stress-induced hypertension normalizes within a few days of stress relief, prolonged mild-moderate hypertension may contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The relation between hypertension and enhanced ganglionic transmission as a result of in vivo expression of gLTP is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5515, USA.
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22
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Perlis RH, Purcell S, Fagerness J, Cusin C, Yamaki L, Fava M, Smoller JW. Clinical and genetic dissection of anger expression and CREB1 polymorphisms in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:536-40. [PMID: 17300755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anger and irritability are prominent in a subset of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Phosphorylation of the transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) has been associated with aggression or reward/aversion in rodents, and markers near CREB1 have been linked to MDD. Therefore, we examined the association between CREB1 polymorphisms and anger expression in MDD. METHODS A clinical sample of 94 Caucasian outpatients with MDD (42 male, 52 female) completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. We examined six tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning CREB1 and flanking regions for association with a summary measure of frequency and intensity of anger expression. We also introduced a novel statistical method to dissect the independent effect of individual SNPs and haplotypes. RESULTS For the sample as a whole, one of six SNPs tested was significantly associated with anger expression (empirical p = .003). Among the male subsample, this association was particularly marked (empirical p = 8 x 10(-5)). A global haplotype test of the six SNPs was likewise significant (p = 3.7 x 10(-6)). No single SNP or haplotype accounted for all of the association observed. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest a strong, gender-specific association between variation at the CREB1 locus and anger expression in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy H Perlis
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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23
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Vuksanović V, Gal V. Heart rate variability in mental stress aloud. Med Eng Phys 2007; 29:344-9. [PMID: 16807051 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations on arithmetic stress with verbalization showed that spectral measures of heart rate variability (HRV) did not assess changes in autonomic modulation, although the heart rate (HR) increased. In this study non-linear measures of HRV are determined and linear measures are re-examined in order to understand this apparent discrepancy between HR and HRV changes. In 23 healthy subjects 5-min electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded at rest and during arithmetic stress aloud. We determined non-linear (short-term scaling exponent, sensitivity to the initial condition and signal complexity) and linear (low-frequency and high-frequency spectral powers) measures. Our results showed that averaging concealed out an opposite effect of mental stress aloud on spectral measures and that this could be the main reason why the effect was not quantified. We found that increase of HR upon mental stress aloud could be achieved through the decreased as well as increased modulation in high-frequency band (HF). We also showed that non-linear measures distinguished this opposite effect of mental stress aloud on linear measures. Decreased HF power is associated with increase in short-term scaling exponent and decrease in signal complexity, while increased HF power increased sensitivity to the initial conditions. Apart from their opposite response to the mental stress, the two groups differed in baseline in sensitivity to the initial conditions. We suggest that variety of changes in HR dynamics upon different perturbation could be due to some differences in intrinsic properties of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Vuksanović
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26/2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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24
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Mollet GA, Harrison DW. Emotion and Pain: A Functional Cerebral Systems Integration. Neuropsychol Rev 2006; 16:99-121. [PMID: 17006768 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-006-9009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Emotion and pain are psychological constructs that have received extensive attention in neuropsychological research. However, neuropsychological models of emotional processing have made more progress in describing how brain regions interact to process emotion. Theories of emotional processing can describe inter-hemispheric and intra-hemispheric interactions during emotional processing. Due to similarities between emotion and pain, it is thought that emotional models can be applied to pain. The following review examines the neuropsychology of emotion and pain using a functional cerebral systems approach. Specific comparisons are made between pain and anger. Attention is given to differences in cerebral function and physiology that may contribute to the processing of emotion and pain. Suggestions for future research in emotion and pain are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina A Mollet
- Virginia Tech Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic University, Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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25
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Vitaliano PP, Echeverria D, Yi J, Phillips PEM, Young H, Siegler IC. Psychophysiological mediators of caregiver stress and differential cognitive decline. Psychol Aging 2006; 20:402-11. [PMID: 16248700 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined relationships between chronic stress and cognitive decline and whether such relationships were mediated by psychophysiological factors. Ninety-six caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were compared with 95 similar noncaregiver spouses. All were free of diabetes. Although the groups started similarly, over 2 years caregivers declined by a small but significant amount (1 raw score point and 4 percentile points, each p<.05) on Shipley Vocabulary. In contrast, noncaregivers did not change. Higher hostile attribution (beta=-.09; p<.05) and metabolic risk (beta=-.10; p<.05) in caregivers mediated the cognitive decline. This is the first study of cognitive decline and mediators in caregivers. This work has implications for caregiver and care-recipient health and for research on cognition, psychophysiology, diabetes, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Vitaliano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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26
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Ohira H, Nomura M, Ichikawa N, Isowa T, Iidaka T, Sato A, Fukuyama S, Nakajima T, Yamada J. Association of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression. Neuroimage 2006; 29:721-33. [PMID: 16249100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies have shown that several prefrontal regions play critical roles in inhibiting activation of limbic regions during voluntary emotion regulation. The present study aimed to confirm prior findings and to extend them by identifying the frontal neural circuitry associated with regulation of peripheral physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression. Ten healthy female subjects were presented with affectively positive, neutral, and negative pictures in each of an Attending and Suppression task. Regional cerebral blood-flow changes were measured using 15O-water positron emission tomography, and autonomic (heart rate: HR, skin conductance response: SCR) and endocrine (adrenocorticotropic hormone: ACTH) indices were measured during both tasks. The left amygdala and the right anterior temporal pole were activated during the Attending task, whereas activation was observed in the left lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), including the adjacent medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), and medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC) during the Suppression task. In the Attending task, activation in the amygdala and MOFC positively correlated with magnitudes of the SCR and ACTH responses. Emotion suppression elicited enhancement of SCR and the strength of the effect positively correlated with activation in the MOFC. These results suggest that the MOFC plays a pivotal role in top-down regulation of peripheral physiological responses accompanying emotional experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ohira
- Department of Psychology, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan.
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Crone EA, Bunge SA, de Klerk P, van der Molen MW. Cardiac concomitants of performance monitoring: context dependence and individual differences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 23:93-106. [PMID: 15795137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Feedback processing is an important aspect of cognitive control and decision-making. Several studies have shown that heart rate slows following feedback that indicates incorrect performance or loss of money. The current study was the first to investigate (1) whether this slowing reflects an evaluation of the valence of the outcome or a system that indicates that the feedback contains informative value, (2) whether the slowing is determined by the value of the outcome relative to the range of possible outcomes, and (3) whether highly anxious individuals have a hypersensitive feedback monitoring system. The results showed that heart rate only slows when the feedback is performance based. The information provided by negative feedback is processed in a context-sensitive manner, suggesting that heart rate slowing following feedback reflects a signal associated with informative value for subsequent performance adjustment. Highly anxious individuals showed larger heart rate slowing in response to feedback indicating high stakes, but they failed to respond to feedback in a context-sensitive manner. These results were interpreted to suggest that anxious individuals are generally more sensitive to performance outcomes. Heart rate changes following informative feedback proved to be a sensitive index of component processes associated with performance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline A Crone
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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28
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Gianaros PJ, Van Der Veen FM, Jennings JR. Regional cerebral blood flow correlates with heart period and high-frequency heart period variability during working-memory tasks: Implications for the cortical and subcortical regulation of cardiac autonomic activity. Psychophysiology 2004; 41:521-30. [PMID: 15189475 PMCID: PMC4301264 DOI: 10.1111/1469-8986.2004.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the functional relationships between behaviorally evoked regional brain activation and cardiac autonomic activity in humans. Concurrent estimates of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF; obtained by positron emission tomography), heart period, and high-frequency heart period variability (HF-HPV; an indicator of cardiac parasympathetic activity) were examined in 93 adults (aged 50-70 years) who performed a series of increasingly difficult working-memory tasks. Increased task difficulty resulted in decreased heart period (indicating cardioacceleration) and decreased HF-HPV (indicating decreased cardiac parasympathetic activity). Task-induced decreases in heart period and HF-HPV were associated with concurrent increases and decreases in rCBF to cortical and subcortical brain regions that are speculated to regulate cardiac autonomic activity during behavioral processes: the medial-prefrontal, insular, and anterior cingulate cortices, the amygdala-hippocampal complex, and the cerebellum. These findings replicate and extend a small number of functional neuroimaging studies that suggest an important role for both cortical and subcortical brain systems in human cardiac autonomic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gianaros
- Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine Research Program, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Tanida M, Sakatani K, Takano R, Tagai K. Relation between asymmetry of prefrontal cortex activities and the autonomic nervous system during a mental arithmetic task: near infrared spectroscopy study. Neurosci Lett 2004; 369:69-74. [PMID: 15380310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the relationship between asymmetry of the prefrontal cortex activity and the automatic nervous system (ANS) response during a mental arithmetic (MA) task. Employing near infrared spectroscopy, we compared cerebral blood oxygenation changes in the right and left prefrontal cortices during a mental arithmetic task with HR changes. During the MA task, eight subjects (high-HR group) showed large HR increases (14.2 +/- 3.0) while eight subjects (low-HR group) showed small HR increases (3.6 +/- 2.8) (P < 0.00001). In both the high-HR and low-HR groups, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) demonstrated increases of oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin (=oxyhemoglobin + deoxyhemoglobin) associated with decreases of deoxyhemoglobin in the bilateral prefrontal cortices during MA task. In the high-HR group, the laterality ratio scores, i.e., [(R - L)/(R + L) of oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin], showed positive values (0.17 +/- 0.11 and 0.17 +/- 0.17, respectively), while in the low-HR group, the laterality ratio scores showed negative values (-0.28 +/- 0.21 and -0.35 +/- 0.24, respectively). In addition, there were significant positive correlations between HR changes and the laterality ratio scores of oxyhemoglobin (r = +0.87, P < 0.0001) and total hemoglobin (r = +0.85, P < 0.0001). These results indicate that the MA task-induced activity in the right prefrontal cortex was larger than that in the left prefrontal cortex in the subject with high HR increases, suggesting that the right prefrontal cortex activity during the MA task has a greater role in cerebral regulation of HR by virtue of decreasing parasympathetic effects or increasing sympathetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tanida
- Bioengineering Research Laboratories, Shiseido Life Science Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558, Japan.
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Herridge ML, Harrison DW, Mollet GA, Shenal BV. Hostility and facial affect recognition: Effects of a cold pressor stressor on accuracy and cardiovascular reactivity. Brain Cogn 2004; 55:564-71. [PMID: 15223203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hostility and a cold pressor stressor on the accuracy of facial affect perception were examined in the present experiment. A mechanism whereby physiological arousal level is mediated by systems which also mediate accuracy of an individual's interpretation of affective cues is described. Right-handed participants were classified as high hostile (N = 28) or low hostile (N = 28) using the Cook Medley Hostility Scale. The high-hostile group met joint selection criteria. Only high-hostile participants who showed cardiovascular reactivity to the cold pressor, with systolic BP change exceeding the group mean were included. Groups were further subdivided into cold pressor and non-cold pressor test conditions. It was predicted that high-hostile men, relative to low-hostile men, would show decreased perceptual accuracy when presented with happy, angry, and neutral facial configurations within the left visual field (LVF). Results indicated that high-hostile men were less accurate than low-hostile men in the LVF. Further, pre-stress accuracy scores in the high-hostile men were similar to the post-stress accuracy scores of the low-hostile men. The lateralization of affective function and the role of physiological arousal in affective facial perception are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt L Herridge
- CAMC Cardiac Rehabilitation, 3200 MacCorkle Ave. S.E., Charleston, WV 25304, USA
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31
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Ishida H, Mitsui K, Nukaya H, Matsumoto K, Tsuji K. Study of active substances involved in skin dysfunction induced by crowding stress. I. Effect of crowding and isolation on some physiological variables, skin function and skin blood perfusion in hairless mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:170-81. [PMID: 12576676 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of five levels of population density on various organs, the neuroendocrine system, skin function, skin blood perfusion, and blood parameters were studied in the hairless mouse. Skin barrier recovery was evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss after tape stripping. Blood perfusion was measured by means of a laser Doppler imaging technique. The effect of a parasympathetic nerve stimulator, carpronium chloride, on skin function in the crowded animal model was also examined. A 7 d crowding (10, 15, 20 mice/cage) significantly increased the levels of corticosterone, catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine), glucose and serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in circulating blood, induced atrophy of kidney, ovary and thymus and hypertrophy of adrenal glands, and decreased body weight gain in comparison with the control (5 mice/cage). Crowding also increased epidermal thickness and epidermal proliferative activity, and decreased corneocyte size, rate of barrier recovery and skin blood perfusion. Most of these changes became more marked with increasing population density and/or longer exposure to a crowded environment. Isolation (1 mouse/cage) increased the level of norepinephrine and rate of skin blood perfusion, and significantly delayed barrier recovery. Repeated topical applications of carpronium chloride for 7 d improved the changes in skin blood perfusion, barrier recovery, kidney and ovary, and epidermal morphology induced by crowding. The crowded animal model could be useful for quantifying objectively the influence of crowded environment-induced stress on cutaneous function and blood perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ishida
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Sloan RP, Bagiella E, Shapiro PA, Kuhl JP, Chernikhova D, Berg J, Myers MM. Hostility, gender, and cardiac autonomic control. Psychosom Med 2001; 63:434-40. [PMID: 11382270 DOI: 10.1097/00006842-200105000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although considerable evidence implicates hostility in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), the pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. We have developed a psychophysiological model that holds that altered autonomic nervous system function links psychological traits with CAD outcomes. In laboratory studies, stressors reduce high-frequency (HF) heart period variability, an index of cardiac vagal modulation. With ambulatory electrocardiographic recording, we demonstrated in a predominantly male sample that hostility was inversely associated with HF power, but only during waking hours. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hostile individuals experience multiple stressful interpersonal transactions each day, resulting in overall lower HF power during the day but not at night. METHODS To further evaluate this hypothesis, we screened 96 subjects using the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and selected 15 men and 15 women representing a wide distribution of hostility. These subjects were studied in a laboratory session assessing reactivity to psychological and orthostatic challenges with continuous electrocardiographic, blood pressure, and respiration monitoring. We predicted that for men and women, hostility would be inversely related to reductions in HF power in response to challenge. RESULTS In response to mental stressors, all measures of heart period variability change were inversely related to hostility as predicted. No such relationships were found for responses to tilt. The data suggested a possible effect of gender on these relationships. CONCLUSIONS These data add to the growing body of evidence showing that hostility influences vagal modulation of the cardiovascular system and suggest that altered autonomic control is a pathogenic mechanism linking hostility and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Sloan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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