1
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Verduzco-Mendoza A, Mota-Rojas D, Olmos-Hernández A, Avila-Luna A, García-García K, Gálvez-Rosas A, Hidalgo-Bravo A, Ríos C, Parra-Cid C, Montes S, García-López J, Ramos-Languren LE, Pérez-Severiano F, González-Piña R, Bueno-Nava A. Changes in Noradrenergic Synthesis and Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Activity in Response to Oxidative Stress after Iron-induced Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:3043-3059. [PMID: 39105899 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Noradrenaline (NA) levels are altered during the first hours and several days after cortical injury. NA modulates motor functional recovery. The present study investigated whether iron-induced cortical injury modulated noradrenergic synthesis and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in response to oxidative stress in the brain cortex, pons and cerebellum of the rat. Seventy-eight rats were divided into two groups: (a) the sham group, which received an intracortical injection of a vehicle solution; and (b) the injured group, which received an intracortical injection of ferrous chloride. Motor deficits were evaluated for 20 days post-injury. On the 3rd and 20th days, the rats were euthanized to measure oxidative stress indicators (reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)) and catecholamines (NA, dopamine (DA)), plus DBH mRNA and protein levels. Our results showed that iron-induced brain cortex injury increased noradrenergic synthesis and DBH activity in the brain cortex, pons and cerebellum at 3 days post-injury, predominantly on the ipsilateral side to the injury, in response to oxidative stress. A compensatory increase in contralateral noradrenergic activity was observed, but without changes in the DBH mRNA and protein levels in the cerebellum and pons. In conclusion, iron-induced cortical injury increased the noradrenergic response in the brain cortex, pons and cerebellum, particularly on the ipsilateral side, accompanied by a compensatory response on the contralateral side. The oxidative stress was countered by antioxidant activity, which favored functional recovery following motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana CBS, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Avila-Luna
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karla García-García
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arturo Gálvez-Rosas
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Hidalgo-Bravo
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana CBS, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carmen Parra-Cid
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Montes
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, calle 16 y lago de Chapala, Aztlán, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Julieta García-López
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Laura E Ramos-Languren
- Facultad de Psicología, División de Estudios Profesionales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Av. Universidad 3040, Col, Copilco Universidad Alcaldía Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSa, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto González-Piña
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Clínica de Rehabilitación del Daño Cerebral CLIREDACE "Dr. Hugo Iván González Gutiérrez", Monterrey 243, Col. Roma Sur, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- Dirección de Investigación, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Química de la Discapacidad, Coordinación de Neurociencias Básica, Arenal de Guadalupe, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, SSa, Calz. México-Xochimilco 289, Ciudad de México, 14389, Mexico.
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2
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Kraus M, Hassannia F, Dabiri S, Vergara Olmos G, Rutka JA. Central Vestibular Dysfunction in Head Injury. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 53:19160216241250354. [PMID: 38888938 PMCID: PMC11155370 DOI: 10.1177/19160216241250354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to provide an overview of dizziness post head injury in those with prominent features for central vestibular dysfunction (CVD) in comparison to those with a post-traumatic peripheral vestibular etiology. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective. SETTING University Health Network (UHN) Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) database from 1988 to 2018 were evaluated for post-traumatic dizziness. METHODS The UHN WSIB neurotology database (n = 4291) between 1998 and 2018 was retrospectively studied for head-injured workers presenting with features for CVD associated with trauma. All patients had a detailed neurotological history and examination, audiovestibular testing that included video nystagmography (VNG) and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs). Imaging studies including routine brain and high-resolution temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scans and/or intracranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were available for the majority of injured workers. RESULTS Among 4291 head-injured workers with dizziness, 23 were diagnosed with features/findings denoting CVD. Complaints of imbalance were significantly more common in those with CVD compared to vertigo and headache in those with peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Atypical positional nystagmus, oculomotor abnormalities and facial paralysis were more common in those with CVD. CONCLUSION Symptomatic post-traumatic central vestibular injury is uncommon. It occurred primarily following high-impact trauma and was reflective for a more severe head injury where shearing effects on the brain often resulted in diffuse axonal injury. Complaints of persistent imbalance and ataxia were more common than complaints of vertigo. Eye movement abnormalities were highly indicative for central nervous system injury even in those with minimal change on CT/MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordechai Kraus
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka Medical School, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Southern Israel
| | - Fatemeh Hassannia
- Division of Otology/Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sasan Dabiri
- Division of Otology/Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriela Vergara Olmos
- Division of Otology/Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Alexander Rutka
- Division of Otology/Neurotology, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Chen CH, Newman LN, Stark AP, Bond KE, Zhang D, Nardone S, Vanderburg CR, Nadaf NM, Yao Z, Mutume K, Flaquer I, Lowell BB, Macosko EZ, Regehr WG. A Purkinje cell to parabrachial nucleus pathway enables broad cerebellar influence over the forebrain. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1929-1941. [PMID: 37919612 PMCID: PMC11348979 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its motor functions, the cerebellum is involved in emotional regulation, anxiety and affect. We found that suppressing the firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) rapidly excites forebrain areas that contribute to such functions (including the amygdala, basal forebrain and septum), but that the classic cerebellar outputs, the deep cerebellar nuclei, do not directly project there. We show that PCs directly inhibit parabrachial nuclei (PBN) neurons that project to numerous forebrain regions. Suppressing the PC-PBN pathway influences many regions in the forebrain and is aversive. Molecular profiling shows that PCs directly inhibit numerous types of PBN neurons that control diverse behaviors that are not involved in motor control. Therefore, the PC-PBN pathway allows the cerebellum to directly regulate activity in the forebrain, and may be an important substrate for cerebellar disorders arising from damage to the posterior vermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Leannah N Newman
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda P Stark
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine E Bond
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Nardone
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles R Vanderburg
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naeem M Nadaf
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kefiloe Mutume
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabella Flaquer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Giordano KR, Law LM, Henderson J, Rowe RK, Lifshitz J. Time Course of Remote Neuropathology Following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Male Rat. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:105-115. [PMID: 35673999 PMCID: PMC9194637 DOI: 10.5607/en21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect different regions throughout the brain. Regions near the site of impact are the most vulnerable to injury. However, damage to distal regions occurs. We investigated progressive neuropathology in the dorsal hippocampus (near the impact) and cerebellum (distal to the impact) after diffuse TBI. Adult male rats were subjected to midline fluid percussion injury or sham injury. Brain tissue was stained by the amino cupric silver stain. Neuropathology was quantified in sub-regions of the dorsal hippocampus at 1, 7, and 28 days post-injury (DPI) and coronal cerebellar sections at 1, 2, and 7 DPI. The highest observed neuropathology in the dentate gyrus occurred at 7 DPI which attenuated by 28 DPI, whereas the highest observed neuropathology was at 1 DPI in the CA3 region. There was no significant neuropathology in the CA1 region at any time point. Neuropathology was increased at 7 DPI in the cerebellum compared to shams and stripes of pathology were observed in the molecular layer perpendicular to the cerebellar cortical surface. Together these data show that diffuse TBI can result in neuropathology across the brain. By describing the time course of pathology in response to TBI, it is possible to build the temporal profile of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Giordano
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.,Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - L Matthew Law
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.,Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Jordan Henderson
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.,Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
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5
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Bishop R, Won SJ, Irvine KA, Basu J, Rome ES, Swanson RA. Blast-induced axonal degeneration in the rat cerebellum in the absence of head movement. Sci Rep 2022; 12:143. [PMID: 34996954 PMCID: PMC8741772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast exposure can injure brain by multiple mechanisms, and injury attributable to direct effects of the blast wave itself have been difficult to distinguish from that caused by rapid head displacement and other secondary processes. To resolve this issue, we used a rat model of blast exposure in which head movement was either strictly prevented or permitted in the lateral plane. Blast was found to produce axonal injury even with strict prevention of head movement. This axonal injury was restricted to the cerebellum, with the exception of injury in visual tracts secondary to ocular trauma. The cerebellar axonal injury was increased in rats in which blast-induced head movement was permitted, but the pattern of injury was unchanged. These findings support the contentions that blast per se, independent of head movement, is sufficient to induce axonal injury, and that axons in cerebellar white matter are particularly vulnerable to direct blast-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bishop
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave (E4-220), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jayinee Basu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Eric S Rome
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
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6
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Verduzco-Mendoza A, Carrillo-Mora P, Avila-Luna A, Gálvez-Rosas A, Olmos-Hernández A, Mota-Rojas D, Bueno-Nava A. Role of the Dopaminergic System in the Striatum and Its Association With Functional Recovery or Rehabilitation After Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:693404. [PMID: 34248494 PMCID: PMC8264205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.693404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabilities are estimated to occur in approximately 2% of survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) worldwide, and disability may persist even decades after brain injury. Facilitation or modulation of functional recovery is an important goal of rehabilitation in all patients who survive severe TBI. However, this recovery tends to vary among patients because it is affected by the biological and physical characteristics of the patients; the types, doses, and application regimens of the drugs used; and clinical indications. In clinical practice, diverse dopaminergic drugs with various dosing and application procedures are used for TBI. Previous studies have shown that dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is disrupted following moderate to severe TBI and have reported beneficial effects of drugs that affect the dopaminergic system. However, the mechanisms of action of dopaminergic drugs have not been completely clarified, partly because dopaminergic receptor activation can lead to restoration of the pathway of the corticobasal ganglia after injury in brain structures with high densities of these receptors. This review aims to provide an overview of the functionality of the dopaminergic system in the striatum and its roles in functional recovery or rehabilitation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Ph.D. Program in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Avila-Luna
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Gálvez-Rosas
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Dolenec P, Pilipović K, Janković T, Župan G. Pattern of Neuronal and Axonal Damage, Glial Response, and Synaptic Changes in Rat Cerebellum within the First Week following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:1163-1182. [PMID: 33057716 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined damage and repair processes in the rat cerebellum within the first week following moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) over the left parietal cortex. Rats were killed 1, 3, or 7 days after the injury or sham procedure. Fluoro-Jade B staining revealed 2 phases of neurodegenerative changes in the cell bodies and fibers: first, more focal, 1 day after the LFPI, and second, widespread, starting on post-injury day 3. Purkinje cell loss was detected in posterior lobule IX 1 day following LFPI. Apoptosis was observed in the cerebellar cortex, on days 1 and 7 following LFPI, and was not caspase- or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-mediated. AIF immunostaining indicated axonal damage in the cerebellar white matter tracts 3- and 7-days post-injury. Significant astrocytosis and microgliosis were noticed on day 7 following LFPI at the sites of neuronal damage and loss. Immunohistochemical labeling with the presynaptic markers synaptophysin and growth-associated protein-43 revealed synaptic perturbations already on day 1 that were more pronounced at later time points following LFPI. These results provide new insights into pathophysiological alterations in the cerebellum and their mechanisms following cerebral TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dolenec
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tamara Janković
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Župan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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8
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Fraunberger EA, DeJesus P, Zanier ER, Shutt TE, Esser MJ. Acute and Persistent Alterations of Cerebellar Inflammatory Networks and Glial Activation in a Rat Model of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1315-1330. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Fraunberger
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pauline DeJesus
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael J. Esser
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Knoll RM, Ishai R, Lubner RJ, Trakimas DR, Brodsky JR, Jung DH, Rauch SD, Nadol JB, Remenschneider AK, Kozin ED. Peripheral Vestibular Organ Degeneration After Temporal Bone Fracture: A Human Otopathology Study. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:752-760. [PMID: 31074866 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Vestibular symptoms are a common sequela of temporal bone fractures (TBFs). The mechanisms of injury to the peripheral vestibular system following TBF, however, are not well described. Herein, we aimed to investigate the histopathology of the peripheral vestibular system in patients who sustained TBFs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective human specimen analysis. METHODS Specimens from the National Temporal Bone Pathology Registry with (cases) and without (controls) TBFs were evaluated. Specimens were analyzed by light microscopy for vestibular hair cell and/or dendritic degeneration, presence of endolymphatic hydrops, blockage of the endolymphatic duct, and number of Scarpa ganglion cells (ScGCs) in the superior and inferior vestibular nerves. RESULTS Seven temporal bones (TBs) from five individuals with TBFs, and seven TBs from six age-matched individuals without a history of head injury met inclusion and exclusion criteria. All fractures involved the otic capsule. Severe degeneration of the cristae was identified in the semicircular canals in all TBF cases. The utricular and saccular maculae showed mild to severe degeneration in the TBF cases. Vestibular hydrops (n = 2 TBs) and blockage of the endolymphatic duct (n = 3 TBs) were also present in the TBF cases. There was a decrease of 52.6% in the mean total ScGC count in the TBF cases (n = 3 TBs) compared to age-matched controls (n = 7 TBs, P = .015). There was a mean loss of 53% of the ScGCs in the superior vestibular nerve and a mean loss of 52.3% of the ScGCs in the inferior vestibular nerve compared to age-matched controls (P = .033 and P = .021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of patients with TBFs, there were distinct peripheral vestibular changes including reduction of ScGCs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:752-760, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Knoll
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reuven Ishai
- Otopathology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rory J Lubner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode, Island
| | - Danielle R Trakimas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Jacob R Brodsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David H Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Otopathology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven D Rauch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Otopathology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph B Nadol
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Otopathology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron K Remenschneider
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Elliott D Kozin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Otopathology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Llufriu-Dabén G, Meffre D, Massaad C, Jafarian-Tehrani M. A novel model of trauma-induced cerebellar injury and myelin loss in mouse organotypic cerebellar slice cultures using live imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 311:385-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Rodriguez UA, Zeng Y, Deyo D, Parsley MA, Hawkins BE, Prough DS, DeWitt DS. Effects of Mild Blast Traumatic Brain Injury on Cerebral Vascular, Histopathological, and Behavioral Outcomes in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:375-392. [PMID: 29160141 PMCID: PMC5784797 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), several groups of rats were subjected to blast injury or sham injury in a compressed air-driven shock tube. The effects of bTBI on relative cerebral perfusion (laser Doppler flowmetry [LDF]), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) cerebral vascular resistance were measured for 2 h post-bTBI. Dilator responses to reduced intravascular pressure were measured in isolated middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments, ex vivo, 30 and 60 min post-bTBI. Neuronal injury was assessed (Fluoro-Jade C [FJC]) 24 and 48 h post-bTBI. Neurological outcomes (beam balance and walking tests) and working memory (Morris water maze [MWM]) were assessed 2 weeks post-bTBI. Because impact TBI (i.e., non-blast TBI) is often associated with reduced cerebral perfusion and impaired cerebrovascular function in part because of the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite (ONOO-), the effects of the administration of the ONOO- scavenger, penicillamine methyl ester (PenME), on cerebral perfusion and cerebral vascular resistance were measured for 2 h post-bTBI. Mild bTBI resulted in reduced relative cerebral perfusion and MCA dilator responses to reduced intravascular pressure, increases in cerebral vascular resistance and in the numbers of FJC-positive cells in the brain, and significantly impaired working memory. PenME administration resulted in significant reductions in cerebral vascular resistance and a trend toward increased cerebral perfusion, suggesting that ONOO- may contribute to blast-induced cerebral vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uylissa A. Rodriguez
- Cell Biology Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yaping Zeng
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Donald Deyo
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Margaret A. Parsley
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Bridget E. Hawkins
- Cell Biology Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Donald S. Prough
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Douglas S. DeWitt
- Cell Biology Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- The Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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12
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Acute stress promotes post-injury brain regeneration in fish. Brain Res 2017; 1676:28-37. [PMID: 28916442 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system and the immune system, the two major players in homeostasis, operate in the ongoing bidirectional interaction. Stress is the third player that exerts strong effect on these two 'supersystems'; yet, its impact is studied much less. In this work employing carp model, we studied the influence of preliminary stress on neural and immune networks involved in post-injury brain regeneration. The relevant in vivo models of air-exposure stress and precisely directed cerebellum injury have been developed. Neuronal regeneration was evaluated by using specific tracers of cell proliferation and differentiation. Involvement of immune networks was accessed by monitoring the expression of selected T cells markers. Contrast difference between acute and chronic stress manifested in the fact that chronically stressed fish did not survive the brain injury. Neuronal regeneration appeared as a biphasic process whereas involvement of immune system proceeded as a monophasic route. In stressed fish, immune response was fast and accompanied or even preceded neuronal regeneration. In unstressed subjects, immune response took place on the second phase of neuronal regeneration. These findings imply an intrinsic regulatory impact of acute stress on neuronal and immune factors involved in post-injury brain regeneration. Stress activates both neuronal and immune defense mechanisms and thus contributes to faster regeneration. In this context, paradoxically, acute preliminary stress might be considered a distinct asset in speeding up the following post-injury brain regeneration.
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13
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Wang Z, Wu W, Liu Y, Wang T, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhou G, Chen R. Altered Cerebellar White Matter Integrity in Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Acute Stage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151489. [PMID: 26967320 PMCID: PMC4788444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Imaging studies of traumatic brain injury demonstrate that the cerebellum is often affected. We aim to examine fractional anisotropy alteration in acute-phase mild traumatic brain injury patients in cerebellum-related white matter tracts. Materials and Methods This prospective study included 47 mild traumatic brain injury patients in the acute stage and 37 controls. MR imaging and neurocognitive tests were performed in patients within 7 days of injury. White matter integrity was examined by using diffusion tensor imaging. We used three approaches, tract-based spatial statistics, graphical-model-based multivariate analysis, and region-of-interest analysis, to detect altered cerebellar white matter integrity in mild traumatic brain injury patients. Results Results from three analysis methods were in accordance with each other, and suggested fractional anisotropy in the middle cerebellar peduncle and the pontine crossing tract was changed in the acute-phase mild traumatic brain injury patients, relative to controls (adjusted p-value < 0.05). Higher fractional anisotropy in the middle cerebellar peduncle was associated with worse performance in the fluid cognition composite (r = -0.289, p-value = 0.037). Conclusion Altered cerebellar fractional anisotropy in acute-phase mild traumatic brain injury patients is localized in specific regions and statistically associated with cognitive deficits detectable on neurocognitive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenzhong Wu
- Department of Acupuncture & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Guoxing Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
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14
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Drijkoningen D, Leunissen I, Caeyenberghs K, Hoogkamer W, Sunaert S, Duysens J, Swinnen SP. Regional volumes in brain stem and cerebellum are associated with postural impairments in young brain-injured patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4897-909. [PMID: 26441014 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) suffer from postural control impairments that can profoundly affect daily life. The cerebellum and brain stem are crucial for the neural control of posture and have been shown to be vulnerable to primary and secondary structural consequences of TBI. The aim of this study was to investigate whether morphometric differences in the brain stem and cerebellum can account for impairments in static and dynamic postural control in TBI. TBI patients (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 30) completed three challenging postural control tasks on the EquiTest® system (Neurocom). Infratentorial grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes were analyzed with cerebellum-optimized voxel-based morphometry using the spatially unbiased infratentorial toolbox. Volume loss in TBI patients was revealed in global cerebellar GM, global infratentorial WM, middle cerebellar peduncles, pons and midbrain. In the TBI group and across both groups, lower postural control performance was associated with reduced GM volume in the vermal/paravermal regions of lobules I-IV, V and VI. Moreover, across all participants, worse postural control performance was associated with lower WM volume in the pons, medulla, midbrain, superior and middle cerebellar peduncles and cerebellum. This is the first study in TBI patients to demonstrate an association between postural impairments and reduced volume in specific infratentorial brain areas. Volumetric measures of the brain stem and cerebellum may be valuable prognostic markers of the chronic neural pathology, which complicates rehabilitation of postural control in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Drijkoningen
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Leunissen
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacques Duysens
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), Belgium
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15
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Romero K, Lobaugh NJ, Black SE, Ehrlich L, Feinstein A. Old wine in new bottles: validating the clinical utility of SPECT in predicting cognitive performance in mild traumatic brain injury. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:15-24. [PMID: 25466236 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neural underpinnings of cognitive dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) are not fully understood. Consequently, patient prognosis using existing clinical imaging is somewhat imprecise. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a frequently employed investigation in this population, notwithstanding uncertainty over the clinical utility of the data obtained. In this study, subjects with mild TBI underwent (99m)Tc-ECD SPECT scanning, and were administered a brief battery of cognitive tests and self-report symptom scales of concussion and emotional distress. Testing took place 2 weeks (n=84) and 1 year (n=49) post-injury. Multivariate analysis (i.e., partial least squares analysis) revealed that frontal perfusion in right superior frontal and middle frontal gyri predicted poorer performance on the Stroop test, an index of executive function, both at initial and follow-up testing. Conversely, SPECT scans categorized as normal or abnormal by radiologists did not differentiate cognitively impaired from intact subjects. These results demonstrate the clinical utility of SPECT in mild TBI, but only when data are subjected to blood flow quantification analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Romero
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5.
| | - Nancy J Lobaugh
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Sandra E Black
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5; L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Lisa Ehrlich
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Anthony Feinstein
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
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16
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Park MS, Oh HA, Ko IG, Kim SE, Kim SH, Kim CJ, Kim HB, Kim H. Influence of mild traumatic brain injury during pediatric stage on short-term memory and hippocampal apoptosis in adult rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10:148-54. [PMID: 25061593 PMCID: PMC4106768 DOI: 10.12965/jer.140109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of neurological deficit in the brain, which induces short- and long-term brain damage, cognitive impairment with/without structural alteration, motor deficits, emotional problems, and death both in children and adults. In the present study, we evaluated whether mild TBI in childhood causes persisting memory impairment until adulthood. Moreover, we investigated the influence of mild TBI on memory impairment in relation with hippocampal apoptosis. For this, step-down avoidance task, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 were performed. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the experiments. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: sham-operation group and TBI-induction group. The mild TBI model was created with an electromagnetic contusion device activated at a velocity of 3.0 m/sec. The results showed that mild TBI during the pediatric stage significantly decreased memory retention. The numbers of TUNEL-positive and caspase-3-positive cells were increased in the TBI-induction group compared to those in the sham-operation group. Defective memory retention and apoptosis sustained up to the adult stage. The present results shows that mild TBI induces long-lasting cognitive impairment from pediatric to adult stages in rats through the high level of apoptosis. The finding of this study suggests that children with mild TBI may need intensive treatments for the reduction of long-lasting cognitive impairment by secondary neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sook Park
- Department of Health and Welfare for the Elderly, Graduate School, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hyean-Ae Oh
- Department of Health and Welfare for the Elderly, Graduate School, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Bae Kim
- Department of Taekwondo, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hong Kim
- Department of Oriental Sports Medicine, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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17
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Prudente C, Pardo C, Xiao J, Hanfelt J, Hess E, LeDoux M, Jinnah H. Neuropathology of cervical dystonia. Exp Neurol 2013; 241:95-104. [PMID: 23195594 PMCID: PMC3570661 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to search for neuropathological changes in postmortem brain tissue of individuals with cervical dystonia (CD). Multiple regions of formalin-preserved brains were collected from patients with CD and controls and examined with an extensive battery of histopathological stains in a two-stage study design. In stage one, 4 CD brains underwent a broad screening neuropathological examination. In stage two, these 4 CD brains were combined with 2 additional CD brains, and the subjective findings were quantified and compared to 16 age-matched controls. The initial subjective neuropathological assessment revealed only two regions with relatively consistent changes. The substantia nigra had frequent ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions known as Marinesco bodies. Additionally, the cerebellum showed patchy loss of Purkinje cells, areas of focal gliosis and torpedo bodies. Other brain regions showed minor or inconsistent changes. In the second stage of the analysis, quantitative studies failed to reveal significant differences in the numbers of Marinesco bodies in CD versus controls, but confirmed a significantly lower Purkinje cell density in CD. Molecular investigations revealed 4 of the CD cases and 2 controls to harbor sequence variants in non-coding regions of THAP1, and these cases had lower Purkinje cell densities regardless of whether they had CD. The findings suggest that subtle neuropathological changes such as lower Purkinje cell density may be found in primary CD when relevant brain regions are investigated with appropriate methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C.A. Pardo
- Dept. of Neurology & Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD -
| | - J. Xiao
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN -
| | - J. Hanfelt
- Dept. of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta GA -
| | - E.J. Hess
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta GA -
| | - M.S. LeDoux
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN -
| | - H.A. Jinnah
- Dept. of Neurology, Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA
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18
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Toledo E, Lebel A, Becerra L, Minster A, Linnman C, Maleki N, Dodick DW, Borsook D. The young brain and concussion: imaging as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1510-31. [PMID: 22476089 PMCID: PMC3372677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)) is a significant pediatric public health concern. Despite increased awareness, a comprehensive understanding of the acute and chronic effects of concussion on central nervous system structure and function remains incomplete. Here we review the definition, epidemiology, and sequelae of concussion within the developing brain, during childhood and adolescence, with current data derived from studies of pathophysiology and neuroimaging. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the neurological consequences of traumatic brain injuries, which in turn, may lead to the development of brain biomarkers to improve identification, management and prognosis of pediatric patients suffering from concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Toledo
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, United States
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19
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Kim HJ. The prognostic factors related to traumatic brain stem injury. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2012; 51:24-30. [PMID: 22396839 PMCID: PMC3291702 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2012.51.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to assess the clinical significance of traumatic brain stem injury (TBSI) reflected on Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) by various clinical variables. Methods A total of 136 TBSI patients were selected out of 2695 head-injured patients. All initial computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging studies were retrospectively analyzed according to demographic- and injury variables which result in GCS and GOS. Results In univariate analysis, mode of injury showed a significant effect on combined injury (p<0.001), as were the cases with skull fracture on radiologic finding (p<0.000). The GCS showed a various correlation with radiologic finding (p<0.000), mode of injury (p<0.002), but less favorably with impact site (p<0.052), age (p<0.054) and skull fracture (p<0.057), in order of statistical significances. However, only GOS showed a definite correlation to radiologic finding (p<0.000). In multivariate analysis, the individual variables to enhance an unfavorable effect on GCS were radiologic finding [odds ratio (OR) 7.327, 95% confidence interval (CI)], mode of injury (OR; 4.499, 95% CI) and age (OR; 3.141, 95% CI). Those which influence an unfavorable effect on GOS were radiologic finding (OR; 25.420, 95% CI) and age (OR; 2.674, 95% CI). Conclusion In evaluation of TBSI on outcome, the variables such as radiological finding, mode of injury, and age were revealed as three important ones to have an unfavorable effect on early stage outcome expressed as GCS. However, mode of injury was shown not to have an unfavorable effect on late stage outcome as GOS. Among all unfavorable variables, radiological finding was confirmed as the only powerful prognostic variable both on GCS and GOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Joo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
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20
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Seo TB, Kim BK, Ko IG, Kim DH, Shin MS, Kim CJ, Yoon JH, Kim H. Effect of treadmill exercise on Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in the cerebellum after traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 481:178-82. [PMID: 20603186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is one of the brain areas, which is selectively vulnerable to forebrain traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Physical exercise in animals is known to promote cell survival and functional recovery after brain injuries. However, the detailed pathologic and functional alterations by exercise following an indirect cerebellar injury induced by a TBI are largely unknown. We determined the effects of treadmill exercise on survival of Purkinje neurons and on a population of reactive astrocytes in the gyrus of lobules VIII and IX of the cerebellum after TBI. The rats were divided into four groups: the sham-operation group, the sham-operation with exercise group, the TBI-induction group, and the TBI-induction with exercise group. Cell biological changes of Purkinje neurons following indirect cerebellar injury were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. TBI-induced loss of calbindin-stained Purkinje neurons in the posterior region of the cerebellum and TBI also increased formation of reactive astroyctes in both the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellar posterior region. Treadmill exercise for 10 days after TBI increased the number of calbindin-stained Purkinje neurons and suppressed formation of reactive astroyctes. The present study provides the possibility that treadmill exercise may be an important mediator to enhance survival of Purkinje neurons in TBI-induced indirect cerebellar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoigi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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21
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Peskind ER, Petrie EC, Cross DJ, Pagulayan K, McCraw K, Hoff D, Hart K, Yu CE, Raskind MA, Cook DG, Minoshima S. Cerebrocerebellar hypometabolism associated with repetitive blast exposure mild traumatic brain injury in 12 Iraq war Veterans with persistent post-concussive symptoms. Neuroimage 2010; 54 Suppl 1:S76-82. [PMID: 20385245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disagreement exists regarding the extent to which persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS) reported by Iraq combat Veterans with repeated episodes of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from explosive blasts represent structural or functional brain damage or an epiphenomenon of comorbid depression or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective assessment of brain function in this population may clarify the issue. To this end, twelve Iraq war Veterans (32.0 ± 8.5 [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] years of age) reporting one or more blast exposures meeting American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine criteria for mTBI and persistent PCS and 12 cognitively normal community volunteers (53.0 ± 4.6 years of age) without history of head trauma underwent brain fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and neuropsychological assessments and completed PCS and psychiatric symptom rating scales. Compared to controls, Veterans with mTBI (with or without PTSD) exhibited decreased cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in the cerebellum, vermis, pons, and medial temporal lobe. They also exhibited subtle impairments in verbal fluency, cognitive processing speed, attention, and working memory, similar to those reported in the literature for patients with cerebellar lesions. These FDG-PET imaging findings suggest that regional brain hypometabolism may constitute a neurobiological substrate for chronic PCS in Iraq combat Veterans with repetitive blast-trauma mTBI. Given the potential public health implications of these findings, further investigation of brain function in these Veterans appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine R Peskind
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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22
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Kilbourne M, Kuehn R, Tosun C, Caridi J, Keledjian K, Bochicchio G, Scalea T, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Novel model of frontal impact closed head injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:2233-43. [PMID: 19929375 PMCID: PMC2824220 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontal impact, closed head trauma is a frequent cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in motor vehicle and sports accidents. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is common in humans and experimental animals, and results from shearing forces that develop within the anisotropic brain. Because the specific anisotropic properties of the brain are axis-dependent, the anatomical site where force is applied as well as the resultant acceleration, be it linear, rotational, or some combination, are important determinants of the resulting pattern of brain injury. Available rodent models of closed head injury do not reproduce the frontal impact commonly encountered in humans. Here we describe a new rat model of closed head injury that is a modification of the impact-acceleration model of Marmarou. In our model (the Maryland model), the impact force is applied to the anterior part of the cranium and produces TBI by causing anterior-posterior plus sagittal rotational acceleration of the brain inside the intact cranium. Skull fractures, prolonged apnea, and mortality were absent. The animals exhibited petechial hemorrhages, DAI marked by a bead-like pattern of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in damaged axons, and widespread upregulation of beta-APP in neurons, with regions affected including the orbitofrontal cortex (coup), corpus callosum, caudate, putamen, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem. Activated caspase-3 was prominent in hippocampal neurons and Purkinje cells at the grey-white matter junction of the cerebellum. Neurobehavioral dysfunction, manifesting as reduced spontaneous exploration, lasted more than 1 week. We conclude that the Maryland model produces diffuse injuries that may be relevant to human brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kilbourne
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center , Washington, D.C., USA
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Potts MB, Adwanikar H, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Models of traumatic cerebellar injury. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 8:211-21. [PMID: 19495901 PMCID: PMC2734258 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-009-0114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies of human TBI demonstrate that the cerebellum is sometimes affected even when the initial mechanical insult is directed to the cerebral cortex. Some of the components of TBI, including ataxia, postural instability, tremor, impairments in balance and fine motor skills, and even cognitive deficits, may be attributed in part to cerebellar damage. Animal models of TBI have begun to explore the vulnerability of the cerebellum. In this paper, we review the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and putative mechanisms underlying cerebellar damage with an emphasis on experimental models that have been used to further elucidate this poorly understood but important aspect of TBI. Animal models of indirect (supratentorial) trauma to the cerebellum, including fluid percussion, controlled cortical impact, weight drop impact acceleration, and rotational acceleration injuries, are considered. In addition, we describe models that produce direct trauma to the cerebellum as well as those that reproduce specific components of TBI including axotomy, stab injury, in vitro stretch injury, and excitotoxicity. Overall, these models reveal robust characteristics of cerebellar damage including regionally specific Purkinje cell injury or loss, activation of glia in a distinct spatial pattern, and traumatic axonal injury. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cerebellar trauma, and the experimental models discussed here offer an important first step toward achieving that objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Potts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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