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Hendricks R, Du Preez HH. Assessing the genotoxic potential of wastewater effluents from three wastewater treatment plants in South Africa. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:278-289. [PMID: 38421622 PMCID: wh_2023_183 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants are mainly monitored for quality in terms of their biological oxygen demand and microbiological constituents as stipulated in the specific discharge permit. Wastewater influents and effluents were taken from three WWTPs in South Africa over the summer and winter seasons. Previous toxicity tests such as the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence assay and the Selenastrum capricornutum algal growth inhibition test have shown that the effluents displayed acute toxicity. To further investigate the quality of the effluent, the genotoxic potential was determined using the SOS Chromosome and UMU Chromosome test. The SOS Chromotest demonstrated induction factor values of above 1.5 for influents during both seasons indicating that the influents were genotoxic (p < 0.05). Effluents discharged during winter and summer also had induction factors greater than 1.5 (p < 0.05). A range of induction factors was detected with the UMU-Chromotest for influents and effluents (1.98 ± 0.38 and 2.40 ± 0.51, respectively). Findings show point sources in the area can lead to influents and effluents that are potentially genotoxic. Designing a monitoring programme that encompasses testing of both the regulatory determinants with additional specialized tests can provide a more holistic view of wastewater quality and the efficiency of WWTP to reduce the discharge of hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahzia Hendricks
- Rand Water, Scientific Services Division, P.O. Box 3526, Vereeniging 1939, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Hein H Du Preez
- Rand Water, Scientific Services Division, P.O. Box 3526, Vereeniging 1939, South Africa
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Cevik M, Dartan G, Ulker M, Bezci K, Deliorman G, Cagatay P, Lacin T, Cinel IH, Aksu B, Keskin Y, Can ZS, Yurdun T, Susleyici B. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Wastewater from Istanbul: Data from Hospitals and Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:852-857. [PMID: 32322934 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater (WW) carry considerable amount of chemicals that could have mutagenic or cytotoxic effect from hospital discharges to aquatic environment. Our objective was to determinate the possible mutagenic and toxic effects of hospital originated WWs and effectiveness of the wastewater treatment plants (WTP) functions. In the study the mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of three hospitals and influent/effluent of a treatment plant WW collected in Istanbul and was examined using AMES, XTT, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Mutagenic effects were detected at both hospital discharges and advanced biological wastewater plant. We observed no cytotoxic effect in fibroblasts for LDH and XTT assays whereas high cytotoxicity for all samples was found in hepatocytes by XTT assay. According to the results even if advanced technology is used for treatment of WW, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects still remain, and the present technologies need to be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Cevik
- Division of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guler Dartan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Ulker
- Division of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kıvanç Bezci
- Division of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokce Deliorman
- Division of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Penbe Cagatay
- Department of Medical Services and Technics, Vocational School of Health Service, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunc Lacin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakkı Cinel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Aksu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasar Keskin
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Semra Can
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turkan Yurdun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belgin Susleyici
- Division of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Laquaz M, Dagot C, Bazin C, Bastide T, Gaschet M, Ploy MC, Perrodin Y. Ecotoxicity and antibiotic resistance of a mixture of hospital and urban sewage in a wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:9243-9253. [PMID: 28875281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hospital and urban effluents are a source of diverse pollutants such as organic compounds, heavy metals, detergents, disinfectants, pharmaceuticals, and microorganisms resistant to antibiotics. Usually, these two types of effluent are mixed in the sewage network, but a pilot site in France now allows studying them separately or mixed to understand more about their characteristics and the phenomena that occur following their mixing. In this study, their ecotoxicity (Daphnia magna mobility, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth, Brachionus calyciflorus reproduction, and SOS Chromotest) and antibiotic resistance (integron quantification) were assessed during mixing and treatment steps. The main results of this study are (i) the ecotoxicity and antibiotic resistance potentials of hospital wastewater are higher than in urban wastewater and (ii) mixing two different effluents does not lead to global synergistic or antagonistic effects on ecotoxicity and antibiotic resistance potential. The global additivity effect observed in this case must be confirmed by other studies on hospital and urban effluents on other sites to improve knowledge relating to this source of pollution and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Laquaz
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
| | - Christophe Dagot
- Université of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1092, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Christine Bazin
- INSAVALOR-PROVADEMS, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thérèse Bastide
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Margaux Gaschet
- Université of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1092, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Ploy
- Université of Limoges, UMR INSERM 1092, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Yves Perrodin
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
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Yilmaz G, Kaya Y, Vergili I, Beril Gönder Z, Özhan G, Ozbek Celik B, Altinkum SM, Bagdatli Y, Boergers A, Tuerk J. Characterization and toxicity of hospital wastewaters in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:55. [PMID: 28083795 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to present first preliminary characterization of Turkish hospital wastewaters, their environmental risk, and a method for toxicity assessment. The hospital wastewater samples were collected from two of the largest medical faculty hospitals and a training and research hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. The samples from the selected hospitals were taken as grab samples on March 2014. Overall, 55 substances including pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, pesticides, and corrosion inhibitors were analyzed in all hospital wastewaters. Analysis of toxicity and the antibiotic resistance bacteria were investigated in addition to the chemical analysis in the wastewater of one hospital. Hazard quotients (HQs) and toxic units (TUs) were calculated as basis of the environmental risk assessment. Fourteen pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater (HWW) were classified as "high risk" with HQ > 10. HQHWW values higher than 100 were determined for five antibiotics and one analgesic, namely, ofloxacin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfapyridine, trimethoprim, and diclofenac. Ofloxacin with an HQHWW of 9090 was observed to be the most hazardous compound. HQ and TU values of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent dropped significantly due to dilution in the sewer. Further elimination by biological degradation or adsorption was observed only in some cases. However, the decreased HQWWTPeffluent values do not the change environmental load significantly. Therefore, advanced treatment processes should be applied to remove the persistent compounds. In combination with the results on antibiotic resistance, we would prefer on-site treatment of hospital wastewater. Toxicological assessment was performed using cytotoxic and mutagenic screening tests. The results of the Ames assay showed that the native hospital wastewaters had strongly mutagenic activity with a ≤10-fold increase relative to negative controls. The mutagenic potentials of the samples were generally concentration and metabolic activation dependent. Multiple antibiotic resistances were demonstrated with the tested isolates to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and ceftazidime. This study demonstrates that the hospital wastewaters in Istanbul exhibit strong environmental and toxicological risks, as well as high multiple drug resistance to commonly used antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum Yilmaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Environmental Management Unit, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34000, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Kaya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilda Vergili
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Z Beril Gönder
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gül Özhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berna Ozbek Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar M Altinkum
- Environmental Management Unit, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34000, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasar Bagdatli
- Environmental Management Unit, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34000, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andrea Boergers
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229, Duisburg, Germany
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Guan Y, Wang X, Wong M, Sun G, An T, Guo J, Zhang G. Evaluation of Genotoxic and Mutagenic Activity of Organic Extracts from Drinking Water Sources. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170454. [PMID: 28125725 PMCID: PMC5268787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of industrial, agricultural and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment lead to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming a serious global health concern. In this study, the Ames test and SOS/umu test were conducted to investigate the potential genotoxicity and mutagenicity caused by organic extracts from drinking water sources. Organic content of source water was extracted with XAD-2 resin column and organic solvents. Four doses of the extract equivalent to 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2L of source water were tested for toxicity. All the water samples were collected from six different locations in Guangdong province. The results of the Ames test and SOS/umu test showed that all the organic extracts from the water samples could induce different levels of DNA damage and mutagenic potentials at the dose of 2 L in the absence of S9 mix, which demonstrated the existence of genotoxicity and mutagenicity. Additionally, we found that Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 was more sensitive for the mutagen. Correlation analysis between genotoxicity, Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) showed that most individual OCPs were frame shift toxicants in drinking water sources, and there was no correlation with total OCPs and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Minghung Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong China
| | - Guoping Sun
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taicheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemist, Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Załęska-Radziwiłł M, Affek K, Doskocz N, Affek A. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in relation to Escherichia coli and Cyprinus carpio. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:1053-1061. [PMID: 27410723 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1198625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity studies (using SOS chromotest and comet assay) of Escherichia coli and carp (Cyprinus carpio) were performed for three pharmaceutically active compounds, ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol and 5-fluorouracil, used in the treatment of humans. The values of genotoxicity induction coefficient (I) in the SOS chromotest clearly showed genotoxicity for ciprofloxacin, both in the presence and in the absence of S9 fraction; 17α-ethinylestradiol demonstrated slight genotoxicity at the highest tested concentration; and 5-fluorouracil did not induce genotoxic effects in Escherichia coli mutants. Statistical analysis of the results of the comet assay revealed significant differences in cell populations derived from carp placed in a solution of 5-fluorouracil in comparison with the negative control. Statistical analysis also showed a significant increase of "% DNA in tail" of comets in cell populations incubated in solutions of 17α-ethinylestradiol at concentrations of 10000, 2000 and 400 µg/L and in solutions of 5-fluorouracil with S9 fraction at concentrations of 50,000 and 2,000 μg/L in comparison with the negative controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Załęska-Radziwiłł
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Affek
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Nina Doskocz
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Andrzej Affek
- b Department of Geoecology and Climatology , Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
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Sibanda T, Selvarajan R, Tekere M. Urban effluent discharges as causes of public and environmental health concerns in South Africa's aquatic milieu. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:18301-17. [PMID: 26408112 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The water quality in South Africa's river systems is rapidly deteriorating as a consequence of increased discharge of wastewater effluents. The natural ability of rivers and reservoirs to trap toxic chemicals and nutrients in their sediments enables these systems to accumulate contaminants, altering the natural balance in environmental water quality, thereby raising a plethora of public and environmental health concerns. Impaired water quality has been linked to an array of problems in South Africa including massive fish mortalities, altered habitat template leading to the thinning of riverine macroinvertebrate diversity, shifts in microbial community structures with drastic ecological consequences and evolvement of antibiotic resistance genes that, under natural conditions, can be transferred to waterborne pathogens. Urban wastewater discharge has also been implicated in increased bioaccumulation of metals in edible plant parts, elevated concentrations of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), which are blamed for reduced fertility and increased cancer risk, excessive growth of toxic cyanobacteria and an increase in concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms which constitute a potential health threat to humans. However, despite the ecotoxicological hazards posed by wastewater effluents, ecotoxicological studies are currently underutilised in South African aquatic ecosystem assessments, and where they have been done, the observation is that ecotoxicological studies are mostly experimental and restricted to small study areas. More research is still needed to fully assess especially the ecotoxicological consequences of surface water pollution by urban wastewater effluents in South Africa. A review of the effects of urban effluent discharges that include domestic effluent mixed with industrial effluent and/or urban stormwater run-off is hereby presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Sibanda
- Department of Environmental Sciences, UNISA Florida Campus, PO Box 1710, Florida, South Africa.
| | - Ramganesh Selvarajan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, UNISA Florida Campus, PO Box 1710, Florida, South Africa
| | - Memory Tekere
- Department of Environmental Sciences, UNISA Florida Campus, PO Box 1710, Florida, South Africa
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Assessment of the Mutagenicity of Sediments from Yangtze River Estuary Using Salmonella Typhimurium/Microsome Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143522. [PMID: 26606056 PMCID: PMC4659643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sediments in estuaries are of important environmental concern because they may act as pollution sinks and sources to the overlying water body. These sediments can be accumulated by benthic organisms. This study assessed the mutagenic potential of sediment extracts from the Yangtze River estuary by using the Ames fluctuation assay with the Salmonella typhimurium his (-) strain TA98 (frameshift mutagen indicator) and TA100 (baseshift mutagen indicator). Most of the sediment samples were mutagenic to the strain TA98, regardless of the presence or absence of exogenous metabolic activation (S9 induction by β-naphthoflavone/phenobarbital). However, none of the samples were mutagenic to the strain TA100. Thus, the mutagenicity pattern was mainly frameshift mutation, and the responsible toxicants were both direct (without S9 mix) and indirect (with S9 mix) mutagens. The mutagenicity of the sediment extracts increased when S9 was added. Chemical analysis showed a poor correlation between the content of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the detected mutagenicity in each sample. The concept of effect-directed analysis was used to analyze possible compounds responsible for the detected mutagenic effects. With regard to the mutagenicity of sediment fractions, non-polar compounds as well as weakly and moderately polar compounds played a main role. Further investigations should be conducted to identify the responsible components.
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Kocak E. Investigation of potential genotoxic activity using the SOS Chromotest for real paracetamol wastewater and the wastewater treated by the Fenton process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:66. [PMID: 26421152 PMCID: PMC4587672 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential genotoxic activity associated with high strength real paracetamol (PCT) wastewater (COD = 40,000 mg/L, TOC = 12,000 mg/L, BOD5 = 19,320 mg/L) from a large-scale drug-producing plant in the Marmara Region, was investigated in pre- and post- treated wastewater by the Fenton process (COD = 2,920 mg/L, TOC = 880 mg/L; BOD5 = 870 mg/L). METHODS The SOS Chromotest, which is based on Escherichia coli PQ37 activities, was used for the assessment of genotoxicity. The corrected induction factors (CIF) values used as quantitative measurements of the genotoxic activity were obtained from a total of four different dilutions (100, 50, 6.25, and 0.078 % v/v.) for two samples, in triplicate, to detect potentially genotoxic activities with the SOS Chromotest. RESULTS The results of the SOS Chromotest demonstrated CIFmax value of 1.24, indicating that the PCT effluent (non-treated) is genotoxic. The results of the SOS Chromotest showed an CIFmax value of 1.72, indicating that the wastewater treated by Fenton process is genotoxic. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study clearly reveal that the PCT wastewater (non-treated) samples have a potentially hazardous impact on the aquatic environment before treatment, and in the wastewater that was treated by the Fenton process, genotoxicity generally increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Kocak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tabet M, Abda A, Benouareth DE, Liman R, Konuk M, Khallef M, Taher A. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of Guelma's urban wastewater, Algeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:26. [PMID: 25632904 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of water pollution and its effect upon river biotic communities and human health is indispensable to develop control and management strategies. In this study, the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of urban wastewater of the city of Guelma in Algeria were examined between April 2012 and April 2013. For this, two biological tests, namely Amesand chromosomal aberrations (CA) test in Allium cepa root tips were employed on the samples collected from five different sampling stages (S1-S5). In Ames test, two strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix) were used. All water samples were found to be mutagenic to S. typhimurium TA98 with or without S9-mix. A significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) was observed with a decrease in the percentage of cells in the prophase and an increase in the telophase. Main aberrations observed were anaphase bridges, disturbed anaphase-telophase cells, vagrants and stickiness in anaphase-telophase cells. All treatments of wastewater in April 2012, at S5 in July 2012, at S1 and S5 in November 2012, at S5 in February 2013, and at S1 in April 2013 induced CA when compared to the negative control. Some physicochemical parameters and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Cu) were also recorded in the samples examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Tabet
- Biology Department, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences, University 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, Guelma, 24000, Algeria
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Kern DI, Schwaickhardt RDO, Lutterbeck CA, Kist LT, Alcayaga EAL, Machado ÊL. Ecotoxicological and genotoxic assessment of hospital laundry wastewaters. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:64-73. [PMID: 25135422 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of hospital laundry wastewaters generated from a regional hospital located in Rio Pardo Valley in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Physicochemical, microbiological, ecotoxicological, and genotoxic analyses were performed, and the results indicate that some parameters were not in accordance with the limit concentrations established by Brazilian and international guidelines for urban wastewaters. Daphnia magna (EC50 2.01%) and Danio rerio (LC50 29.25%) acute toxicity was detected, and sublethal effects were identified in Lactuca sativa (IC25 12.50%) and Allium cepa (IC25 51.25%). Cytotoxicity was observed at the five wastewater concentrations used yielding statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the meristematic cells of A. cepa compared with the negative control. The results obtained here warn about the necessity to develop treatment methods that can mitigate the environmental impacts caused by the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of hospital laundry wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid Ismael Kern
- Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, Bairro Universitário, CEP, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
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Sharma P, Mathur N, Singh A, Sogani M, Bhatnagar P, Atri R, Pareek S. Monitoring hospital wastewaters for their probable genotoxicity and mutagenicity. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4180. [PMID: 25487460 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Excluding the genetic factors, environmental factors, mainly the pollutants, have been implicated in the causation of the majority of cancers. Wastewater originated from health-care sectors such as hospitals may carry vast amounts of carcinogenic and genotoxic chemicals to surface waters or any other source of drinking water, if discharged untreated. Humans get exposed to such contaminants through a variety of ways including drinking water. The aim of the present study was, thus, to monitor the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of wastewaters from three big hospitals located in Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. One of them was operating an effluent treatment plant (ETP) for treatment of its wastewater and therefore both the untreated and treated effluents from this hospital were studied for their genotoxicity. Two short-term bacterial bioassays namely the Salmonella fluctuation assay and the SOS chromotest were used for the purpose. Results of fluctuation assay revealed the highly genotoxic nature of all untreated effluent samples with mutagenicity ratios (MR) up to 23.13 ± 0.18 and 42.25 ± 0.35 as measured with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, respectively. As determined with the chromotest, all untreated effluents produced significant induction factors (IF) ranging from 3.29 ± 1.11 to 13.35 ± 3.58 at higher concentrations. In contrast, treated effluent samples were found to be slightly genotoxic in fluctuation test only with an MR = 3.75 ± 0.35 for TA100 at 10 % concentration. Overall, the results indicated that proper treatment of hospital wastewaters may render the effluents safe for disposal contrary to the untreated ones, possessing high genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India,
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Sorption Characteristics of Mixed Molecules of Glutaraldehyde from Water on Mesoporous Acid-Amine Modified Low-Cost Activated Carbon: Mechanism, Isotherm, and Kinetics. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/757256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental discharge of inefficiently treated waste solutions of the strong biocide glutaraldehyde (GA) from hospitals has potential toxic impact on aquatic organisms. The adsorption characteristics of mixed polarized monomeric and polymeric molecules of GA from water on mesoporous acid-amine modified low-cost activated carbon (AC) were investigated. It was found that the adsorption strongly depended on pH and surface chemistry. In acidic pH, the adsorption mechanism was elaborated to involve chemical sorption of mainly hydroxyl GA monomeric molecules on acidic surface groups, while in alkaline pH, the adsorption was elaborated to involve both chemical and physical sorption of GA polymeric forms having mixed functional groups (aldehyde, carboxyl, and hydroxyl) on acidic and amine surface groups. The optimum pH of adsorption was about 12 with significant contribution by cooperative adsorption, elucidated in terms of hydrogen bonding and aldol condensation. Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models were fitted to isotherm data. The adsorption kinetics was dependent on initial concentration and temperature and described by the Elovich model. The adsorption was endothermic, while the intraparticle diffusion model suggested significant contribution by film diffusion. The developed low-cost AC could be used to supplement the GA alkaline deactivation process for efficient removal of residual GA aquatic toxicity.
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Negreira N, de Alda ML, Barceló D. Cytostatic drugs and metabolites in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Spain: filtration, occurrence, and environmental risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:68-77. [PMID: 25124055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about cytostatic anticancer drugs in the environment are increasing, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about the fate and impact of these cytotoxic compounds in the water cycle. In this context, the present work investigated the occurrence of 13 cytostatics and 4 metabolites in wastewater samples from various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and from a large hospital from Spain. The target compounds belong to five different classes according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC), namely, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids and other natural products, cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances, and other antineoplastic agents. Some of them have been classified as carcinogens in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). These compounds were determined by an automated on line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. Results showed the presence of methotrexate (MET), ifosfamide (IF), cyclophosphamide (CP), irinotecan (IRI), doxorubicin (DOX), capecitabine (CAP), tamoxifen (TAM) and the metabolites endoxifen (OH-D-TAM), hydroxytamoxifen (OH-TAM) and hydroxypaclitaxel (OH-PAC) at levels ranging from 2 ng L(-1) (for MET) to 180 ng L(-1) (for TAM). Some of these compounds were found to be efficiently removed after wastewater treatment, e.g. MET, DOX and IRI, whereas other compounds, such as TAM, CP and IF remained largely unaltered. The behaviour of the target compounds during the common filtration step of the water samples was also investigated with the finding that some compounds are strongly adsorbed to nylon filters, while cellulose acetate appears as the best choice for the filter material. The aquatic environmental risk associated to the detected compounds was also assessed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of the metabolites OH-D-TAM and OH-TAM in the water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Meyer W, Seiler TB, Schwarzbauer J, Püttmann W, Hollert H, Achten C. Polar polycyclic aromatic compounds from different coal types show varying mutagenic potential, EROD induction and bioavailability depending on coal rank. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 494-495:320-328. [PMID: 25063955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of the bioavailability and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) have rarely considered the heterogeneity of coals and the impact of more polar PAC besides polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Earlier, we investigated the toxicity of eight heterogeneous coals and their extracts. In the present study, the hazard potential with respect to mechanism-specific toxicity of polar fractions of dichloromethane extracts from coals was studied. Polar extract fractions of all coal types except for anthracite induced EROD activity (determined in RTL-W1 cells), independent of coal type (Bio-TEQs between 23 ± 16 and 52 ± 22 ng/g). The polar fractions of all bituminous coal extracts revealed mutagenic activity (determined using the Ames Fluctuation test). No significant mutation induction was detected for the polar extract fractions from the lignite, sub-bituminous coal and anthracite samples, which indicates a higher dependency on coal type for polar PAC here. Additionally, information on bioavailability was derived from a bioaccumulation test using the deposit-feeding oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus which was exposed for 28 days to ground coal samples. Despite the high toxic potential of most coal extracts and a reduced biomass of Lumbriculus in bituminous coal samples, bioaccumulation of PAH and mortality after 28 days were found to be low. Limited bioaccumulation of PAH (up to 3.6 ± 3.8 mg/kg EPA-PAH) and polar PAC were observed for all coal samples. A significant reduction of Lumbriculus biomass was observed in the treatments containing bituminous coals (from 0.019 ± 0.004 g to 0.046 ± 0.011 g compared to 0.080 ± 0.025 g per replicate in control treatments). We conclude that bioavailability of native PAC from coals including polar PAC is low for all investigated coal types. In comparison to lignite, sub-bituminous coals and anthracite, the bioavailability of PAC from bituminous coals is slightly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Meyer
- University of Münster, Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, Corrensstrasse 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Schwarzbauer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- University of Münster, Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, Corrensstrasse 24, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Ecotoxicological and genotoxic evaluation of Buenos Aires city (Argentina) hospital wastewater. J Toxicol 2014; 2014:248461. [PMID: 25214834 PMCID: PMC4158310 DOI: 10.1155/2014/248461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital wastewater (HWW) constitutes a potential risk to the ecosystems and human health due to the presence of toxic and genotoxic chemical compounds. In the present work we investigated toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewaters from the public hospital of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The effluent from the sewage treatment plant (STP) serving around 10 million inhabitants was also evaluated. The study was carried out between April and September 2012. Toxicity and genotoxicity assessment was performed using the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the Allium cepa test, respectively. Toxicity assay showed that 55% of the samples were toxic to the algae (%I of growth between 23.9 and 54.8). The A. cepa test showed that 40% of the samples were genotoxic. The analysis of chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) showed no significant differences between days and significant differences between months. The sample from the STP was not genotoxic to A. cepa but toxic to the algae (%I = 41%), showing that sewage treatment was not totally effective. This study highlights the need for environmental control programs and the establishment of advanced and effective effluent treatment plants in the hospitals, which are merely dumping the wastewaters in the municipal sewerage system.
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Negreira N, Mastroianni N, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Multianalyte determination of 24 cytostatics and metabolites by liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry and study of their stability and optimum storage conditions in aqueous solution. Talanta 2013; 116:290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Kováts N, Acs A, Ferincz A, Kovács A, Horváth E, Kakasi B, Jancsek-Turóczi B, Gelencsér A. Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of exhaust particulates from diesel-powered buses. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:8707-13. [PMID: 23609923 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust is one of the major sources of fine and ultra-fine particulate matter in urban air. Toxicity of diesel-powered engine emissions has been quite widely assessed; however, much less information is available on their ecotoxicity. In our study, the kinetic version of the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay based on the ISO 21338:2010 standard was used to characterise the ecotoxicity of diesel-powered buses. It is a direct contact test in which solid samples are tested in suspension and test organisms are in direct contact with toxic particles. The age of the selected buses fell into a wide range; the oldest one was produced in 1987. Diesel engines of different emission standards (Euro0-Euro4) were included. Measured EC50 values of Euro0-Euro1 engine emissions fell into the same range, 1.24-0.96 μg ml(-1), respectively. On the contrary, emission of Euro4 vehicle proved to be non-toxic. Genotoxic potential of the samples was also estimated, using the colorimetric SOS-chromotest™. Genotoxicity was detected also for Euro0 and Euro1 buses, showing correlation with the ecotoxic potential. The fact that the particulates from Euro4 vehicles did not show ecotoxic/genotoxic effect implies that replacing old Euro1 and Euro2 buses can be a highly effective solution for reducing environmental hazard of automotive emissions. The whole-aerosol testing method is a cheap alternative that can be used in engine developments and emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kováts
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary.
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Sharma P, Kumar M, Mathur N, Singh A, Bhatnagar P, Sogani M. Health care industries: potential generators of genotoxic waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5160-5167. [PMID: 23361179 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Health care waste includes all the waste generated by health care establishments, research facilities, and laboratories. This constitutes a variety of chemical substances, such as pharmaceuticals, radionuclides, solvents, and disinfectants. Recently, scientists and environmentalists have discovered that wastewater produced by hospitals possesses toxic properties due to various toxic chemicals and pharmaceuticals capable of causing environmental impacts and even lethal effects to organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Many of these compounds resist normal wastewater treatment and end up in surface waters. Besides aquatic organisms, humans can be exposed through drinking water produced from contaminated surface water. Indeed, some of the substances found in wastewaters are genotoxic and are suspected to be potential contributors to certain cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of wastewaters from two hospitals and three clinical diagnostic centers located in Jaipur (Rajasthan State), India using the prokaryotic Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames assay) and the eukaryotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae respiration inhibition assay. In the Ames assay, untreated wastewaters from both of the health care sectors resulted in significantly increased numbers of revertant colonies up to 1,000-4,050 as measured by the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains (with and without metabolic activation) after exposure to undiluted samples, which indicated the highly genotoxic nature of these wastewaters. Furthermore, both hospital and diagnostic samples were found to be highly cytotoxic. Effective concentrations at which 20 % (EC20) and 50 % (EC50) inhibition of the respiration rate of the cells occurred ranged between ~0.00 and 0.52 % and between 0.005 and 41.30 % (calculated with the help of the MS excel software XLSTAT 2012.1.01; Addinsoft), respectively, as determined by the S. cerevisiae assay. The results indicated that hospital wastewaters contain genotoxic and cytotoxic components. In addition, diagnostic centers also represent small but significant sources of genotoxic and cytotoxic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India.
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20
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Kern DI, Schwaickhardt RDO, Mohr G, Lobo EA, Kist LT, Machado ÊL. Toxicity and genotoxicity of hospital laundry wastewaters treated with photocatalytic ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:566-572. [PMID: 23220390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of advanced oxidative processes based on photocatalytic ozonation (O(3), UV, UV/O(3), UV/O(3)/Fe(2+) 50 mg L(-1) and 150 mg L(-1)) in the treatment of hospital laundry wastewaters. The analysis of the investigated wastewater revealed high chemical oxygen demand (COD - 3343.8 mg L(-1)), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD(5) - 1906.4 mg L(-1)), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN - 79.8 mg L(-1)) and Daphnia magna toxicity (EC50=1.73). Genotoxic effects were also detected for Allium cepa. Reductions of some parameters occurred after photocatalytic ozonation. The UV/O(3)/Fe(2+) 150 mg L(-1) method was more efficient in reducing COD (59.1%), BOD(5) (50.3%) and TKN (86.8%). There was significant reduction (p<0.05) in D. magna toxicity, O(3) (EC50=47.3%), UV (EC50=50.6%) and UV/O(3)/Fe(2+) 150 mg L(-1) (EC50=45.4%) processes. Normalization of the mitotic index and reduction of micronucleated cells were observed in A. cepa after the treatments. Results demonstrate that these methods were efficient in the degradation of hospital laundry wastewaters, representing a thriving alternative for the removal of pollutants that cause toxicity and genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid I Kern
- Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, CEP 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Abdel-Massih RM, Melki PN, Afif C, Daoud Z. Detection of genotoxicity in hospital wastewater of a developing country using SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-1323-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tabrez S, Shakil S, Urooj M, Damanhouri GA, Abuzenadah AM, Ahmad M. Genotoxicity testing and biomarker studies on surface waters: an overview of the techniques and their efficacies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2011; 29:250-275. [PMID: 21929382 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2011.601849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization, use of modern agriculture practices, and fast urbanization vis-a-vis indiscriminate use of xenobiotics have led to the serious problems of water pollution in India and abroad. The complexicity of the pollutants in environmental samples demands a multitude of genotoxicity testing with increasing simplicity, sensitivity, and affordability. Moreover, various pollutants mutually affect their own toxic behavior, which complicates the problem of risk assessment. An overview, highlighting the genotoxicity testing system, such as Ames plate incorporation test, Ames fluctuation test, E. coli survival assay, Allium cepa toxicity/genotoxicity test, comet assay, and plasmid nicking assay, is presented in this article, and a comparison has been made to estimate the efficacy of these genotoxicity bioassays performed on some surface waters. Some work on toxicity biomarkers vis-a-vis studies on surface waters has also been included in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zubair Alam M, Ahmad S, Ahmad M. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of tannery effluents used for irrigation at Kanpur, India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1620-1628. [PMID: 20684992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tannery effluents at Kanpur (India) have been in use for irrigation since last many years, polluting soil directly while ground water and food crops indirectly. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the test samples revealed the presence of organic compounds including diisooctyl phthalate, phenyl N-methylcarbamate, dibutyl phthalate, bis 2-methoxyethyl phthalate, and higher alkanes. Tannery effluent extracts were prepared using XAD-4/8 resins, dichloromethane, chloroform, and hexane and tested with Ames Salmonella test and DNA repair-defective Escherichia coli K-12 mutants. In the presence of XAD-concentrated tannery effluent, TA98 found to be the most sensitive strain in terms of mutagenic index followed by TA97a whereas in terms of mutagenic potential TA102 was most responsive. The extracts were also found genotoxic as determined in terms of survival of E. coli K-12 mutants, suggesting the presence of DNA damaging compounds in the tannery effluents. In the light of results, precautious use of tannery effluents for irrigation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zubair Alam
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Kocak E, Yetilmezsoy K, Gonullu MT, Petek M. A statistical evaluation of the potential genotoxic activity in the surface waters of the Golden Horn Estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:1708-1717. [PMID: 20630544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential genotoxic activity in the surface waters of the Golden Horn Estuary was statistically evaluated utilizing a combination of appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. The genotoxic activities that were associated with the water samples were determined by the SOS chromotest microplate assay. This assay utilizes β-galactosidase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and four different solvent controls, to generate reliable results when corrected induction factors (CIF) are used as quantitative measurements of genotoxic activity. The CIF values were obtained from a total of 384 different genotoxic experiments that were grouped into subsets according to the respective seasons and the selected sampling locations. A total of 160 subsets were statistically compared to assess any possible differences between the pairs of groups, with 95% confidence limits. The findings of this study clearly indicate that some seasonal variations exist in the CIF values at several sampling sites. However, no potentially hazardous impact to the aquatic environment was found in the estuarine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Kocak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Zounkova R, Kovalova L, Blaha L, Dott W. Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs and their metabolites. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:253-60. [PMID: 20624627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In spite of growing scientific concern about pharmaceuticals in the environment, there is still a lack of information especially with regard to their metabolites. The present study investigated ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of three widely used cytostatic agents 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cytarabine (CYT) and gemcitabine (GemC) and their major human metabolites, i.e. alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL), uracil-1-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (AraU) and 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU), respectively. Effects were studied in acute immobilization and reproduction assays with crustacean Daphnia magna and growth inhibition tests with alga Desmodesmus subspicatus and bacteria Pseudomonas putida. Genotoxicity was tested with umu-test employing Salmonella choleraesius subsp. chol. Toxicity was relatively high at parent compounds with EC(50) values ranging from 44 microg L(-1) (5-fluorouracil in the P. putida test) to 200 mg L(-1) (cytarabine in D. magna acute test). In general, the most toxic compound was 5-FU. Studied metabolites showed low or no toxicity; only FBAL (metabolite of 5-FU) showed low toxicity to D. subspicatus and P. putida with EC(50) values 80 and 140 mg L(-1), respectively. All parent cytostatics showed genotoxicity with minimum genotoxic concentrations (MGC) ranging from 40 to 330 mg L(-1). From metabolites, only FBAL was genotoxic in high concentrations. To our knowledge, the present study provides some of the first ecotoxicity data for both cytostatics and their metabolites, which might further serve for serious evaluation of ecological risks. The observed EC(50) values within the microg L(-1) range were fairly close to concentrations reported in hospital sewage water, which indicates further research needs, especially studies of chronic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Zounkova
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Pauwelsstrabetae 30, 52072 Aachen, Germany.
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Whatley A, Cho IK. Mutagenicity of Walnut Creek and Troy (Alabama) Wastewater Treatment Plant Influent and Effluent. SOUTHEAST NAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1656/058.009.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zegura B, Heath E, Cernosa A, Filipic M. Combination of in vitro bioassays for the determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:1453-60. [PMID: 19307011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters (15 samples), surface waters (28 samples) and potable waters (8 samples) with the SOS/umuC assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 and MTT assay with human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The genotoxicity of selected samples was confirmed with the comet assay with HepG2 cells. In the SOS/umuC assay 13 out of the 51 samples were genotoxic: two effluent samples from chemical industry; one sample of wastewater treatment plant effluent; two hospital wastewater samples; three river water samples and four lake water samples. Six samples were cytotoxic for HepG2 cells: both effluent samples of chemical industry, two wastewater treatment plant effluent samples, and two river water samples, however, only the chemical industry effluent samples were genotoxic and cytotoxic, indicating that different contaminants are responsible for genotoxic and toxic effects. Comparing genotoxicity of river and lake water samples with the chemical analytical data of the presence of the residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, UV filters and disinfectants) in these samples, indicated that the presence of UV filters might be linked to the genotoxicity of these samples. The results showed that the application of the bacterial SOS/umuC assay and mammalian cell assays (MTT and comet assay) with HepG2 cells was suitably sensitive combination of assays to monitor genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters and surface waters. With this study we also confirmed that the toxicity/genotoxicity bioassays should be an integral tool in the evaluation of toxicity of complex wastewaters before the release into environment, as well as for the monitoring of surface water quality, providing data useful in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Zegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ferk F, Mišík M, Grummt T, Majer B, Fuerhacker M, Buchmann C, Vital M, Uhl M, Lenz K, Grillitsch B, Parzefall W, Nersesyan A, Knasmüller S. Genotoxic effects of wastewater from an oncological ward. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Isidori M, Nardelli A, Pascarella L, Rubino M, Parrella A. Toxic and genotoxic impact of fibrates and their photoproducts on non-target organisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:635-41. [PMID: 17320957 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid regulators have been detected in effluents from sewage treatment plants and surface waters from humans via excretion. This study was designed to assess the ecotoxicity of fibrates, lipid regulating agents. The following compounds were investigated: Bezafibrate, Fenofibrate and Gemfibrozil and their derivatives obtained by solar simulator irradiation. Bioassays were performed on bacteria, algae, rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames test were utilized to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. The photoproducts were identified by their physical features and for the first risk evaluation, the environmental impact of parental compounds was calculated by Measured Environmental Concentrations (MEC) using the available data from the literature regarding drug occurrence in the aquatic environment and the Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC) based on our toxicity data. The results showed that acute toxicity was in the order of dozens of mg/L for all the trophic levels utilized in bioassays (bacteria, rotifers, crustaceans). Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on rotifers and crustaceans while the algae seemed to be slightly affected by this class of pharmaceuticals. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects were especially found for the Gemfibrozil photoproduct suggesting that also byproducts have to be considered in the environmental risk of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Isidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy.
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Gautam AK, Kumar S, Sabumon PC. Preliminary study of physico-chemical treatment options for hospital wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2007; 83:298-306. [PMID: 16824671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hospital effluents are loaded with pathogenic microorganisms, partially metabolized pharmaceutical substances, radioactive elements, and other toxic substances. Such effluents if not treated properly can damage the natural environment and create a biological imbalance. This paper points out the areas of concern for hospital wastewater disposal and reports the findings of a limited physico-chemical study of treatment options for hospital effluents conducted at Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The effluent collected was checked for conventional parameters and subjected to coagulation experiments. The raw and settled effluents were coagulated with FeCl(3), filtered and disinfected. Physico-chemical treatment seems to be an attractive option for the cost-effective disposal of hospital effluents. The results of this study call for further detailed study in this area.
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Isidori M, Nardelli A, Parrella A, Pascarella L, Previtera L. A multispecies study to assess the toxic and genotoxic effect of pharmaceuticals: furosemide and its photoproduct. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 63:785-93. [PMID: 16213548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products for humans and animals, as well as their related metabolites end up in the aquatic environment after use. Recent investigations show that concentrations of pharmaceuticals are detectable in the order of ng/l-mug/l in municipal wastewater, groundwater and also drinking water. Little is known about the effects, and the hazard of long-term exposure to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals for non-target aquatic organisms. This study was designed to assess the ecotoxicity of furosemide, a potent diuretic agent, and its photoproduct in the aquatic environment. Bioassays were performed on bacteria, algae, rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while the SOS Chromotest and the Ames test were utilized to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. A first approach to risk characterization was to calculate the environmental impact of furosemide by measured environmental concentration and predicted no effect concentration ratio (MEC/PNEC). To do so we used occurrence data reported in the literature and our toxicity results. The results showed that acute toxicity was in the order of mg/l for the crustaceans and absent for bacteria and rotifers. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on the consumers, while the algae did not seem to be affected. A mutagenic potential was found for the photoproduct compared to the parental compound suggesting that byproducts ought to be considered in the environmental assessment of drugs. The risk calculated for furosemide suggested its harmlessness on the aquatic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Isidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, via A. Vivaldi, 43 I-81100 Caserta, Italy.
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Jolibois B, Guerbet M. Simplified protocol for evaluating the genotoxic risk of hospital wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2006; 21:141-6. [PMID: 16528689 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the genotoxicity of hospital wastewater, we drew up a simplified protocol based on two well-known tests: the SOS chromotest and the Ames fluctuation test. Three concentrations of wastewater samples were directly tested without extraction or concentration. By fixing three significance levels in genotoxicity response for each test, we could classify the samples in five categories ranging from nongenotoxic to highly genotoxic. This simplified classification thus constitutes an invaluable help in making the nonscientist public aware of the genotoxic risk of hospital wastewater and can be applied in a screening approach to chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jolibois
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ADEN EA 3234, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 boulevard Gambetta, F-76183, Rouen cedex, France.
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Isidori M, Lavorgna M, Nardelli A, Pascarella L, Parrella A. Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2005; 346:87-98. [PMID: 15993685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicity of the following six antibiotics on aquatic organisms was investigated: Erythromycin, Oxytetracyclin, Sulfamethoxazole, Ofloxacin, Lincomycin and Clarithromycin. Bioassays were performed on bacteria, algae, rotifers, microcrustaceans and fish to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames test were used to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated drugs. For risk assessment, the environmental impact was calculated by MEC/PNEC ratio using the available data from the literature regarding their occurrence in the aquatic environment and the toxicity data obtained from the bioassays performed. The ecotoxicological results showed that acute toxicity was in the order of mg/L while, for the chronic data the antibiotics were bioactive at concentrations in the order of microg/L, mainly for the algae. Drugs investigated were one or two order of magnitude less active against rotifers and crustaceans. Ofloxacin was the only genotoxic compound and Sulfamethoxazole, Ofloxacin and Lincomycin were mutagenic. As for environmental risk, the macrolides were found to be the most harmful for the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Isidori
- Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Ambientale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi, 43 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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Jolibois B, Guerbet M. Efficacy of two wastewater treatment plants in removing genotoxins. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2005; 48:289-295. [PMID: 15750782 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-003-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic potential of influents and effluents of two different wastewater treatment plants (WTP-A and WTP-B) located in the Rouen, France, area was evaluated by the SOS chromotest without metabolic activation (on Escherichia coli PQ37) and the Ames fluctuation test (on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, 100, TA 102) with and without metabolic activation. The wastewater samples were taken during two 1-week periods in January and April 2003. The simultaneous use of the SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test allowed us to evaluate the efficacy of the wastewater treatment plants at removing genotoxins. Genotoxins were detected with the Ames test but not with the SOS chromotest. Out of a total of 24 influents tested (14 for WTP-A and 10 for WTP-B), almost all were genotoxic in at least one Ames test strain (71% for WTP-A and 100% for WTP-B). In contrast, all of the tested effluents were nongenotoxic. This work showed that the treatment process used in the 2 wastewater treatment plants studied (activated sludge) was able to remove the genotoxins detected in their influents. Nevertheless, studies could be undertaken to determine which step of the treatment process removes genotoxins and whether WTP sludge use could be a source of genotoxic contamination for humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jolibois
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, F-76183, Rouen Cedex, France.
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Jolibois B, Guerbet M. Evaluation of industrial, hospital and domestic wastewater genotoxicity with the Salmonella fluctuation test and the SOS chromotest. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 565:151-62. [PMID: 15661613 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of the genotoxic potential of different wastewaters collected in the Rouen area was performed with the SOS chromotest (on Escherichia coli PQ37) and the Salmonella fluctuation test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA102 with or without metabolic activation. The samples were taken during two 1-week periods, one in January and one in April 2003. Six sites were selected for wastewater sampling in order to allow a comparative study between an area of mixed discharge (industrial, hospital and domestic) and an area of primarily domestic discharge. Out of a total of 71 daytime samples tested, 46 (65%) were positive in at least one assay: 22 samples out of 33 in January (67%), and 24 samples out of 38 in April (63%). The two genotoxicity tests have different sensitivities. Indeed, the Salmonella fluctuation test allowed the detection of 56% of the samples as genotoxic in January (18 out of 33), and 63% in April (24 out of 38) while the SOS chromotest allowed the detection of 18% of the samples as genotoxic, whatever the sampling period. The samples collected in domestic wastewater are at least as genotoxic as the samples collected in mixed wastewater. The possible source of the detected genotoxicity (industrial, hospital or domestic) is discussed. The results of this study show that the different types of wastewaters present a genotoxic risk. Additional studies should be undertaken in the analytical field in order to try to identify and quantify the compounds responsible for the genotoxicity. This difficult task will be necessary in order to identify the sources of toxicants and thus to take preventive and/or curative measures to limit the toxicity of the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jolibois
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 Bd. Gambetta, F-76183 Rouen Cedex, France.
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