1
|
Lymer S, Patel K, Lennon J, Blau J. Circadian clock neurons use activity-regulated gene expression for structural plasticity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.25.595887. [PMID: 38826237 PMCID: PMC11142243 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.25.595887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Drosophila s-LNv circadian pacemaker neurons show dramatic structural plasticity, with their projections expanded at dawn and then retracted by dusk. This predictable plasticity makes s-LNvs ideal to study molecular mechanisms of plasticity. Although s-LNv plasticity is controlled by their molecular clock, changing s-LNv excitability also regulates plasticity. Here, we tested the idea that s-LNvs use activity-regulated genes to control plasticity. We found that inducing expression of either of the activity-regulated transcription factors Hr38 or Sr (orthologs of mammalian Nr4a1 and Egr1) is sufficient to rapidly expand s-LNv projections. Conversely, transiently knocking down expression of either Hr38 or sr blocks expansion of s-LNv projections at dawn. We show that Hr38 rapidly induces transcription of sif, which encodes a Rac1 GEF required for s-LNv plasticity rhythms. We conclude that the s-LNv molecular clock controls s-LNv excitability, which couples to an activity-regulated gene expression program to control s-LNv plasticity.
Collapse
|
2
|
Gielkens EMJ, Rossi G, van Alphen SPJ, Sobczak S. A First Exploration: Can Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Improve Cognition in Older Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2024; 37:206-221. [PMID: 37869986 DOI: 10.1177/08919887231207639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In older adults, PTSD is associated with decreased verbal learning and executive dysfunction. Therefore, feasibility of EMDR-treatment to improve cognitive performance in older adults with PTSD was examined. Additionally, we investigated pre-treatment correlation with often co-occurring risk factors for cognitive decline (sleep problems, depressive disorder, physical inactivity, childhood traumatic events). DESIGN Multicenter design with pre-post measurements. SETTING Psychiatric Dutch hospitals Mondriaan Mental Health Center and Altrecht. PARTICIPANTS 22 treatment-seeking PTSD-outpatients (60-84 years). INTERVENTION Weekly one-hour EMDR session during 3, 6, or 9 months. MEASUREMENTS PTSD was assessed with Clinician-Administered PTSD-scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Verbal learning memory was measured with Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), interference with Stroop Colour-Word Test (SCWT) and working memory with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Digit Span (WAIS-IV-DS). RESULTS A Linear mixed-model showed significant improvement on RAVLT immediate-recall (F (1, 21) = 15.928, P = .001, 95% CI -6.98-2.20), delayed-recall (F (1, 21) = 7.095, P = .015, 95% CI -2.43-.30), recognition (F (21) = 8.885, P = .007, 95% CI -1.70- -.30), and SCWT (F (1 ,21) = 5.504, P = .029, 95% CI 4.38-72.78) but not on WAIS-IV-DS (F (20) = -1.237, P = .230, 95% CI -3.07-.78). There was no significant influence of therapy duration and CAPS-5 pre-treatment scores. There were small-medium nonsignificant correlations between CAPS-5 and cognitive performance pre-post differences, and between most cognitive measures and sleep problems, depressive disorder, and physical inactivity. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive functioning on memory and attention possible increased in older adults with PTSD after EMDR treatment. Further research is needed with a larger sample and a control condition to corroborate these findings and to identify the possible mediating role of modifiable risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M J Gielkens
- Department Clinical Center of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Psychology Department, Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gina Rossi
- Psychology Department, Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan P J van Alphen
- Department Clinical Center of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Psychology Department, Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Sjacko Sobczak
- Department Clinical Center of Excellence for Older Adults with Personality Disorders, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Research Center Innovations in Care, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences (RUAS), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Norred MA, Zuschlag ZD, Hamner MB. A Neuroanatomic and Pathophysiologic Framework for Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Drugs 2024; 84:149-164. [PMID: 38413493 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder inflicting high degrees of symptomatic and socioeconomic burdens. The development of PTSD results from a cascade of events with contributions from multiple processes and the underlying pathophysiology is complex, involving neurotransmitters, neurocircuitry, and neuroanatomical pathways. Presently, only two medications are US FDA-approved for the treatment of PTSD, both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, the complex underlying pathophysiology suggests a number of alternative pathways and mechanisms that may be targets for potential drug development. Indeed, investigations and drug development are proceeding in a number of these alternative, non-serotonergic pathways in an effort to improve the management of PTSD. In this manuscript, the authors introduce novel and emerging treatments for PTSD, including drugs in various stages of development and clinical testing (BI 1358894, BNC-210, PRAX-114, JZP-150, LU AG06466, NYV-783, PH-94B, SRX246, TNX-102), established agents and known compounds being investigated for their utility in PTSD (brexpiprazole, cannabidiol, doxasoin, ganaxolone, intranasal neuropeptide Y, intranasal oxytocin, tianeptine oxalate, verucerfont), and emerging psychedelic interventions (ketamine, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy), with an aim to examine and integrate these agents into the underlying pathophysiological frameworks of trauma-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Norred
- Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zachary D Zuschlag
- Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark B Hamner
- Behavioral Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith PF. Interpreting the meaning of changes in hippocampal volume associated with vestibular loss. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1254972. [PMID: 37608860 PMCID: PMC10440551 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1254972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have documented cognitive deficits, especially spatial cognitive deficits, in patients with some form of vestibular loss. Almost 20 years ago, hippocampal (HPC) atrophy was reported to be correlated with spatial memory deficits in such patients and the idea has gradually emerged that HPC atrophy may be causally responsible for the cognitive deficits. However, the results of studies of HPC volume following vestibular loss have not always been consistent, and a number of studies have reported no evidence of HPC atrophy. This paper argues that HPC atrophy, if it does occur following vestibular loss, may not be directly, causally responsible for the cognitive deficits, and that it is more likely that rapid functional changes in the HPC are responsible, due to the interruption of the transmission of vestibular information to the HPC. The argument presented here rests on 3 tranches of evidence: (1) Cognitive deficits have been observed in humans even in the absence of HPC atrophy; (2) HPC atrophy has not been reported in animal studies following vestibular loss, despite cognitive deficits; and (3) Animal studies have shown that the interruption of the transmission of vestibular information to the HPC has immediate consequences for HPC place cells, far too quickly to be explained by HPC atrophy. It is possible that HPC atrophy, when it does occur, is related to the longer-term consquences of living with vestibular loss, which are likely to increase circulating cortisol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brain Health Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- The Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lo Y, Yi PL, Hsiao YT, Lee TY, Chang FC. A prolonged stress rat model recapitulates some PTSD-like changes in sleep and neuronal connectivity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:716. [PMID: 37438582 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibits psychological abnormalities during fear memory processing in rodent models. To simulate long-term impaired fear extinction in PTSD patients, we constructed a seven-day model with multiple prolonged stress (MPS) by modifying manipulation repetitions, intensity, and unpredictability of stressors. Behavioral and neural changes following MPS conveyed longitudinal PTSD-like effects in rats for 6 weeks. Extended fear memory was estimated through fear retrieval induced-freezing behavior and increased long-term serum corticosterone concentrations after MPS manipulation. Additionally, memory retrieval and behavioral anxiety tasks continued enhancing theta oscillation activity in the prefrontal cortex-basal lateral amygdala-ventral hippocampus pathway for an extended period. Moreover, MPS and remote fear retrieval stimuli disrupted sleep-wake activities to consolidate fear memory. Our prolonged fear memory, neuronal connectivity, anxiety, and sleep alteration results demonstrated integrated chronic PTSD symptoms in an MPS-induced rodent model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lu Yi
- Department of Sport Management, College of Tourism, Leisure and Sports, Aletheia University, New Taipei City, 25103, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Tse Hsiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Brain & Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110225, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chia Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain & Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110225, Taiwan.
- Neurobiology & Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen VCH, Chuang W, Chen CW, Tsai YH, McIntyre RS, Weng JC. Detecting microstructural alterations of cerebral white matter associated with breast cancer and chemotherapy revealed by generalized q-sampling MRI. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1161246. [PMID: 37363171 PMCID: PMC10289548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1161246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have discussed the impact of chemotherapy on the brain microstructure. There is no evidence of the impact regarding cancer-related psychiatric comorbidity on cancer survivors. We aimed to evaluate the impact of both chemotherapy and mental health problem on brain microstructural alterations and consequent cognitive dysfunction in breast cancer survivors. Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary center, data from 125 female breast cancer survivors who had not received chemotherapy (BB = 65; 49.86 ± 8.23 years) and had received chemotherapy (BA = 60; 49.82 ± 7.89 years) as well as from 71 age-matched healthy controls (47.18 ± 8.08 years) was collected. Chemotherapeutic agents used were docetaxel and epirubicin. We used neuropsychological testing and questionnaire to evaluate psychiatric comorbidity, cognitive dysfunction as well as generalized sampling imaging (GQI) and graph theoretical analysis (GTA) to detect microstructural alterations in the brain. Findings Cross-comparison between groups revealed that neurotoxicity caused by chemotherapy and cancer-related psychiatric comorbidity may affect the corpus callosum and middle frontal gyrus. In addition, GQI indices were correlated with the testing scores of cognitive function, quality of life, anxiety, and depression. Furthermore, weaker connections between brain regions and lower segregated ability were found in the post-treatment group. Conclusion This study suggests that chemotherapy and cancer-related mental health problem both play an important role in the development of white matter alterations and cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wei Chuang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsiung Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun-Cheng Weng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balasubramani PP, Diaz-Delgado J, Grennan G, Alim F, Zafar-Khan M, Maric V, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Distinct neural activations correlate with maximization of reward magnitude versus frequency. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6038-6050. [PMID: 36573422 PMCID: PMC10422923 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Choice selection strategies and decision-making are typically investigated using multiple-choice gambling paradigms that require participants to maximize expected value of rewards. However, research shows that performance in such paradigms suffers from individual biases towards the frequency of gains such that users often choose smaller frequent gains over larger rarely occurring gains, also referred to as melioration. To understand the basis of this subjective tradeoff, we used a simple 2-choice reward task paradigm in 186 healthy human adult subjects sampled across the adult lifespan. Cortical source reconstruction of simultaneously recorded electroencephalography suggested distinct neural correlates for maximizing reward magnitude versus frequency. We found that activations in the parahippocampal and entorhinal areas, which are typically linked to memory function, specifically correlated with maximization of reward magnitude. In contrast, maximization of reward frequency was correlated with activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortices and operculum, typical areas involved in reward processing. These findings reveal distinct neural processes serving reward frequency versus magnitude maximization that can have clinical translational utility to optimize decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi Priyadharsini Balasubramani
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Juan Diaz-Delgado
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gillian Grennan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fahad Alim
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mariam Zafar-Khan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vojislav Maric
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feng P, Becker B, Zhou F, Feng T, Chen Z. Sleep deprivation altered encoding of basolateral amygdala on fear acquisition. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2655-2668. [PMID: 35699604 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) may lead to the development of fear- and anxiety-related emotional disorders. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of SD on fear acquisition are unclear. Here, we tested whether and how SD influences the behavioral and neural manifestations of fear acquisition. We found that subjective fear ratings and objective fear indices (skin conductance response [SCR]) in the SD group were greater than those in the control group during fear acquisition, suggesting that SD facilitated fear acquisition (nSD = 18 and ncontrol = 23 for self-reported rating analysis; nSD = 10 and ncontrol = 10 for SCR analysis). Neuroimaging data showed that the SD group exhibited stronger activity in the left basolateral amygdala (BLA) and left superficial amygdala (SFA). Moreover, the left BLA activity, which positively correlated with the objective fear indices, significantly mediated the effect of SD on fear acquisition. Together, the present findings indicate that SD facilitates fear acquisition by augmenting threat-specific encoding in the BLA, which may be a potential biomarker of the risk of developing fear-related disorders under traumatic and distressing situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Department of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Calhoun CD, Stone KJ, Cobb AR, Patterson MW, Danielson CK, Bendezú JJ. The Role of Social Support in Coping with Psychological Trauma: An Integrated Biopsychosocial Model for Posttraumatic Stress Recovery. Psychiatr Q 2022; 93:949-970. [PMID: 36199000 PMCID: PMC9534006 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-022-10003-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical review proposes an integrated biopsychosocial model for stress recovery, highlighting the interconnectedness of intra- and interpersonal coping processes. The proposed model is conceptually derived from prior research examining interpersonal dynamics in the context of stressor-related disorders, and it highlights interconnections between relational partner dynamics, perceived self-efficacy, self-discovery, and biological stress responsivity during posttraumatic recovery. Intra- and interpersonal processes are discussed in the context of pre-, peri-, and post-trauma stress vulnerability as ongoing transactions occurring within the individual and between the individual and their environment. The importance of adopting an integrated model for future traumatic stress research is discussed. Potential applications of the model to behavioral interventions are also reviewed, noting the need for more detailed assessments of relational dynamics and therapeutic change mechanisms to determine how relational partners can most effectively contribute to stress recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey D Calhoun
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, CB 3270, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Katie J Stone
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adam R Cobb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Megan W Patterson
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carla Kmett Danielson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jason José Bendezú
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Woodward SH. Autonomic regulation during sleep in PTSD. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 21:100483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
|
11
|
Prefrontal cortical circuits in anxiety and fear: an overview. Front Med 2022; 16:518-539. [PMID: 35943704 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Pathological anxiety is among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat pharmacologically, and it represents a major societal problem. Studies have implicated structural changes within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and functional changes in the communication of the PFC with distal brain structures in anxiety disorders. Treatments that affect the activity of the PFC, including cognitive therapies and transcranial magnetic stimulation, reverse anxiety- and fear-associated circuit abnormalities through mechanisms that remain largely unclear. While the subjective experience of a rodent cannot be precisely determined, rodent models hold great promise in dissecting well-conserved circuits. Newly developed genetic and viral tools and optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques have revealed the intricacies of neural circuits underlying anxiety and fear by allowing direct examination of hypotheses drawn from existing psychological concepts. This review focuses on studies that have used these circuit-based approaches to gain a more detailed, more comprehensive, and more integrated view on how the PFC governs anxiety and fear and orchestrates adaptive defensive behaviors to hopefully provide a roadmap for the future development of therapies for pathological anxiety.
Collapse
|
12
|
Impact of Music in Males and Females for Relief from Neurodegenerative Disorder Stress. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:3080437. [PMID: 35494208 PMCID: PMC9019444 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3080437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurological imbalance sometimes resulted in stress, which is experienced by the number of people at some moment in their life. A considerable measurement scheme can quantify the stress level in an individual, in which music has always been considered as the best therapy for stress relief in healthy human being as well in severe medical conditions. In this work, the impact of four types of music interventions with the lyrics of Hindi music and varying spectral centroid has been studied for an analysis of stress relief in males and females. The self-reported data for stress using state-trait anxiety (STA) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals for 14 channels in response to music interventions have been considered. Features such as Hjorth (activity, mobility, and complexity), variance, standard deviation, skew, kurtosis, and mean have been extracted from five bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) of each channel of the recorded EEG signals from 9 males and 9 females of the age category between 18 and 25 years. The support vector machine classifier has been used to classify three subsets: (i) male and female, (ii) baseline and female, and (iii) baseline and male. The noteworthy accuracy of 100% was found at the delta band for the first subset, beta and gamma bands for the second subset, and beta, gamma, and delta bands for the third subset. STA score has shown more deviation in the male category than in female, which gives a clear insight into the impact of music intervention with varying spectral centroid that has a higher impact to relieve stress in the male category than the female category.
Collapse
|
13
|
Raut SB, Marathe PA, van Eijk L, Eri R, Ravindran M, Benedek DM, Ursano RJ, Canales JJ, Johnson LR. Diverse therapeutic developments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicate common mechanisms of memory modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108195. [PMID: 35489438 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterized by abnormally persistent and distressing memories, is a chronic debilitating condition in need of new treatment options. Current treatment guidelines recommend psychotherapy as first line management with only two drugs, sertraline and paroxetine, approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of PTSD. These drugs have limited efficacy as they only reduce symptoms related to depression and anxiety without producing permanent remission. PTSD remains a significant public health problem with high morbidity and mortality requiring major advances in therapeutics. Early evidence has emerged for the beneficial effects of psychedelics particularly in combination with psychotherapy for management of PTSD, including psilocybin, MDMA, LSD, cannabinoids, ayahuasca and ketamine. MDMA and psilocybin reduce barrier to therapy by increasing trust between therapist and patient, thus allowing for modification of trauma related memories. Furthermore, research into the memory reconsolidation mechanisms has allowed for identification of various pharmacological targets to disrupt abnormally persistent memories. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have investigated novel and re-purposed pharmacological agents to disrupt fear memory in PTSD. Novel therapeutic approaches like neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, cannabinoids and neuroactive steroids have also shown potential for PTSD treatment. Here, we focus on the role of fear memory in the pathophysiology of PTSD and propose that many of these new therapeutic strategies produce benefits through the effect on fear memory. Evaluation of recent research findings suggests that while a number of drugs have shown promising results in preclinical studies and pilot clinical trials, the evidence from large scale clinical trials would be needed for these drugs to be incorporated in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanket B Raut
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Padmaja A Marathe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Liza van Eijk
- Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Manoj Ravindran
- Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, North-West Private Hospital, Burnie TAS 7320, Australia
| | - David M Benedek
- Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Juan J Canales
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Luke R Johnson
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia; Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Almuwaqqat Z, Wittbrodt MT, Moazzami K, Nye JA, Lima BB, Shah AJ, Alkhalaf J, Pearce B, Sun YV, Quyyumi AA, Vaccarino V, Bremner JD. Neural correlates of stress and leucocyte telomere length in patients with coronary artery disease. J Psychosom Res 2022; 155:110760. [PMID: 35217318 PMCID: PMC8940678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated biological aging, as indicated by telomere shortening, is associated with CAD pathogenesis. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated neural correlates of acute psychological stress and short telomeres in patients with CAD. METHODS Individuals with CAD (N = 168) underwent a validated mental stress protocol including public speaking and mental arithmetic. Imaging of the brain with [O-15] water and high-resolution positron emission tomography (HR-PET) was performed during mental stress and control conditions. Blood flow during stressful tasks (average of speech and arithmetic) and control tasks were assessed. Telomere length in peripheral leucocytes was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as Telomere/Single Copy Gene (T/S) ratio. Voxel-wise regression models were constructed to assess the association between brain areas and activity during rest and mental stress after adjustments for demographic factors and clinical characteristics. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the sample was 62 (8) years, and 69% were men. Increased activation with mental stress in the lingual gyrus, cerebellum and superior and inferior frontal gyri were associated with reduced telomere length; 1.6 higher voxel activation of these areas was associated with 0.1 T/S-units reduction in telomere length (P < 0.005). Additionally, during neutral counting and speaking tasks, brain activity in the precentral, middle and superior frontal and middle temporal gyri was inversely associated with telomere length. Results remained consistent after adjustment for demographic and clinical risk factors. CONCLUSION Increased stress-induced activity in brain areas mediating the stress response was associated with shortened telomere length in CAD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Almuwaqqat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Matthew T Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Kasra Moazzami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bruno B Lima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Amit J Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Jamil Alkhalaf
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Brad Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li B, Zhang D, Verkhratsky A. Astrocytes in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:953-965. [PMID: 35349095 PMCID: PMC8960712 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is on the rise, traumatic events and their consequences are often hidden or minimized by patients for reasons linked to PTSD itself. Traumatic experiences can be broadly classified into mental stress (MS) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the cellular mechanisms of MS- or TBI-induced PTSD remain unknown. Recent evidence has shown that the morphological remodeling of astrocytes accompanies and arguably contributes to fearful memories and stress-related disorders. In this review, we summarize the roles of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of MS-PTSD and TBI-PTSD. Astrocytes synthesize and secrete neurotrophic, pro- and anti-inflammatory factors and regulate the microenvironment of the nervous tissue through metabolic pathways, ionostatic control, and homeostatic clearance of neurotransmitters. Stress or trauma-associated impairment of these vital astrocytic functions contribute to the pathophysiological evolution of PTSD and may present therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Dianjun Zhang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 01102, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Activated cell-cycle CDK4/CyclinD1-pRB-E2F1 signaling pathway is involved in the apoptosis of dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat model of PTSD. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 602:142-148. [PMID: 35272144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has been revealed to contribute to cognitive and arousal impairments associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an animal model. In our research an acute exposure to single prolonged stress (SPS) was used to establish PTSD rat model and the effects related to cell-cycle signaling pathway in DRN were examined. Apoptosis in DRN was detected by TUNEL staining, showing that DRN apoptosis number was sharply increased after SPS. SPS triggered cell-cycle CDK4/CyclinD1-pRB-E2F1 signal pathway. Treatment with CDK4 inhibitor Abemaciclib successfully attenuated the DRN apoptosis and rescued decreased spatial learning and memory abilities in SPS rats, indicating that activation of CDK4/CyclinD1-pRB-E2F1 pathway was involved in DRN apoptosis, which may be one of the pathogenesis for PTSD.
Collapse
|
17
|
Acute-stress-induced change in salience network coupling prospectively predicts post-trauma symptom development. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:63. [PMID: 35173142 PMCID: PMC8850556 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial individual differences exist in how acute stress affects large-scale neurocognitive networks, including salience (SN), default mode (DMN), and central executive networks (CEN). Changes in the connectivity strength of these networks upon acute stress may predict vulnerability to long-term stress effects, which can only be tested in prospective longitudinal studies. Using such longitudinal design, we investigated whether the magnitude of acute-stress-induced functional connectivity changes (delta-FC) predicts the development of post-traumatic stress-disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a relatively resilient group of young police students that are known to be at high risk for trauma exposure. Using resting-state fMRI, we measured acute-stress-induced delta-FC in 190 police recruits before (baseline) and after trauma exposure during repeated emergency-aid services (16-month follow-up). Delta-FC was then linked to the changes in perceived stress levels (PSS) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PCL and CAPS). Weakened connectivity between the SN and DMN core regions upon acute-stress induction at baseline predicted longitudinal increases in perceived-stress level but not of post-traumatic stress symptoms, whereas increased coupling between the overall SN and anterior cerebellum was observed in participants with higher clinician-rated PTSD symptoms, particularly intrusion levels. All the effects remained significant when controlling for trauma-exposure levels and cortisol-stress reactivity. Neither hormonal nor subjective measures exerted similar predictive or acquired effects. The reconfiguration of large-scale neural networks upon acute-stress induction is relevant for assessing and detecting risk and resilience factors for PTSD. This study highlights the SN connectivity-changes as a potential marker for trauma-related symptom development, which is sensitive even in a relatively resilient sample.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ranger V, Bedard M, Taler V. Social support, neurocognition, and posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 43:906-917. [PMID: 35098877 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most research investigating neurocognitive changes in participants with PTSD has focused on young adults. Numerous studies have recognized the crucial role of social support in diminishing the likelihood of developing PTSD. The current study evaluates the cognitive performance of middle-aged and older adults with symptoms of PTSD, and examines if perceived social support can act as a cognitive reserve factor. METHOD The study was conducted using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, a nationwide study on health and aging. The current study included 1,096 participants in the PTSD group and 22,158 participants in the comparison group, all between the ages of 45 and 85. Participants completed the MOS (Medical Outcomes Study) Social Support Survey as well as neuropsychological tests in the domains of executive functioning, declarative memory, and prospective memory. RESULTS The PTSD group had worse performance in the domains of executive functioning and prospective memory than the comparison group. Furthermore, when examining global cognitive impairments (impairment was defined as scoring 1.5 or more standard deviations below age and education adjusted comparison group), the PTSD group demonstrated greater impairment rates than the comparison group on two or more tests. Moderation analyses revealed that greater social support was associated with better executive functioning for the comparison group, although this was not found to be true for the PTSD group. CONCLUSION The PTSD group experienced greater cognitive deficits compared to the comparison group. Higher levels of perceived social support were associated with better performance on neurocognitive measures for the comparison group. However, social support did not appear to moderate this relationship for the PTSD group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Ranger
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Clinical Psychology, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marc Bedard
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Clinical Psychology, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vanessa Taler
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Clinical Psychology, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Domínguez RO, Marschoff ER, Oudkerk LM, de la Ossa Angulo LE, Pérez SV, Bianchi GA, Repetto MG, Serra JA. Neurological Disorders in an Elderly Cohort Experienced Past Stressful Events: A Retrospective-prospective Study. Curr Aging Sci 2022; 15:163-171. [PMID: 35040423 DOI: 10.2174/1874609815666220118104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress may be a risk factor for dementia, but the association between exposure to stressful life events and the development of cognitive dysfunction has not been conclusively demonstrated. We hypothesize that if a stressful event has an impact on the subjects, its effects would be different in the three diseases. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the effects of stressful events in senior patients who later developed ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Together with demographic variables (age, sex, race, socioeconomic and cultural levels), five types of past stressful events, such as death or serious illness of close relatives, job dismissal, change of financial status, retirement, and change of residence, were recorded in 1024 patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic stroke. Time-todiagnosis (months from the event to the first symptoms: retrospective study) and evolution time (years of follow-up of each patient: prospective study) were recorded. The variance and nonparametric methods were analyzed to the variables time-to-diagnosis and evolution time to analyze differences between these diseases. RESULTS The demographic variables, such as age, sex, race, economic and cultural levels, were found to be statistically non-significant; differences in the economic level were significant (P<0.05). Significant differences (P<0.001) were found in the mean time-to-diagnosis between diseases (Alzheimer's disease>Parkinson's disease >Stroke), and minor differences (P<0.05) in evolution time. CONCLUSION Differences in time-to-diagnosis between the diseases indicate that the stressful effect of having experienced the death or serious illness of a close relative has an impact on their emergence. The measurement of time-to-diagnosis and evolution time proves useful in detecting differences between diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl O Domínguez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Hospital Sirio-Libanés; Campana 4658, C1419AHN, CABA, Argentina
| | - Enrique R Marschoff
- Antarctic Argentine Institute; 25 de Mayo 1149, B1650HMK, General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana M Oudkerk
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Hospital Sirio-Libanés; Campana 4658, C1419AHN, CABA, Argentina
| | - Luis E de la Ossa Angulo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Hospital Sirio-Libanés; Campana 4658, C1419AHN, CABA, Argentina
| | - Susana Villamizar Pérez
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Hospital Sirio-Libanés; Campana 4658, C1419AHN, CABA, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Bianchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Hospital Sirio-Libanés; Campana 4658, C1419AHN, CABA, Argentina
| | - Marisa G Repetto
- School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, General and Inorganic Chemistry Division, National Council of Scientific and Technical Investigations (CONICET), Oxidative Stress Lab, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL), University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Junín 954, C1113AAD, CABA, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Serra
- School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular 5Medicine (IBIMOL), National Council of Scientific and Technical Investigations (CONICET), Oxidative Stress Lab, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Junín 954, C1113AAD, CABA, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zilcha‐Mano S, Zhu X, Lazarov A, Suarez‐Jimenez B, Helpman L, Kim Y, Maitlin C, Neria Y, Rutherford BR. Structural brain features signaling trauma, PTSD, or resilience? A systematic exploration. Depress Anxiety 2022; 39:695-705. [PMID: 35708133 PMCID: PMC9588504 DOI: 10.1002/da.23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have searched for neurobiological markers of trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, and resilience to trauma to identify therapeutic targets for PTSD. Despite some promising results, findings are inconsistent. AIMS The present study adopted a data-driven approach to systematically explore whether structural brain markers of trauma, PTSD, or resilience emerge when all are explored. MATERIALS & METHODS Differences between clusters in the proportion of PTSD, healthy controls (HC), and trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) served to indicate the presence of PTSD, trauma, and resilience markers, respectively. A total of 129 individuals, including 46 with PTSD, 49 TEHCs, and 34 HCs not exposed to trauma were scanned. Volumes, cortical thickness, and surface areas of interest were obtained from T1 structural MRI and used to identify data-driven clusters. RESULTS Two clusters were identified, differing in the proportion of TEHCs but not of PTSDs or HCs. The cluster with the higher proportion of TEHCs, referred to as the resilience cluster, was characterized by higher volume in brain regions implicated in trauma exposure, especially the thalamus and rostral middle frontal gyrus. Cross-validation established the robustness and consistency of the identified clusters. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Findings support the existence of structural brain markers of resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Zhu
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Amit Lazarov
- School of Psychological SciencesTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael,Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Benjamin Suarez‐Jimenez
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA,Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Liat Helpman
- Department of Counseling and Human DevelopmentUniversity of HaifaMount CarmelHaifaIsrael,Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - Yoojean Kim
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Carly Maitlin
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Yuval Neria
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Bret R. Rutherford
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4619-4639. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
22
|
Nyundo AA, Ismail A. The influence of major depressive disorders on neurocognitive function among adults living with HIV/AIDS in a regional referral hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:58-67. [PMID: 34743393 PMCID: PMC9406234 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of major depressive disorders (MDD) on the cognitive function of adults living with HIV and the prevalence of neurocognitive impairment and major depressive disorders. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional design conducted in a referral hospital in Dodoma region central Tanzania, with a sample of 397 participants attained through systematic sampling. Neurocognitive impairment was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), while MDD was assessed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I). Two-sample independent t-tests were done to compute the significance of the mean change of MoCA score between those with or without MDD. Univariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression models were computed to determine the association between MDD and neurocognitive impairment across all cognitive domains. RESULTS Of 397 recruited participants, 266 (66.00%) met the criteria for neurocognitive disorder and 22 (5.51%) had major depressive disorder. Participants with MDD performed significantly poorer on cognitive testing than those without MDD (mean difference = 3.74, p-value = 0.0009). Under univariate ordinal regression, impairments in the particular domains of visuospatial-executive function, attention, language, abstraction and orientation were significantly associated with MDD and abstraction (AOR: 3.922, 95% CI: 1.546-9.947, p = 0.0004) remained significant under multivariable regression. CONCLUSION Major depressive disorder may negatively influence neurocognitive performance in both severity and pattern of presentation. Routine screening for depressive symptoms in HIV care can be beneficial for the overall patient's outcome. Systematic and well-designed studies in the area are crucial for understanding the interaction of neuropsychiatric disorders in the HIV population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azan A. Nyundo
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Medicine, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Abbas Ismail
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Science, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reduction of DNMT3a and RORA in the nucleus accumbens plays a causal role in post-traumatic stress disorder-like behavior: reversal by combinatorial epigenetic therapy. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7481-7497. [PMID: 34253866 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an incapacitating trauma-related disorder, with no reliable therapy. Although PTSD has been associated with epigenetic alterations in peripheral white blood cells, it is unknown where such changes occur in the brain, and whether they play a causal role in PTSD. Using an animal PTSD model, we show distinct DNA methylation profiles of PTSD susceptibility in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Data analysis revealed overall hypomethylation of different genomic CG sites in susceptible animals. This was correlated with the reduction in expression levels of the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3a. Since epigenetic changes in diseases involve different gene pathways, rather than single candidate genes, we next searched for pathways that may be involved in PTSD. Analysis of differentially methylated sites identified enrichment in the RAR activation and LXR/RXR activation pathways that regulate Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) Related Orphan Receptor A (RORA) activation. Intra-NAc injection of a lentiviral vector expressing either RORA or DNMT3a reversed PTSD-like behaviors while knockdown of RORA and DNMT3a increased PTSD-like behaviors. To translate our results into a potential pharmacological therapeutic strategy, we tested the effect of systemic treatment with the global methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), for supplementing DNA methylation, or retinoic acid, for activating RORA downstream pathways. We found that combined treatment with the methyl donor SAM and retinoic acid reversed PTSD-like behaviors. Thus, our data point to a novel approach to the treatment of PTSD, which is potentially translatable to humans.
Collapse
|
24
|
Björkman F, Ekblom Ö. Physical Exercise as Treatment for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mil Med 2021; 187:e1103-e1113. [PMID: 34850063 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a cluster of physical and psychiatric symptoms following military or civilian trauma. The effect of exercise on PTSD symptoms has previously been investigated in several studies. However, it has not been fully determined what type of exercise most impacts PTSD symptoms. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effects of different types of exercise on PTSD symptom severity and symptoms of coexisting conditions in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic searches were conducted in the databases PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and SportDiscus, from database inception up until February 1, 2021. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials published in English, participants having a PTSD diagnosis or clinically relevant symptoms, and participants randomly allocated to either a non-exercising control group or an exercise group. Data concerning the number of participants, age, exercise type and duration, PTSD symptom severity (primary outcome), and symptoms of coexisting conditions (secondary outcomes) were extracted. The subgroup analysis included high or low training dose, military trauma versus non-military trauma, the type of intervention (yoga versus other exercise), active or passive control condition, group training versus individual exercise, and study quality. The study quality and risk of bias were assessed using grading of recommendation assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. A meta-analysis was performed with a mixed-effects model and restricted maximum likelihood as model estimator, and effect size was calculated as the standardized difference in mean and 95% CI. RESULTS Eleven studies were included in the present review. Results showed a main random effect of exercise intervention (0.46; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.74) and a borderline significant interaction between more voluminous (>20 hours in total) and less voluminous (≤20 hours in total) exercise interventions (P = .07). No significant findings from the subgroup analysis were reported. The secondary outcome analysis showed a small but significant effect of exercise on depressive symptoms (0.20, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.38), and a larger effect on sleep (0.51, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.73). For substance use (alcohol and drugs combined) and quality of life, we found significant effects of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.98) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.34 to 0.69), respectively. No significant effect was found for anxiety (0.18, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.51), and no sign of publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS Exercise can be an effective addition to PTSD treatment, and greater amounts of exercise may provide more benefits. However, as there were no differences found between exercise type, possibly due to the inclusion of a low number of studies using different methodologies, further research should aim to investigate the optimal type, dose, and duration of activity that are most beneficial to persons with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frida Björkman
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm 114 86, Sweden
| | - Örjan Ekblom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm 114 86, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The Association between Widowhood and Cognitive Function among Chinese Elderly People: Do Gender and Widowhood Duration Make a Difference? Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9080991. [PMID: 34442128 PMCID: PMC8392527 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9080991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of widowhood on cognitive function in Chinese elderly individuals. We conducted a longitudinal study to assess the association between widowhood and cognitive function and further explored gender differences in this association and the impact of widowhood duration. The analytical sample consisted of 5872 Chinese elderly people who participated in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) and were followed up from 2005 to 2014. We used the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess cognitive function. Widowhood duration was calculated from the self-reported year at which the spouse passed away. Multilevel growth models were employed to estimate the association between widowhood and cognitive function while adjusting for many demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Widowhood status was associated with cognitive decline among Chinese elderly individuals after adjusting for covariates (B = −0.440, 95% CI −0.727 to −0.152), and this association was only statistically significant among men (B = −0.722, 95% CI −1.104 to −0.339). Being widowed for 5 years or less (B = −0.606, 95% CI −1.112 to −0.100), 16–20 years (B = −0.937, 95% CI −1.685 to −0.190), and 21+ years (B = −1.401, 95% CI −1.967 to −0.834) predicted worse cognitive function in men, while being widowed for more than 21+ years (B = −0.655, 95% CI −1.186 to −0.124) was associated with cognitive decline in women. More attention should be directed towards widowed men and long-term widowed elderly individuals.
Collapse
|
26
|
Feng P, Chen Z, Becker B, Liu X, Zhou F, He Q, Qiu J, Lei X, Chen H, Feng T. Predisposing Variations in Fear-Related Brain Networks Prospectively Predict Fearful Feelings during the 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:540-553. [PMID: 34297795 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a surge in mental distress and fear-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fear-related disorders are characterized by dysregulations in fear and the associated neural pathways. In the present study, we examined whether individual variations in the fear neural connectome can predict fear-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using machine learning algorithms and back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) deep learning algorithms, we demonstrated that the intrinsic neural connectome before the COVID-19 pandemic could predict who would develop high fear-related symptoms at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China (Accuracy rate = 75.00%, Sensitivity rate = 65.83%, Specificity rate = 84.17%). More importantly, prediction models could accurately predict the level of fear-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic by using the prepandemic connectome state, in which the functional connectivity of lvmPFC (left ventromedial prefrontal cortex)-rdlPFC (right dorsolateral), rdACC (right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex)-left insula, lAMY (left amygdala)-lHip (left hippocampus) and lAMY-lsgACC (left subgenual cingulate cortex) was contributed to the robust prediction. The current study capitalized on prepandemic data of the neural connectome of fear to predict participants who would develop high fear-related symptoms in COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that individual variations in the intrinsic organization of the fear circuits represent a neurofunctional marker that renders subjects vulnerable to experience high levels of fear during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiqin Liu
- Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
TGF-β/Smad Signalling in Neurogenesis: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061382. [PMID: 34205102 PMCID: PMC8226492 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β/Smad signalling has been the subject of extensive research due to its role in the cell cycle and carcinogenesis. Modifications to the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway have been found to produce disparate effects on neurogenesis. We review the current research on canonical and non-canonical TGF-β/Smad signalling pathways and their functions in neurogenesis. We also examine the observed role of neurogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders and the relationship between TGF-β/Smad signalling and neurogenesis in response to stressors. Overlapping mechanisms of cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and the development of mood disorders in response to stressors suggest that TGF-β/Smad signalling is an important regulator of stress response and is implicated in the behavioural outcomes of mood disorders.
Collapse
|
28
|
Daneshvar S, Taghavi MR, Jobson L. Proactive Interference in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:641-653. [PMID: 33175438 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in working memory (WM) have a role in maintaining posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, including intrusions, which are a hallmark of PTSD symptomatology. As intrusions are distressing and uncontrollable, it is important to investigate whether PTSD is associated with altered control of proactive interference in WM. Moreover, it is important to consider both verbal and visual WM, as previous research has demonstrated a visual versus verbal dissociation in PTSD. Although previous studies have explored proactive interference in visual and verbal stimuli using a recent probe task, the stimuli used thus far have been non-trauma-related. Therefore, we aimed to investigate proactive interference in PTSD using trauma-related verbal and visual stimuli. Road traffic accident (RTA) survivors with (n = 60) and without PTSD (n = 30) completed a recent probe task to assess proactive interference of visual and verbal trauma-related material. Participants with PTSD displayed significantly more proactive interference than trauma-exposed controls for visual, ηp 2 = .40, and verbal material, ηp 2 = .10, indicating that proactive interference is significantly impaired in PTSD. This demonstrates that further research is warranted and highlights the possibility of considering proactive interference of trauma-related stimuli in therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hien DA, López-Castro T, Fitzpatrick S, Ruglass LM, Fertuck EA, Melara R. A unifying translational framework to advance treatment research for comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:779-794. [PMID: 34062208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We provide a unifying translational framework that can be used to synthesize extant lines of human laboratory research in four neurofunctional domains that underlie the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders (PTSD+SUD). We draw upon the Alcohol and Addiction Research Domain Criteria (AARDOC) to include executive functioning, negative emotionality, reward, and added social cognition from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria into our framework. We review research findings across each of the four domains, emphasizing human experimental studies in PTSD, SUD, and PTSD+SUD for each domain. We also discuss the implications of research findings for treatment development by considering new ways of conceptualizing risk factors and outcomes at the level of the individual patient, which will enhance treatment matching and advance innovations in intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Hien
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States.
| | - Teresa López-Castro
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Lesia M Ruglass
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States; Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric A Fertuck
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert Melara
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Inoue J, Matsuo K, Iwabuchi T, Takehara Y, Yamasue H. How Memory Switches Brain Responses of Patients with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab021. [PMID: 34296166 PMCID: PMC8176146 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the brain responses to traumatic memories in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we conducted task-employed functional magnetic resonance imaging and, in the process, devised a simple but innovative approach-correlation computation between task conditions. A script-driven imagery task was used to compare the responses with a script of the patients' own traumatic memories and with that of tooth brushing as a daily activity and to evaluate how eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), an established therapy for PTSD, resolved the alterations in patients. Nine patients with PTSD (seven females, aged 27-50 years) and nine age- and gender-matched healthy controls participated in this study. Six patients underwent the second scan under the same paradigm after EMDR. We discovered intense negative correlations between daily and traumatic memory conditions in broad areas, including the hippocampus; patients who had an intense suppression of activation during daily recognition showed an intense activation while remembering a traumatic memory, whereas patients who had a hyperarousal in daily recognition showed an intense suppression while remembering a traumatic memory as a form of "shut-down." Moreover, the magnitude of the discrepancy was reduced in patients who remitted after EMDR, which might predict an improved prognosis of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kayako Matsuo
- Center for Preventive Medicine in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.,Center for Research Collaboration and Support, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiki Iwabuchi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takehara
- Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka, Japan 431-3192.,Department of Fundamental Development for Advanced Low Invasive Diagnostic Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya City, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nie PY, Ji LL, Fu CH, Peng JB, Wang ZY, Tong L. miR-132 Regulates PTSD-like Behaviors in Rats Following Single-Prolonged Stress Through Fragile X-Related Protein 1. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:327-340. [PMID: 32333305 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X-related protein 1 (FXR1) is a member of the fragile X family of RNA-binding proteins, which regulates a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders such as fragile X syndrome, and is expected as a novel therapeutic target for some psychiatric diseases. However, it is unknown how FXR1 changes and functions in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a common mental disorder related to trauma and stressor. In this study, we characterized the expression pattern of FXR1 in the pathophysiological process of PTSD and further investigated the possible mechanism underlying these changes by finding an upstream regulator, namely miRNA-132 (miR-132). Furthermore, we verified whether miR-132 silence had an effect on the PTSD-like behaviors of single prolonged stress (SPS) rats through open field test, forced swimming test, and water maze test. At last, we examined the expression levels of PSD95 and synapsin I in the hippocampus, which was one of the key brain regions associated with PTSD. We showed that the levels of FXR1 and fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an autosomal homolog of FXR1, were decreased in the hippocampus of PTSD rats, but the levels of PSD95 and synapsin I were increased, which could be reversed by downregulation of miR-132. The results revealed that miR-132 could modulate PTSD-like behaviors in rats following SPS through regulating FXR1 and FMRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yin Nie
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang-Hai Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun-Bo Peng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vanderheyden WM, Kehoe M, Vanini G, Britton SL, Koch LG. Rat models for low and high adaptive response to exercise differ for stress-related memory and anxiety. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14716. [PMID: 33619911 PMCID: PMC7900769 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise and fitness may serve as resilience factors to stress exposure. However, the extreme range in human exercise performance suggests that genetic variation for exercise capacity could be a confounding feature to understanding the connection between exercise and stress exposure. To test this idea, we use laboratory rat models selectively bred for a low and high gain in aerobic running capacity in response to training to examine whether an inherent capacity to respond to physical exercise reflects how stress changes neurobiological functioning and regulates fear-associated memory processing. Utilization of this contrasting rat model system of low and high responders has the potential to guide the interpretation of the reported association with exercise involvement and the reduction of stress-induced anxiety disorders. Our data show that aerobic fitness may be linked to the ability to regulate fear-associated memories. We also show that acquired exercise capacity may play a key role in regulating responses to an acute stressor. Exercise sensitivity plays a significant role in the activation of the plasticity-associated molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinase, changes in stress hormone activity, and anatomical modifications to the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. These data identify a unique operational mechanism that may serve as translational targets for lessening symptoms of stress and anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Kehoe
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyThe University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOHUSA
| | - Lauren Gerard Koch
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyThe University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOHUSA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen F, Polsinelli B, Nava N, Treccani G, Elfving B, Müller HK, Musazzi L, Popoli M, Nyengaard JR, Wegener G. Structural Plasticity and Molecular Markers in Hippocampus of Male Rats after Acute Stress. Neuroscience 2020; 438:100-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
34
|
Multi-domain potential biomarkers for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity in recent trauma survivors. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:208. [PMID: 32594097 PMCID: PMC7320966 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary symptom-based diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) largely overlooks related neurobehavioral mechanisms and relies entirely on subjective interpersonal reporting. Previous studies associating biomarkers with PTSD have mostly used symptom-based diagnosis as the main outcome measure, disregarding the wide variability and richness of PTSD phenotypical features. Here, we aimed to computationally derive potential biomarkers that could efficiently differentiate PTSD subtypes among recent trauma survivors. A three-staged semi-unsupervised method ("3C") was used to firstly categorize individuals by current PTSD symptom severity, then derive clusters based on clinical features related to PTSD (e.g. anxiety and depression), and finally to classify participants' cluster membership using objective multi-domain features. A total of 256 features were extracted from psychometrics, cognitive functioning, and both structural and functional MRI data, obtained from 101 adult civilians (age = 34.80 ± 11.95; 51 females) evaluated within 1 month of trauma exposure. The features that best differentiated cluster membership were assessed by importance analysis, classification tree, and ANOVA. Results revealed that entorhinal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices volumes (structural MRI domain), in-task amygdala's functional connectivity with the insula and thalamus (functional MRI domain), executive function and cognitive flexibility (cognitive testing domain) best differentiated between two clusters associated with PTSD severity. Cross-validation established the results' robustness and consistency within this sample. The neural and cognitive potential biomarkers revealed by the 3C analytics offer objective classifiers of post-traumatic morbidity shortly following trauma. They also map onto previously documented neurobehavioral mechanisms associated with PTSD and demonstrate the usefulness of standardized and objective measurements as differentiating clinical sub-classes shortly after trauma.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hecht EE, Reilly OT, Benítez ME, Phillips KA, Brosnan SF. Sex differences in the brains of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella). J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:327-339. [PMID: 32410227 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study reports an analysis of 20 T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans from tufted capuchin monkeys (5 male, 15 female). We carried out a data-driven, whole-brain volumetric analysis on regional gray matter anatomy using voxel-based morphometry. This revealed that males showed statistically significant expansion of a region of the hypothalamus, while females showed significant expansion in a distributed set of regions, including the cerebellum, early visual cortex, and higher-order visual regions spanning occipital and temporal cortex. In order to elucidate the network connectivity of these regions, we employed probabilistic tractography on diffusion tensor imaging data. This showed that the female-enlarged regions connect with distributed association networks across the brain. Notably, this contrasts with rodent studies, where sex differences are focused in deep, ancestral limbic regions involved in the control of reproductive behavior. Additionally, in our data set, for several regions, male and female volumetric measures were completely nonoverlapping. This contrasts with human studies, where sex differences in cortical regions have been reported but are characterized by overlapping rather than divergent male and female values. We suggest that these results can be understood in the context of the different lifetime experiences of males and females, which may produce increased experience-dependent cortical plasticity in capuchins compared to rodents, and in humans compared to capuchins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Hecht
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia T Reilly
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marcela E Benítez
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberley A Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah F Brosnan
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Quinones MM, Gallegos AM, Lin FV, Heffner K. Dysregulation of inflammation, neurobiology, and cognitive function in PTSD: an integrative review. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:455-480. [PMID: 32170605 PMCID: PMC7682894 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence from animal and human research suggest a strong link between inflammation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, recent findings support compromised neurocognitive function as a key feature of PTSD, particularly with deficits in attention and processing speed, executive function, and memory. These cognitive domains are supported by brain structures and neural pathways that are disrupted in PTSD and which are implicated in fear learning and extinction processes. The disruption of these supporting structures potentially results from their interaction with inflammation. Thus, the converging evidence supports a model of inflammatory dysregulation and cognitive dysfunction as combined mechanisms underpinning PTSD symptomatology. In this review, we summarize evidence of dysregulated inflammation in PTSD and further explore how the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD, in the context of fear learning and extinction acquisition and recall, may interact with inflammation. We then present evidence for cognitive dysfunction in PTSD, highlighting findings from human work. Potential therapeutic approaches utilizing novel pharmacological and behavioral interventions that target inflammation and cognition also are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Quinones
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Autumn M Gallegos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Feng Vankee Lin
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kathi Heffner
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Division of Geriatrics & Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Savic I. MRS Shows Regionally Increased Glutamate Levels among Patients with Exhaustion Syndrome Due to Occupational Stress. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3759-3770. [PMID: 32195540 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid increase of reports of exhaustion syndrome (ES) due to daily occupational stress, the mechanisms underlying ES are unknown. We used voxel-based 1H-MR spectroscopy to examine the potential role of glutamate in this condition. The levels of glutamate were found to be elevated among ES patients (n = 30, 16 females) compared with controls (n = 31, 15 females). Notably, this increase was detected only in the anterior cingulate and mesial prefrontal cortex (ACC/mPFC), and the glutamate levels were linearly correlated with the degree of perceived stress. Furthermore, there was a sex by group interaction, as the glutamate elevation was present only in female patients. Female but not male ES patients also showed an increase in N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) levels in the amygdala. No group differences were detected in glutamine concentration (also measured). These data show the key role of glutamate in stress-related neuronal signaling and the specific roles of the amygdala and ACC/mPFC. The data extend previous reports about the neurochemical basis of stress and identify a potential neural marker and mediator of ES due to occupational stress. The observation of specific sex differences provides a tentative explanation to the well-known female predominance in stress-related psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Savic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sun J, Lu Y, Yang J, Song Z, Lu W, Wang JH. mRNA and microRNA Profiles in the Amygdala Are Relevant to Susceptibility and Resilience to Psychological Stress Induced in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1771-1796. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
39
|
Seven Properties of Self-Organization in the Human Brain. BIG DATA AND COGNITIVE COMPUTING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/bdcc4020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The principle of self-organization has acquired a fundamental significance in the newly emerging field of computational philosophy. Self-organizing systems have been described in various domains in science and philosophy including physics, neuroscience, biology and medicine, ecology, and sociology. While system architecture and their general purpose may depend on domain-specific concepts and definitions, there are (at least) seven key properties of self-organization clearly identified in brain systems: (1) modular connectivity, (2) unsupervised learning, (3) adaptive ability, (4) functional resiliency, (5) functional plasticity, (6) from-local-to-global functional organization, and (7) dynamic system growth. These are defined here in the light of insight from neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience and Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART), and physics to show that self-organization achieves stability and functional plasticity while minimizing structural system complexity. A specific example informed by empirical research is discussed to illustrate how modularity, adaptive learning, and dynamic network growth enable stable yet plastic somatosensory representation for human grip force control. Implications for the design of “strong” artificial intelligence in robotics are brought forward.
Collapse
|
40
|
Salehabadi S, Abrari K, Elahdadi Salmani M, Nasiri M, Lashkarbolouki T. Investigating the role of the amygdala orexin receptor 1 in memory acquisition and extinction in a rat model of PTSD. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
41
|
Markowitz S, Fanselow M. Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Factors of Limited Success and Possible Alternative Treatment. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E167. [PMID: 32183089 PMCID: PMC7139336 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that there is mixed success in using exposure therapies on patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our study argues that there are two major reasons for this: The first is that there are nonassociative aspects of PTSD, such as hyperactive amygdala activity, that cannot be attenuated using the exposure therapy; The second is that exposure therapy is conceptualized from the theoretical framework of Pavlovian fear extinction, which we know is heavily context dependent. Thus, reducing fear response in a therapist's office does not guarantee reduced response in other situations. This study also discusses work relating to the role of the hippocampus in context encoding, and how these findings can be beneficial for improving exposure therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Fanselow
- Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Small AT, Dougherty ET. Mathematical Modeling of Neurostimulation for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Migration Towards Multiscale Modeling to Assess Neural Response to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatments. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:2340-2343. [PMID: 31946369 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neurological condition which results from a traumatic experience caused by physiological shock or physical harm. Clinical results show success in combating the symptoms of PTSD with a neurostimulation treatment called transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Though effective, the underlying mechanisms of the treatment and its success are not fully comprehended. In order to elucidate reasons for its efficacy, a mathematical model of tDCS has been implemented to quantify the electrical energy delivered by this treatment. Computational simulation results of various PTSD-focused electrode montages on a three-dimensional, MRI-derived cranial cavity with biologically-based tissue conductivities parallel results from published literature and clinical experiments. Specifically, regions of the brain thought to be targeted by tDCS treatments are confirmed with in silico experiments. Finally, an extension of this model to a unique multiscale mathematical model of tDCS is presented, which adds the ability to quantify neural tissue response via tDCS-induced transmembrane voltage polarization, the first of its kind for tDCS simulations for PTSD.
Collapse
|
43
|
Maguire DG, Ruddock MW, Milanak ME, Moore T, Cobice D, Armour C. Sleep, a Governor of Morbidity in PTSD: A Systematic Review of Biological Markers in PTSD-Related Sleep Disturbances. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12:545-562. [PMID: 32801980 PMCID: PMC7402856 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s260734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances (SD) are the most impactful and commonly reported symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, they are often resistant to primary PTSD therapies. Research has identified two distinct SDs highly prevalent in PTSD; insomnia and nightmares. Those who report SDs prior to a traumatic event are at greater risk for developing PTSD; highlighting that sleep potentially plays a role in PTSD's pathology. To further understand the pathobiological mechanisms that lead to the development of PTSD, it is first imperative to understand the interplay which exists between sleep and PTSD on a biological level. The aim of this systematic review is to determine if biological or physiological markers are related to SD in PTSD. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted on the electronic databases; Medline, Embase, AMED and PsycINFO, using Medical Subject Headings and associated keywords. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included in the final analyses. Physiological makers of autonomic function, and biochemical markers of HPA-axis activity; inflammatory processes; and trophic factor regulation were related to the severity of SDs in PTSD. CONCLUSION These findings add to the growing literature base supporting a central focus on sleep in research aiming to define the pathophysiological processes which result in PTSD, as well as emphasising the importance of specifically targeting sleep as part of a successful PTSD intervention strategy. Resolving SDs will not only reduce PTSD symptom severity and improve quality of life but will also reduce all-cause mortality, hospital admissions and lifetime healthcare costs for those with PTSD. Limitations of the current literature are discussed, and key recommendations future research must adhere to are made within.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Maguire
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark W Ruddock
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, Clinical Studies, Crumlin, County Antrim BT29 4QY, Northern Ireland
| | - Melissa E Milanak
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tara Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Diego Cobice
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Cherie Armour
- School of Psychology, David Keir Building, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Traina G. Mast Cells in Gut and Brain and Their Potential Role as an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Neural Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:345. [PMID: 31417365 PMCID: PMC6682652 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mast cells (MCs) are the leader cells of inflammation. They are well known for their involvement on allergic reactions through degranulation and release of vasoactive, inflammatory, and nociceptive mediators. Upon encountering potential danger signal, MCs are true sensors of the environment, the first to respond in rapid and selective manner. The MC activates the algic response and modulates the evolution of nociceptive pain, typical of acute inflammation, to neuropathic pain, typical not only of chronic inflammation but also of the dysregulation of the pain system. Yet, MC may contribute to modulate intensity of the associated depressive and anxiogenic component on the neuronal and microglial biological front. Chronic inflammation is a common mediator of these co-morbidities. In parallel to the removal of the etiological factors of tissue damage, the modulation of MC hyperactivity and the reduction of the release of inflammatory factors may constitute a new frontier of pharmacological intervention aimed at preventing the chronicity of inflammation, the evolution of pain, and also the worsening of the depression and anxiogenic state associated with it. So, identifying specific molecules able to modify MC activity may be an important therapeutic tool. Various preclinical evidences suggest that the intestinal microbiota contributes substantially to mood and behavioral disorders. In humans, conditions of the microbiota have been linked to stress, anxiety, depression, and pain. MC is likely the crucial neuroimmune connecting between these components. In this review, the involvement of MCs in pain, stress, and depression is reviewed. We focus on the MC as target that may be mediating stress and mood disorders via microbiota-gut-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Traina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Savic I, Perski A, Osika W. MRI Shows that Exhaustion Syndrome Due to Chronic Occupational Stress is Associated with Partially Reversible Cerebral Changes. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:894-906. [PMID: 28108490 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the cerebral effects of chronic occupational stress and its possible reversibility. Forty-eight patients with occupational exhaustion syndrome (29 women) and 80 controls (47 women) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological testing. Forty-four participants (25 patients, 19 controls) also completed a second MRI scan after 1-2 years. Only patients received cognitive therapy. The stressed group at intake had reduced thickness in the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left superior temporal gyrus (STG), enlarged amygdala volumes, and reduced caudate volumes. Except for the caudate volume, these abnormalities were more pronounced in females. They were all related to perceived stress, which was similar for both genders. Thickness of the PFC also correlated with an impaired ability to down-modulate negative emotions. Thinning of PFC and reduction of caudate volume normalized in the follow-up. The amygdala enlargement and the left STG thinning remained. Longitudinal changes were not detected among controls. Chronic occupational stress was associated with partially reversible structural abnormalities in key regions for stress processing. These changes were dynamically correlated with the degree of perceived stress, highlighting a possible causal link. They seem more pronounced in women, and could be a substrate for an increased cerebral vulnerability to stress-related psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Savic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, and Neurology Clinic, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Perski
- Stress Clinic Foundation and Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Osika
- Stress Clinic Foundation and Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Social Sustainability, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
A model of amygdala function following plastic changes at specific synapses during extinction. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100159. [PMID: 31193487 PMCID: PMC6535631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synaptic networks in the amygdala have been the subject of intense interest in recent times, primarily because of the role of this structure in emotion. Fear and its extinction depend on the workings of these networks, with particular interest in extinction because of its potential to ameliorate adverse symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Here we place emphasis on the extinction networks revealed by recent techniques, and on the probable plasticity properties of their synaptic connections. We use modules of neurons representing each of the principal components identified as involved in extinction. Each of these modules consists of neural networks, containing specific ratios of excitatory and specialized inhibitory neurons as well as synaptic plasticity mechanisms appropriate for the component of the amygdala they represent. While these models can produce dynamic output, here we concentrate on the equilibrium outputs and do not model the details of the plasticity mechanisms. Pavlovian fear conditioning generates a fear memory in the lateral amygdala module that leads to activation of neurons in the basal nucleus fear module but not in the basal nucleus extinction module. Extinction protocols excite infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex neurons (IL) which in turn excite so-called extinction neurons in the amygdala, leading to the release of endocannabinoids from them and an increase in efficacy of synapses formed by lateral amygdala neurons on them. The model simulations show how such a mechanism could explain experimental observations involving the role of IL as well as endocannabinoids in different temporal phases of extinction.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hori H, Kim Y. Inflammation and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:143-153. [PMID: 30653780 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently diagnosed based solely on classic psychological and behavioral symptoms, a growing body of evidence has highlighted a link between this disorder and alterations in the immune and inflammatory systems. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that PTSD is associated with significantly increased rates of physical comorbidities in which immune dysregulation is involved, such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases. In line with this, a number of blood biomarker studies have reported that compared to healthy controls, individuals with PTSD exhibit significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory markers, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein. Moreover, various lines of animal and human research have suggested that inflammation is not only associated with PTSD but also can play an important role in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. In this review, we first summarize evidence suggestive of increased inflammation in PTSD. We then examine findings that suggest possible mechanisms of inflammation in this disorder in terms of two different but interrelated perspectives: putative causes of increased proinflammatory activities and potential consequences that inflammation generates. Given that there is currently a dearth of treatment options for PTSD, possibilities of new therapeutic approaches using pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments/interventions that have anti-inflammatory effects are also discussed. Despite the increasing attention given to the inflammatory pathology of PTSD, there remains much to be elucidated, including more detailed mechanisms of inflammation, potential usefulness of inflammatory biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and efficacy of novel treatment strategies targeting inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kim
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ji LL, Ye Y, Nie PY, Peng JB, Fu CH, Wang ZY, Tong L. Dysregulation of miR-142 results in anxiety-like behaviors following single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 2019; 365:157-163. [PMID: 30857769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental disorder that is classified as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder. While numerous epigenetic factors are related to the risk for PTSD, the precise mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear. However, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that dysregulation of microRNAs is involved in stress-related psychiatric disorders, resulting in anxiety-like behavior, memory-related deficits and aberrant neuronal plasticity. Here, rats exposed to single prolonged stress showed increased microRNA-142-5p levels in the amygdala and a concurrent reduction in the levels of its predicted target Npas4, an activity-regulated transcription factor, which was implicated in stress-related psychopathologies. In addition, the inhibition of microRNA-142 following exposure to single prolonged stress exhibited decreased anxiety-like behaviors and memory deficits, as well as increased expression of Npas4 and BDNF. Furthermore, a dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that Npas4 was a direct downstream target of miR-142. Taken together, these data suggest that miR-142 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Ye
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Yin Nie
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bo Peng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hai Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ben-Zion Z, Fine NB, Keynan NJ, Admon R, Halpern P, Liberzon I, Hendler T, Shalev AY. Neurobehavioral moderators of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) trajectories: study protocol of a prospective MRI study of recent trauma survivors. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1683941. [PMID: 31762950 PMCID: PMC6853209 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1683941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is triggered by distinct events and is therefore amenable to studies of its early pathogenesis. Longitudinal studies during the year that follows trauma exposure revealed typical symptom trajectories leading to either recovery or protracted PTSD. Thezneurobehavioral correlates of early PTSD symptoms' trajectories have not been longitudinally explored. Objective: To present the rationale and design of a longitudinal study exploring the relationship between evolving PTSD symptoms and co-occurring cognitive functioning and structural and functional brain imaging parameters. Method: Adult civilians consecutively admitted to a general hospital emergency room (ER) for traumatic injury will be screened for early PTSD symptoms suggestive of chronic PTSD risk, and consecutively evaluated 1, 6 and 14 months following the traumatic event. Consecutive assessments will include structured clinical interviews for PTSD and comorbid disorders, self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms, a web-based assessment of cognitive domains previously linked with PTSD (e.g., memory, executive functions, cognitive flexibility), high-resolution structural MRI of both grey and white matter, functional resting-state connectivity, and fMRI tasks examining emotional reactivity and regulation, as well as motivation processing and sensitivity to risk and reward. Data analyses will explore putative cognitive predictors of non-remitting PTSD, and brain structural and functional correlates of PTSD persistence or recovery. Conclusion: This work will longitudinally document patterns of brain structures, connectivity, and functioning, predictive of (or associated with) emerging PTSD during the critical first year of after the traumatic event. It will thereby inform our understanding of the disorder's pathogenesis and underlying neuropathology. Challenges to longitudinal MRI studies of recent survivors, and methodological choices used to optimize the study's design are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Ben-Zion
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Naomi B Fine
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nimrod Jackob Keynan
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roee Admon
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pinchas Halpern
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Brain Institute Tel-Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Arieh Y Shalev
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Elliott L, Bennett AS, Szott K, Golub A. Competing Constructivisms: The Negotiation of PTSD and Related Stigma Among Post-9/11 Veterans in New York City. Cult Med Psychiatry 2018; 42:778-799. [PMID: 29796782 PMCID: PMC6251768 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-018-9586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) stands as a form of psychopathology that straddles moral and psychiatric domains. Grounded in discrete instances of trauma, PTSD represents an etiological outlier in an era of increased attention to the genetics of mental illness and a prime location for social constructivist analyses of mental illness. This examination of PTSD narratives-as voiced in qualitative interviews and focus groups with 50 veterans of the recent Iraq and Afghanistan wars living in New York City-attends to the processes through which veterans conceive and navigate PTSD symptoms and diagnoses. In so doing we highlight the social constructivist positions undertaken by veterans themselves as they varyingly challenge and internalize symptomology in dialogue with psychiatric definitions and the stigma associated with PTSD. Findings demonstrate the rejection of classic psychopathological etiology-in brain disease, for example-by many veterans as well as the complex balancing of benefit and stigma that veterans undertake when making decisions about presenting to psychiatric clinicians. Drawing on veterans' accounts, we argue for greater cultural specificity in characterizing the diagnosis-seeking behavior of trauma survivors and a greater appreciation for the contradictions and compromise related to both acceptance and rejection of a mental health diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly Szott
- National Development and Research Institutes
| | | |
Collapse
|