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Karimi R, Yanovich A, Elbarbry F, Cleven A. Adaptive Effects of Endocrine Hormones on Metabolism of Macronutrients during Fasting and Starvation: A Scoping Review. Metabolites 2024; 14:336. [PMID: 38921471 PMCID: PMC11205672 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Food deprivation can occur for different reasons. Fasting (<24 h duration) occurs to meet religious or well-being goals. Starvation (>1-day duration) occurs when there is intentional (hunger strike or treatment of a medical condition) or unintentional (anorexia nervosa, drought, epidemic famine, war, or natural disaster) food deprivation. A scoping review was undertaken using the PubMed database to explore 1805 abstracts and review 88 eligible full-text articles to explore the adaptive relationships that emerge between cortisol, insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormones on the metabolic pathways of macronutrients in humans during fasting and starvation. The collected data indicate that fasting and starvation prime the human body to increase cortisol levels and decrease the insulin/glucagon ratio and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. During fasting, increased levels of cortisol and a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio enhance glycogenolysis and reduce the peripheral uptake of glucose and glycogenesis, whereas decreased T3 levels potentially reduce glycogenolysis. During starvation, increased levels of cortisol and a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio enhance lipolysis, proteolysis, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and ureagenesis, and decreased T3 levels reduce thermogenesis. We present a potential crosstalk between T3 and the above hormones, including between T3 and leptin, to extend their adaptive roles in the metabolism of endogenous macronutrients during food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Karimi
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Avenue, HPC-Ste 451, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (A.Y.); (F.E.); (A.C.)
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Vargas Y, Castro Tron AE, Rodríguez Rodríguez A, Uribe RM, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Food Intake in Mammals: An Update. Metabolites 2024; 14:302. [PMID: 38921437 PMCID: PMC11205479 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) is an intercellular signal produced mainly by neurons. Among the multiple pharmacological effects of TRH, that on food intake is not well understood. We review studies demonstrating that peripheral injection of TRH generally produces a transient anorexic effect, discuss the pathways that might initiate this effect, and explain its short half-life. In addition, central administration of TRH can produce anorexic or orexigenic effects, depending on the site of injection, that are likely due to interaction with TRH receptor 1. Anorexic effects are most notable when TRH is injected into the hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens, while the orexigenic effect has only been detected by injection into the brain stem. Functional evidence points to TRH neurons that are prime candidate vectors for TRH action on food intake. These include the caudal raphe nuclei projecting to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and possibly TRH neurons from the tuberal lateral hypothalamus projecting to the tuberomammillary nuclei. For other TRH neurons, the anatomical or physiological context and impact of TRH in each synaptic domain are still poorly understood. The manipulation of TRH expression in well-defined neuron types will facilitate the discovery of its role in food intake control in each anatomical scene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (Y.V.); (A.E.C.T.); (A.R.R.); (R.M.U.); (P.J.-B.)
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Xiao J, Han Z, Li X, Phillips CJC, Shi B. Effects of Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Fasting on Blood Biochemistry in Dorper × Mongolian Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1482. [PMID: 38791699 PMCID: PMC11117301 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transport is a high-risk time for sheep, especially if the distances are long and sheep are fasted for a long time beforehand. Two experiments were conducted to compare transport durations of 1 hour (1 h) and 3 hours (3 h) and the effects of feeding before transport using Dorper × Mongolian sheep, which are typical of the region and may be tolerant of the high temperatures in the Inner Mongolian summer. Thirty 4-month-old male sheep were randomly divided into two treatment groups, with 15 sheep/treatment in each experiment, to evaluate the effects on blood biochemical indicators, stress hormone levels, rectal temperatures, and antioxidant status of lambs in summer. In Experiment 1, the levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids after 3 h transport were significantly lower than after 1 h transport (p < 0.05). The levels of thyroxine and malondialdehyde in blood were greater after 3 h transport than 1 h transport (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase levels after 3 h transport tended to be lower than after 1 h transport (p = 0.051). In Experiment 2, the levels of urea and superoxide dismutase in the group fasted pre-transport was significantly lower than those of the group fed pre-transport (p < 0.05). The serum cortisol level in the pre-transport fed group was higher compared to the group fed pre-transport (p = 0.04). Total antioxidant capacity in the pre-transport fasted group tended to be lower compared to that in the pre-transport fed group (p < 0.0001). We conclude that the reduction in nutritional status of sheep transported for longer and without feed pre-transport suggests that transporting sheep in hot conditions in northern China after fasting for a long period should be restricted. However, a decrease in the stress induced by transport following fasting is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Z.H.); (X.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Zhipeng Han
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Z.H.); (X.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Xintong Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Z.H.); (X.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Clive J. C. Phillips
- Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Binlin Shi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Z.H.); (X.L.); (B.S.)
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Istiban MN, De Fruyt N, Kenis S, Beets I. Evolutionary conserved peptide and glycoprotein hormone-like neuroendocrine systems in C. elegans. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 584:112162. [PMID: 38290646 PMCID: PMC11004728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Peptides and protein hormones form the largest group of secreted signals that mediate intercellular communication and are central regulators of physiology and behavior in all animals. Phylogenetic analyses and biochemical identifications of peptide-receptor systems reveal a broad evolutionary conservation of these signaling systems at the molecular level. Substantial progress has been made in recent years on characterizing the physiological and putative ancestral roles of many peptide systems through comparative studies in invertebrate models. Several peptides and protein hormones are not only molecularly conserved but also have conserved roles across animal phyla. Here, we focus on functional insights gained in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that, with its compact and well-described nervous system, provides a powerful model to dissect neuroendocrine signaling networks involved in the control of physiology and behavior. We summarize recent discoveries on the evolutionary conservation and knowledge on the functions of peptide and protein hormone systems in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdulin Nabil Istiban
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan De Fruyt
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Signe Kenis
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Beets
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cui T, Qi Z, Wang M, Zhang X, Wen W, Gao S, Zhai J, Guo C, Zhang N, Zhang X, Guan Y, Retnakaran R, Hao W, Zhai D, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Wen SW. Thyroid allostasis in drug-free affective disorder patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 162:106962. [PMID: 38277991 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.106962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM To assess the thyroid allostasis in drug-free patients with affective disorder. METHODS Patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder as drug-free, defined as those without psychiatric drugs exposure for at least 4 months before admission, from a tertiary hospital were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The primary outcomes were "structure parameters of thyroid homeostasis", which include "thyroid's secretory capacity" (SPINA-GT), "sum step-up activity of deiodinases" (SPINA-GD), the ratio of total to free thyroxine and "thyroid homeostasis central set point" (TSH index and "thyroid feedback quantile-based index" [TFQI]), calculated by TSH and thyroid hormones measured at admission. A healthy population and non-affective psychiatric disorder (schizophrenia) from the same catchment area were recruited as two comparison groups. RESULTS A total of 1263 cases of major depressive disorder, 1619 cases of bipolar disorder, 1186 cases of schizophrenia, and 162 healthy controls were included in the study. Compared to healthy control, GD and ratio of total to free thyroxine were lower in affective disorders. Bipolar with mania episode had higher GT than bipolar with depressive episode and major depressive disorder (median level at 3.70 vs. 3.04 and 3.03, respectively). Compared with healthy control, schizophrenia had higher TSH index and TFQI, but no increase in these parameters in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION Affective disorders have a unique profile of thyroid allostasis with impaired step-up deiodinase activity and reduced serum protein binding of thyroid hormones, but no change in thyroid homeostasis central set point. Mania episode may be associated with higher thyroid secretory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizhen Cui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and treatment of mental disorder, Xinxiang 453002, China; School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhenyong Qi
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Mengwei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Wendy Wen
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Songyin Gao
- Zhumadian Second People's Hospital, Zhumadian Mental Health Center, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Jianchun Zhai
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Xinxiang Central Hospital), Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Chao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yiyun Guan
- School of Mechanical Engineering,Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Ravi Retnakaran
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and treatment of mental disorder, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Desheng Zhai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and treatment of mental disorder, Xinxiang 453002, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of non-Invasive Neuro-modulation, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and treatment of mental disorder, Xinxiang 453002, China.
| | - Ying Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and treatment of mental disorder, Xinxiang 453002, China; School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- OMNI Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada
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Alvarez-Salas E, García-Luna C, de Gortari P. New Efforts to Demonstrate the Successful Use of TRH as a Therapeutic Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11047. [PMID: 37446225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide that regulates the neuroendocrine thyroid axis. Moreover, its widespread brain distribution has indicated that it is a relevant neuromodulator of behaviors such as feeding, arousal, anxiety, and locomotion. Importantly, it is also a neurotrophic peptide, and thus may halt the development of neurodegenerative diseases and improve mood-related disorders. Its neuroprotective actions on those pathologies and behaviors have been limited due to its poor intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability, and because it is rapidly degraded by a serum enzyme. As new strategies such as TRH intranasal delivery emerge, a renewed interest in the peptide has arisen. TRH analogs have proven to be safe in animals and humans, while not inducing alterations in thyroid hormones' levels. In this review, we integrate research from different approaches, aiming to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of TRH, and to summarize new efforts to prolong and facilitate the peptide's actions to improve symptoms and the progression of several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alvarez-Salas
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
| | - Cinthia García-Luna
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
| | - Patricia de Gortari
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
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7
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Kenis S, Istiban MN, Van Damme S, Vandewyer E, Watteyne J, Schoofs L, Beets I. Ancestral glycoprotein hormone-receptor pathway controls growth in C. elegans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1200407. [PMID: 37409228 PMCID: PMC10319355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, thyrostimulin is a highly conserved glycoprotein hormone that, besides thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), is a potent ligand of the TSH receptor. Thyrostimulin is considered the most ancestral glycoprotein hormone and orthologs of its subunits, GPA2 and GPB5, are widely conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Unlike TSH, however, the functions of the thyrostimulin neuroendocrine system remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify a functional thyrostimulin-like signaling system in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that orthologs of GPA2 and GPB5, together with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) related neuropeptides, constitute a neuroendocrine pathway that promotes growth in C. elegans. GPA2/GPB5 signaling is required for normal body size and acts through activation of the glycoprotein hormone receptor ortholog FSHR-1. C. elegans GPA2 and GPB5 increase cAMP signaling by FSHR-1 in vitro. Both subunits are expressed in enteric neurons and promote growth by signaling to their receptor in glial cells and the intestine. Impaired GPA2/GPB5 signaling causes bloating of the intestinal lumen. In addition, mutants lacking thyrostimulin-like signaling show an increased defecation cycle period. Our study suggests that the thyrostimulin GPA2/GPB5 pathway is an ancient enteric neuroendocrine system that regulates intestinal function in ecdysozoans, and may ancestrally have been involved in the control of organismal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Kenis
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Majdulin Nabil Istiban
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Damme
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Vandewyer
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Watteyne
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Beets
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chen HJC, Mazzaferro S, Tian T, Mali I, Merkle FT. Differentiation, Transcriptomic Profiling, and Calcium Imaging of Human Hypothalamic Neurons. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e786. [PMID: 37272700 PMCID: PMC7614736 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the hypothalamus orchestrate homeostatic physiological processes and behaviors essential for life. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be differentiated into many types of hypothalamic neurons, progenitors, and glia. This updated unit includes published studies and protocols with new advances in the differentiation, maturation, and interrogation by transcriptomic profiling and calcium imaging of human hypothalamic cell populations. Specifically, new methods to freeze and thaw hypothalamic progenitors after they have been patterned and before substantial neurogenesis has occurred are provided that will facilitate experimental flexibility and planning. Also included are updated recipes and protocols for neuronal maturation, with details on the equipment and methods for examining their transcriptomic response and cell-autonomous properties in culture in the presence of synaptic blockers. Together, these protocols facilitate the adoption and use of this model system for fundamental biological discovery and therapeutic translation to human diseases such as obesity, diabetes, sleep disorders, infertility, and chronic stress. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: hPSC maintenance Basic Protocol 2: Hypothalamic neuron differentiation Support Protocol 1: Cortical neuron (control) differentiation Basic Protocol 3: Neuronal maturation Support Protocol 2: Cryopreservation and thawing of neuronal progenitors Support Protocol 3: Quality control: Confirmation of hypothalamic patterning and neurogenesis Support Protocol 4: Bulk RNA sequencing of hypothalamic cultures Basic Protocol 4: Calcium imaging of hypothalamic neurons using Fura-2 AM Alternate Protocol: Calcium imaging of green fluorescent hypothalamic neurons using Rhod-3 AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Jou Cortina Chen
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simone Mazzaferro
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tian Tian
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iman Mali
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Florian T. Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Grzelka K, Wilhelms H, Dodt S, Dreisow ML, Madara JC, Walker SJ, Wu C, Wang D, Lowell BB, Fenselau H. A synaptic amplifier of hunger for regaining body weight in the hypothalamus. Cell Metab 2023; 35:770-785.e5. [PMID: 36965483 PMCID: PMC10160008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Restricting caloric intake effectively reduces body weight, but most dieters fail long-term adherence to caloric deficit and eventually regain lost weight. Hypothalamic circuits that control hunger drive critically determine body weight; yet, how weight loss sculpts these circuits to motivate food consumption until lost weight is regained remains unclear. Here, we probe the contribution of synaptic plasticity in discrete excitatory afferents on hunger-promoting AgRP neurons. We reveal a crucial role for activity-dependent, remarkably long-lasting amplification of synaptic activity originating from paraventricular hypothalamus thyrotropin-releasing (PVHTRH) neurons in long-term body weight control. Silencing PVHTRH neurons inhibits the potentiation of excitatory input to AgRP neurons and diminishes concomitant regain of lost weight. Brief stimulation of the pathway is sufficient to enduringly potentiate this glutamatergic hunger synapse and triggers an NMDAR-dependent gaining of body weight that enduringly persists. Identification of this activity-dependent synaptic amplifier provides a previously unrecognized target to combat regain of lost weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grzelka
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Wilhelms
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Dodt
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Dreisow
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samuel J Walker
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daqing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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10
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Singh O, Singh D, Mitra S, Kumar A, Lechan RM, Singru PS. TRH and NPY Interact to Regulate Dynamic Changes in Energy Balance in the Male Zebra Finch. Endocrinology 2023; 164:6845693. [PMID: 36423209 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, birds have a higher basal metabolic rate and undertake wide range of energy-demanding activities. As a consequence, food deprivation for birds, even for a short period, poses major energy challenge. The energy-regulating hypothalamic homeostatic mechanisms, although extensively studied in mammals, are far from clear in the case of birds. We focus on the interplay between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 2 of the most important hypothalamic signaling agents, in modulating the energy balance in a bird model, the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. TRH neurons were confined to a few nuclei in the preoptic area and hypothalamus, and fibers widely distributed. The majority of TRH neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) whose axons terminate in median eminence were contacted by NPY-containing axons. Compared to fed animals, fasting significantly reduced body weight, PVN pro-TRH messenger RNA (mRNA) and TRH immunoreactivity, but increased NPY mRNA and NPY immunoreactivity in the infundibular nucleus (IN, avian homologue of mammalian arcuate nucleus) and PVN. Refeeding for a short duration restored PVN pro-TRH and IN NPY mRNA, and PVN NPY innervation to fed levels. Compared to control tissues, treatment of the hypothalamic superfused slices with NPY or an NPY-Y1 receptor agonist significantly reduced TRH immunoreactivity, a response blocked by treatment with a Y1-receptor antagonist. We describe a detailed neuroanatomical map of TRH-equipped elements, identify new TRH-producing neuronal groups in the avian brain, and demonstrate rapid restoration of the fasting-induced suppression of PVN TRH following refeeding. We further show that NPY via Y1 receptors may regulate PVN TRH neurons to control energy balance in T. guttata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatani 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Devraj Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatani 752050, India
| | - Saptarsi Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatani 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Anal Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatani 752050, India
| | - Ronald M Lechan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Praful S Singru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)-Bhubaneswar, Jatani 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
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11
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Müller P, Leow MKS, Dietrich JW. Minor perturbations of thyroid homeostasis and major cardiovascular endpoints—Physiological mechanisms and clinical evidence. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:942971. [PMID: 36046184 PMCID: PMC9420854 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.942971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that thyroid dysfunction is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pleiotropic action of thyroid hormones strongly impacts the cardiovascular system and affects both the generation of the normal heart rhythm and arrhythmia. A meta-analysis of published evidence suggests a positive association of FT4 concentration with major adverse cardiovascular end points (MACE), but this association only partially extends to TSH. The risk for cardiovascular death is increased in both subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical thyrotoxicosis. Several published studies found associations of TSH and FT4 concentrations, respectively, with major cardiovascular endpoints. Both reduced and elevated TSH concentrations predict the cardiovascular risk, and this association extends to TSH gradients within the reference range. Likewise, increased FT4 concentrations, but high-normal FT4 within its reference range as well, herald a poor outcome. These observations translate to a monotonic and sensitive effect of FT4 and a U-shaped relationship between TSH and cardiovascular risk. Up to now, the pathophysiological mechanism of this complex pattern of association is poorly understood. Integrating the available evidence suggests a dual etiology of elevated FT4 concentration, comprising both ensuing primary hypothyroidism and a raised set point of thyroid function, e. g. in the context of psychiatric disease, chronic stress and type 2 allostatic load. Addressing the association between thyroid homeostasis and cardiovascular diseases from a systems perspective could pave the way to new directions of research and a more personalized approach to the treatment of patients with cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Department for Electrophysiology, Medical Hospital I, Klinikum Vest, Recklinghausen, NRW, Germany
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Metabolic Disorders Research Programme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johannes W. Dietrich
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Department of Internal Medicine I, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, NRW, Germany
- Diabetes Centre Bochum/Hattingen, St. Elisabeth-Hospital Blankenstein, Hattingen, NRW, Germany
- Centre for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Ruhr Centre for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, NRW, Germany
- Centre for Diabetes Technology, Catholic Hospitals Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, NRW, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johannes W. Dietrich
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12
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Chen R, Blosser TR, Djekidel MN, Hao J, Bhattacherjee A, Chen W, Tuesta LM, Zhuang X, Zhang Y. Decoding molecular and cellular heterogeneity of mouse nucleus accumbens. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1757-1771. [PMID: 34663959 PMCID: PMC8639815 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays an important role in regulating multiple behaviors, and its dysfunction has been linked to many neural disorders. However, the molecular, cellular and anatomic heterogeneity underlying its functional diversity remains incompletely understood. In this study, we generated a cell census of the mouse NAc using single-cell RNA sequencing and multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization, revealing a high level of cell heterogeneity in this brain region. Here we show that the transcriptional and spatial diversity of neuron subtypes underlie the NAc's anatomic and functional heterogeneity. These findings explain how the seemingly simple neuronal composition of the NAc achieves its highly heterogenous structure and diverse functions. Collectively, our study generates a spatially resolved cell taxonomy for understanding the structure and function of the NAc, which demonstrates the importance of combining molecular and spatial information in revealing the fundamental features of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renchao Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy R Blosser
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics,, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mohamed N Djekidel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junjie Hao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics,, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aritra Bhattacherjee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luis M Tuesta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Physics,, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Wang XL, Li L. Microglia Regulate Neuronal Circuits in Homeostatic and High-Fat Diet-Induced Inflammatory Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:722028. [PMID: 34720877 PMCID: PMC8549960 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.722028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages, which actively survey the surrounding microenvironment and promote tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. During this process, microglia participate in synaptic remodeling, neurogenesis, elimination of unwanted neurons and cellular debris. The complex interplay between microglia and neurons drives the formation of functional neuronal connections and maintains an optimal neural network. However, activation of microglia induced by chronic inflammation increases synaptic phagocytosis and leads to neuronal impairment or death. Microglial dysfunction is implicated in almost all brain diseases and leads to long-lasting functional deficiency, such as hippocampus-related cognitive decline and hypothalamus-associated energy imbalance (i.e., obesity). High-fat diet (HFD) consumption triggers mediobasal hypothalamic microglial activation and inflammation. Moreover, HFD-induced inflammation results in cognitive deficits by triggering hippocampal microglial activation. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of microglial characteristics and biological functions and also reviewed the molecular mechanism of microglia in shaping neural circuitries mainly related to cognition and energy balance in homeostatic and diet-induced inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianjian Li
- Department of Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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14
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Xiu J, Han R, Liu Z, Li J, Liu S, Shen Y, Ding YQ, Xu Q. Hijacking Dorsal Raphe to Improve Metabolism and Depression-Like Behaviors via BDNF Gene Transfer in Mice. Diabetes 2021; 70:1780-1793. [PMID: 33962999 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Moods and metabolism modulate each other. High comorbidity of depression and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, poses a great challenge to treat such conditions. Here we report the therapeutic efficacy of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by gene transfer in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model (CUMS) of depression and models of diabetes and obesity. In CUMS, BDNF-expressing mice displayed antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like behaviors, which are associated with augmented serotonergic activity. Both in the diet-induced obesity model (DIO) and in db/db mice, BDNF ameliorated obesity and diabetes, which may be mediated by enhanced sympathetic activity not involving DRN serotonin. Chronic activation of DRN neurons via chemogenetic tools produced similar effects as BDNF in DIO mice. These results established the DRN as a key nexus in regulating depression-like behaviors and metabolism, which can be exploited to combat comorbid depression and metabolic disorders via BDNF gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Sun W, Liu P, Yang B, Wang M, Wang T, Sun W, Wang X, Zheng W, Song X, Li J. A network pharmacology approach: Inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway contributes to the NASH preventative effect of an Oroxylum indicum seed extract in oleic acid-stimulated HepG2 cells and high-fat diet-fed rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:153498. [PMID: 33640247 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has significantly increased in recent years and has become an important public health issue. However, no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved first-line drug is currently available for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH; therefore, research on new drugs is currently a hot topic. Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Kurz is extensively distributed in South China and South Asia and has many biological activities. However, its effects on NAFLD or even NASH and the corresponding mechanisms are still not clear. PURPOSE To investigate the effect and mechanism of O. indicum seed extract (OISE) on preventing anti-inflammatory action in the progression from simple nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH. METHODS A network pharmacology method to construct ingredient-target networks and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of OISE in NASH were constructed for topological analyses and hub-target screening. Enrichment analyses were performed to identify the critical biological processes and signaling pathways. Simultaneously, in vitro and in vivo experiments investigated the effect and mechanism of OISE, baicalein, and chrysin on inflammation by biochemical indicator detection, luciferase reporters, pathological staining, and immunoblotting in oleic acid-stimulated HepG2 cells or in high-fat diet-fed rats. RESULTS The network pharmacology showed that OISE prevented the development and progression of NAFL into NASH through various pathways and targets and that the nuclear factor NF-κB (NF-κB) pathway regulated by baicalein and chrysin played an important role in the treatment of NASH. In in vitro experiments, we further showed that OISE and its ingredients, namely, baicalein and chrysin, all improved the inflammatory status in oleic acid-stimulated HepG2 cells, inhibited the nuclear transcriptional activities of NF-κB, increased the IκB level, and decreased the phosphorylation level of NF-κB. Furthermore, in a high-fat diet-induced NASH model in rats, we also showed that OISE prevented the development and progression of NASH by inhibiting the nuclear transcriptional activity of NF-κB. CONCLUSION OISE suppressed inflammatory responses and prevented the development and progression of NAFL into NASH through inhibition of the nuclear transcriptional activity of NF-κB. OISE may be used to treat NAFLD through many functions, including an increase in insulin sensitivity, a decrease in lipid accumulation in the liver, suppression of inflammation, and clearance of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China.
| | - Panpan Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Bendong Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Weilong Zheng
- Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317700, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China.
| | - Jingda Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, China.
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16
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Huang Y, Lin X, Lin S. Neuropeptide Y and Metabolism Syndrome: An Update on Perspectives of Clinical Therapeutic Intervention Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695623. [PMID: 34307371 PMCID: PMC8299562 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the past decade of research, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome have been suggested to involve not only the peripheral tissues, but also central metabolic regulation imbalances. The hypothalamus, and the arcuate nucleus in particular, is the control center for metabolic homeostasis and energy balance. Neuropeptide Y neurons are particularly abundantly expressed in the arcuate of the hypothalamus, where the blood-brain barrier is weak, such as to critically integrate peripheral metabolic signals with the brain center. Herein, focusing on metabolic syndrome, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the regulatory effects of Neuropeptide Y on metabolic syndrome and discuss clinical intervention strategy perspectives for neurometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqiong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiahong Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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17
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Hypothalamic primary cilium: A hub for metabolic homeostasis. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1109-1115. [PMID: 34211092 PMCID: PMC8333261 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem that is associated with adverse consequences such as the development of metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and type 2 diabetes. A major cause of obesity is metabolic imbalance, which results from insufficient physical activity and excess energy intake. Understanding the pathogenesis of obesity, as well as other metabolic disorders, is important in the development of methods for prevention and therapy. The coordination of energy balance takes place in the hypothalamus, a major brain region that maintains body homeostasis. The primary cilium is an organelle that has recently received attention because of its role in controlling energy balance in the hypothalamus. Defects in proteins required for ciliary function and formation, both in humans and in mice, have been shown to cause various metabolic disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the critical functions of primary cilia, particularly in hypothalamic areas, and briefly summarize the studies on the primary roles of cilia in specific neurons relating to metabolic homeostasis.
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18
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Gonzalez IE, Ramirez-Matias J, Lu C, Pan W, Zhu A, Myers MG, Olson DP. Paraventricular Calcitonin Receptor-Expressing Neurons Modulate Energy Homeostasis in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6218079. [PMID: 33834205 PMCID: PMC8139622 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is a heterogeneous collection of neurons that play important roles in modulating feeding and energy expenditure. Abnormal development or ablation of the PVH results in hyperphagic obesity and defects in energy expenditure whereas selective activation of defined PVH neuronal populations can suppress feeding and may promote energy expenditure. Here, we characterize the contribution of calcitonin receptor-expressing PVH neurons (CalcRPVH) to energy balance control. We used Cre-dependent viral tools delivered stereotaxically to the PVH of CalcR2Acre mice to activate, silence, and trace CalcRPVH neurons and determine their contribution to body weight regulation. Immunohistochemistry of fluorescently-labeled CalcRPVH neurons demonstrates that CalcRPVH neurons are largely distinct from several PVH neuronal populations involved in energy homeostasis; these neurons project to regions of the hindbrain that are implicated in energy balance control, including the nucleus of the solitary tract and the parabrachial nucleus. Acute activation of CalcRPVH neurons suppresses feeding without appreciably augmenting energy expenditure, whereas their silencing leads to obesity that may be due in part due to loss of PVH melanocortin-4 receptor signaling. These data show that CalcRPVH neurons are an essential component of energy balance neurocircuitry and their function is important for body weight maintenance. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which CalcRPVH neurons modulate energy balance might identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Eating/physiology
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Feeding Behavior/physiology
- Homeostasis/physiology
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/physiology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/physiology
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/physiology
- Receptors, Calcitonin/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitonin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julliana Ramirez-Matias
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chunxia Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Warren Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allen Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David P Olson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: David P. Olson, MD PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Michigan Medicine, D1205 MPB / SPC 5718, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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19
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Jafari Nejad Bajestani M, Yousefi M, Hadjzadeh MAR, Hosseini M, Taghipour A, Yousefvand S. Effect of Watermelon Extract on Nerve Conduction Velocity, Memory, and T4 Level in Rats. Adv Biomed Res 2021; 9:53. [PMID: 33457336 PMCID: PMC7792879 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_264_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Watermelon is a fruit with the thirst-quenching effect and especially is consumed in summer. In this study, the effect of consumption of watermelon extract (in drinking water) on thyroid hormone level (TT4), animals' weight, water and food consumption, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and memory in Wistar rats were investigated. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, CT 1500 mg/kg, and CT 3000 mg/kg (n = 8, in each group). Watermelon extract was administered for 42 days. The results measured in this study were analyzed with repeated measures or one-way analysis of variance and compared by the least significant difference post hoc. P < 0.05 was considered as significant difference. Results: The results showed that animals' weight in both the treatment groups decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Water and food consumption and the level of TT4 increased when compared to the control group in both the treated groups (both P < 0.001). NCV in both the treated groups decreased in comparison with the control group (both P < 0.001). Spatial memory did not change significantly, but passive avoidance memory in both the treated groups significantly decreased in comparison to the control group (respectively, with P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Conclusion: Based on these finding, in spite of increase in food and water consumption in the treated groups, animal weight did not increase significantly. Impairment in memory and decrease in NCV were also occurred, but TT4 level was increased in animals treated with watermelon extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Jafari Nejad Bajestani
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Yousefi
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mousa-Al-Reza Hadjzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cancer Research Center, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shiba Yousefvand
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Hlisníková H, Petrovičová I, Kolena B, Šidlovská M, Sirotkin A. Effects and mechanisms of phthalates’ action on neurological processes and neural health: a literature review. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:386-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Dudás B, Merchenthaler I. Morphology and distribution of hypothalamic peptidergic systems. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:67-85. [PMID: 34225984 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides participate in the regulation of numerous hypothalamic functions that are aimed for sustaining the homeostasis of the organism. These neuropeptides can act in two different levels. They can influence the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis via the portal circulation; in addition, they can act as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators modulating the functioning of numerous hypothalamic neurotransmitter systems. Indeed, most of these peptidergic systems form a complex network in the infundibular and periventricular nuclei of the human hypothalamus, communicating with each other by synaptic connections that may control fundamental physiologic functions. In the present chapter, we provide an overview of the distribution of neuropeptides in the human hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry and high-resolution, three-dimensional mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Dudás
- Neuroendocrine Organization Laboratory, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - István Merchenthaler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Shi Z, Qin M, Huang L, Xu T, Chen Y, Hu Q, Peng S, Peng Z, Qu LN, Chen SG, Tuo QH, Liao DF, Wang XP, Wu RR, Yuan TF, Li YH, Liu XM. Human torpor: translating insights from nature into manned deep space expedition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:642-672. [PMID: 33314677 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During a long-duration manned spaceflight mission, such as flying to Mars and beyond, all crew members will spend a long period in an independent spacecraft with closed-loop bioregenerative life-support systems. Saving resources and reducing medical risks, particularly in mental heath, are key technology gaps hampering human expedition into deep space. In the 1960s, several scientists proposed that an induced state of suppressed metabolism in humans, which mimics 'hibernation', could be an ideal solution to cope with many issues during spaceflight. In recent years, with the introduction of specific methods, it is becoming more feasible to induce an artificial hibernation-like state (synthetic torpor) in non-hibernating species. Natural torpor is a fascinating, yet enigmatic, physiological process in which metabolic rate (MR), body core temperature (Tb ) and behavioural activity are reduced to save energy during harsh seasonal conditions. It employs a complex central neural network to orchestrate a homeostatic state of hypometabolism, hypothermia and hypoactivity in response to environmental challenges. The anatomical and functional connections within the central nervous system (CNS) lie at the heart of controlling synthetic torpor. Although progress has been made, the precise mechanisms underlying the active regulation of the torpor-arousal transition, and their profound influence on neural function and behaviour, which are critical concerns for safe and reversible human torpor, remain poorly understood. In this review, we place particular emphasis on elaborating the central nervous mechanism orchestrating the torpor-arousal transition in both non-flying hibernating mammals and non-hibernating species, and aim to provide translational insights into long-duration manned spaceflight. In addition, identifying difficulties and challenges ahead will underscore important concerns in engineering synthetic torpor in humans. We believe that synthetic torpor may not be the only option for manned long-duration spaceflight, but it is the most achievable solution in the foreseeable future. Translating the available knowledge from natural torpor research will not only benefit manned spaceflight, but also many clinical settings attempting to manipulate energy metabolism and neurobehavioural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.,Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qin Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Zhuang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Li-Na Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Shan-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ren-Rong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.,Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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23
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Zutinic A, Blauw GJ, Pijl H, Ballieux BE, Westendorp RGJ, Roelfsema F, van Heemst D. Circulating Thyroid Hormone Profile in Response to a Triiodothyronine Challenge in Familial Longevity. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa117. [PMID: 32964174 PMCID: PMC7491925 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Familial longevity is associated with higher circulating levels of thyrotropin (TSH), in the absence of differences in circulating thyroid hormones, and a lower thyroid responsivity to TSH, as previously observed in the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS). Further mechanisms underlying these observations remain unknown. Objective We hypothesized that members from long-lived families (offspring) have higher thyroid hormone turnover or less negative feedback effect on TSH secretion compared to controls. Methods In a case-control intervention study, 14 offspring and 13 similarly aged controls received 100 µg 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) orally. Their circulating T3, free T3 (fT3), and TSH levels were measured during 5 consecutive days. We compared profiles of circulating T3, fT3, and TSH between offspring and controls using general linear modeling (GLM) and calculated the percentage decline in TSH following T3 administration. Results Circulating T3 and fT3 levels increased to supraphysiologic values and normalized over the course of 5 days. There were no serious adverse events. T3 and fT3 concentration profiles over 5 days were similar between offspring and controls (T3 GLM P = .11, fT3 GLM P = .46). TSH levels decreased in a biphasic manner and started returning to baseline by day 5. The TSH concentration profile over 5 days was similar between offspring and controls (GLM P = .08), as was the relative TSH decline (%). Conclusions Members of long-lived families have neither higher T3 turnover nor diminished negative feedback of T3 on TSH secretion. The cause and biological role of elevated TSH levels in familial longevity remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zutinic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Blauw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart E Ballieux
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Public Health and Centre for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, ZA, the Netherlands
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24
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Cardiovascular and body weight regulation changes in transgenic mice overexpressing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:599-608. [PMID: 32914279 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) plays several roles as a hormone/neuropeptide. Diencephalic TRH (dTRH) participates in the regulation of blood pressure in diverse animal models, independently of the thyroid status. The present study aimed to evaluate whether chronic overexpression of TRH in mice affects cardiovascular and metabolic variables. We developed a transgenic (TG) mouse model that overexpresses dTrh. Despite having higher food consumption and water intake, TG mice showed significantly lower body weight respect to controls. Also, TG mice presented higher blood pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity independently of thyroid hormone levels. These results and the higher urine noradrenaline excretion observed in TG mice suggest a higher metabolic rate mediated by sympathetic overflow. Cardiovascular changes were impeded by siRNA inhibition of the diencephalic Trh overexpression. Also, the silencing of dTRH in the TG mice normalized urine noradrenaline excretion, supporting the view that the cardiovascular effects of TRH involve the sympathetic system. Overall, we show that congenital dTrh overexpression leads to an increase in blood pressure accompanied by changes in body weight and food consumption mediated by a higher sympathetic overflow. These results provide new evidence confirming the participation of TRH in cardiovascular and body weight regulation.
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25
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Quaresma PGF, Dos Santos WO, Wasinski F, Metzger M, Donato J. Neurochemical phenotype of growth hormone-responsive cells in the mouse paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1228-1239. [PMID: 32844436 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses are regulated by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Previous studies have shown that PVH neurons express the growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR), although the role of GH signaling on PVH neurons is still unknown. Given the great heterogeneity of cell types located in the PVH, we performed a detailed analysis of the neurochemical identity of GH-responsive cells to understand the possible physiological importance of GH action on PVH neurons. GH-responsive cells were detected via the phosphorylated form of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (pSTAT5) in adult male mice that received an intraperitoneal GH injection. Approximately 51% of GH-responsive cells in the PVH co-localized with the vesicular glutamate transporter 2. Rare co-localizations between pSTAT5 and vesicular GABA transporter or vasopressin were observed, whereas approximately 20% and 38% of oxytocin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cells, respectively, were responsive to GH in the PVH. Approximately 55%, 35% and 63% of somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons expressed GH-induced pSTAT5, respectively. Additionally, 8%, 49% and 75% of neuroendocrine TH, TRH and CRH neurons, and 67%, 32% and 74% of nonneuroendocrine TH, TRH and CRH neurons were responsive to GH in the PVH of Fluoro-Gold-injected mice. Our findings suggest that GH action on PVH neurons is involved in the regulation of the thyroid, somatotropic and adrenal endocrine axes, possibly influencing homeostatic and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G F Quaresma
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian O Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Metzger
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Prahlad V. The discovery and consequences of the central role of the nervous system in the control of protein homeostasis. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:489-499. [PMID: 32527175 PMCID: PMC7736053 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1771333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organisms function despite wide fluctuations in their environment through the maintenance of homeostasis. At the cellular level, the maintenance of proteins as functional entities at target expression levels is called protein homeostasis (or proteostasis). Cells implement proteostasis through universal and conserved quality control mechanisms that surveil and monitor protein conformation. Recent studies that exploit the powerful ability to genetically manipulate specific neurons in C. elegans have shown that cells within this metazoan lose their autonomy over this fundamental survival mechanism. These studies have uncovered novel roles for the nervous system in controlling how and when cells activate their protein quality control mechanisms. Here we discuss the conceptual underpinnings, experimental evidence and the possible consequences of such a control mechanism. PRELUDE: Whether the detailed examination of parts of the nervous system and their selective perturbation is sufficient to reconstruct how the brain generates behavior, mental disease, music and religion remains an open question. Yet, Sydney Brenner's development of C. elegans as an experimental organism and his faith in the bold reductionist approach that 'the understanding of wild-type behavior comes best after the discovery and analysis of mutations that alter it', has led to discoveries of unexpected roles for neurons in the biology of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Prahlad
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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28
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Dudas B, Merchenthaler I. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone axonal varicosities appear to innervate dopaminergic neurons in the human hypothalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2193-2201. [PMID: 32737582 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has a critical role in the central regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary, and subsequently, thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid gland. In addition to its role in the regulation of HPT axis, TRH is a potent regulator of prolactin (PRL) secretion by stimulating PRL secretion either directly from lactotrophs or indirectly via its action on the tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons. In rodents, the TRH neurons which regulate TSH and thyroid hormone secretion, called hypophysiotropic TRH neurons, are in the medial subdivision of the parvicellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In humans, the PVN also contains a large population of TRH neurons, especially in its medial part, but the location of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons is not yet known. In addition to regulating TSH and PRL secretion, TRH also functions as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. In rodents and teleosts, TRH axons densely innervate TIDA neurons to inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) biosynthesis, neuronal firing, and dopamine turnover which may contribute to increasing PRL secretion. No such connections have been reported in humans, although dopaminergic neurons express TRH receptors and TRH also regulates PRL secretion. The objectives of this study were to map TRH-IR and TH-IR structures in the human hypothalamus with single-label light microscopic immunocytochemistry and study their interaction with double-label light microscopic immunocytochemistry. We show that TRH-IR nerve terminals densely surround TH-IR neurons (perikarya and dendrites) in the infundibulum of the human hypothalamus. The micrographs illustrating these juxtapositions were taken by Olympus BX45 microscope equipped with a digital camera and with 100X oil immersion objective. Composite images were created from the consecutive micrographs if the neurons were larger than the frame of the camera, using Adobe Photoshop software. As no gaps between TRH-IR and TH-IR elements were seen, these contacts may be functional synapses by which TRH regulates the activity of dopaminergic neurons and subsequently TSH and PRL secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Dudas
- Neuroendocrine Organization Laboratory (NEO), Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), Erie, PA, 16509, USA
| | - Istvan Merchenthaler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 10 South Pine Street MSTF 977, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Deol P, Kozlova E, Valdez M, Ho C, Yang EW, Richardson H, Gonzalez G, Truong E, Reid J, Valdez J, Deans JR, Martinez-Lomeli J, Evans JR, Jiang T, Sladek FM, Curras-Collazo MC. Dysregulation of Hypothalamic Gene Expression and the Oxytocinergic System by Soybean Oil Diets in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5698148. [PMID: 31912136 PMCID: PMC7041656 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Soybean oil consumption has increased greatly in the past half-century and is linked to obesity and diabetes. To test the hypothesis that soybean oil diet alters hypothalamic gene expression in conjunction with metabolic phenotype, we performed RNA sequencing analysis using male mice fed isocaloric, high-fat diets based on conventional soybean oil (high in linoleic acid, LA), a genetically modified, low-LA soybean oil (Plenish), and coconut oil (high in saturated fat, containing no LA). The 2 soybean oil diets had similar but nonidentical effects on the hypothalamic transcriptome, whereas the coconut oil diet had a negligible effect compared to a low-fat control diet. Dysregulated genes were associated with inflammation, neuroendocrine, neurochemical, and insulin signaling. Oxt was the only gene with metabolic, inflammation, and neurological relevance upregulated by both soybean oil diets compared to both control diets. Oxytocin immunoreactivity in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus was reduced, whereas plasma oxytocin and hypothalamic Oxt were increased. These central and peripheral effects of soybean oil diets were correlated with glucose intolerance but not body weight. Alterations in hypothalamic Oxt and plasma oxytocin were not observed in the coconut oil diet enriched in stigmasterol, a phytosterol found in soybean oil. We postulate that neither stigmasterol nor LA is responsible for effects of soybean oil diets on oxytocin and that Oxt messenger RNA levels could be associated with the diabetic state. Given the ubiquitous presence of soybean oil in the American diet, its observed effects on hypothalamic gene expression could have important public health ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonamjot Deol
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Elena Kozlova
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Matthew Valdez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Catherine Ho
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Ei-Wen Yang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California Riverside, California
| | - Holly Richardson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Gwendolyn Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Edward Truong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jack Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Joseph Valdez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jonathan R Deans
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jose Martinez-Lomeli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jane R Evans
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California Riverside, California
| | - Frances M Sladek
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Margarita C Curras-Collazo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California
- Correspondence: Margarita C. Curras-Collazo, PhD, FAPS, Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, 2110 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, California 92521. E-mail:
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Baranowska-Bik A, Bik W. The Association of Obesity with Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Thyroid Function-Possible Mechanisms of Bilateral Interaction. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8894792. [PMID: 33381173 PMCID: PMC7755496 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8894792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of patients suffer from autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease. There has simultaneously been a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide. It is still an open question whether adiposity can directly influence activation of inflammatory processes affecting the thyroid in genetically predisposed individuals. Adipokines, biologically active substances derived from the adipocytes, belong to a heterogenic group of compounds involved in numerous physiological functions, including the maintenance of metabolism, hormonal balance, and immune response. Notably, the presence of obesity worsens the course of selected autoimmune diseases and impairs response to treatment. Moreover, the excess of body fat may result in the progression of autoimmune diseases. Nutritional status, body weight, and energy expenditure may influence thyroid hormone secretion. Interestingly, thyroid hormones might influence the activity of adipose tissue as metabolic alterations related to fat tissue are observed under pathological conditions in which there are deficits or overproduction of thyroid hormones. Functioning TSH receptors are expressed on adipocytes. Thermogenesis may presumably be stimulated by TSH binding to its receptor on brown adipocytes. There could be a bilateral interaction between the thyroid and adipose. Obesity may influence the onset and course of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Baranowska-Bik
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Ceglowska 80, Warsaw 01-809, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bik
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, Warsaw 01-813, Poland
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Peixoto TC, Moura EG, Oliveira E, Younes-Rapozo V, Soares PN, Rodrigues VST, Torsoni MA, Torsoni AS, Manhães AC, Lisboa PC. Hypothalamic Neuropeptides Expression and Hypothalamic Inflammation in Adult Rats that Were Exposed to Tobacco Smoke during Breastfeeding: Sex-Related Differences. Neuroscience 2019; 418:69-81. [PMID: 31487543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus controls food intake and energy expenditure. In rats, maternal exposure to nicotine during breastfeeding alters the hypothalamic circuitry of the adult offspring, resulting in leptin resistance, neuropeptides changes and gliosis. Tobacco smoke exposure during lactation causes greater adiposity, hyperphagia and hyperleptinemia in the adult progeny. To understand the central mechanisms underlying the obese phenotype of adult rats that were directly and indirectly exposed to cigarette smoke during lactation, we investigated leptin signaling, orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides expression, as well as astrocyte and microglia markers in hypothalamus. From postnatal day (PND) 3 to 21, Wistar lactating rat dams and their pups were divided into two groups: SE, smoke-exposed in a cigarette-smoking machine (four times/day); Crtl, exposed to filtered air. Offspring of both sexes were euthanized at PND180. The leptin pathway was not altered in SE animals from both sexes. SE males showed increased NPY (arcuate nucleus, ARC), CRH (paraventricular nucleus, PVN), as well as higher GFAP fiber density (ARC and PVN) and IL6 protein content. TRH (PVN) immunohistochemistry was reduced. SE females had lower CART-positive cells (ARC) and lower α-MSH immunostaining intensity (PVN and lateral hypothalamus), with no change of GFAP or IL-6. The protein contents of CX3CR1 (marker of activated microglia) and α7nAChR (anti-inflammatory marker) were not altered in both SE males and females. Neonatal cigarette smoke is deleterious to the hypothalamic circuitry, inducing changes in energy homeostasis favoring hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure at adulthood in both sexes; however sex-dependent mechanisms were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Peixoto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V Younes-Rapozo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P N Soares
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V S T Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M A Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - A S Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - A C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Kyriacou A, Kyriacou A, Makris KC, Syed AA, Perros P. Weight gain following treatment of hyperthyroidism-A forgotten tale. Clin Obes 2019; 9:e12328. [PMID: 31267667 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism causes weight loss in the majority, but its effect is variable and 10% of patients gain weight. Its treatment usually leads to weight gain and some studies have reported an excess weight regain. However, there is considerable inter-individual variability and a differential effect on body weight by different treatments, with some studies reporting more weight increase with radioiodine, and perhaps surgery, compared with anti-thyroid drugs. The excess weight regain may relate to treatment-induced hypothyroidism. Furthermore, the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism may unmask, or exacerbate, the predisposition that some patients have towards obesity. Other risk factors commonly implicated for such weight increase include the severity of thyrotoxicosis at presentation and underlying Graves' disease. Conflicting data exist whether lean body mass or fat mass or both are increased post-therapy and whether such increments occur concurrently or in a sequential manner; this merits clarification. In any case, clinicians need to counsel their patients regarding this issue at presentation. Limited data on the effect of dietary interventions on weight changes with treatment of hyperthyroidism are encouraging in that they cause significantly lesser weight gain compared to standard care. More research is indicated on the impact of the treatment of hyperthyroidism on various anthropometric indices and the predisposing factors for any excessive weight gain. Regarding the impact of dietary management or other weight loss interventions, there is a need for well-designed and, ideally, controlled intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Kyriacou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
- Department of Endocrinology & Dietetics, CEDM Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus
- Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Alexis Kyriacou
- Department of Endocrinology & Dietetics, CEDM Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus
- School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Akheel A Syed
- Diabetes, Endocrinology & Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Petros Perros
- Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Physiological and Pathological Role of Circadian Hormones in Osteoarthritis: Dose-Dependent or Time-Dependent? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091415. [PMID: 31500387 PMCID: PMC6781184 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, may be triggered by improper secretion of circadian clock-regulated hormones, such as melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or cortisol. The imbalance of these hormones alters the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cartilage degenerative enzymes in articular cartilage, resulting in cartilage erosion, synovial inflammation, and osteophyte formation, the major hallmarks of OA. In this review, we summarize the effects of circadian melatonin, TSH, and cortisol on OA, focusing on how different levels of these hormones affect OA pathogenesis and recovery with respect to the circadian clock. We also highlight the effects of melatonin, TSH, and cortisol at different concentrations both in vivo and in vitro, which may help to elucidate the relationship between circadian hormones and OA.
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Zhang N, Zhang HY, Bi SA, Moran TH, Bi S. Differential regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus and dorsomedial hypothalamus in OLETF rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:79-85. [PMID: 30902570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) plays an important role in the regulation of energy balance. While the regulation of TRH in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in response to changes of energy balance has been well studied, how TRH is regulated in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in maintaining energy homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of food restriction and exercise on hypothalamic Trh expression using Otsuka Long-Evens Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Sedentary ad lib fed OLETF rats (OLETF-SED) became hyperphagic and obese. These alterations were prevented in OLETF rats with running wheel access (OLETF-RW) or food restriction in which their food was pair-fed (OLETF-PF) to the intake of lean control rats (LETO-SED). Evaluation of hypothalamic gene expression revealed that Trh mRNA expression was increased in the PVN of OLETF-SED rats and normalized in OLETF-RW and OLETF-PF rats compared to LETO-SED rats. In contrast, the expression of Trh in the DMH was decreased in OLETF-SED rats relative to LETO-SED rats. This alteration was reversed in OLETF-RW rats as seen in LETO-SED rats, but food restriction resulted in a significant increase in DMH Trh expression in OLETF-PF rats compared to LETO-SED rats. Strikingly, while Trh mRNA expression was decreased in the PVN of intact rats in response to acute food deprivation, food deprivation resulted in increased expression of Trh in the DMH. Together, these results demonstrate the differential regulation of Trh expression in the PVN and DMH in OLETF rats and suggest that DMH TRH also contributes to hypothalamic regulation of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sophia A Bi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Bi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Mickelsen LE, Bolisetty M, Chimileski BR, Fujita A, Beltrami EJ, Costanzo JT, Naparstek JR, Robson P, Jackson AC. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the lateral hypothalamic area reveals molecularly distinct populations of inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:642-656. [PMID: 30858605 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) coordinates an array of fundamental behaviors, including sleeping, waking, feeding, stress and motivated behavior. The wide spectrum of functions ascribed to the LHA may be explained by a heterogeneous population of neurons, the full diversity of which is poorly understood. We employed a droplet-based single-cell RNA-sequencing approach to develop a comprehensive census of molecularly distinct cell types in the mouse LHA. Neuronal populations were classified based on fast neurotransmitter phenotype and expression of neuropeptides, transcription factors and synaptic proteins, among other gene categories. We define 15 distinct populations of glutamatergic neurons and 15 of GABAergic neurons, including known and novel cell types. We further characterize a novel population of somatostatin-expressing neurons through anatomical and behavioral approaches, identifying a role for these neurons in specific forms of innate locomotor behavior. This study lays the groundwork for better understanding the circuit-level underpinnings of LHA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Mickelsen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mohan Bolisetty
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Brock R Chimileski
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Akie Fujita
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric J Beltrami
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - James T Costanzo
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jacob R Naparstek
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Alexander C Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Zhang Z, Boelen A, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E. TRH Neurons and Thyroid Hormone Coordinate the Hypothalamic Response to Cold. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7:279-288. [PMID: 30574457 PMCID: PMC6276749 DOI: 10.1159/000493976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role in regulating body temperature in mammals. Cold exposure stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis at the hypothalamic level by activating hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-producing neurons, ultimately resulting in increased plasma TH concentrations. Importantly, the local TH metabolism within various cold-responsive organs enables tissue-specific action of TH on heat production and adaption to cold independently of the circulating TH levels. In addition to these neuroendocrine effects, TRH neurons in the hypothalamus also have neural connections with brown adipose tissue (BAT), probably contributing to regulation of thermogenesis by the autonomic nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that intrahypothalamic TH has profound metabolic effects on BAT, the liver, and the heart that are mediated via the autonomic nervous system. These effects originate in various hypothalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the ventromedial nucleus, and recently reported neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area, indicating a potential central function for TH on thermoregulation. Finally, although robust stimulation of the thermogenic program in BAT was shown upon TH administration in the ventromedial hypothalamus, the physiological relevance of these neurally mediated effects of TH is unclear at present. This review provides an overview of studies reporting the role of TH in cold defense, with a focus on recent literature evidencing the centrally mediated effects of TRH and TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- *Eric Fliers, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, NL–1105AZ Amsterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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Rosenbaum M, Goldsmith RL, Haddad F, Baldwin KM, Smiley R, Gallagher D, Leibel RL. Triiodothyronine and leptin repletion in humans similarly reverse weight-loss-induced changes in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E771-E779. [PMID: 29920214 PMCID: PMC6293163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00116.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Subjects maintaining a ≥10% dietary weight loss exhibit decreased circulating concentrations of bioactive thyroid hormones and increased skeletal muscle work efficiency largely due to increased expression of more-efficient myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (MHC I) and significantly mediated by the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of triiodothyronine (T3) repletion on energy homeostasis and skeletal muscle physiology in weight-reduced subjects and to compare these results with the effects of leptin repletion. Nine healthy in-patients with obesity were studied at usual weight (Wtinitial) and following a 10% dietary weight loss while receiving 5 wk of a placebo (Wt-10%placebo) or T3 (Wt-10%T3) in a single-blind crossover design. Primary outcome variables were skeletal muscle work efficiency and vastus lateralis muscle mRNA expression. These results were compared with the effects of leptin repletion in a population of 22 subjects, some of whom participated in a previous study. At Wt-10%placebo, skeletal muscle work efficiency and relative expression of the more-efficient/less-efficient MHC I/MHC II isoforms were significantly increased and the ratio of the less-efficient to the more-efficient sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase isoforms (SERCA1/SERCA2) was significantly decreased. These changes were largely reversed by T3 repletion to a degree similar to the changes that occurred with leptin repletion. These data support the hypothesis that the effects of leptin on energy expenditure in weight-reduced individuals are largely mediated by T3 and suggest that further study of the possible role of thyroid hormone repletion as adjunctive therapy to help sustain weight loss is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenbaum
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Rochelle L Goldsmith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York
| | - Fadia Haddad
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California at Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Kenneth M Baldwin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California at Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Richard Smiley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Department of Anesthesia, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- Obesity Research Center, Columbia University, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital , New York, New York
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York
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Joaquim AO, Coelho CP, Motta PD, Felício LF, Bondan EF, Teodorov E, Martins MFM, Kirsten TB, Bonamin LV, Bernardi MM. Maternal food restriction in rats of the F 0 generation increases retroperitoneal fat, the number and size of adipocytes and induces periventricular astrogliosis in female F 1 and male F 2 generations. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1340-1348. [PMID: 27239683 DOI: 10.1071/rd15309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether male offspring (F2 generation) from female rats (F1 generation) whose mothers (F0 generation) were food restricted during gestation inherit a phenotypic transgenerational tendency towards being overweight and obese in the juvenile period, in the absence of food restriction in the F1/F2 generations. Dams of the F0 generation were 40% food restricted during pregnancy. Bodyweight, the number and size of larger and small hypodermal adipocytes (HAs), total retroperitoneal fat (RPF) weight and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in periventricular hypothalamic astrocytes (PHAs), as determined by immunohistochemistry, were evaluated in both generations. In the female F1 generation, there was low bodyweight gain only during the juvenile period (30-65 days of age), a decrease in the size of small adipocytes, an increase in the number of small adipocytes, an increase in RPF weight and an increase in GFAP expression in PHAs at 90-95 days of age. In males of the F2 generation at 50 days of age, there was increased bodyweight and RPF weight, and a small number of adipocytes and GFAP expression in PHAs. These data indicate that the phenotypic transgenerational tendency towards being overweight and obese was observed in females (F1) from mothers (F0) that were prenatally food restricted was transmitted to their male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Joaquim
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, UNIP, Rua Dr Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil
| | - C P Coelho
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, UNIP, Rua Dr Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil
| | - P Dias Motta
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, UNIP, Rua Dr Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil
| | - L F Felício
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - E F Bondan
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, UNIP, Rua Dr Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil
| | - E Teodorov
- Mathematics, Computing and Cognition Center, Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP, 09210-971, Brazil
| | - M F M Martins
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, UNIP, Rua Dr Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil
| | - T B Kirsten
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, UNIP, Rua Dr Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil
| | - L V Bonamin
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, UNIP, Rua Dr Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil
| | - M M Bernardi
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, UNIP, Rua Dr Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP, 04026-002, Brazil
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St-Cyr S, Abuaish S, Welch KC, McGowan PO. Maternal predator odour exposure programs metabolic responses in adult offspring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8077. [PMID: 29799024 PMCID: PMC5967341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A cardinal feature of the reaction to stress is the promotion of energy mobilization, enabling appropriate behavioural responses. Predator odours are naturalistic and ecologically relevant stressors present over evolutionary timescales. In this study, we asked whether maternal predator odour exposure could program long-term energy mobilization in C57BL/6 mice offspring. To test this hypothesis, we measured rates of oxygen consumption in prenatally predator odour exposed mice in adulthood while controlling for levels of locomotor activity at baseline and under stress. Circulating thyroid hormone levels and the transcript abundance of key regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis within the periventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in the liver, including carriers and receptors and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, were measured as endocrine mediators facilitating energy availability. Prenatally predator odour exposed mice of both sexes mobilized more energy during lower energy demand periods of the day and under stressful conditions. Further, prenatally predator odour exposed mice displayed modifications of their hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis through increased circulating thyroxine and thyroid hormone receptor α within the PVN and decreased transthyretin in the liver. Overall, these results suggest that maternal exposure to predator odour is sufficient to increase long-term energy mobilization in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie St-Cyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Center for Environmental Epigenetics and Development, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colcket Translational Research Building, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sameera Abuaish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Center for Environmental Epigenetics and Development, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Welch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick O McGowan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Center for Environmental Epigenetics and Development, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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40
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Walley SN, Roepke TA. Perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds and the control of feeding behavior-An overview. Horm Behav 2018; 101:22-28. [PMID: 29107582 PMCID: PMC5938167 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that can interact with steroid and nuclear receptors or alter hormone production. Many studies have reported that perinatal exposure to EDC including bisphenol A, PCB, dioxins, and DDT disrupt energy balance, body weight, adiposity, or glucose homeostasis in rodent offspring. However, little information exists on the effects of perinatal EDC exposure on the control of feeding behaviors and meal pattern (size, frequency, duration), which may contribute to their obesogenic properties. Feeding behaviors are controlled centrally through communication between the hindbrain and hypothalamus with inputs from the emotion and reward centers of the brain and modulated by peripheral hormones like ghrelin and leptin. Discrete hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamus, and ventromedial nucleus) project numerous reciprocal neural connections between each other and to other brain regions including the hindbrain (nucleus tractus solitarius and parabrachial nucleus). Most studies on the effects of perinatal EDC exposure examine simple crude food intake over the course of the experiment or for a short period in adult models. In addition, these studies do not examine EDC's impacts on the feeding neurocircuitry of the hypothalamus-hindbrain, the response to peripheral hormones (leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, etc.) after refeeding, or other feeding behavior paradigms. The purpose of this review is to discuss those few studies that report crude food or energy intake after perinatal EDC exposure and to explore the need for deeper investigations in the hypothalamic-hindbrain neurocircuitry and discrete feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Walley
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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41
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Ferlazzo A, Cravana C, Fazio E, Medica P. The contribution of total and free iodothyronines to welfare maintenance and management stress coping in Ruminants and Equines: Physiological ranges and reference values. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:134-143. [PMID: 29428703 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to acquire a pattern of thyroid involvement in welfare maintenance in Ruminants and Equines, this review summarizes data concerning the reference values of total and free iodothyronines and their modifications in physiological conditions and in different management conditions (pregnancy, lactation, weaning, growth, isolation, restraint, shearing, confinement and transportation). Thyroidal and extrathyroidal tissues efficiently respond to management practices, giving a differentiated contribution to circulating iodothyronine changes. The hormonal response could be mainly attributed to the intracellular deiodination of T4 to T3. Triiodothyronine (T3) and free iodothyronines (fT3 and fT4) result more responsive to management stress, showing different pattern with species and to various conditions, as to environmental conditions in which activities are performed. Intrinsic seasonal changes of iodothyronines and a significant pregnancy effect for T3 were recorded in mares. Higher, although not significant, T3 and T4 concentrations in barren than pregnant mares were observed in donkeys. A positive significant correlation between T3 and T4 was described only in pregnant donkeys. Moreover, a significant effect of season on T3 and fT3 changes was observed both in pregnant and barren donkeys. A significant lactating effect compared with nonlactating stage for T3 and T4 was recorded in mares. In growing foals, body weight (BW) and age were positively correlated with T3 and negatively correlated with T4, fT4 and fT3. Weaning effects were shown for T3 and fT4 concentrations, indicating that weaning represents a severe stress and the presence of conspecific does not reduce psychological stress in this phase. Lambs showed significant decreased T3 and elevated T4 concentrations two weeks after weaning, with higher concentrations in both males and females compared to 24 h. Significant positive correlations were observed between BW and T4, fT3 and fT4 concentrations in lambs. A T3 decrease was detected after isolation, such as induced by confinement and weaning in lambs. Higher T3 concentration after restraint and shearing than after isolation and significant increases in T4, fT3 and fT4 values after restraint and shearing were recorded. The basal concentrations of fT3 in both the inexperienced and experienced transported horses were significantly higher than in untransported experienced horses. Moreover, increases of T3, T4 and fT4 after short road transportation, and significant correlations between T3 and rectal temperature (RT), body weight (BW) and heart rate (HR), confirmed their important role in coping strategy. Thyroid responsiveness to short transport is similar in domestic donkeys and horses, with a preferential release of T3 in horses. A greatest and constant release of T3 and T4, although differentiated, after simulated transportation and after conventional transport of horses confirmed that the degree of stress induced by confinement and additional stressful stimuli associated to road transportation could differently influence the iodothyronine release. Temperamental Limousin young beef bulls showed lower T4 and fT4 concentrations after prolonged transportation than calm subjects, and a concomitant decrease of circulating ACTH, cortisol, T3 and fT3 concentrations, probably induced by down regulation of HPA axis and cortisol negative feedback. These data reinforce the importance of taking into account the evaluation of iodothyronines, and notably of T3, as markers of welfare and stress and their role in ensuring energy homeostasis and productive and reproductive performances in Ruminants and Equines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferlazzo
- Department of Animal Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Animal Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Animal Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Animal Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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42
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Local Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Signaling in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1874-1890. [PMID: 29352046 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1492-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) initiate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity through the release of CRF into the portal system as part of a coordinated neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral response to stress. The recent discovery of neurons expressing CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1), the primary receptor for CRF, adjacent to CRF neurons within the PVN, suggests that CRF also signals within the hypothalamus to coordinate aspects of the stress response. Here, we characterize the electrophysiological and molecular properties of PVN-CRFR1 neurons and interrogate their monosynaptic connectivity using rabies virus-based tracing and optogenetic circuit mapping in male and female mice. We provide evidence that CRF neurons in the PVN form synapses on neighboring CRFR1 neurons and activate them by releasing CRF. CRFR1 neurons receive the majority of monosynaptic input from within the hypothalamus, mainly from the PVN itself. Locally, CRFR1 neurons make GABAergic synapses on parvocellular and magnocellular cells within the PVN. CRFR1 neurons resident in the PVN also make long-range glutamatergic synapses in autonomic nuclei such as the nucleus of the solitary tract. Selective ablation of PVN-CRFR1 neurons in male mice elevates corticosterone release during a stress response and slows the decrease in circulating corticosterone levels after the cessation of stress. Our experiments provide evidence for a novel intra-PVN neural circuit that is activated by local CRF release and coordinates autonomic and endocrine function during stress responses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) coordinates concomitant changes in autonomic and neuroendocrine function to organize the response to stress. This manuscript maps intra-PVN circuitry that signals via CRF, delineates CRF receptor type 1 neuron synaptic targets both within the PVN and at distal targets, and establishes the role of this microcircuit in regulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
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Maternal high-fat diet induces sex-specific endocannabinoid system changes in newborn rats and programs adiposity, energy expenditure and food preference in adulthood. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 51:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Péterfi Z, Farkas E, Nagyunyomi-Sényi K, Kádár A, Ottó S, Horváth A, Füzesi T, Lechan RM, Fekete C. Role of TRH/UCN3 neurons of the perifornical area/bed nucleus of stria terminalis region in the regulation of the anorexigenic POMC neurons of the arcuate nucleus in male mice and rats. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1329-1341. [PMID: 29124350 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two anorexigenic peptides, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and urocortin 3 (UCN3), are co-expressed in a continuous neuronal group that extends from the perifornical area to the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, raising the possibility that this cell group may be involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this study, therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the TRH/UCN3 neurons regulate food intake by influencing feeding-related neuropeptide Y (NPY) and/or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Triple-labeled immunofluorescent preparations demonstrated that only very few NPY neurons (4.3 ± 1.3%) were contacted by double-labeled TRH/UCN3 axons in the ARC. In contrast, more than half of the POMC neurons (52.4 ± 8.5%) were contacted by double-labeled axons. Immuno-electron microscopy demonstrated that the UCN3 axons established asymmetric synapses with POMC neurons, indicating the excitatory nature of these synaptic specializations. Patch clamp electrophysiology revealed that TRH and UCN3 have antagonistic effects on the POMC neurons. While UCN3 depolarizes and increases the firing rate of POMC neurons, TRH prevents these effects of UCN3. These data demonstrate that TRH/UCN3 neurons in the perifornical/BNST region establish abundant synaptic associations with the POMC neurons in the ARC and suggest a potentially important role for these neurons in the regulation of food intake through an antagonistic interaction between TRH and UCN3 on the electrophysiological properties of POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Péterfi
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Farkas
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.,Multidisciplinary Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Kata Nagyunyomi-Sényi
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kádár
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Szenci Ottó
- Department and Clinic for Production Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Üllő, Dóra Major, Budapest, 2225, Hungary.,BMTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra Major, Üllő, 2225, Hungary
| | - András Horváth
- Department and Clinic for Production Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Üllő, Dóra Major, Budapest, 2225, Hungary.,BMTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra Major, Üllő, 2225, Hungary
| | - Tamás Füzesi
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Ronald M Lechan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Kirwan P, Jura M, Merkle FT. Generation and Characterization of Functional Human Hypothalamic Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 81:3.33.1-3.33.24. [PMID: 29064566 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the hypothalamus orchestrate homeostatic physiological processes and behaviors essential for life. Defects in the function of hypothalamic neurons cause a spectrum of human diseases, including obesity, infertility, growth defects, sleep disorders, social disorders, and stress disorders. These diseases have been studied in animal models such as mice, but the rarity and relative inaccessibility of mouse hypothalamic neurons and species-specific differences between mice and humans highlight the need for human cellular models of hypothalamic diseases. We and others have developed methods to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hypothalamic neurons and related cell types, such as astrocytes. This protocol builds on published studies by providing detailed step-by-step instructions for neuronal differentiation, quality control, long-term neuronal maintenance, and the functional interrogation of hypothalamic cells by calcium imaging. Together, these protocols should enable any group with appropriate facilities to generate and study human hypothalamic cells. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kirwan
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Jura
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Florian T Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Roelfsema F, Boelen A, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E. Regulatory aspects of the human hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 31:487-503. [PMID: 29223283 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, differentiation and metabolism during prenatal and postnatal life. The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis is optimized for these actions. Knowledge of this hormonal axis is derived from decades of experiments in animals and man, and more recently from spontaneous mutations in man and constructed mutations in mice. This review examines the HPT-axis in relation to 24 h TSH profiles in men in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including obesity, age, longevity, and primary as well as central hypothyroidism. Hormone rhythms can be analyzed by quantitative methods, e.g. operator-independent deconvolution, approximate entropy and fitting the 24-h component by Cosinor analysis or related procedures. These approaches have identified some of the regulatory components in (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e,
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes arise from distinct developmental origins. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) develops embryonically from precursors that also give to skeletal muscle. Beige fat develops postnatally and is highly inducible. Beige fat recruitment is mediated by multiple mechanisms, including de novo beige adipogenesis and white-to-brown adipocyte transdifferentiaiton. Beige precursors reside around vasculatures, and proliferate and differentiate into beige adipocytes. PDGFRα+Ebf2+ precursors are restricted to beige lineage cells, while another PDGFRα+ subset gives rise to beige adipocytes, white adipocytes, or fibrogenic cells. White adipocytes can be reprogramed and transdifferentiated into beige adipocytes. Brown and beige adipocytes display many similar properties, including multilocular lipid droplets, dense mitochondria, and expression of UCP1. UCP1-mediated thermogenesis is a hallmark of brown/beige adipocytes, albeit UCP1-independent thermogenesis also occurs. Development, maintenance, and activation of BAT/beige fat are guided by genetic and epigenetic programs. Numerous transcriptional factors and coactivators act coordinately to promote BAT/beige fat thermogenesis. Epigenetic reprograming influences expression of brown/beige adipocyte-selective genes. BAT/beige fat is regulated by neuronal, hormonal, and immune mechanisms. Hypothalamic thermal circuits define the temperature setpoint that guides BAT/beige fat activity. Metabolic hormones, paracrine/autocrine factors, and various immune cells also play a critical role in regulating BAT/beige fat functions. BAT and beige fat defend temperature homeostasis, and regulate body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity is associated with brown/beige fat deficiency, and reactivation of brown/beige fat provides metabolic health benefits in some patients. Pharmacological activation of BAT/beige fat may hold promise for combating metabolic diseases. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1281-1306, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Tanycytes control the hormonal output of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:484. [PMID: 28883467 PMCID: PMC5589884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis maintains circulating thyroid hormone levels in a narrow physiological range. As axons containing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) terminate on hypothalamic tanycytes, these specialized glial cells have been suggested to influence the activity of the HPT axis, but their exact role remained enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of the TRH receptor 1 increases intracellular calcium in tanycytes of the median eminence via Gαq/11 proteins. Activation of Gαq/11 pathways increases the size of tanycyte endfeet that shield pituitary vessels and induces the activity of the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme. Both mechanisms may limit the TRH release to the pituitary. Indeed, blocking TRH signaling in tanycytes by deleting Gαq/11 proteins in vivo enhances the response of the HPT axis to the chemogenetic activation of TRH neurons. In conclusion, we identify new TRH- and Gαq/11-dependent mechanisms in the median eminence by which tanycytes control the activity of the HPT axis. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulates a wide range of physiological processes. Here the authors show that hypothalamic tanycytes play a role in the homeostatic regulation of the HPT axis; activation of TRH signaling in tanycytes elevates their intracellular Ca2+ via Gαq/11 pathway, ultimately resulting in reduced TRH release into the pituitary vessels.
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Bruce EB, de Kloet AD. The intricacies of the renin-angiotensin-system in metabolic regulation. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:157-165. [PMID: 27887998 PMCID: PMC5600901 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS), which is best-known as an endocrine system with established roles in hydromineral balance and blood pressure control, has emerged as a fundamental regulator of many additional physiological and pathophysiological processes. In this manuscript, we celebrate and honor Randall Sakai's commitment to his trainees, as well as his contribution to science. Scientifically, Randall made many notable contributions to the recognition of the RAS's roles in brain and behavior. His interests, in this regard, ranged from its traditionally-accepted roles in hydromineral balance, to its less-appreciated functions in stress responses and energy metabolism. Here we review the current understanding of the role of the RAS in the regulation of metabolism. In particular, the opposing actions of the RAS within adipose tissue vs. its actions within the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Bruce
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, United States
| | - Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States.
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50
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Diniz GB, Bittencourt JC. The Melanin-Concentrating Hormone as an Integrative Peptide Driving Motivated Behaviors. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:32. [PMID: 28611599 PMCID: PMC5447028 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an important peptide implicated in the control of motivated behaviors. History, however, made this peptide first known for its participation in the control of skin pigmentation, from which its name derives. In addition to this peripheral role, MCH is strongly implicated in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, mating and, more recently, maternal behavior. It is suggested that MCH acts as an integrative peptide, converging sensory information and contributing to a general arousal of the organism. In this review, we will discuss the various aspects of energy homeostasis to which MCH has been associated to, focusing on the different inputs that feed the MCH peptidergic system with information regarding the homeostatic status of the organism and the exogenous sensory information that drives this system, as well as the outputs that allow MCH to act over a wide range of homeostatic and behavioral controls, highlighting the available morphological and hodological aspects that underlie these integrative actions. Besides the well-described role of MCH in feeding behavior, a prime example of hypothalamic-mediated integration, we will also examine those functions in which the participation of MCH has not yet been extensively characterized, including sexual, maternal, and defensive behaviors. We also evaluated the available data on the distribution of MCH and its function in the context of animals in their natural environment. Finally, we briefly comment on the evidence for MCH acting as a coordinator between different modalities of motivated behaviors, highlighting the most pressing open questions that are open for investigations and that could provide us with important insights about hypothalamic-dependent homeostatic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanne B. Diniz
- Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C. Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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