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Chaudhary V, Kumari S, Pal B. Serum Levels of Vitamins and Trace Elements in Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4345-4356. [PMID: 38109004 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a fatal disease prevalent in more than 70 countries, poses significant health challenges, particularly in poor communities with limited access to healthcare. Vitamins and trace elements play a crucial role in immune function and may influence susceptibility to VL. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the differences in serum vitamin and trace element levels in VL patients compared to healthy individuals. We conducted an extensive search of databases (PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar) to identify potentially eligible articles published from inception to June 2023. Data extraction and quality assessment were carried out by two reviewers independently. RevMan software (version 5.4) was used for analysis. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% was used to summarize the findings. Ten studies comprising 546 VL patients and 535 controls were included in our study. The findings revealed significantly reduced serum retinol levels in VL patients in comparison to controls (SMD: - 0.67; 95% CI: [- 1.05, - 0.28]; p = 0.0008). Serum zinc levels were also substantially lower in VL patients, regardless of controls recruited from endemic (SMD: - 2.65; 95% CI: [- 3.86, - 1.44]; p < 0.0001) or non-endemic regions (SMD: - 1.99; 95% CI: [- 3.02, - 0.96]; p < 0.0002). However, VL patients exhibited significantly increased serum copper levels compared to controls (SMD: 2.51; 95% CI: [0.70, 4.32]; p = 0.007). Patients with VL had lower serum levels of zinc and retinol and higher levels of copper, indicating a possible role of these micronutrients in influencing VL susceptibility and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Chaudhary
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Sweta Kumari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Biplab Pal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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2
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Michalsky ÉM, de Oliveira Costa AC, Alonso C, de Oliveira Lara-Silva F, Pereira NCL, Pinheiro LC, de Marcos Neves DS, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Abundance of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) vectors in Baldim, a municipality in the Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve in Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024:tjae074. [PMID: 38902893 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonoses caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the Leishmania genus that is transmitted to humans through the bite of previously infected phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera:Psychodidae:Phlebotominae). In Brazil, 2 types of leishmaniasis are endemic, tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In Baldim, a municipality in the Espinhaço Range Biospere Reserve (ERBR), 5 autochthonous cases of TL, and one autochthonous case of VL were reported from 2017 to 2022. Owing to the lack of data on entomological fauna, we surveyed the occurrence and distribution of phlebotomine sandflies that could act as Leishmania vectors, as well as natural Leishmania infection. During 1 year, 918 sandfly specimens belonging to 12 species were collected. The predominant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (32.0%), a proven VL agent, followed by Evandromyia evandroi (Costa Lima & Antunes, 1936) (20.7%), Evandromyia cortelezzii (Brèthes, 1923) (17.0%), Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) (12.2%), and Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (10.5%), all putative or proven TL agents. Seasonal fluctuations and endo-exophilic behavior were delineated for the main phlebotomine sandflies. The population of Lu. longipalpis was higher during the coolest and driest months, although different profiles were noted for the other species. Natural Leishmania infection was not detected in any of the 197 phlebotomine sandfly females analyzed. The results were compared with those previously obtained in other municipalities belonging to the ERBR. The presence of Leishmania vectors and human cases of leishmaniasis indicate a risk of Leishmania transmission in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratory of Leishmaniases (LALEI), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Alonso
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratory of Leishmaniases (LALEI), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leticia Cavalari Pinheiro
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratory of Leishmaniases (LALEI), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Consuelo Latorre Fortes-Dias
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Division of Science and Innovation, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratory of Leishmaniases (LALEI), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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3
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Aguado M, Carvalho S, Valdés-Tresanco ME, Lin D, Padilla-Mejia N, Corpas-Lopez V, Tesařová M, Lukeš J, Gray D, González-Bacerio J, Wyllie S, Field MC. Identification and Validation of Compounds Targeting Leishmania major Leucyl-Aminopeptidase M17. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2002-2017. [PMID: 38753953 PMCID: PMC11184559 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease; there is currently no vaccine and treatment is reliant upon a handful of drugs suffering from multiple issues including toxicity and resistance. There is a critical need for development of new fit-for-purpose therapeutics, with reduced toxicity and targeting new mechanisms to overcome resistance. One enzyme meriting investigation as a potential drug target in Leishmania is M17 leucyl-aminopeptidase (LAP). Here, we aimed to chemically validate LAP as a drug target in L. major through identification of potent and selective inhibitors. Using RapidFire mass spectrometry, the compounds DDD00057570 and DDD00097924 were identified as selective inhibitors of recombinant Leishmania major LAP activity. Both compounds inhibited in vitro growth of L. major and L. donovani intracellular amastigotes, and overexpression of LmLAP in L. major led to reduced susceptibility to DDD00057570 and DDD00097924, suggesting that these compounds specifically target LmLAP. Thermal proteome profiling revealed that these inhibitors thermally stabilized two M17 LAPs, indicating that these compounds selectively bind to enzymes of this class. Additionally, the selectivity of the inhibitors to act on LmLAP and not against the human ortholog was demonstrated, despite the high sequence similarities LAPs of this family share. Collectively, these data confirm LmLAP as a promising therapeutic target for Leishmania spp. that can be selectively inhibited by drug-like small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha
E. Aguado
- Center
for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, 10400 Havana, Cuba
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infective Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland, U.K.
| | | | - De Lin
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infective Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland, U.K.
| | - Norma Padilla-Mejia
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infective Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland, U.K.
| | - Victoriano Corpas-Lopez
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infective Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland, U.K.
| | - Martina Tesařová
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České
Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Gray
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infective Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland, U.K.
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center
for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, 10400 Havana, Cuba
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infective Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland, U.K.
| | - Mark C. Field
- Wellcome
Centre for Anti-Infective Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN Scotland, U.K.
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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4
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Vilas-Boas DF, Nakasone EKN, Gonçalves AAM, Lair DF, de Oliveira DS, Pereira DFS, Silva GG, Conrado IDSS, Resende LA, Zaldívar MF, Mariano RMDS, Dutra WO, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Galdino AS, Silveira-Lemos D, Giunchetti RC. Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease. Pathogens 2024; 13:455. [PMID: 38921753 PMCID: PMC11206782 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn = Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, which are transmitted by hematophagous insects of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main urban reservoir of the parasite due to the high parasite load on its skin, serving as a source of infection for sandfly vectors and, consequently, perpetuating the disease in the urban environment. Some factors are considered important in the perpetuation and spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in urban areas, such as stray dogs, with their errant behavior, and houses that have backyards with trees, shade, and organic materials, creating an attractive environment for sandfly vectors. CVL is found in approximately 50 countries, with the number of infected dogs reaching millions. However, due to the difficulty of controlling and diagnosing the disease, the number of infected animals could be even greater. In the four continents endemic for CVL, there are reports of disease expansion in endemic countries such as Brazil, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as in areas where CVL is not endemic, for example, Uruguay. Socio-environmental factors, such as migration, drought, deforestation, and global warming, have been pointed out as reasons for the expansion into areas where it had been absent. Thus, the objective of this review is to address (i) the distribution of CVL in endemic areas, (ii) the role of the dog in the visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology and the factors that influence dog infection and the spread of the disease, and (iii) the challenges faced in the control of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernandes Vilas-Boas
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Eiji Kevin Nakasone Nakasone
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Daniel Ferreira Lair
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Geralda Gabriele Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Ingrid dos Santos Soares Conrado
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Maykelin Fuentes Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Midwest Campus, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Denise Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (D.F.V.-B.); (E.K.N.N.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.F.L.); (D.S.d.O.); (D.F.S.P.); (G.G.S.); (I.d.S.S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.F.Z.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (W.O.D.); (D.S.-L.)
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de Oliveira TCB, Sevá ADP, Neto JABC, Lopes UDL, Bresciani KDS. Finding Priority Areas in the Evaluation of Strategies for the Prevention of Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Municipality of Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:115. [PMID: 38787048 PMCID: PMC11125642 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and dogs. The infection is endemic in the municipality of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Given the role of dogs in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis, strategies to enhance surveillance and reduce transmission are focused on dogs. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed records of canine visceral leishmaniasis from 2013 to 2022. According to this database, the prevalence of dogs testing positive for leishmaniasis fluctuated, with an average of 65.04% (6590/10,133). Cases were clustered in 10 statistically significant areas. Environmental analyses identified a significant geographical association between animals testing positive and higher vegetation density rates compared with animals testing negative. The period from sample collection to diagnosis and euthanasia, as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry, correlated with disease prevalence and decreased over time. These findings serve to implement different action plans against leishmaniasis for each geographic region and to understand the impact and efforts of strategies in an endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Department of Environmental and Agrarian Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil;
| | - João Alfredo Biagi Camargo Neto
- Animal Health and Production Department, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16018-805, Brazil; (J.A.B.C.N.); (K.D.S.B.)
| | - Uelio de Lima Lopes
- Department of Environmental and Agrarian Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil;
| | - Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- Animal Health and Production Department, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16018-805, Brazil; (J.A.B.C.N.); (K.D.S.B.)
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González JF, Dea-Ayuela MA, Huck L, Orduña JM, Bolás-Fernández F, de la Cuesta E, Haseen N, Mohammed AA, Menéndez JC. Dual Antitubercular and Antileishmanial Profiles of Quinoxaline Di- N-Oxides Containing an Amino Acidic Side Chain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:487. [PMID: 38675447 PMCID: PMC11054274 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a new category of quinoxaline di-N-oxides (QdNOs) containing amino acid side chains with dual antituberculosis and antileishmanial activity. These compounds were synthesized by combining a regioselective 2,5-piperazinedione opening and a Beirut reaction and were screened for their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the promastigote and amastigote forms of representative species of the Leishmania genus. Most QdNOs exhibited promising antitubercular activity with IC50 values ranging from 4.28 to 49.95 μM, comparable to clinically established drugs. Structure-activity relationship analysis emphasized the importance of substituents on the aromatic ring and the side chain. Antileishmanial tests showed that some selected compounds exhibited activity comparable to the positive control miltefosine against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani. Notably, some compounds were found to be also more potent and less toxic than miltefosine in intracellular amastigote assays against Leishmania amazonensis. The compound showing the best dual antitubercular and leishmanicidal profile and a good selectivity index, 4h, can be regarded as a hit compound that opens up new opportunities for the development of integrated therapies against co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.G.); (L.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.d.l.C.)
| | - María-Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, c/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Lena Huck
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.G.); (L.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.d.l.C.)
| | - José María Orduña
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.G.); (L.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.d.l.C.)
| | - Francisco Bolás-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena de la Cuesta
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.G.); (L.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.d.l.C.)
| | - Nazia Haseen
- AMIPRO SDN.BHD. Level 3, Bangunan Inkubator Universiti, Sains@USM, Lebuh Bukit Jambul, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (N.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Ashraf Ali Mohammed
- AMIPRO SDN.BHD. Level 3, Bangunan Inkubator Universiti, Sains@USM, Lebuh Bukit Jambul, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (N.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.G.); (L.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.d.l.C.)
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7
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Sudarshani MKA, Eswaramohan T, Murugananthan A, Wegiriya HCE, de Silva VNH, Liyanage PLAN, Surendran SN. Distribution changes of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A postulated risk of disease transmission in Hambantota, Sri Lanka. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:275-280. [PMID: 38922662 DOI: 10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_117_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Leishmaniasis is caused by various species of parasite Leishmania. Approximately twenty of them are pathogenic to mammals. In Sri Lanka, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an established vector-borne disease. CL originates and spreads mainly through sandfly bite in many endemic countries. The aim of the present study was to compare the geographical distribution and demographic features of CL cases in Hambantota district, Sri Lanka in 2014 and 2016. METHODS The patients who were presented to the Tangalle Base Hospital from June to December in 2014 and 2016 were examined and a descriptive study was carried out using a structured-questionnaire. Slit-skin smears were collected from each patient, Giemsa-stained and examined under the light microscope to identify Leishmania amastigotes. RESULTS Out of 256 and 314 suspected CL patients, 156 and 155 were identified positive for the year 2014 and 2016, respectively. Out of 12 District Secretary Divisions (DSD) in Hambantota district, the highest number of CL cases, 85 and 86 was reported from Tangalle DSD in 2014 and 2016 respectively. Number of identified CL patients in Beliatta DSD had increased from 50 to 67 during the study period. In both years, majority of CL patients were ≥50 years old with males more infected than females. Although CL association with occupations were insignificant, housewives were the highly (23%) infected occupants in this area. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION Based on the present findings, geographical distribution within DSDs in Hambantota district had changed. This emphasizes the importance of CL as a health problem in Hambantota district.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T Eswaramohan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
| | - A Murugananthan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
| | - H C E Wegiriya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - S N Surendran
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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Gutiérrez JD, Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Ávila-Jiménez J, Martins IA, Virginio F. Effect of environmental variables on the incidence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil and Colombia. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107131. [PMID: 38281614 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe of the three forms of Leishmaniasis. In the Americas, Brazil and Colombia present more than 90 % of the cases in the region. Our aim in this research was to estimate the association of the incidence rate of Visceral Leishmaniasis with the following environmental variables: the percentage of area suitable for the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, the episodes of La Niña and El Niño, the Brazilian and Colombian biomes. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Colombian National Public Health Surveillance System. Environmental data were downloaded from the NASA Giovanni web app, the Modis Sensor database, and the meteorological agencies of Australia, Japan, and the United States of America. Records of the presence of Lu. longipalpis were obtained from public databases and previous studies. As a result, the incidence per 10,000 inhabitants with LEBS for each El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode showed the largest values during El Niño 2015-2016, mainly in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. Compared with the Neutral 2012-2014 episode, the episodes of El Niño 2015-2016 and La Niña 2010-2011 showed an average increase in the monthly incidence rate of VL, and the average increase was higher during El Niño 2015-2016 (aIRR = 2.304 vs.1.453) We found a positive association between the incidence rate of VL and the El Niño 2015-2016 episode and an impressive% of area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis in the Amazon region.An increase of 1 % in the area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis leads to an average rise of 0.8 % in the monthly incidence rate of VL. Our study shows a possible association between VL incidence and ENSO, with the most considerable incidence rates observed during El Niño 2015-2016 in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. The present study is very important to better understand the Visceral Leishmaniasis transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Santander, Instituto Masira, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra
- Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Forenses, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Julián Ávila-Jiménez
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Iris Amati Martins
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Paisagem e Conservação, LEPaC, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Virginio
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Entomologia Médica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Salarkia E, Agha Kuchak Afshari S, Pourkhosravani M, Karamoozian A, Khosravi A, Aflatoonian B, Sharifi F, Divsalar H, Amiri B, Shirzadi MR. A prospective longitudinal study on the elimination trend of rural cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: Climate change, population displacement, and agricultural transition from 1991 to 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169684. [PMID: 38160824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease. Any change in weather conditions affects the humans' social and agricultural expansion and, consequently, the parasite's life cycle in terms of ecology, biodiversity, social stigma, and exclusion. This population-based prospective longitudinal investigation was conducted between 1991 and 2021 in a well-defined CL (cutaneous leishmaniasis) focus in Bam County, southeastern Iran. A robust health clinic and health surveillance system were responsible for the ongoing systematic documentation, detection, identification, and management of CL cases. The exponential smoothing method via the state space model was used in the univariate time series. The TTR, smooth, and forecast packages were used in R software. Landsat satellite images from 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021 were employed in the physical development. During this period, the temperature increased while the rainfall and humidity decreased. The findings showed a downward trend in the standardized drought index. Also, the results showed that climate warming and ecological changes profoundly affected the area's agricultural patterns and topographical features. Furthermore, the last three decades witnessed an elimination trend for zoonotic CL (ZCL) and the predominance of anthroponotic CL (ACL). The present findings showed that the critical factors in the predominance of ACL and elimination of ZCL were rising temperature, drought, migration, unplanned urbanization, earthquake, and agrarian reform. The wall-enclosed palm tree gardens excluded the primary ZCL reservoir host. They controlled the disease while providing suitable conditions for the emergence/re-emergence of ACL in the newly established settlements and the unplanned ecozone. Therefore, robust health infrastructures, sustained financial support, and evidence-based research studies are crucial to facilitating the necessary surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation to control and eliminate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Karamoozian
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behnaz Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hassan Divsalar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behzad Amiri
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shirzadi
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Ghatee MA, Sharifi I, Mohammadi N, Moghaddam BE, Kohansal MH. Geographical and climatic risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the hyper-endemic focus of Bam County in southeast Iran. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1236552. [PMID: 38026324 PMCID: PMC10680988 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1236552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a prevalent debilitating disease in many countries, particularly in Iran, the Middle East, North Africa, and South America. Bam County is the most important highly endemic focus of anthropometric CL in Iran and has been under consideration by WHO. This study investigated the environmental and geographic factors affecting the occurrence and distribution of CL in this focus. Methods Demographic data and the home addresses of CL patients diagnosed from 2015 to 2020 were retrieved from the Leishmaniasis Center of Bam in southeast Iran. The effects of mean annual rainfall (MAR), mean annual humidity (MAH), mean annual temperature (MAT), maximum annual temperature (MaxMAT), minimum annual temperature (MinMAT), mean annual humidity (MAH), mean annual evaporation (MAE), mean annual frosty days (MAFD), mean annual snowy hours (MASH), elevation, and land cover on the distribution of CL were analyzed using geographical information systems (GIS) and univariate and multivariate regression models. Results Of 847 patients studied, 50.9% (n = 431) were female and 49.1% (n = 416) were male. The age classes 0-10 (n = 246) and 11-20 (n = 145) showed the highest frequency of patients, respectively. Leishmaniasis patients were reported from 66 villages/cities (11.8%) out of 561 residential areas in Bam County. Univariate analysis showed that urban settings (OR = 21.66), agriculture (OR = 5.73), orchards (OR = 5), salty land (OR = 1.05), and temperatures (OR = 2.37, 2.79 and 3.47) had positive effects on CL occurrence (p < 0.05), while altitude, precipitation, humidity, evaporation, and the number of frozen days had negative effects. Multivariate analysis identified urban settings (OR = 13.6), orchards (OR = 6.29), agriculture (OR = 5.82), and minimum temperature (OR = 2.38) as the most significant determinants of CL occurrence in this region. Conclusion Environmental and ecological factors play an important role in the distribution of CL in Bam County. The high-risk zones for CL are cities/large villages, agricultural and orchard areas in lower altitudes and with warmer climates and lower rainfall and humidity. This model can guide researchers and health managers to properly conduct CL control programs and allocate budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Niloufar Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hasan Kohansal
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Kaye PM, Matlashewski G, Mohan S, Le Rutte E, Mondal D, Khamesipour A, Malvolti S. Vaccine value profile for leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2023; 41 Suppl 2:S153-S175. [PMID: 37951693 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infections are global, occurring in 98 countries and all World Health Organization (WHO) regions with 600 million to 1 billion people at risk of infection. Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with almost 20,000 reported deaths annually, with children under 5 years of age being at the greatest risk of mortality. Amongst WHO-recognised Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), leishmaniasis is one of the most important in terms of mortality and morbidity. With an increasing global burden of disease and a growing threat from climate change, urbanisation and drug resistance, there remains an imperative to develop leishmaniasis vaccines. New tools to understand correlates of protection and to assess vaccine efficacy are being developed to ease the transition into larger scale efficacy trials or provide alternate routes to licensure. Early indications suggest a diverse portfolio of manufacturers exists in endemic countries with an appetite to develop leishmaniasis vaccines. This Vaccine Value Profile (VVP) provides a high-level, comprehensive assessment of the currently available data to inform the potential public health, economic, and societal value of leishmaniasis vaccines. The leishmaniasis VVP was developed by a working group of subject matter experts from academia, public health groups, policy organizations, and non-profit organizations. All contributors have extensive expertise on various elements of the leishmaniasis VVP and have collectively described the state of knowledge and identified the current gaps. The VVP was developed using only existing and publicly available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Sakshi Mohan
- Center for Health Economics (CHE), University of York, York, UK.
| | - Epke Le Rutte
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Sevá ADP, Mao L, Galvis-Ovallos F, Oliveira KMM, Oliveira FBS, Albuquerque GR. Spatio-temporal distribution and contributing factors of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis: A comparative study in Bahia, Brazil. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2023; 47:100615. [PMID: 38042540 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2023.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Tegumentary (TL) and visceral (VL) leishmaniasis are neglected zoonotic diseases in Brazil, caused by different parasites and transmitted by various vector species. This study investigated and compared spatio-temporal patterns of TL and VL from 2007 to 2020 in the state of Bahia, Brazil, and their correlations with extrinsic factors. The results showed that the total number of cases of both TL and VL were decreasing. The number of municipalities with reported cases reduced for TL over time but remained almost unchanged for VL. There were few municipalities with reported both diseases. Statistical analysis showed that local TL incidence was associated positively with natural forest. Local VL incidence was associated positively with Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) vegetation. This study identified different patterns of occurrence of VL and TL and the risk areas that could be prioritized for epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Department of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil; Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Liang Mao
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, 330 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611-7315, USA
| | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Public Health Faculty, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Karenina Melo Miranda Oliveira
- Department of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bruno Souza Oliveira
- Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
| | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Department of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
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13
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Rêgo FD, da Silva ES, Lopes VV, Teixeira-Neto RG, Belo VS, Fonseca AA, Pereira DA, Pena HP, Laurenti MD, Araújo GV, da Matta VLR, Chouman IH, Burrin TB, Sandoval CM, Barrouin-Melo SM, de Pinho FA, de Andrade HM, Nunes RV, Gontijo CMF, Soccol VT, Klocek D, Grybchuk D, Macedo DH, do Monte-Neto RL, Yurchenko V, Soares RP. First report of putative Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) in Leishmania infantum strains from canine and human visceral leishmaniasis cases in the southeast of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e230071. [PMID: 37729273 PMCID: PMC10511063 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) is commonly found in South American Leishmania parasites belonging to the subgenus Viannia, whereas Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) was previously thought to be restricted to the Old-World pathogens of the subgenus Leishmania. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the presence of LRV2 in strains of Leishmania (L.) infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), originating from different hosts, clinical forms, and geographical regions. METHODS A total of seventy-one isolates were screened for LRV2 using semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. FINDINGS We detected LRV2 in two L. infantum isolates (CUR268 and HP-EMO) from canine and human cases, respectively. MAIN CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detection of LRV2 in the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Sérgio da Silva
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias e Infecciosas, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - Valeriana Valadares Lopes
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias e Infecciosas, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Vinícius Silva Belo
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias e Infecciosas, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - Antônio Augusto Fonseca
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuária, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - Diego Andrade Pereira
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias e Infecciosas, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - Heber Paulino Pena
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias e Infecciosas, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gabriela V Araújo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Vânia Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Islam Hussein Chouman
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Thainá Bergantin Burrin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carmen M Sandoval
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas Veterinárias, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Anatomia, Patologia e Clínicas Veterinárias, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ramon Vieira Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Donnamae Klocek
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Diego Henrique Macedo
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Rubens Lima do Monte-Neto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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14
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Usman M, Natala AJ, Jatau ID, Ogo NI, Jeelani G, Goto Y, Nozaki T, McKerrow JH, Balogun EO. Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1219629. [PMID: 37719668 PMCID: PMC10500309 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1219629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Female sand flies are hematophagous, feeding on animals and in the process serve as vectors for Leishmania, the parasites that cause leishmaniasis in humans. Leishmaniasis are a group of parasitic neglected tropical diseases in 98 countries including Nigeria and kills ~60,000 people/year. In Nigeria, Sokoto State is endemic to leishmaniasis but there is a knowledge gap on the identity of the prevalent sand flies and the Leishmania species they transmit. Hence, this cross-sectional study was designed to take inventory of the species of sand flies in Sokoto using genetic methods. Methods 1,260 (310 females) sand flies were collected from three Local Government Areas (L.G.A) of Sokoto State- Wamakko, Sokoto South and Kware. Genomic DNA was extracted from each fly and DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on the DNA samples using primers targeting the arthropods mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (mt-coI) gene, and nested PCR with primers targeting the gene for Leishmania internal transcribed spacer-1 (its-1) of ribosomal RNA its-1rRNA. The PCR products were sequenced. Results Gene sequence analysis revealed five species of sand flies belonging to the old-world genera namely Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia. The identified species were P. papatasi (6.45%), S. adleri (6.45%), S. affinis (9.7%), S. distincta (9.7%), S. schwetzi (67.7%). Within the sampling period, sand flies were most abundant in the rainy months of August (104/33.5%) and September (116/37.4%) with all the five identified species occurring. Sequence analysis of its-1 gene identified Leishmania infantum in two sand flies (2/310)- P. papatasi (from Sokoto South) and S. affinis (from Wamakko). BLAST search in NCBI and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sand fly species are related to the species reported in different parts of Africa, while the L. infantum is identical to strain reported in Brazil (KY379083.1). Discussion Phlebotomus papatasi and four species belonging to the genus Sergentomyia are the most prevalent sand flies in Sokoto State, Nigeria and they harbor L. infantum solely. The results shed light on why visceral leishmaniasis is the most predominant form of the disease. Therefore, we recommend that adequate care for dogs must be instituted as dogs are the major animal reservoir for L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Usman
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Audu Joseph Natala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ndudim Isaac Ogo
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Ghulam Jeelani
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuel Oluwadare Balogun
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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15
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Firouraghi N, Bergquist R, Fatima M, Mohammadi A, Hamer DH, Shirzadi MR, Kiani B. High-risk spatiotemporal patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a nationwide study in Iran from 2011 to 2020. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:49. [PMID: 37189157 PMCID: PMC10184363 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a wide-reaching infection of major public health concern. Iran is one of the six most endemic countries in the world. This study aims to provide a spatiotemporal visualization of CL cases in Iran at the county level from 2011 to 2020, detecting high-risk zones, while also noting the movement of high-risk clusters. METHODS On the basis of clinical observations and parasitological tests, data of 154,378 diagnosed patients were obtained from the Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Utilizing spatial scan statistics, we investigated the disease's purely temporal, purely spatial, spatial variation in temporal trends and spatiotemporal patterns. At P = 0.05 level, the null hypothesis was rejected in every instance. RESULTS In general, the number of new CL cases decreased over the course of the 9-year research period. From 2011 to 2020, a regular seasonal pattern, with peaks in the fall and troughs in the spring, was found. The period of September-February of 2014-2015 was found to hold the highest risk in terms of CL incidence rate in the whole country [relative risk (RR) = 2.24, P < 0.001)]. In terms of location, six significant high-risk CL clusters covering 40.6% of the total area of the country were observed, with the RR ranging from 1.87 to 9.69. In addition, spatial variation in the temporal trend analysis found 11 clusters as potential high-risk areas that highlighted certain regions with an increasing tendency. Finally, five space-time clusters were found. The geographical displacement and spread of the disease followed a moving pattern over the 9-year study period affecting many regions of the country. CONCLUSIONS Our study has revealed significant regional, temporal, and spatiotemporal patterns of CL distribution in Iran. Over the years, there have been multiple shifts in spatiotemporal clusters, encompassing many different parts of the country from 2011 to 2020. The results reveal the formation of clusters across counties that cover certain parts of provinces, indicating the importance of conducting spatiotemporal analyses at the county level for studies that encompass entire countries. Such analyses, at a finer geographical scale, such as county level, might provide more precise results than analyses at the scale of the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Firouraghi
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden
- Formerly with the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Munazza Fatima
- Department of Geography, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Shirzadi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Iran Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Kiani
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, 7101, Avenue du Parc, Montréal, Canada
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Dowling J, Doig CL. Roles of ADP-Ribosylation during Infection Establishment by Trypanosomatidae Parasites. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050708. [PMID: 37242378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational protein modification, which is evolutionarily conserved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. It governs critical cellular functions, including, but not limited to cellular proliferation, differentiation, RNA translation, and genomic repair. The addition of one or multiple ADP-ribose moieties can be catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, while in eukaryotic organisms, ADP-ribosylation can be reversed through the action of specific enzymes capable of ADP-ribose signalling regulation. In several lower eukaryotic organisms, including Trypanosomatidae parasites, ADP-ribosylation is thought to be important for infection establishment. Trypanosomatidae encompasses several human disease-causing pathogens, including Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei, and the Leishmania genus. These parasites are the etiological agents of Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), and leishmaniasis, respectively. Currently, licenced medications for these infections are outdated and often result in harmful side effects, and can be inaccessible to those carrying infections, due to them being classified as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), meaning that many infected individuals will belong to already marginalised communities in countries already facing socioeconomic challenges. Consequently, funding to develop novel therapeutics for these infections is overlooked. As such, understanding the molecular mechanisms of infection, and how ADP-ribosylation facilitates infection establishment by these organisms may allow the identification of potential molecular interventions that would disrupt infection. In contrast to the complex ADP-ribosylation pathways in eukaryotes, the process of Trypanosomatidae is more linear, with the parasites only expressing one PARP enzyme, compared to the, at least, 17 genes that encode human PARP enzymes. If this simplified pathway can be understood and exploited, it may reveal new avenues for combatting Trypanosomatidae infection. This review will focus on the current state of knowledge on the importance of ADP-ribosylation in Trypanosomatidae during infection establishment in human hosts, and the potential therapeutic options that disrupting ADP-ribosylation may offer to combat Trypanosomatidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Dowling
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Craig L Doig
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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Sharifi I, Khosravi A, Aflatoonian MR, Salarkia E, Bamorovat M, Karamoozian A, Moghadam MN, Sharifi F, Afshar AA, Afshari SAK, Gharachorloo F, Shirzadi MR, Amiri B, Zainali M, Doosti S, Zamani O, Gouya MM. Cutaneous leishmaniasis situation analysis in the Islamic Republic of Iran in preparation for an elimination plan. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1091709. [PMID: 37188278 PMCID: PMC10176454 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1091709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Iran has invariably been under the growing public health threat of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a significant barrier to local development that hinders the prevention and control efforts toward eliminating the disease. So far, no comprehensive and in-depth epidemiological analysis of the CL situation has been carried out nationwide. This study aimed to employ advanced statistical models to analyze the data collected through the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Communicable Diseases during 1989-2020. However, we emphasized the current trends, 2013-2020, to study temporal and spatial CL patterns. In the country, the epidemiology of CL is incredibly intricate due to various factors. This fact indicates that the basic infrastructure, the preceding supports, and the implementation plan related to preventive and therapeutic measures need crucial support. The leishmaniasis situation analysis is consistent with desperate requirements for efficient information on the control program in the area. This review provides evidence of temporally regressive and spatially expanding incidence of CL with characteristic geographical patterns and disease hotspots, signifying an urgent need for comprehensive control strategies. This information could be a suitable model and practical experience in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, where over 80% of CL is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Karamoozian
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Nekoei Moghadam
- Research Center for Health Services Management, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Faranak Gharachorloo
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shirzadi
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Amiri
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zainali
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Doosti
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Zamani
- Universal Health Coverage for Communicable Diseases (UHC: CD), World Health Organization, Country Office, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Gouya
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Chowdhuri SP, Dhiman S, Das SK, Meena N, Das S, Kumar A, Das BB. Novel Pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5- c]quinoline Derivative Selectively Poisons Leishmania donovani Bisubunit Topoisomerase 1 to Inhibit the Antimony-Resistant Leishmania Infection in Vivo. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3411-3430. [PMID: 36823782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The unique bisubunit structure of Leishmania donovani topoisomerase 1B (LdTop1) is a potential drug target in the parasites unlike the monomeric Top1 from its human host counterpart. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and validation of a chimeric pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline derivative (C17) as a novel antileishmanial agent that poisons topoisomerase 1-DNA covalent complexes (LdTop1cc) inside the parasites and inhibits Top1 religation activity both in the drug sensitive and antimony-resistant L. donovani clinical isolates. Importantly, the human Top1 is not sensitive to C17. Further, C17 overcomes the chemical instability of camptothecin (CPT) by generating persistent LdTop1cc-induced DNA breaks inside the parasites even after 12 h of drug removal. Intraperitoneal administration of C17 results in marked reduction of the Leishmania amastigotes from the infected spleen and liver of BALB/c mice. C17 confers a host protective immune-response up-regulating the Th1 cytokines facilitating parasite clearance which can be exploited for treating drug-resistant leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Paul Chowdhuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Shiv Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Subhendu K Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Neha Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Benu Brata Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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19
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Entomological Survey and Impact of Climatic Factors on the Dynamics of Sandflies in Central Morocco. ScientificWorldJournal 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6952992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sandflies are small insects belonging to the order Diptera, which make up the Phlebotominae subfamily within the Psychodidae family. In the fight against leishmaniasis in the prefecture of Meknes, Morocco, a study of the phlebotomist population was carried out during the period of activity of sandflies while studying the link between the abundance of these insects and climatic factors, namely, temperature, moisture, rainfall, and wind speed. A total of 958 phlebotomus were captured, 73% of which belong to Phlebotomus sergenti, a vector of Leishmania species causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study also showed the existence of two months of risk in July and September with a positive correlation between temperature and abundance of sandflies and a negative correlation between abundance of sandflies and rainfall and moisture. Indeed, it is necessary to strengthen the means to fight this disease during periods of activity and to use medium-term climatological forecasts to develop an alert system for leishmaniasis.
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Pandey K, Dumre SP, Shah Y, Acharya BK, Khanal L, Pyakurel UR, Kaneko O, Pandey BD. Forty years (1980-2019) of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: trends and elimination challenges. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023:7008737. [PMID: 36715092 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important re-emerging neglected tropical disease associated with poverty. Despite the elimination initiative started in 2005, VL cases have been expanding into geographic areas in Nepal. The present study aims at exploring the trends of VL from 1980 to 2019. METHODS This retrospective analysis covers 40 y of VL cases reported by the Epidemiology Diseases Control Division, Nepal. Subgroup analyses for annual incidence were performed by age, sex, seasons, districts and provinces, and VL cases were visualized on in-country maps. RESULTS A total of 34 564 cases and 584 deaths of VL were reported during 1980-2019. VL persistently increased until 2006 and was reported from all seven provinces of the country. The highest number of confirmed cases (n=2229) was reported in 2003 and the lowest (n=60) in 1983. VL cases expanded from 12 to 23 endemic districts. The key components of the VL elimination program are early diagnosis; enhanced surveillance; integrated vector management; social mobilization; research and treatment. CONCLUSIONS Expansion of VL towards the hilly and mountain regions of Nepal has posed challenges to the elimination program. Urgent VL control measures are required to achieve the elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Pandey
- Central Departm ent of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal
| | - Shyam Prakash Dumre
- Central Department of Microbiology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Yogendra Shah
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal
| | - Bipin Kumar Acharya
- Institute of Fundamental Research and Studies (InFeRS), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Laxman Khanal
- Central Departm ent of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44060, Nepal
| | | | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Debash H, Bisetegn H, Nigatie M, Abeje G, Feleke DG. Epidemiological, clinical and hematological profiles of visceral leishmaniasis among patients visiting Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: a 4 year retrospective study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:931. [PMID: 36650391 PMCID: PMC9845332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a major, life-threatening parasitic disease that still remains a serious public health problem in Ethiopia. Understanding the epidemiological, clinical, and hematological profiles of visceral leishmaniasis patients is important for implementing evidence-based control strategies. It is also important for early treatment and to decrease the mortality rate from the disease. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the epidemiological, clinical, and hematological profiles of visceral leishmaniasis among patients visiting Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. A retrospective study was conducted at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital from September 2017 to August 2021. Data were collected from the medical records of suspected patients who were tested by the rK39 rapid diagnostic by strictly following standard operating procedures. The data was summarized using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS 26 version software. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and hematological profiles of visceral leishmaniasis patients. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The overall positivity rate for visceral leishmaniasis was 23.4% (132/564). The result of this study indicated a fluctuating yet declining trend in VL over the past 4 years. From a total of 132 VL confirmed cases, the numbers of cases were highest among males (78.0%), those 15-29 years of age (37.1%), and urban residents (89.4%). Furthermore, Abergele (11.0%), Sehala (6.0%), and Ziquala (5.0%) districts had the highest number of VL cases. The major clinical presentations of patients were fever (96.2%), splenomegaly (94.7%), and general weakness (80.3%). With regard to hematological profiles, the most common findings were anemia (86.4%), thrombocytopenia (81.8%), leucopenia (78.8%), neutropenia (74.2%), and pancytopenia (71.2%). In the study area, the VL positivity rate was high. Our findings also concluded that VL causes significant alterations in clinical and hematological parameters. Therefore, the zone health office and other concerned stakeholders should strengthen evidence-based control programs for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtu Debash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Habtye Bisetegn
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Marye Nigatie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Abeje
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Getacher Feleke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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22
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Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-Labeled Leishmania major Can Be Traced in Fibroblasts. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:7628912. [PMID: 36643716 PMCID: PMC9833902 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7628912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leishmaniasis is still a neglected tropical disease that can endanger more than 350 million people among 98 countries. Leishmania can survive in fibroblasts as latent inactive forms. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in cell culture for tracking the labeled Leishmania major in fibroblasts. Methods Dextran-coated SPIONs were used for labeling L. major in co-culture of fibroblasts with the parasite. To quantify and trace SPION-labeled Leishmania, Prussian blue staining was undertaken. Fibroblast characterization was undertaken by real time polymerase chain reaction. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used for confirming the entry of the labeled L. major to the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the fibroblast. Results Fibroblasts were spindle-shaped and adherent to culture flasks. Promastigotes were with thin elongated lance-like morphology with an anterior kinetoplast and an emergent free flagellum. Prussian blue staining revealed that internalized SPIONs were localized within cytoplasm and nucleus of the fibroblasts after 24 hours of culture. Prussian blue staining successfully showed the presence of iron (stained blue) in labeled L. major within the fibroblasts. This finding was confirmed by TEM, and labeled L. major was detected in the fibroblast cytoplasm and nucleus too. Conclusion We can conclude that SPIONs are safe, inexpensive, easy to use, and accurate, and a fast method to label Leishmania parasite in cells that the parasite can be latent, such as fibroblasts. These findings can open a new window in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and can be added to the literature.
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Zolfaghari A, Beheshti-Maal K, Ahadi AM, Monajemi R. Identification of Leishmania species and frequency distribution of LRV1 and LRV2 viruses on cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Isfahan Province, Iran. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 41:13-18. [PMID: 36870742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmaniasis is one of the most serious health problems in developing countries. Iran is one of the endemic regions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a dsRNA virus member of the Totiviridae family, which was first detected in the promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. Our study aimed to investigate possible changes in the predominant and causative strains of CL and screening the LRV1 and LRV2 species genome from Leishmania species isolated from the lesions of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Direct smear samples obtained from 62 patients with leishmaniasis referring to the Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center in Isfahan province during 2021-2022 were examined. Total DNA extraction procedures and conservation of site-specific multiplex PCR and nested PCR were performed for detecting Leishmania species. The molecular identification of LRV1 and LRV2 viruses, samples were used for total RNA extraction and real-time (RT)-PCR analysis, followed by conducting a restriction enzyme assay to confirm the PCR products. RESULTS Of the total Leishmania isolates, 54 and 8 isolates were identified as L. major and L. tropica, respectively. LRV2 was identified in 18 samples affected by L. major, while LRV1 was only detected in one of the samples with L. tropica. No LRV2 was found in any samples with L. tropica. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between LRV1 and the type of leishmaniasis (Sig. = 0.009, P ≤ 0.05), while this relationship was not observed between LRV2 and the type of leishmaniasis. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a significant number of LRV2 in isolated samples, as well as the recognition of LRV1 in one of the Old World leishmaniasis species, which is a new result, could pave the way for investigating further aspects of this disease and successful treatment strategies in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Zolfaghari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Keivan Beheshti-Maal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Ahadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ramesh Monajemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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An insight into differential protein abundance throughout Leishmania donovani promastigote growth and differentiation. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:25-42. [PMID: 35930160 PMCID: PMC9362617 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani causes anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis, responsible for about 50,000 annual deaths worldwide. Current therapies have considerable side effects. Drug resistance has been reported and no vaccine is available nowadays. The development of undifferentiated promastigotes in the sand fly vector's gut leads to the promastigote form that is highly infective to the mammalian host. Fully differentiated promastigotes play a crucial role in the initial stages of mammalian host infection before internalization in the host phagocytic cell. Therefore, the study of protein levels in the promastigote stage is relevant for disease control, and proteomics analysis is an ideal source of vaccine candidate discovery. This study aims to get insight into the protein levels during the differentiation process of promastigotes by 2DE-MALDI-TOF/TOF. This partial proteome analysis has led to the identification of 75 proteins increased in at least one of the L. donovani promastigote differentiation and growth phases. This study has revealed the differential abundance of said proteins during growth and differentiation. According to previous studies, some are directly involved in parasite survival or are immunostimulatory. The parasite survival-related proteins are ascorbate peroxidase; cystathionine β synthase; an elongation factor 1β paralog; elongation factor 2; endoribonuclease L-PSP; an iron superoxide dismutase paralog; GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase; several heat shock proteins-HSP70, HSP83-17, mHSP70-rel, HSP110; methylthioadenosine phosphorylase; two thiol-dependent reductase 1 paralogs; transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase; and the AhpC thioredoxin paralog. The confirmed immunostimulatory proteins are the heat shock proteins, enolase, and protein kinase C receptor analog. The potential immunostimulatory molecules according to findings in patogenic bacteria are fructose-1,6-diphophate aldolase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α and E1β subunits, and triosephosphate isomerase. These proteins may become disease control candidates through future intra-vector control methods or vaccines.
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25
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Kumari P, Mamud A, Jha AN. Review on the Drug Intolerance and Vaccine Development for the Leishmaniasis. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1023-1031. [PMID: 37823567 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501254585230927100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), a zoonotic disease of vector-borne nature that is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania. This parasite is transmitted by the vector sandfly into the human via a bite. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also called kala-azar, is the most fatal among the types of leishmaniasis, with high mortality mostly spread in the East Africa and South Asia regions. WHO report stated that approximately 3.3 million disabilities occur every year due to the disease along with approximately 50,000 annual deaths. The real matter of concern is that there is no particular effective medicine/vaccine available against leishmaniasis to date except a few approved drugs and chemotherapy for the infected patient. The current selection of small compounds was constrained, and their growing drug resistance had been a major worry. Additionally, the serious side effects on humans of the available therapy or drugs have made it essential to discover efficient and low-cost methods to speed up the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis. Ideally, the vaccine could be a low risk and effective alternative for both CL and VL and elicit long-lasting immunity against the disease. There are a number of vaccine candidates at various stages of clinical development and preclinical stage. However, none has successfully passed all clinical trials. But, the successful development and approval of commercially available vaccines for dogs against canine leishmaniasis (CanL) provides evidence that it can be possible for humans in distant future. In the present article, the approaches used for the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis are discussed and the progress being made is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kumari
- Centre of Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Afrin Mamud
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Nath Jha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Shahryari A, Charkazi A, Rajabi A. Environmental factors and building conditions for risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the northeast of Iran: a population-based case-control study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 117:375-382. [PMID: 36579916 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease that significantly affects countries in the developing world. This study evaluated the environmental factors and building conditions associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in northeast Iran. METHODS A population-based case-control study was performed between 1 July 2018 and 1 March 2021 in northeast Iran; two controls were selected for each case. Patients and controls were compared for environmental factors, building conditions and demographic characteristics. RESULTS There were 170 confirmed leishmaniasis cases during the study period. Familiarity with people with active leishmaniasis in open areas of the body increased the odds of getting the disease (odds ratio [OR] 2.41 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.18 to 4.93]). In the case group, the history of contact with animals such as sheep, goats, cows, mice and camels was significantly higher. Housewives (OR 0.08 [95% CI 0.02 to 0.27]) and self-employed people (OR 0.22 [95% CI 0.07 to 0.70]) were less likely to become infected. The individuals who lived in houses with asbestos cement roofs were more likely to become infected (OR 4.77 [95% CI 1.34 to 16.91]) compared with those who lived in houses with bituminous roofs. CONCLUSIONS The most significant risk factor identified in the present study was the type and condition of the home's roof. Housing construction improvement is vital to prevent leishmaniasis in northeast Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahryari
- Environmental Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdurrhman Charkazi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolhalim Rajabi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran.,Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Zafar R, Shahid K, Wilson LD, Fahid M, Sartaj M, Waseem W, Saeed Jan M, Zubair M, Irfan A, Ullah S, Sadiq A. Organotin (IV) complexes with sulphonyl hydrazide moiety. Design, synthesis, characterization, docking studies, cytotoxic and anti-leishmanial activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12336-12346. [PMID: 34459711 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1970625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to a lack of therapeutic options for the pathological condition of leishmaniasis, which is characterized by polymorphic lesions and skin surface infections, Leishmania genus parasites damaged dermis and mucosa. There was a need to synthesize and characterize some new complexes. This study evaluated the biological activities preferably anti-Leishmanial activity of organotin (IV) containing sulphonyl hydrazide derivatives. A series of six new organotin (IV) complexes 1-6 labeled as R2SnL2; R = Methyl (1), Butyl (2), Phenyl (3) and R3SnL; R = Methyl (4), Butyl (5), Phenyl (6) has been synthesized as reflux method derived from N'- (2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4-methylphenylsulfonylhydrazide (L). All compounds were characterized through FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and elemental analysis. Structural analysis confirms the formation of six complexes (1-6). All derivatives have been screened for their pharmacological activities. Interestingly, compound 1 showed promising activity against leishmania promastigotes with low cytotoxicity. All results were further elaborated through docking studies performed on leishmania donovoni synthetase PDB: ID 3QW3 that acts as an essential building block for the viability of Leishmania promastigotes. This research effectively synthesized sulphonyl hydrazide ligand and its six new organotin (IV) derivatives, which were tested for biological properties such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and ideally anti-leishmanial activity and cytotoxicity. Studies have confirmed that these compounds have the potency to be a good candidate against leishmaniasis. Computational studies were carried out to recognize the binding affinities for leishmania donovoni synthetase.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Shahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lee D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Muhammad Fahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Majid Sartaj
- Department of Civil Engineering, Colonel by Hall (CBY), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wajeeha Waseem
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lahore, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Kumar P, Kumar P, Singh N, Khajuria S, Patel R, Rajana VK, Mandal D, Velayutham R. Limitations of current chemotherapy and future of nanoformulation-based AmB delivery for visceral leishmaniasis-An updated review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1016925. [PMID: 36588956 PMCID: PMC9794769 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1016925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most lethal of all leishmaniasis diseasesand the second most common parasiticdisease after malaria and,still, categorized as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). According to the latest WHO study, >20 Leishmania species spread 0.7-1.0 million new cases of leishmaniasis each year. VL is caused by the genus, Leishmania donovani (LD), which affects between 50,000 and 90,000 people worldwide each year. Lack of new drug development, increasing drug resistance, toxicity and high cost even with the first line of treatmentof Amphotericin B (AmB), demands new formulation for treatment of VLFurther the lack of a vaccine, allowedthe researchers to develop nanofomulation-based AmB for improved delivery. The limitation of AmB is its kidney and liver toxicity which forced the development of costly liposomal AmB (AmBisome) nanoformulation. Success of AmBisome have inspired and attracted a wide range of AmB nanoformulations ranging from polymeric, solid lipid, liposomal/micellar, metallic, macrophage receptor-targetednanoparticles (NP) and even with sophisticated carbon/quantum dot-based AmBnano delivery systems. Notably, NP-based AmB delivery has shown increased efficacy due to increased uptake, on-target delivery and synergistic impact of NP and AmB. In this review, we have discussed the different forms of leishmaniasis disease and their current treatment options with limitations. The discovery, mechanism of action of AmB, clinical status of AmB and improvement with AmBisome over fungizone (AmB-deoxycholate)for VL treatment was further discussed. At last, the development of various AmB nanoformulation was discussed along with its adavantages over traditional chemotherapy-based delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Salil Khajuria
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Rahul Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Rajana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India,*Correspondence: Ravichandiran Velayutham, ; Debabrata Mandal,
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India,*Correspondence: Ravichandiran Velayutham, ; Debabrata Mandal,
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Ness TE, Martin-Blais R, Weatherhead JE. How I Approach Leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and Treatment in the United States. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:525-532. [PMID: 36043874 PMCID: PMC9720369 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by over 20 species of obligate intracellular protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniasis has a global distribution, including in the United States, and can cause a spectrum of clinical syndromes, including cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral diseases depending on host factors and the infecting Leishmania spp. Accurate diagnosis, including Leishmania species identification, is an important step to guide the most appropriate therapeutic intervention. Antileishmanial therapy is dependent on the Leishmania spp. identified, the clinical syndrome, and the child's immune system. However, many treatment regimens for children have been extrapolated from adult clinical trials, which may lead to underdosing and subsequent poor outcomes in infected children. Additional research is urgently needed to help guide therapy for children and determine appropriate antileishmanial agents, doses, and treatment courses for children with leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Ness
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Martin-Blais
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jill E Weatherhead
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Santini MS, Cavia R, Quintana MG, Acosta MM, Salomón OD. Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani, the Leishmania spp. vectors in northeastern of Argentina: Are spatial and temporal changing patterns consistence? Vet Anim Sci 2022; 18:100268. [PMID: 36147513 PMCID: PMC9485211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of the species was the same in both periods. The seasonal pattern of abundance changes between periods. -The study defines the "where" and "when" to implement mitigation actions.
Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani were incriminated as vectors of Leishmania sp. Spatial heterogeneity together with seasonal changes in abundance constitute important elements for the understanding of the dynamics of vector populations, and there are fundamental for the development of adequate prevention and control strategies. The aim of this work was to compare the spatial and seasonal abundance of Lu. longipalpis and Ny. whitmani at a city spatial scale between two periods separated by three years. To study the spatial distribution, we compared the abundance distribution of these species at two warm times, 2011 with 2014. Respect to inter-annual seasonal abundance changes, we compared the four seasons of the year between two periods (2011–2012 vs 2014–2016). The spatial distribution for both species were found to be distributed mainly in the same areas of the city in both periods. We change for: Respect to the seasonal pattern of abundance, we observed that seasonal patterns showed changes between periods. Our study defines the ‘where’ and ‘when’ implement the actions to mitigate leishmaniasis cases.
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Pincer Complexes Derived from Tridentate Schiff Bases for Their Use as Antimicrobial Metallopharmaceuticals. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10090134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the current challenges in medicinal chemistry, the development of new and better therapeutic agents effective against infectious diseases produced by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites stands out. With chemotherapy as one of the main strategies against these diseases focusing on the administration of organic and inorganic drugs, the latter is generally based on the synergistic effect produced by the formation of metal complexes with biologically active organic compounds. In this sense, Schiff bases (SBs) represent and ideal ligand scaffold since they have demonstrated a broad spectrum of antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. In addition, SBs are synthesized in an easy manner from one-step condensation reactions, being thus suitable for facile structural modifications, having the imine group as a coordination point found in most of their metal complexes, and promoting chelation when other donor atoms are three, four, or five bonds apart. However, despite the wide variety of metal complexes found in the literature using this type of ligands, only a handful of them include on their structures tridentate SBs ligands and their biological evaluation has been explored. Hence, this review summarizes the most important antimicrobial activity results reported this far for pincer-type complexes (main group and d-block) derived from SBs tridentate ligands.
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Ortega E, Estrada LG, Bejarano EE, Cadena H. Pintomyia evansi (Diptera: Psychodidae) larvae susceptibility to hydrated lime under laboratory conditions. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106505. [PMID: 35562088 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2) on third stages Pi. evansi larvae mortality under experimental laboratory conditions. Three treatments containing a mixture of phlebotomine natural breeding soil (substrate) and Calcium hydroxide at different concentrations were used: Treatment 1 (T1), 1 kg of substrate mixed with 56.2 g of lime; Treatment 2 (T2), 1 kg of substrate mixed with 62.5 g of lime; and Treatment 3 (T3), 1 kg of substrate mixed with 70 g of lime. in addition, a sample of substrate without lime was used as a control for each treatment. The mortality in T1 was 1% at 24 h and 12% at 48 h, reaching a maximum of 56% at 72 h of exposure. For T2, mortality was progressive, starting with 12% at 12 h, 36% at 24 h, 52% at 48 h, and 100% at 72 h; while T3 showed mortality percentages of 94% and 100% between 12 and 24 h of exposure. Therefore, T3 was the most effective to according to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. This study showed that treatments over 62 g of Calcium hydroxide per 1 kg of substrate offer a starting point for immature stage control under laboratory conditions. With these results, we propose to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of the application, of the latter concentration, under field conditions in urban environments for its application in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ortega
- Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Carrera 14 Number 16A-32, Sincelejo 700003, Colombia.
| | - Luis Gregorio Estrada
- Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Carrera 14 Number 16A-32, Sincelejo 700003, Colombia; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, ANLIS-Malbrán, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Almafuerte y Ámbar s/n, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones 3370, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduar Elías Bejarano
- Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Carrera 14 Number 16A-32, Sincelejo 700003, Colombia
| | - Horacio Cadena
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales - PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 Number 61-30, Laboratory 632, Medellín 050003, Colombia
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Borges MS, Niero LB, da Rosa LDS, Citadini-Zanette V, Elias GA, Amaral PDA. Factors associated with the expansion of leishmaniasis in urban areas: a systematic and bibliometric review (1959–2021). J Public Health Res 2022; 11:22799036221115775. [PMID: 36062236 PMCID: PMC9434684 DOI: 10.1177/22799036221115775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes a systematic and bibliometric review of the factors that contribute to the expansion of leishmaniasis in urban areas. Three scientific databases were used: Scientific Electronic Library (Sci ELO), Scopus and Web of Science, encompassing all original and review articles between 1959 and 2021. Three descriptors were used: “leishmaniasis” AND “urban” AND “rural.” Planning, execution, summarization, and selection processes were performed using StArt ( State of the Art through Systematic Review) software. We obtained a total of 304 articles, 60 of which concerned canine leishmaniasis. The factors associated with the expansion of leishmaniasis in urban areas are interrelated, including socioenvironmental and economic complexity, the type of leishmaniasis, the reservoirs, vectors, deforestation, disorderly occupation of space, poor sanitary conditions, and human migration trends. A lack of diagnosis and underreporting of cases in some regions may reflect the increase of cases seen in urban areas. A majority ( n = 121) of studies were conducted in Brazil, followed by Iran ( n = 43). In relation to publications; in general, output has increased over the years, particularly in 2021. The majority of published studies were in the area of epidemiology ( n = 158).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Schutz Borges
- Mestra em Ciências Ambientais, Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense
(UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil
- Marília Schutz Borges, Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense
(UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário CEP: 88806-000 Criciúma,
Santa Catarina, Brasil.
| | - Luana Budny Niero
- Farmacêutica e mestranda do Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense
(UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Laíse Dimer Sant’ana da Rosa
- Acadêmica do curso de farmácia da
Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina,
Brasil
| | - Vanilde Citadini-Zanette
- Doutora em Ecologia e Recursos
Naturais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Extremo
Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Alves Elias
- Doutor em Ciências Ambientais, Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense
(UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Patrícia de Aguiar Amaral
- Doutora em Ciências Farmacêuticas,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Extremo Sul
Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Sousa BR, Freitas JF, Valeriano CA, Neto LN, Neves RP, Gambarra FF, Gomes TM, da Silva Acioly JC, Lima-Neto RG. Refractory esophagitis caused by Candida nivariensis: second description of this yeast in Brazil and a literature review. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:903-915. [PMID: 35748170 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida nivariensis caused refractory esophagitis in a 36-year-old Brazilian man coinfected with HIV and Leishmania. A literature review on this rare fungal pathogen is also presented. The diagnosis was made, and pathogen identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and sequencing of the LSU/26S region. An antifungigram was performed using broth microdilution. A literature search of PubMed was performed. The causative agent, C. nivariensis, was resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole. The patient's condition worsened considerably, and he passed away. This is the second report of this Candida species in Brazil and the first case reported worldwide of refractory esophagitis in a patient coinfected with HIV and Leishmania. The case illustrates the importance of precise identification and antifungal susceptibility testing when isolating this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Sousa
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Jucieli F Freitas
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos At Valeriano
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Na Neto
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Rejane P Neves
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Gambarra
- Department of Health, Infectious Diseases Hospital Dr Clementino Fraga, State of Paraíba, Rua Estér Borges Bastos, s/n, Jaguaribe, João Pessoa, 58015-270, Brazil
| | - Tiago M Gomes
- Department of Health, Infectious Diseases Hospital Dr Clementino Fraga, State of Paraíba, Rua Estér Borges Bastos, s/n, Jaguaribe, João Pessoa, 58015-270, Brazil
| | - Jack C da Silva Acioly
- Department of Health, Infectious Diseases Hospital Dr Clementino Fraga, State of Paraíba, Rua Estér Borges Bastos, s/n, Jaguaribe, João Pessoa, 58015-270, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo G Lima-Neto
- Department of Mycology, Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Av Professor Moraes Rêgo, s/n, 50670-901, Brazil
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Sherafati J, Dayer MS, Ghaffarifar F. Therapeutic effects of Lucilia sericata larval excretion/secretion products on Leishmania major under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:212. [PMID: 35710519 PMCID: PMC9204886 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The disease generally manifests as characteristic skin lesions which require lengthy treatment with antimonial drugs that are often associated with adverse side effects. Therefore, a number of studies have focused on natural compounds as promising drugs for its treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of larval excretion/secretion products (ES) of Lucilia sericata in crude and fractionated forms on Leishmania major, by using in vitro and in vivo models. Methods The in vitro experiments involved evaluation of ES on both promastigotes and macrophage-engulfed amastigotes, whereas the in vivo experiments included comparative treatments of skin lesions in L. major-infected mice with Eucerin-formulated ES and Glucantime. Results The half maximal inhibitory concentrations of the crude ES, > 10-kDa ES fraction, < 10-kDa ES fraction, and Glucantime were 38.7 μg/ml, 47.6 μg/ml, 63.3 μg/ml, and 29.1 μg/ml, respectively. Significant differences were observed between percentage viabilities of promastigotes treated with the crude ES and its fractions compared with the negative control (P < 0.0001). The crude ES was more effective on amastigotes than the two ES fractions at 300 μg/ml. The macroscopic measurements revealed that the reduction of lesion size in mice treated with the crude ES followed quicker cascades of healing than that of mice treated with Glucantime and the ES fractions. Conclusions The present study showed that the larval ES of L. sericata in both crude and fractionated forms are effective for both intracellular and extracellular forms of L. major. Also, the ES exert both topical and systemic effects on mice experimentally infected with L. major. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Sherafati
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal AleAhmad Highway, Nasr, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Saaid Dayer
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal AleAhmad Highway, Nasr, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal AleAhmad Highway, Nasr, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Berhe R, Spigt M, Schneider F, Paintain L, Adera C, Nigusie A, Gizaw Z, Tesfaye YA, Elnaiem DEA, Alemayehu M. Understanding the risk perception of visceral leishmaniasis exposure and the acceptability of sandfly protection measures among migrant workers in the lowlands of Northwest Ethiopia: a health belief model perspective. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:989. [PMID: 35578331 PMCID: PMC9112482 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the leading cause of health concerns among Ethiopian migrant workers. Understanding risk perception and health-protective behavior are significant challenges in the prevention and eradication of the disease. As a result, studies are required to assess these important epidemiological factors, which will provide guidance on how to assist migrant workers in taking preventive measures against VL. Method We conducted qualitative research among migrant workers on seasonal agricultural farms in Northwest Ethiopia between June and November 2019 to assess their perception of the risk of contracting VL and their willingness to use protective measures against the disease. Seventeen focus group discussions and 16 key informant interviews were conducted to study migrant workers’ risk perception in relation to sandfly bite exposure and use of sandfly control measures. For analysis, all interviews were recorded, transcribed, and translated. ATLASti was used to perform qualitative content analysis on the data. Result Migrant workers are fearful of VL because of previous exposure and the disease’s prevalence in the area. They believe, however, that VL is a minor illness that is easily treated. While Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) are widely accepted as a protective measure, there are still reservations about using them due to the seasonality of the transmission, difficulties in hanging them on farm areas, and a preference for alternative traditional practices. Regardless of perceived self-efficacy, the central cues were the message delivered by the health workers and an increase in sandfly bite irritation. Based on the findings, three levels of intervention modalities are suggested: 1) increasing pre-arrival awareness through outdoor media (posters, stickers, billboards), 2) encouraging proper use of protective measures upon arrival at farm camps, and 3) informing departing workers on disease recognition and best practices for health-seeking continuous use of protective measures at home. Conclusion This finding suggests that VL prevention interventions should focus on individuals’ perceptions in order to promote consistent use of protective measures. The findings are highly useful in planning effective interventions against VL. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13406-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resom Berhe
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mark Spigt
- Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Schneider
- Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucy Paintain
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Adane Nigusie
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemichael Gizaw
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yihenew Alemu Tesfaye
- Department of Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dia-Eldin A Elnaiem
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Mekuriaw Alemayehu
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Karmaoui A, Sereno D, Maia C, Campino L, El Jaafari S, Taybi AF, Hajji L. A conceptual model for understanding the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission risk in the Moroccan pre-Saharan area. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 17:e00243. [PMID: 35243048 PMCID: PMC8856991 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmanioses are of public health concern in Morocco, mainly the Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) endemic in the Moroccan pre-Saharian area. Transmission of this disease depends on eco-epidemiological and socio-economic conditions. Therefore, a multivariable approach is required to delineate the risk and intensity of transmission. This will help outline main disease risk factors and understand interactions between all underlying factors acting on disease transmission at a local and regional scale. In this context, we propose a new conceptual model, the Biophysical-Drivers-Response-Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (BDRZCL), adapted to the Pre-Saharian area. The proposed model highlights how the physical and human drivers affect the environment and human health. The incidence of ZCL is linked to human activity and biophysical changes or by their interactions. The human response added to risk drivers are the main components that influence the biophysical part. This model improves our understanding of the cause-effect interactions and helps decision-makers and stakeholders react appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Karmaoui
- Bioactives (Health and environmental lab, epidenetics team, UMI), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, & Southern Center for Culture and Science, Morocco
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD, University of Montpellier, InterTryp, Parasite Infectiology Reaserch Group, 34000 Montpellier, France
- IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier MiVeGec, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL) & Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Samir El Jaafari
- Bioactives, Environmental health and epigenetics research team, UMI, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdelkhaleq Fouzi Taybi
- Équipe de Recherche en Biologie et Biotechnologie Appliquées; Faculté Pluridisciplinaire de Nador, University Mohammed I, Morocco
| | - Lhoussain Hajji
- Bioactives, Health and Environmental Laboratory, Epigenetics team, Moulay Ismail University, Morocco
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38
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Aflatoonian M, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian B, Salarkia E, Khosravi A, Tavakoli Oliaee R, Bamorovat M, Aghaei Afshar A, Babaei Z, Sharifi F, Taheri Soodejani M, Shirzadi MR, Gouya MM, Nadim A, Sharifi H. Fifty years of struggle to control cutaneous leishmaniasis in the highest endemic county in Iran: A longitudinal observation inferred with interrupted time series model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010271. [PMID: 35486645 PMCID: PMC9053817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Negligible data are available following major social activities and environmental changes on leishmaniasis. Therefore, how interactions between these events influence cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) risk is not well-known. This longitudinal study was undertaken to explore the impact of interventions conducted between 1971 and 2020 in Bam county, which has had the highest disease burden in Iran. Only confirmed CL cases during this period were taken into account. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 using the X2 test to assess the significance of the difference between proportions. Moreover, we used interrupted time series (ITS) to assess the impact of three environmental events during this period. Overall, 40,164 cases of CL occurred in the past five decades. Multiple complex factors were among the leading causes that synergistically induced the emergence/re-emergence of CL outbreaks in Bam. The main factors attributed negatively to CL control were cessation of malaria spraying activity, expansion of the city spaces, and a massive earthquake creating new breeding potentials for the vectors. The highest impact on CL incidence during these years was related to the earthquake [coefficient = 17.8 (95% CI: 11.3, 22.7); p-value < 0.001]. Many factors can contribute to CL outbreaks in endemic foci. They also can cause new foci in new areas. Since humans are the single reservoir for CL in this area, early detection and effective management significantly contribute to controlling CL to reduce the disease burden. However, essential evidence gaps remain, and new tools are crucial before the disease can ultimately be controlled. Nevertheless, sustained funding and more trained task forces are essential to strengthen surveillance and case management and monitor the interventions’ impact. We aimed to conduct this longitudinal observation to assess the impact of interventions applied between 1971 and 2020 in Bam county, Iran’s highest anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis burden. Only confirmed CL cases were taken into account. Overall, 40,164 cases of CL occurred in the past five decades. Multiple complex factors were among the leading causes that synergistically induced the emergence/re-emergence of CL outbreaks in Bam. The main factors attributed negatively to CL control were cessation of malaria spraying activity, expansion of the city spaces, and a massive earthquake creating new breeding potentials for the vectors. Since humans are the single reservoir host for CL in this area, early detection and effective management significantly contribute to controlling CL to reduce the disease burden. However, continuous funding and more trained forces are critical to strengthening surveillance and case management and monitoring the interventions’ impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behnaz Aflatoonian
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moslem Taheri Soodejani
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
- Center for Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Nadim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Maciel MSP, Reis ASD, Fidelis QC. Antileishmanial potential of species from the family Lamiaceae: chemical and biological aspects of non-volatile compounds. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106309. [PMID: 35032468 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease present in more than 90 countries and annually affects about 1 million people worldwide. It is caused by the genus Leishmania protozoa that are transmitted to humans by insect bites. This disease is a serious public health problem, which can cause death, disability, and mutilation. The drugs used in treatment have high toxicity, low efficiency, high costs, and possible antiparasitic resistance. Medicinal plant-based treatments have been used for leishmaniasis by population from endemic areas. Among the main botanical families used against leishmaniasis, in different parts of the world, the family Lamiaceae stands out. In this review, the antileishmanial activity of extracts, fractions, and non-volatile compounds of Lamiaceae species are presented. Leishmania species present in the Old and New World were evaluated and discussed. Altogether there are forty-two Lamiaceae species, belonging to twenty-six genera, and ninety-one constituents, isolated from eighteen species of this family, verified in antileishmanial assays. Chemical and biological aspects of extracts, fractions and non-volatile constituents are discussed in order to define a profile of antileishmanial plants of this family, based on the antileishmanial activities results. Notes are presented to guide future investigations to expand chemical and biological knowledge of Lamiaceae species and highlight its most promising antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Simone Pereira Maciel
- Program in Health and Technology, Center for Social Science, Health and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. Da Universidade, S/N, Dom Afonso Felipe Gregory, Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil, 65915-240
| | - Aramys Silva Dos Reis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Social Sciences, Health and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. Da Universidade, S/N, Dom Afonso Felipe Gregory, Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil, 65915-240
| | - Queli Cristina Fidelis
- Department of Science and Technology, Balsas Campus, Federal University of Maranhão, Balsas, Maranhão, Brazil, 65800-000.
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40
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Babaie E, Alesheikh AA, Tabasi M. Spatial modeling of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis with regard to potential environmental factors using ANFIS and PCA-ANFIS methods. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106296. [PMID: 34958766 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study compares two adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and principal component analysis (PCA)-ANFIS techniques for spatial modeling and forecasting of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) cases in rural districts of Golestan province, Iran. We collected and prepared data on ZCL cases and climatic, topographic, vegetation, and human population factors. By applying the PCA algorithm, the parameters affecting the ZCL incidence were decomposed into principal components (PCs), and their dimensions were reduced. Then, PCs were used to train the ANFIS model. To evaluate the proposed approaches in model assessment phase, we used test data in 2016. In this phase, we showed that PCA-ANFIS model with values of R2 = 0.791, MAE = 0.681, RMSE = 0.904 compared to ANFIS model with values of R2 = 0.705, MAE = 0.827, RMSE = 1.073 has better performance in prediction of the ZCL cases. Actual and predicted maps of ZCL cases in 2016 by both models demonstrated that the high-risk regions of the disease are located in the northeastern, northern parts, and some central rural districts of Golestan province. Sensitivity analysis of the ANFIS model showed that population, vegetation, average wind speed, elevation, and average soil temperature, respectively, are the most significant factors in predicting the ZCL cases. The findings indicated the importance of machine learning (ML) techniques (ANFIS and PCA-ANFIS) in medical geography studies. By using these approaches, with less cost and shorter time, high-risk areas of diseases can be predicted, and the most effective factors on the spatial prediction of diseases can be identified. Public health policymakers can use these useful tools to control and prevent the disease and to allocate resources to disease-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Babaie
- Department of GIS, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Asghar Alesheikh
- Department of GIS, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Tabasi
- Department of GIS, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Haq I, Khan A, Ahmad S, Ali A, Rahman MU. Modeling and analysis of a fractional anthroponotic cutaneous leishmania model with Atangana-Baleanu derivative. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2022; 25:1722-1743. [PMID: 35344457 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2035372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, Atangana and Baleanu defined a novel arbitrary order derivative having a kernel of non-locality and non-singularity, known as AB derivative. We analyze a non-integer order Anthroponotic Leshmania Cutaneous (ACL) problem exploiting this novel AB derivative. We derive equilibria of the model and compute its threshold quantity, i.e. the so-called reproduction number. Conditions for the local stability of the no-disease as well as the disease endemic states are derived in terms of the threshold quantity. The qualitative analysis for solution of the proposed problem have derived with the aid of the theory of fixed point. We use the predictor corrector numerical approach to solve the proposed fractional order model for approximate solution. We also provide, the numerical simulations for each of the compartment of considered model at different fractional orders along with comparison with integer order to elaborate the importance of modern derivative. The fractional investigation shows that the non-integer order derivative is more realistic about the inner dynamics of the Leishmania model lying between integer order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikramul Haq
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan
| | - Amir Khan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan
| | - Amir Ali
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan
| | - Mati Ur Rahman
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Seth A, Kar S. Host-directed antileishmanial interventions: Harvesting unripe fruits to reach fruition. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 42:217-236. [PMID: 35275772 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2047670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an exemplary paradigm of immune evasion, fraught with the perils of limited clinical assistance, escalating costs of treatment and made worse with the lack of suitable vaccine. While drugs remain central to large-scale disease control, the growing emergence of parasite resistance necessitates the need for combination therapy involving host-directed immunological agents. Also, since prolonged disease progression is associated with strong immune suppression of the host, augmentation of host immunity via restoration of the immunoregulatory circuit involving antigen-presenting cells and T-cells, activation of macrophage function and/or CD4+ T helper 1 cell differentiation may serve as an ideal approach to resolve severe cases of leishmaniasis. As such, therapies that embody a synergistic approach that involve direct killing of the parasite in addition to elevating host immunity are likely to pave the way for widespread elimination of leishmaniasis in the future. With this review, we aim to recapitulate the various immunotherapeutic agents found to hold promise in antileishmanial treatment both in vitro and in vivo. These include parasite-specific antigens, dendritic cell-targeted therapy, recombinant inhibitors of various components intrinsic to immune cell signaling and agonists or antagonists to immune cells and cytokines. We also summarize their abilities to direct therapeutic skewing of the host cell-immune response and review their potential to combat the disease either alone, or as adjunct modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Seth
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Serra E Meira PCL, Abreu BL, de Almeida Zenóbio APL, de Castilho Sanguinette C, Rêgo FD, de Lima Carvalho GM, Saraiva L, Andrade Filho JD. Phlebotominae Fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Molecular Detection of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Urban Caves of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:257-266. [PMID: 34532734 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sand flies are often collected in urban areas, which has several implications for the risk of transmission of Leishmania Ross, 1903, to humans and other mammals. Given this scenario, we describe the sand fly fauna of caves and their surroundings in Mangabeiras Municipal Park (MMP) and Paredão Serra do Curral Park (PSCP), both located in the urban area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, an endemic focus of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Collections were conducted monthly from November 2011 to October 2012, using CDC light traps exposed for two consecutive nights in four caves and their surroundings. Nonsystematized collections using Shannon traps and active searches were also performed around the caves. The presence of Leishmania DNA in collected female sand flies was evaluated by ITS1-PCR. A total of 857 sand flies representing fourteen species were collected in MMP, of which Evandromyia edwardsi (Mangabeira, 1941) was the most abundant. Leishmania amazonensis was detected in Brumptomyia nitzulescui (Costa Lima, 1932) and Ev. edwardsi, with the latter also having Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania sp. A total of 228 sand flies representing four species were collected in PSCP, of which Sciopemyia microps (Mangabeira, 1942) was the most abundant. No females from PSCP were positive for Leishmania-DNA. Studies aimed at describing sand fly faunas of cave environments and detecting Leishmania are essential to understanding the relationship between these insects and this ecotope and assessing and monitoring areas that may pose risks to the health of visitors and employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cavalcante Lamy Serra E Meira
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses-Instituto René Rachou-FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lacerda Abreu
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses-Instituto René Rachou-FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lusardo de Almeida Zenóbio
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses-Instituto René Rachou-FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiani de Castilho Sanguinette
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses-Instituto René Rachou-FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses-Instituto René Rachou-FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Mayr de Lima Carvalho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses-Instituto René Rachou-FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lara Saraiva
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses-Instituto René Rachou-FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses-Instituto René Rachou-FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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El Idrissi Saik I, Benlabsir C, Fellah H, Lemrani M, Riyad M. Transmission patterns of Leishmania tropica around the Mediterranean basin: Could Morocco be impacted by a zoonotic spillover? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010009. [PMID: 35025884 PMCID: PMC8757988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica is a neglected tropical disease characterized by a wide geographical distribution in the Mediterranean basin and is endemic in several of its countries. In addition, the vector Phlebotomus sergenti is abundantly present all around the basin. Its transmission cycle is still subject to debate. In some countries, the presence of an animal reservoir has been confirmed. In Morocco, CL due to L. tropica has risen since the 1980s and has spread widely to become the most abundant form of leishmaniasis in the territory. However, the anthroponotic transmission is so far the only recognized mode, despite recordings of L. tropica infection in animal hosts. In this review article, we assess the situation of CL due to L. tropica in the Mediterranean basin with a focus on Morocco and gather knowledge about any potential zoonotic transmission in the country. A concomitant zoonotic transmission could explain the persistence of the disease in areas where human protective measures combined with vector management did not help reduce the disease burden. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica is a neglected tropical disease still considered to be anthroponotic in Morocco despite evidence of zoonotic transmission in other endemic countries of the Mediterranean basin. Its high incidence in the country makes it necessary to investigate whether or not a potential concomitant zoonotic transmission exists alongside the anthroponotic one. Moreover, several reports of natural animal infection have been noted in the country. In this paper, we review how CL due to L. tropica is present around the Mediterranean basin, with a particular focus on the Moroccan foci, and try to unveil the existence of a zoonotic transmission in the area. A deep understanding of the transmission patterns of L. tropica in the region is necessary for the implementation of effective control measures and a better assessment of the disease burden. In addition, the complexity of this neglected disease requires more fundamental and applied research to unveil potential factors involved in its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane El Idrissi Saik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Chaimaa Benlabsir
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Fellah
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- * E-mail:
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Tapkir SR, Patil RH, Galave SA, Phadtare GR, Khedkar VM, Garud DR. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of quinoline‐conjugated 1,2,
3‐triazole
derivatives as antileishmanial agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep R. Tapkir
- Department of Chemistry Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University) Tilak road Pune India
| | - Rajendra H. Patil
- Department of Biotechnology Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune India
| | - Sharad A. Galave
- Department of Chemistry Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University) Tilak road Pune India
| | - Ganesh R. Phadtare
- Department of Chemistry Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University) Tilak road Pune India
| | | | - Dinesh R. Garud
- Department of Chemistry Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University) Tilak road Pune India
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Epidemiological situation analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Batna (northeast): An important focus in Algeria. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100621. [PMID: 34879933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic infection which poses a real public health problem in various countries, including Algeria. We aimed in this study to investigate the current epidemiological situation of CL in the wilaya of Batna (northeastern Algeria) during 2010-2020 and to discuss some control measures used to combat the disease in the most endemic foci. Data on CL cases and control measures were obtained from the "Direction de la Santé et de la Population (DSP) of Batna" and the "Etablissement Public de la Santé de Proximité (EPSP) of Barika". Data were analyzed and mapped using Microsoft Office Excel 2007, SPSS.21, and ArcGIS 10.3. A total of 9259 cases were notified, with a peak incidence of 1924 cases in 2010. The annual evolution of the disease showed decreasing and increasing trends during the study period. Cases were detected year-round, with a peak notification in November (1957 cases) and January (1663 cases). CL affects both genders and all age groups with predominance for males (58.6%) and infants less than 9 years old (54.4%). Most cases have occurred in western areas of the wilaya especially in the commune of Barika with 2979 cases (32.17%), followed by Abdelkader Azil (13.37%), Bitam (12.32%), Djezzar (8.67%), Ouled Ammar (7.07%), and Amdoukal (4.36%) communes. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that the highest frequencies of CL were exclusively reported in the western regions. There was no evidence of a possible relationship between Deltamethrin house spraying and leishmaniasis incidence. This study revealed that CL is highly endemic in the western areas of Batna, especially in Barika, with children less than 9 years old as the most age group at risk. The development of control measures and the selection of appropriate strategies are necessary to prevent, control, and eradicate the disease.
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Rode N, Tantray A, Shelar A, Patil R, Terdale S. Amino acid ionic liquid-catalyzed synthesis, anti-Leishmania activity, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME study of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-(thio)ones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.2010757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Rode
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aafaq Tantray
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Terdale
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Jagadesh S, Combe M, Ginouvès M, Simon S, Prévot G, Couppié P, Nacher M, Gozlan RE. Spatial variations in Leishmaniasis: A biogeographic approach to mapping the distribution of Leishmania species. One Health 2021; 13:100307. [PMID: 34430698 PMCID: PMC8368019 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most prevalent form of Leishmaniasis and is widely endemic in the Americas. Several species of Leishmania are responsible for CL, a severely neglected tropical disease and the treatment of CL vary according to the different species of Leishmania. We proposed to map the distribution of the Leishmania species reported in French Guiana (FG) using a biogeographic approach based on environmental predictors. We also measured species endemism i.e., the uniqueness of species to a defined geographic location. Our results show that the distribution patterns varied between Leishmania spp. and were spatially dependent on climatic covariates. The species distribution modelling of the eco-epidemiological spatial patterns of Leishmania spp. is the first to measure endemism based on bioclimatic factors in FG. The study also emphasizes the impact of tree cover loss and climate on the increasing distribution of L. (Viannia) braziliensis in the most anthropized regions. Detection of high-risk regions for the different between Leishmania spp. is essential for monitoring and active surveillance of the vector. As climate plays a major role in the spatial distribution of the vector and reservoir and the survival of the pathogen, climatic covariates should be included in the analysis and mapping of vector-borne diseases. This study underscores the significance of local land management and the urgency of considering the impact of climate change in the development of vector-borne disease management strategies at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soushieta Jagadesh
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marine Combe
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Ginouvès
- Equipe TBIP Tropical Biome and Immunophysiopathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses - Laboratoire Associé, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, 97304 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Stéphane Simon
- Equipe TBIP Tropical Biome and Immunophysiopathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses - Laboratoire Associé, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, 97304 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Equipe TBIP Tropical Biome and Immunophysiopathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Univ. de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Equipe TBIP Tropical Biome and Immunophysiopathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Univ. de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, 97304 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Equipe TBIP Tropical Biome and Immunophysiopathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Univ. de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- Centre d'investigation Clinique (CIC Inserm 1424), Centre hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, 97304 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
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Taxonomy, Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Iranian Leishmania Strains of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1274-1284. [PMID: 33942225 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the broad distribution of leishmaniasis in Iran, there is a little genetic information about the causative agents and epidemiological status of the disease. Genetic diversity of the parasite is suggested to be one of the factors, which influences the clinical manifestations of the disease. In this study, we investigated the genetic variations, population structure, and evolutionary history of Leishmania species from endemic foci of Iran. METHODS Fifty-two isolates from humans, canines, and rodents from different endemic foci of Iran were used to sequence the N-acetyl glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (Nagt) gene. Phylogenetic and structure analyses were performed to investigate inter- and intra-species diversity of the Leishmania isolates. RESULTS In total, 10 haplotypes including L. major (n = 6), L. tropica (n = 2), L. infantum (n = 1) and L. turanica (n = 1) were identified across 52 isolates. Haplotype diversity (Hd) ranged from zero for L. infantum and L. turanica to 0.78 ± 0.136 for L. major. This study identified population structure of Leishmania isolates from different geographical regions of Iran. The results of the phylogenetic tree showed 4 distinct clades for each species of Leishmania. In addition, the highest intraspecies diversity was observed among L. major isolates. No correlation was observed between species and geographic distribution of haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania isolates were identified at the species level using the Nagt gene, low variation within species indicates conservation of this gene in Leishmania. The results provide knowledge into the evolutionary history of Iranian Leishmania isolates.
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Valero NNH, Prist P, Uriarte M. Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in São Paulo, Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:148960. [PMID: 34303257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp. mainly affecting individuals of low socioeconomic status. In tropical regions the transmission risk to humans depends not only on environmental factors, such as vegetation cover and climate, but also on the socioeconomic characteristics of human populations. However, the relative contribution of these factors to disease risk and incidence is not well understood. Yet this information is critical for the development of epidemiological surveillance schemes and control practices. Leishmaniasis cases have increased in São Paulo state, Brazil over recent years but the underlying risk factors for transmission remain understudied. Here, we use generalized linear mixed models to quantify the association between occurrence and incidence (number of cases) of cutaneous (CL) and visceral (VL) leishmaniasis from 1998 to 2015, and landscape (native vegetation cover), climate (seasonal and interannual variation in precipitation and temperature) and socioeconomic factors (population, number of cattle heads, Human Development Index - HDI, Gini inequality index and income per capita) across the 645 municipalities of São Paulo state, Brazil. For CL, probability of occurrence was greater in municipalities with high native vegetation cover and economic inequality and in years with greater average winter precipitation. For VL, probability of occurrence was greater in years with high minimum spring precipitation and maximum annual temperatures, and in municipalities with larger HDI values and a greater number of cattle heads. The number of VL cases increased during years with high mean fall precipitation and, for both CL and VL the number of cases was greater in years of high annual mean temperature. Understanding how these risk factors influence spatial and temporal variation in the risk and incidence of leishmaniasis can contribute to the development of effective public health policies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerida Nadia H Valero
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, 321 Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, Cidade Universitária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508090, Brazil.
| | - Paula Prist
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, Ste. 1200, New York, NY 10018, United States of America
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, United States
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