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Zhu H, Guest JD, Dunlop S, Xie JX, Gao S, Luo Z, Springer JE, Wu W, Young W, Poon WS, Liu S, Gao H, Yu T, Wang D, Zhou L, Wu S, Zhong L, Niu F, Wang X, Liu Y, So KF, Xu XM. Surgical intervention combined with weight-bearing walking training promotes recovery in patients with chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled study. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2773-2784. [PMID: 38595294 PMCID: PMC11168509 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00032/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff For patients with chronic spinal cord injury, the conventional treatment is rehabilitation and treatment of spinal cord injury complications such as urinary tract infection, pressure sores, osteoporosis, and deep vein thrombosis. Surgery is rarely performed on spinal cord injury in the chronic phase, and few treatments have been proven effective in chronic spinal cord injury patients. Development of effective therapies for chronic spinal cord injury patients is needed. We conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial in patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury to compare intensive rehabilitation (weight-bearing walking training) alone with surgical intervention plus intensive rehabilitation. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02663310). The goal of surgical intervention was spinal cord detethering, restoration of cerebrospinal fluid flow, and elimination of residual spinal cord compression. We found that surgical intervention plus weight-bearing walking training was associated with a higher incidence of American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale improvement, reduced spasticity, and more rapid bowel and bladder functional recovery than weight-bearing walking training alone. Overall, the surgical procedures and intensive rehabilitation were safe. American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale improvement was more common in T7-T11 injuries than in T2-T6 injuries. Surgery combined with rehabilitation appears to have a role in treatment of chronic spinal cord injury patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - James D. Guest
- Neurological Surgery, and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Dunlop
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jia-Xin Xie
- Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Spinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Joe E. Springer
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Neurosurgery Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Song Liu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hongkun Gao
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Dianchun Wang
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengping Wu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fang Niu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Shaw DK, Saraswathy VM, McAdow AR, Zhou L, Park D, Mote R, Johnson AN, Mokalled MH. Elevated phagocytic capacity directs innate spinal cord repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598515. [PMID: 38915507 PMCID: PMC11195157 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells elicit a continuum of transcriptional and functional states after spinal cord injury (SCI). In mammals, inefficient debris clearance and chronic inflammation impede recovery and overshadow pro-regenerative immune functions. We found that, unlike mammals, zebrafish SCI elicits transient immune activation and efficient debris clearance, without causing chronic inflammation. Single-cell transcriptomics and inducible genetic ablation showed zebrafish macrophages are highly phagocytic and required for regeneration. Cross-species comparisons between zebrafish and mammalian macrophages identified transcription and immune response regulator ( tcim ) as a macrophage-enriched zebrafish gene. Genetic deletion of zebrafish tcim impairs phagocytosis and regeneration, causes aberrant and chronic immune activation, and can be rescued by transplanting wild-type immune precursors into tcim mutants. Conversely, genetic expression of human TCIM accelerates debris clearance and regeneration by reprogramming myeloid precursors into activated phagocytes. This study establishes a central requirement for elevated phagocytic capacity to achieve innate spinal cord repair.
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Wang C, Chen M, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Cui T, Hao Z, Wang D, He C. Prognostic value of the systemic inflammatory index (SII) and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:1245-1255. [PMID: 38212411 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-08114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The overwhelming inflammatory response plays a critical role in the secondary injury cascade of traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI). The systemic immune inflammatory index (SII) and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) are two novel inflammatory biomarkers. The SII was calculated based on lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, while the SIRI was calculated based on lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts. Their prognostic value in patients with tSCI remains unclear. METHODS Patients with tSCI admitted within 24 h of trauma were retrospectively and consecutively enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were collected on admission. The primary outcome was American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade conversion at discharge. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between SII and SIRI and AIS grade conversion. We performed receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis to assess the discriminative ability of SII, and SIRI in predicting AIS grade conversion. RESULTS Among 280 included patients, 77 (27.5%) had improved AIS grade conversion at discharge. After adjustment for confounders, SII was independently associated with AIS grade conversion (per SD, odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.98, p = 0.040), while the association between SIRI and AIS grade conversion was insignificant (per 1 SD, OR, 0.77; 95% CI 0.55-1.08, p = 0.130). The ROC analysis revealed that the SII had the best predictive value for AIS grade conversion (area under curve: 0.608, 95% CI 0.536-0.678). CONCLUSIONS Increased SII was independently associated with a decreased likelihood of improved AIS grade conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxi Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuyi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Cui
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zilong Hao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Deren Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Zhang C, Li Y, Yu Y, Li Z, Xu X, Talifu Z, Liu W, Yang D, Gao F, Wei S, Zhang L, Gong H, Peng R, Du L, Li J. Impact of inflammation and Treg cell regulation on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334828. [PMID: 38348031 PMCID: PMC10859493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a severe neurological trauma that can frequently lead to neuropathic pain. During the initial stages following spinal cord injury, inflammation plays a critical role; however, excessive inflammation can exacerbate pain. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have a crucial function in regulating inflammation and alleviating neuropathic pain. Treg cells release suppressor cytokines and modulate the function of other immune cells to suppress the inflammatory response. Simultaneously, inflammation impedes Treg cell activity, further intensifying neuropathic pain. Therefore, suppressing the inflammatory response while enhancing Treg cell regulatory function may provide novel therapeutic avenues for treating neuropathic pain resulting from spinal cord injury. This review comprehensively describes the mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response and Treg cell regulation subsequent to spinal cord injury, with a specific focus on exploring the potential mechanisms through which Treg cells regulate neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. The insights gained from this review aim to provide new concepts and a rationale for the therapeutic prospects and direction of cell therapy in spinal cord injury-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Rehabilitation medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Institute of Rehabilitation medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wubo Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Song Wei
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gong
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Run Peng
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Bonnet M, Ertlen C, Seblani M, Brezun JM, Coyle T, Cereda C, Zuccotti G, Colli M, Desouches C, Decherchi P, Carelli S, Marqueste T. Activated Human Adipose Tissue Transplantation Promotes Sensorimotor Recovery after Acute Spinal Cord Contusion in Rats. Cells 2024; 13:182. [PMID: 38247873 PMCID: PMC10814727 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs) often result in sensory, motor, and vegetative function loss below the injury site. Although preclinical results have been promising, significant solutions for SCI patients have not been achieved through translating repair strategies to clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the effective potential of mechanically activated lipoaspirated adipose tissue when transplanted into the epicenter of a thoracic spinal contusion. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three experimental groups: SHAM (uninjured and untreated), NaCl (spinal cord contusion with NaCl application), and AF (spinal cord contusion with transplanted activated human fat). Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were measured to assess endogenous inflammation levels 14 days after injury. Sensorimotor recovery was monitored weekly for 12 weeks, and gait and electrophysiological analyses were performed at the end of this observational period. The results indicated that AF reduced endogenous inflammation post-SCI and there was a significant improvement in sensorimotor recovery. Moreover, activated adipose tissue also reinstated the segmental sensorimotor loop and the communication between supra- and sub-lesional spinal cord regions. This investigation highlights the efficacy of activated adipose tissue grafting in acute SCI, suggesting it is a promising therapeutic approach for spinal cord repair after traumatic contusion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bonnet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Céline Ertlen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Mostafa Seblani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Thelma Coyle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Via Ludovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center «Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi», Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano (UNIMI), Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Via Ludovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia Colli
- Podgora7 Clinic, Via Podgora 7, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Christophe Desouches
- Clinique Phénicia—CD Esthétique, 5 Boulevard Notre Dame, F-13006 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Via Ludovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center «Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi», Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano (UNIMI), Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
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Hao Z, Yin C, Wang X, Huo Z, Zhang G, Jiang D, An M. Tetramethylpyrazine promotes angiogenesis and nerve regeneration and nerve defect repair in rats with spinal cord injury. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21549. [PMID: 38027809 PMCID: PMC10656251 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the regulatory effect of Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model and clarified the neuroprotective mechanism of TMP on SCI. Methods An SCI rat model was generated and treated with TMP injections for two weeks. miR-497-5p and EGFL7 expression changes were evaluated, motor function recovery after SCI was assessed by BBB score test and footprint analysis, lesions of rat spinal cord were assessed by HE staining and TUNEL staining; angiogenesis was assessed by immunoblotting for CD31; inflammatory factor levels were detected by ELISA. EGFL7 was verified as a target of miR-497-5p by bioinformatics website analysis and luciferase reporter gene assay. H2O2-injured neurons were cultured in vitro to explore the effect of TMP. Results After SCI, miR-497-5p was upregulated while EGFL7 was downregulated in rats. TMP inhibited apoptosis and promoted angiogenesis, nerve regeneration, and repair of nerve defects by reducing miR-497-5p and increasing EGFL7 expression. miR-497-5p targeted EGFL7. In addition, TMP hindered neuronal inflammation and apoptosis induced by H2O2in vitro. Conclusion TMP promotes angiogenesis by downregulating miR-497-5p to target EGFL7, and promotes nerve regeneration and repair of nerve defects in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZengTao Hao
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - Chao Yin
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - XiaoLong Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - ZhiQi Huo
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - GuoRong Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - Min An
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
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7
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Vangansewinkel T, Lemmens S, Tiane A, Geurts N, Dooley D, Vanmierlo T, Pejler G, Hendrix S. Therapeutic administration of mouse mast cell protease 6 improves functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury in mice by promoting remyelination and reducing glial scar formation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22939. [PMID: 37130013 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201942rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) most often leads to permanent paralysis due to the inability of axons to regenerate in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In the past, we have shown that mast cells (MCs) improve the functional outcome after SCI by suppressing scar tissue formation at the lesion site via mouse mast cell protease 6 (mMCP6). In this study, we investigated whether recombinant mMCP6 can be used therapeutically to improve the functional outcome after SCI. Therefore, we applied mMCP6 locally via an intrathecal catheter in the subacute phase after a spinal cord hemisection injury in mice. Our findings showed that hind limb motor function was significantly improved in mice that received recombinant mMCP6 compared with the vehicle-treated group. In contrast to our previous findings in mMCP6 knockout mice, the lesion size and expression levels of the scar components fibronectin, laminin, and axon-growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were not affected by the treatment with recombinant mMCP6. Surprisingly, no difference in infiltration of CD4+ T cells and reactivity of Iba-1+ microglia/macrophages at the lesion site was observed between the mMCP6-treated mice and control mice. Additionally, local protein levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFNγ, and MCP-1 were comparable between the two treatment groups, indicating that locally applied mMCP6 did not affect inflammatory processes after injury. However, the increase in locomotor performance in mMCP6-treated mice was accompanied by reduced demyelination and astrogliosis in the perilesional area after SCI. Consistently, we found that TNF-α/IL-1β-astrocyte activation was decreased and that oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation was increased after recombinant mMCP6 treatment in vitro. Mechanistically, this suggests effects of mMCP6 on reducing astrogliosis and improving (re)myelination in the spinal cord after injury. In conclusion, these data show for the first time that recombinant mMCP6 is therapeutically active in enhancing recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vangansewinkel
- Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Geurts
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, Li Y, Garza Carbajal A, You Y, Dessauer CW, Wu J, Walters ET. Major Differences in Transcriptional Alterations in Dorsal Root Ganglia Between Spinal Cord Injury and Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Models. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:883-900. [PMID: 36178348 PMCID: PMC10150729 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic, often intractable, pain is caused by neuropathic conditions such as traumatic peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). These conditions are associated with alterations in gene and protein expression correlated with functional changes in somatosensory neurons having cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Most studies of DRG transcriptional alterations have utilized PNI models where axotomy-induced changes important for neural regeneration may overshadow changes that drive neuropathic pain. Both PNI and SCI produce DRG neuron hyperexcitability linked to pain, but contusive SCI produces little peripheral axotomy or peripheral nerve inflammation. Thus, comparison of transcriptional signatures of DRGs across PNI and SCI models may highlight pain-associated transcriptional alterations in sensory ganglia that do not depend on peripheral axotomy or associated effects such as peripheral Wallerian degeneration. Data from our rat thoracic SCI experiments were combined with meta-analysis of published whole-DRG RNA-seq datasets from prominent rat PNI models. Striking differences were found between transcriptional responses to PNI and SCI, especially in regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Many transcriptomic changes after SCI also were found after corresponding sham surgery, indicating they were caused by injury to surrounding tissue, including bone and muscle, rather than to the spinal cord itself. Another unexpected finding was of few transcriptomic similarities between rat neuropathic pain models and the only reported transcriptional analysis of human DRGs linked to neuropathic pain. These findings show that DRGs exhibit complex transcriptional responses to central and peripheral neural injury and associated tissue damage. Although only a few genes in DRG cells exhibited similar changes in expression across all the painful conditions examined here, these genes may represent a core set whose transcription in various DRG cell types is sensitive to significant bodily injury, and which may play a fundamental role in promoting neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anibal Garza Carbajal
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanan You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carmen W. Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Edgar T. Walters
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Chu PH, Chen SC, Chen HY, Wu CB, Huang WT, Chiang HY. Astrocyte-associated fibronectin promotes the proinflammatory phenotype of astrocytes through β1 integrin activation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103848. [PMID: 36948232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in neuroinflammation. In response to central nervous system (CNS) injury or disease, astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis, which is characterized by increased proliferation, migration, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and upregulation of downstream proinflammatory mediators in reactive astrocytes induce a proinflammatory phenotype in astrocytes, thereby exacerbating neuroinflammation by establishing an inflammatory loop. In this study, we hypothesized that excessive fibronectin (FN) derived from reactive astrocytes would induce this proinflammatory phenotype in astrocytes in an autocrine manner. We exogenously treated astrocytes with monomer FN, which can be incorporated into the extracellular matrix (ECM), to mimic plasma FN extravasated through a compromised blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation. We also induced de novo synthesis and accumulation of astrocyte-derived FN through tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation. The excessive FN deposition resulting from both treatments initiated reactive astrogliosis and triggered NF-κB signaling in the cultured astrocytes. In addition, inhibition of FN accumulation in the ECM by the FN inhibitor pUR4 strongly attenuated the FN- and TNF-α-induced GFAP expression, NF-κB activation, and proinflammatory mediator production of astrocytes by interrupting FN-β1 integrin coupling and thus the inflammatory loop. In an in vivo experiment, intrathecal injection of pUR4 considerably ameliorated FN deposition, GFAP expression, and NF-κB activation in inflamed spinal cord, suggesting the therapeutic potential of pUR4 for attenuating neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal function restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Hsien Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chi Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yung Chen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Bei Wu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Huang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Yu Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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10
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Zhang Q, Yu B, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Yang S, Chen Y, Wu H. Combination of single-cell and bulk RNA seq reveals the immune infiltration landscape and targeted therapeutic drugs in spinal cord injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1068359. [PMID: 36742334 PMCID: PMC9894719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1068359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In secondary spinal cord injury (SCI), the immune microenvironment of the injured spinal cord plays an important role in spinal regeneration. Among the immune microenvironment components, macrophages/microglia play a dual role of pro-inflammation and anti-inflammation in the subacute stage of SCI. Therefore, discovering the immune hub genes and targeted therapeutic drugs of macrophages/microglia after SCI has crucial implications in neuroregeneration. This study aimed to identify immune hub genes and targeted therapeutic drugs for the subacute phase of SCI. Methods Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk-RNA seq) datasets (GSE5296 and GSE47681) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset (GSE189070) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. In the bulk RNA-seq, the R package 'limma,' 'WGCNA,' and 'CIBERSORT' were used to jointly screen key immune genes. Subsequently, the R package 'Seurat' and the R package 'celldex' were used to divide and annotate the cell clusters, respectively. After using the Autodock software to dock immune hub genes and drugs that may be combined, the effectiveness of the drug was verified using an in vivo experiment with the T9 SCI mouse model. Results In the bulk-RNA seq, B2m, Itgb5, and Vav1 were identified as immune hub genes. Ten cell clusters were identified in scRNA-seq, and B2m and Itgb5 were mainly located in the microglia, while Vav1 was mainly located in macrophages. Molecular docking results showed that the proteins corresponding to these immune genes could accurately bind to decitabine. In decitabine-treated mice, the pro-inflammatory factor (TNF-α, IL-1β) levels were decreased while anti-inflammatory factor (IL-4, IL-10) levels were increased at 2 weeks post-SCI, and macrophages/microglia transformed from M1 to M2. At 6 weeks post-SCI, the neurological function score and electromyography of the decitabine treatment group were also improved. Conclusion In the subacute phase of SCI, B2m, Itgb5, and Vav1 in macrophages/microglia may be key therapeutic targets to promote nerve regeneration. In addition, low-dose decitabine may promote spinal cord regeneration by regulating the polarization state of macrophages/microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Department of Neurourgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurourgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunze Tian
- Department of Neurourgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Neurourgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haining Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Zhang X, Xu L, Chen X, Zhou X, Cao L. Acacetin alleviates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:483-494. [PMID: 36590896 PMCID: PMC9773099 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe central nervous system disease, which may cause serious locomotor deficit. Acacetin is a flavone that possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in different human diseases. The main purpose of this study was to explore whether acacetin ameliorates SCI in mice. A model of SCI was established in C57BL/6 mice. The Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) score, BMS subscore, mechanical hypersensitivity, and thermal hypersensitivity of mice were tested for determining the motor function. Immunofluorescence staining was utilized to detect NeuN, GFAP, and Iba-1 levels in spinal cord tissues. ELISA was utilized to assess the contents of proinflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in spinal cord tissues. The levels of oxidative stress markers, reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione were detected using their corresponding kits. Western blot was employed for estimating the levels of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1). In this study, acacetin treatment recovered the motor function in SCI mice. Acacetin improved neuron integrity and repressed glial cell activation in the spinal cord tissues of SCI mice. Furthermore, acacetin administration reduced the SCI-induced high concentrations of IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α, as well as inhibited oxidative stress in SCI mice. Moreover, acacetin activated HO-1/Nrf2 pathway in SCI mice. The neuroprotective effects of acacetin against SCI were reversed by Nrf2 inhibitor. Overall, acacetin alleviated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress injury by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in the mouse models of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, No. 141 Tianjin Road, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Radiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, No. 141 Tianjin Road, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Xianjie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, No. 141 Tianjin Road, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Lanhua Cao
- Department of Orthopedic, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, No. 141 Tianjin Road, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
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12
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Xu J, Ma C, Hua M, Li J, Xiang Z, Wu J. CNS and CNS diseases in relation to their immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1063928. [PMID: 36466889 PMCID: PMC9708890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is the most important nervous system in vertebrates, which is responsible for transmitting information to the peripheral nervous system and controlling the body's activities. It mainly consists of the brain and spinal cord, which contains rich of neurons, the precision of the neural structures susceptible to damage from the outside world and from the internal factors of inflammation infection, leading to a series of central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic brain injury, nerve inflammation, etc., these diseases may cause irreversible damage on the central nervous or lead to subsequent chronic lesions. After disease or injury, the immune system of the central nervous system will play a role, releasing cytokines to recruit immune cells to enter, and the immune cells will differentiate according to the location and degree of the lesion, and become specific immune cells with different functions, recognize and phagocytose inflammatory factors, and repair the damaged neural structure. However, if the response of these immune cells is not suppressed, the overexpression of some genes can cause further damage to the central nervous system. There is a need to understand the molecular mechanisms by which these immune cells work, and this information may lead to immunotherapies that target certain diseases and avoid over-activation of immune cells. In this review, we summarized several immune cells that mainly play a role in the central nervous system and their roles, and also explained the response process of the immune system in the process of some common neurological diseases, which may provide new insights into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Yangzhou University Jianhu Clinical College, Jianhu, China
| | - Canyu Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menglu Hua
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Pitonak M, Aceves M, Kumar PA, Dampf G, Green P, Tucker A, Dietz V, Miranda D, Letchuman S, Jonika MM, Bautista D, Blackmon H, Dulin JN. Effects of biological sex mismatch on neural progenitor cell transplantation for spinal cord injury in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5380. [PMID: 36104357 PMCID: PMC9474813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancement of neural progenitor cell transplantation to spinal cord injury clinical trials, there remains a lack of understanding of how biological sex of transplanted cells influences outcomes after transplantation. To address this, we transplanted GFP-expressing sex-matched, sex-mismatched, or mixed donor cells into sites of spinal cord injury in adult male and female mice. Biological sex of the donor cells does not influence graft neuron density, glial differentiation, formation of the reactive glial cell border, or graft axon outgrowth. However, male grafts in female hosts feature extensive hypervascularization accompanied by increased vascular diameter and perivascular cell density. We show greater T-cell infiltration within male-to-female grafts than other graft types. Together, these findings indicate a biological sex-specific immune response of female mice to male donor cells. Our work suggests that biological sex should be considered in the design of future clinical trials for cell transplantation in human injury. In this study, Pitonak et al. report that transplantation of neural progenitor cells derived from male donors trigger an immune rejection response following transplantation into sites of spinal cord injury in female mice.
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14
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Hirotsu A, Miyao M, Tatsumi K, Tanaka T. Sepsis-associated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269924. [PMID: 35696412 PMCID: PMC9191735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic patients commonly present with central nervous system (CNS) disorders including impaired consciousness and delirium. Today, the main mechanism regulating sepsis-induced cerebral disorders is believed to be neuroinflammation. However, it is unknown how another component of the CNS, the spinal cord, is influenced during sepsis. In the present study, we intraperitoneally injected mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to investigate molecular and immunohistochemical changes in the spinal cord of a sepsis model. After LPS administration in the spinal cord, pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA were rapidly and drastically induced. Twenty-four-hour after the LPS injection, severe neuronal ischemic damage spread into gray matter, especially around the anterior horns, and the anterior column had global edematous changes. Immunostaining analyses showed that spinal microglia were significantly activated and increased, but astrocytes did not show significant change. The current results indicate that sepsis induces acute neuroinflammation, including microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation in the spinal cord, causing drastic neuronal ischemia and white matter edema in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hirotsu
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyao
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tomoharu Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Li R, Han J, Chen B, Shang J. Homeodomain Interacting Protein Kinase 2-Modified Rat Spinal Astrocytes Affect Neurofunctional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Curr Neurovasc Res 2022; 19:171-180. [PMID: 35652392 DOI: 10.2174/1567202619666220601111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is regarded as an acute neurological disorder, and astrocytes play a role in the progression of SCI. OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigated the roles of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2)- modified rat spinal astrocytes in neurofunctional recovery after SCI. METHODS Rat spinal astrocytes were cultured, isolated, and then identified through microscopic observation and immunofluorescence staining. Astrocytes were infected with the adenovirus vector overexpressing HIPK2 for modification, and proliferation and apoptosis of astrocytes were examined using Cell Counting Kit-8 method and flow cytometry. SCI rat models were established and treated with astrocytes or HIPK2-modified astrocytes. Subsequently, rat motor ability was analyzed via the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and inclined-plane test, and the damage to spinal cord tissues and neuronal survival were observed via Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining. The levels of HIPK2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and nuclear factor erythroid 2- related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway-related proteins were detected. RESULTS Rat spinal astrocytes were harvested successfully. HIPK2 overexpression accelerated the proliferation and repressed the apoptosis of rat spinal astrocytes. Rat spinal astrocytes treatment increased BBB points and the maximum angle at which SCI rats remained stable, ameliorated damage to spinal cord tissues, increased the number of neurons, and attenuated neural damage and inflammation, while the treatment of HIPK2-modified rat spinal astrocytes imparted more pronounced effects to the neurofunctional recovery of SCI rats. Meanwhile, HIPK2-modified rat spinal astrocytes further activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. CONCLUSION HIPK2-modified rat spinal astrocytes facilitated neurofunctional recovery and activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renbo Li
- Spinal and Trauma's Ward, The 3rd People Hospital of Dalian, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Jian Han
- Spinal and Trauma's Ward, The 3rd People Hospital of Dalian, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Spinal and Trauma's Ward, The 3rd People Hospital of Dalian, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Jingbo Shang
- Spinal and Trauma's Ward, The 3rd People Hospital of Dalian, Dalian 116000, China
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16
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Clinical Trials Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges in Generating Evidence. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061019. [PMID: 35326470 PMCID: PMC8946989 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an important public health problem which often causes permanent loss of muscle strength, sensation, and function below the site of the injury, generating physical, psychological, and social impacts throughout the lives of the affected individuals, since there are no effective treatments available. The use of stem cells has been investigated as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of SCI. Although a significant number of studies have been conducted in pre-clinical and clinical settings, so far there is no established cell therapy for the treatment of SCI. One aspect that makes it difficult to evaluate the efficacy is the heterogeneity of experimental designs in the clinical trials that have been published. Cell transplantation methods vary widely among the trials, and there are still no standardized protocols or recommendations for the therapeutic use of stem cells in SCI. Among the different cell types, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are the most frequently tested in clinical trials for SCI treatment. This study reviews the clinical applications of MSCs for SCI, focusing on the critical analysis of 17 clinical trials published thus far, with emphasis on their design and quality. Moreover, it highlights the need for more evidence-based studies designed as randomized controlled trials and potential challenges to be addressed in context of stem cell therapies for SCI.
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17
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Sakti YM, Malueka RG, Dwianingsih EK, Kusumaatmaja A, Mafaza A, Emiri DM. Diamond Concept as Principle for the Development of Spinal Cord Scaffold: A Literature Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been bringing detrimental impacts on the affected individuals. However, not only that, it also brings a tremendous effect on the socioeconomic and health-care system. Treatment regimen and strategy for SCI patient have been under further research.
DISCUSSION: The main obstacles of regeneration on neuronal structure are the neuroinflammatory process and poor debris clearance, causing a longer healing process and an extensive inflammation process due to this particular inflammatory process. To resolve all of the mentioned significant issues in SCIs neuronal regeneration, a comprehensive model is necessary to analyze each step of progressive condition in SCI. In this review, we would like to redefine a comprehensive concept of the “Diamond Concept” from previously used in fracture management to SCI management, which consists of cellular platform, cellular inductivity, cellular conductivity, and material integrity. The scaffolding treatment strategy for SCI has been widely proposed due to its flexibility. It enables the physician to combine another treatment method such as neuroprotective or neuroregenerative or both in one intervention.
CONCLUSION: Diamond concept perspective in the implementation of scaffolding could be advantageous to increase the outcome of SCI treatment.
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18
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Hodgetts SI, Lovett SJ, Baron-Heeris D, Fogliani A, Sturm M, Van den Heuvel C, Harvey AR. Effects of amyloid precursor protein peptide APP96-110, alone or with human mesenchymal stromal cells, on recovery after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1376-1386. [PMID: 34782585 PMCID: PMC8643048 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of a peptide (APP96-110), derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), has been shown to elicit neuroprotective effects following cerebral stroke and traumatic brain injury. In this study, the effect of APP96-110 or a mutant version of this peptide (mAPP96-110) was assessed following moderate (200 kdyn, (2 N)) thoracic contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult Nude rats. Animals received a single tail vein injection of APP96-110 or mAPP96-110 at 30 minutes post-SCI and were then assessed for functional improvements over the next 8 weeks. A cohort of animals also received transplants of either viable or non-viable human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) into the SC lesion site at one week post-injury to assess the effect of combining intravenous APP96-110 delivery with hMSC treatment. Rats were perfused 8 weeks post-SCI and longitudinal sections of spinal cord analyzed for a number of factors including hMSC viability, cyst size, axonal regrowth, glial reactivity and macrophage activation. Analysis of sensorimotor function revealed occasional significant differences between groups using Ladderwalk or Ratwalk tests, however there were no consistent improvements in functional outcome after any of the treatments. mAPP96-110 alone, and APP96-110 in combination with both viable and non-viable hMSCs significantly reduced cyst size compared to SCI alone. Combined treatments with donor hMSCs also significantly increased βIII tubulin+, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) and laminin+ expression, and decreased ED1+ expression in tissues. This preliminary study demonstrates that intravenous delivery of APP96-110 peptide has selective, modest neuroprotective effects following SCI, which may be enhanced when combined with hMSC transplantation. However, the effects are less pronounced and less consistent compared to the protective morphological and cognitive impact that this same peptide has on neuronal survival and behaviour after stroke and traumatic brain injury. Thus while the efficacy of a particular therapeutic approach in one CNS injury model may provide justification for its use in other neurotrauma models, similar outcomes may not necessarily occur and more targeted approaches suited to location and severity are required. All animal experiments were approved by The University of Western Australia Animal Ethics Committee (RA3/100/1460) on April 12, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Hodgetts
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA); Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah J Lovett
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D Baron-Heeris
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - A Fogliani
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marian Sturm
- Cell and Tissue Therapies WA (CTTWA), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C Van den Heuvel
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA); Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
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Patel M, Anderson J, Lei S, Finkel Z, Rodriguez B, Esteban F, Risman R, Li Y, Lee KB, Lyu YL, Cai L. Nkx6.1 enhances neural stem cell activation and attenuates glial scar formation and neuroinflammation in the adult injured spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113826. [PMID: 34343529 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nkx6.1 plays an essential role during the embryonic development of the spinal cord. However, its role in the adult and injured spinal cord is not well understood. Here we show that lentivirus-mediated Nkx6.1 expression in the adult injured mouse spinal cord promotes cell proliferation and activation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) at the acute phase of injury. In the chronic phase, Nkx6.1 increases the number of interneurons, reduces the number of reactive astrocytes, minimizes glial scar formation, and represses neuroinflammation. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that Nkx6.1 upregulates the sequential expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, neural differentiation, and Notch signaling pathway, downregulates genes and pathways involved in neuroinflammation, reactive astrocyte activation, and glial scar formation. Together, our findings support the potential role of Nkx6.1 in neural regeneration in the adult injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaal Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeremy Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shunyao Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zachary Finkel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Brianna Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Fatima Esteban
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rebecca Risman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yi Lisa Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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The Effect of Inflammatory Priming on the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Spinal Cord Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061316. [PMID: 34070547 PMCID: PMC8227154 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are used for cell therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) because of their ability to support tissue repair by paracrine signaling. Preclinical and clinical research testing MSC transplants for SCI have revealed limited success, which warrants the exploration of strategies to improve their therapeutic efficacy. MSC are sensitive to the microenvironment and their secretome can be altered in vitro by exposure to different culture media. Priming MSC with inflammatory stimuli increases the expression and secretion of reparative molecules. We studied the effect of macrophage-derived inflammation priming on MSC transplants and of primed MSC (pMSC) acute transplants (3 days) on spinal cord repair using an adult rat model of moderate-severe contusive SCI. We found a decrease in long-term survival of pMSC transplants compared with unprimed MSC transplants. With a pMSC transplant, we found significantly more anti-inflammatory macrophages in the contusion at 4 weeks post transplantation (wpt). Blood vessel presence and maturation in the contusion at 1 wpt was similar in rats that received pMSC or untreated MSC. Nervous tissue sparing and functional recovery were similar across groups. Our results indicate that macrophage-derived inflammation priming does not increase the overall therapeutic potential of an MSC transplant in the adult rat contused spinal cord.
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21
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Hernández J, Francos-Quijorna I, Redondo-Castro E, López-Vales R, Navarro X. Microglia Stimulation by Protein Extract of Injured Rat Spinal Cord. A Novel In vitro Model for Studying Activated Microglia. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:582497. [PMID: 34093123 PMCID: PMC8176957 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.582497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on microglia has established the differentiation between the so-called M1 and M2 phenotypes. However, new frameworks have been proposed attempting to discern between meaningful microglia profiles. We have set up an in vitro microglial activation model by adding an injured spinal cord (SCI) lysate to microglial cultures, obtained from postnatal rats, in order to mimic the environment of the spinal cord after injury. We found that under the presence of the SCI lysate microglial cells changed their phenotype, developing less ramified but longer processes, and proliferated. The SCI lysate also led to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, downregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4, and a biphasic profile of iNOS. In addition, a latex beads phagocytosis assay revealed the SCI lysate stimulated the phagocytic capacity of microglia. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that microglial cells showed a pro-inflammatory profile in the presence of SCI lysate. Finally, characterization of the microglial activation in the spinal cord on day 7 after contusion injury, we showed that these cells have a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Overall, these results indicate that the use of SCI lysates could be a useful tool to skew microglia towards a closer phenotype to that observed after the spinal cord contusion injury than the use of LPS or IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Hernández
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Red de Terapia Celular (TerCel), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Isaac Francos-Quijorna
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Red de Terapia Celular (TerCel), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Redondo-Castro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Red de Terapia Celular (TerCel), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rubén López-Vales
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Red de Terapia Celular (TerCel), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Red de Terapia Celular (TerCel), Bellaterra, Spain
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22
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Huie JR, Ferguson AR, Kyritsis N, Pan JZ, Irvine KA, Nielson JL, Schupp PG, Oldham MC, Gensel JC, Lin A, Segal MR, Ratan RR, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS. Machine intelligence identifies soluble TNFa as a therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3442. [PMID: 33564058 PMCID: PMC7873211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) produces a complex syndrome that is expressed across multiple endpoints ranging from molecular and cellular changes to functional behavioral deficits. Effective therapeutic strategies for CNS injury are therefore likely to manifest multi-factorial effects across a broad range of biological and functional outcome measures. Thus, multivariate analytic approaches are needed to capture the linkage between biological and neurobehavioral outcomes. Injury-induced neuroinflammation (NI) presents a particularly challenging therapeutic target, since NI is involved in both degeneration and repair. Here, we used big-data integration and large-scale analytics to examine a large dataset of preclinical efficacy tests combining five different blinded, fully counter-balanced treatment trials for different acute anti-inflammatory treatments for cervical spinal cord injury in rats. Multi-dimensional discovery, using topological data analysis (TDA) and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that only one showed consistent multidimensional syndromic benefit: intrathecal application of recombinant soluble TNFα receptor 1 (sTNFR1), which showed an inverse-U dose response efficacy. Using the optimal acute dose, we showed that clinically-relevant 90 min delayed treatment profoundly affected multiple biological indices of NI in the first 48 h after injury, including reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression of a coherent complex of acute inflammatory mediators and receptors. Further, a 90 min delayed bolus dose of sTNFR1 reduced the expression of NI markers in the chronic perilesional spinal cord, and consistently improved neurological function over 6 weeks post SCI. These results provide validation of a novel strategy for precision preclinical drug discovery that is likely to improve translation in the difficult landscape of CNS trauma, and confirm the importance of TNFα signaling as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Huie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
| | - N Kyritsis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Z Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - K-A Irvine
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J L Nielson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - P G Schupp
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - M C Oldham
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - J C Gensel
- SCoBIRC, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - A Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M R Segal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - R R Ratan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - J C Bresnahan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M S Beattie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Hongna Y, Hongzhao T, Quan L, Delin F, Guijun L, Xiaolin L, Fulin G, Zhongren S. Jia-Ji Electro-Acupuncture Improves Locomotor Function With Spinal Cord Injury by Regulation of Autophagy Flux and Inhibition of Necroptosis. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:616864. [PMID: 33551728 PMCID: PMC7862567 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.616864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Jia-Ji electro-acupuncture (EA) has been widely applied in clinic to exhibit curative effects on spinal cord injury (SCI). However, its underlying mechanisms leading to improvement of motor function after SCI remain unclear. Allen’s method was made by NYU Impactor M-III equipment to create the SCI rats model. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham (only laminectomy), Model (SCI group), EA (SCI + Jia-Ji EA treatment), EA + CQ (SCI + Jia-Ji EA treatment + inhibitor chloroquine). Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan assessment showed improvement of hind limb motor function after Jia-Ji electro-acupuncture treatment. Histological change of injured spinal cord tissue was alleviated after treatment, observed by hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining. The mRNA and protein expression levels of RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL were decreased in EA group. Besides, the increased expression of LC3 and reduced expression of P62 after treatment compared with Model group, confirmed that Jia-Ji electro-acupuncture could enhance the autophagy flux. Electron microscopy imaging showed increasing the number of lysosomes, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes after Jia-Ji electro-acupuncture treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of lysosome function with CQ led to partly eliminate the effect of EA on reducing necroptosis. These data make the case that Jia-Ji electro-acupuncture treatment may improve locomotor function by promoting autophagy flux and inhibiting necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hongna
- Acupuncture Department, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Tian Hongzhao
- Acupuncture Department, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Li Quan
- Acupuncture Department, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Delin
- Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Liu Guijun
- Acupuncture Department, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lv Xiaolin
- Acupuncture Department, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Guan Fulin
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sun Zhongren
- Acupuncture Department, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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24
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Zhang L, Zhuang X, Kotitalo P, Keller T, Krzyczmonik A, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Forsback S, Grönroos TJ, Han C, López-Picón FR, Xia H. Intravenous transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells reduces neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury via interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1147-1161. [PMID: 33391526 PMCID: PMC7738890 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation has emerged as a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. In the present study, we explored the possible mechanisms of OECs transplantation underlying neuroinflammation modulation. Methods: Spinal cord inflammation after intravenous OEC transplantation was detected in vivo and ex vivo by translocator protein PET tracer [18F]F-DPA. To track transplanted cells, OECs were transduced with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and HSV1-39tk using lentiviral vector and were monitored by fluorescence imaging and [18F]FHBG study. Protein microarray analysis and ELISA studies were employed to analyze differential proteins in the injured spinal cord after OEC transplantation. The anti-inflammation function of the upregulated protein was also proved by in vitro gene knocking down experiments and OECs/microglia co-culture experiment. Results: The inflammation in the spinal cord was decreased after OEC intravenous transplantation. The HSV1-39tk-eGFP-transduced OECs showed no accumulation in major organs and were found at the injury site. After OEC transplantation, in the spinal cord tissues, the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was highly upregulated while many chemokines, including pro-inflammatory chemokines IL-1α, IL-1β were downregulated. In vitro studies confirmed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulus triggered OECs to secrete IL-1Ra. OECs significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated microglial activity, whereas IL-1Ra gene knockdown significantly reduced their ability to modulate microglial activity. Conclusion: The OECs that reached the lesion site were activated by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from activated microglia in the lesion site and secreted IL-1Ra to reduce neuroinflammation. Intravenous transplantation of OECs has high therapeutic effectiveness for the treatment of SCI via the secretion of IL-1Ra to reduce neuroinflammation.
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25
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Saraswat Ohri S, Burke DA, Andres KR, Hetman M, Whittemore SR. Acute Neural and Proteostasis Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels Predict Chronic Locomotor Recovery after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:365-372. [PMID: 33076743 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the difficulties in identifying novel therapeutic strategies to manage central nervous system (CNS) trauma is the need for behavioral assays to assess chronic functional recovery. In vitro assays and/or acute behavioral assessments cannot accurately predict long-term functional outcome. Using data from 13 independent T9 moderate contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) studies, we asked whether the ratio of acute (24-72 h post-injury) changes in the levels of neuron-, oligodendrocyte-, astrocyte-specific and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) could predict the extent of chronic functional recovery. Increased levels of neuron, oligodendrocyte, and astrocyte mRNAs all correlated with enhanced Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores. Reduced levels of the ERSR mRNAs Atf4 and Chop correlate with improved chronic locomotor function. Neither neural or ERSR mRNAs were predictive for chronic recovery across all behavioral changes. The ratio of oligodendrocyte/ERSR mRNAs, however, did predict "improved," "no change," or "worse" functional recovery. Neuronal/ERSR mRNA ratios predicted functional improvement, but could not distinguish between worse or no change outcomes. Astrocyte/ERSR mRNA ratios were not predictive. This approach can be used to confirm biological action of injected drugs in vivo and to optimize dose and therapeutic window. It may prove useful in cervical and lumbar SCI and in other traumatic CNS injuries such as traumatic brain injury and stroke, where prevention of neuronal loss is paramount to functional recovery. Although the current analysis was directed toward ERSR whose activity was targeted in all but one study, acute mRNA markers for other pathophysiological cascades may be as predictive of chronic recovery when those cascades are targeted for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Darlene A Burke
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kariena R Andres
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michal Hetman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Departments of University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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26
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Qian Z, Chang J, Jiang F, Ge D, Yang L, Li Y, Chen H, Cao X. Excess administration of miR-340-5p ameliorates spinal cord injury-induced neuroinflammation and apoptosis by modulating the P38-MAPK signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:531-542. [PMID: 32014577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive polyneuropathy that can result in loss of sensorimotor function and sphincter dysfunction, and even death in critical situations. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a series of non-coding RNA molecules that are involved in transcriptional regulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that modulation of multiple miRs is involved in neurological recovery after SCI. However, the functions of miR-340-5p in SCI remain uncertain. Therefore, we probed the therapeutic effect and mechanism of miR-340-5p in microglia in vitro and in vivo in SCI rats. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were employed to examine the alterations in miR-340-5p and P38 levels in SCI rats. miR-340-5p targets in microglia were ascertained using luciferase reporter assays, immunofluorescence analyses, and western blotting. We also established an SCI model and administered miR-340-5p. The effects of miR-340-5p on the amelioration of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis following SCI were assessed using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and histological analyses. Finally, locomotor function recovery was determined using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan rating scale. In our study, the expression profiles and luciferase assay results clarified that P38 was a target of miR-340-5p, which was associated with activation of the P38-MAPK signaling pathway. Elevation of miR-340-5p decreased P38 expression, subsequently inhibiting the inflammatory reaction. SCI-induced secondary neuroinflammation was relieved under miR-340-5p treatment. Moreover, by controlling neuroinflammation, the increased levels of miR-340-5p might counter oxidative stress and reduce the degree of apoptosis. We also observed decreasing gliosis and glial scar formation and increasing neurotrophin expression at the chronic stage of SCI. Together, these potential effects of miR-340-5p treatment ultimately improved locomotor function recovery in SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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27
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Ma D, Zhao Y, Huang L, Xiao Z, Chen B, Shi Y, Shen H, Dai J. A novel hydrogel-based treatment for complete transection spinal cord injury repair is driven by microglia/macrophages repopulation. Biomaterials 2020; 237:119830. [PMID: 32036301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia/macrophage mediated-inflammation, a main contributor to the microenvironment after spinal cord injury (SCI), persists for a long period of time and affects SCI repair. However, the effects of microglia/macrophage mediated-inflammation on neurogenic differentiation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are not well understood. In this study, to attenuate activated microglia/macrophage mediated-inflammation in the spinal cord of complete transection SCI mice, a combination of photo-crosslinked hydrogel transplantation and CSF1R inhibitor (PLX3397) treatment was used to replace the prolonged, activated microglia/macrophages via cell depletion and repopulation. This combined treatment in SCI mice produced a significant reduction in CD68-positive reactive microglia/macrophages and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors, and a substantial increase in the number of Tuj1-positive neurons in the lesion area compared with single treatment methods. Moreover, most of the newborn Tuj1-positive neurons were confirmed to be generated from endogenous NSPCs using a genetic fate mapping mouse line (Nestin-CreERT2; LSL-tdTomato) that can label and trace NSPC marker-nestin expressing cells and their progenies. Collectively, our findings show that the combined treatment method for inhibiting microglia/macrophage mediated-inflammation promotes endogenous NSPC neurogenesis and improves functional recovery, which provides a promising therapeutic strategy for complete transection SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Ya Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - He Shen
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
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28
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Yasko JR, Moss IL, Mains RE. Transcriptional Profiling of Non-injured Nociceptors After Spinal Cord Injury Reveals Diverse Molecular Changes. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:284. [PMID: 32038157 PMCID: PMC6988781 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has devastating implications for patients, including a high predisposition for developing chronic pain distal to the site of injury. Chronic pain develops weeks to months after injury, consequently, patients are treated after irreparable changes have occurred. Nociceptors are central to chronic pain; however, the diversity of this cellular population presents challenges to understanding mechanisms and attributing pain modalities to specific cell types. To begin to address how peripheral sensory neurons below the injury level may contribute to the below-level pain reported by SCI patients, we examined SCI-induced changes in gene expression in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) below the site of injury. SCI was performed at the T10 vertebral level, with injury produced by a vessel clip with a closing pressure of 15 g for 1 min. Alterations in gene expression produce long-term sensory changes, therefore, we were interested in studying SCI-induced transcripts before the onset of chronic pain, which may trigger changes in downstream signaling pathways and ultimately facilitate the transmission of pain. To examine changes in the nociceptor subpopulation in DRG distal to the site of injury, we retrograde labeled sensory neurons projecting to the hairy hindpaw skin with fluorescent dye and collected the corresponding lumbar (L2–L6) DRG 4 days post-injury. Following dissociation, labeled neurons were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). RNA was extracted from sorted sensory neurons of naïve, sham, or SCI mice and sequenced. Transcript abundances validated that the desired population of nociceptors were isolated. Cross-comparisons to data sets from similar studies confirmed, we were able to isolate our cells of interest and identify a unique pattern of gene expression within a subpopulation of neurons projecting to the hairy hindpaw skin. Differential gene expression analysis showed high expression levels and significant transcript changes 4 days post-injury in SCI cell populations relevant to the onset of chronic pain. Regulatory interrelationships predicted by pathway analysis implicated changes within the synaptogenesis signaling pathway as well as networks related to inflammatory signaling mechanisms, suggesting a role for synaptic plasticity and a correlation with pro-inflammatory signaling in the transition from acute to chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Yasko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Isaac L Moss
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and the Comprehensive Spine Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
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29
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Zhu S, Zhou Z, Li Z, Shao J, Jiao G, Huang Y, Lin Y. Suppression of LINC00707 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and apoptosis in PC-12 cells by regulated miR-30a-5p/Neurod 1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:2049-2056. [PMID: 31272297 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1637245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has emerged as a pivotal regulator improving neural regeneration in the progression of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, whether lncRNAs can be targeted for therapeutic intervention of SCI remains unclear. In this study, we found that LINC00707 expression was significantly up-regulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated PC-12, a model that mimics nerve cell injury in an inflammatory environment after SCI. Suppression of LINC00707 alleviated LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in PC-12 cells. Furthermore, we found that LINC00707 adsorbed miR-30a-5p and silenced miR-30a-5p or overexpressed Neurod 1 reversed the effect of LINC00707 on the inflammation and apoptosis of LPS-treated PC-12 cells. These findings revealed that LINC00707 alleviates LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in PC-12 cells by targeting miR-30a-5p/Neurod 1, providing a preliminary theoretical basis for the clinical application of LINC00707 in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genlong Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu′En Huang
- Rehabitation department of Dongpu branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Standardized human bone marrow-derived stem cells infusion improves survival and recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. J Neurol Sci 2019; 402:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kataria H, Alizadeh A, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neuregulin-1/ErbB network: An emerging modulator of nervous system injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 180:101643. [PMID: 31229498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) is a member of the Neuregulin family of growth factors with essential roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Six different types of Nrg-1 (Nrg-1 type I-VI) and over 30 isoforms have been discovered; however, their specific roles are not fully determined. Nrg-1 signals through a complex network of protein-tyrosine kinase receptors, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 and multiple intracellular pathways. Genetic and pharmacological studies of Nrg-1 and ErbB receptors have identified a critical role for Nrg-1/ErbB network in neurodevelopment including neuronal migration, neural differentiation, myelination as well as formation of synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Nrg-1 signaling is best known for its characterized role in development and repair of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) due to its essential role in Schwann cell development, survival and myelination. However, our knowledge of the impact of Nrg-1/ErbB on the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged in recent years. Ongoing efforts have uncovered a multi-faceted role for Nrg-1 in regulating CNS injury and repair processes. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the most recent updates on Nrg-1 signaling and its role in nervous system injury and diseases. We will specifically highlight the emerging role of Nrg-1 in modulating the glial and immune responses and its capacity to foster neuroprotection and remyelination in CNS injury. Nrg-1/ErbB network is a key regulatory pathway in the developing nervous system; therefore, unraveling its role in neuropathology and repair can aid in development of new therapeutic approaches for nervous system injuries and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Sánchez-Ventura J, Amo-Aparicio J, Navarro X, Penas C. BET protein inhibition regulates cytokine production and promotes neuroprotection after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:124. [PMID: 31186006 PMCID: PMC6560758 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) usually causes a devastating lifelong disability for patients. After a traumatic lesion, disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier induces the infiltration of macrophages into the lesion site and the activation of resident glial cells, which release cytokines and chemokines. These events result in a persistent inflammation, which has both detrimental and beneficial effects, but eventually limits functional recovery and contributes to the appearance of neuropathic pain. Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are epigenetic readers that regulate the expression of inflammatory genes by interacting with acetylated lysine residues. While BET inhibitors are a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer, little is known about their implication after SCI. Thus, the current study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of BET inhibitors in this pathologic condition. METHODS We evaluated the effectiveness of the BET inhibitor JQ1 to modify macrophage reactivity in vitro and to modulate inflammation in a SCI mice model. We analyzed the effects of BET inhibition in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. We determined the effectiveness of BET inhibition in tissue sparing, inflammation, neuronal protection, and behavioral outcome after SCI. RESULTS We have found that the BET inhibitor JQ1 reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. A prolonged treatment with JQ1 also decreased reactivity of microglia/macrophages, enhanced neuroprotection and functional recovery, and acutely reduced neuropathic pain after SCI. CONCLUSIONS BET protein inhibition is an effective treatment to regulate cytokine production and promote neuroprotection after SCI. These novel results demonstrate for the first time that targeting BET proteins is an encouraging approach for SCI repair and a potential strategy to treat other inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sánchez-Ventura
- Institut of Neurosciences, Dept Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Amo-Aparicio
- Institut of Neurosciences, Dept Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institut of Neurosciences, Dept Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Penas
- Institut of Neurosciences, Dept Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Huang W, Kabbani N, Brannan TK, Lin MK, Theiss MM, Hamilton JF, Ecklund JM, Conley YP, Vodovotz Y, Brienza D, Wagner AK, Robbins E, Sowa GA, Lipsky RH. Association of a Functional Polymorphism in the CHRFAM7A Gene with Inflammatory Response Mediators and Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3026-3033. [PMID: 30924722 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, α7 nAChR, plays a central role in regulating inflammatory responses. Previous studies showed that pharmacological inhibitors of α7nAChR have a pro-inflammatory effect, increasing the circulating levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). This study focused on how genetic polymorphisms of the partially duplicated α7nAChR gene (CHRFAM7A), which is highly expressed in peripheral blood cells, contribute to functional outcome after spinal cord injury (SCI). In a cohort of 27 SCI patients and 25 emergency room consented controls (% F/M: 15/85, 24/76; mean ± SE age: 35 ± 1.38 and 35 ± 2.0 respectively), a panel of circulating cytokines, noradrenergic metabolite (normetanephrine [NMN]) levels, and clinical data were available within the first 7 days post-injury (DPI) up to 90 DPI, and were investigated in the acute/subacute (DPI 1-21) and intermediate (DPI 22-90) temporal periods. Cytokine and NMN plasma levels on different DPI were analyzed as a function of CHRFAM7A genotype. TNFα levels, as a representative of some elevated inflammatory mediators, were nearly threefold higher in individuals carrying the del-2bp variant of the CHRFAM7A gene compared with that in the no-deletion genotype (p = 0.001 analysis of variance [ANOVA]) 3 weeks DPI, and twofold higher than genotype-matched acute/subacute non-SCI injury controls within 7 days DPI. In contrast, NMN levels were initially unchanged, although after 3 weeks, NMN levels were significantly decreased in SCI individuals carrying the del-2bp variant compared with non-carriers (p = 0.011 ANOVA). Numerical pain scores over this same period post-injury were significantly elevated in SCI patients carrying the del-2bp variant relative to non-carriers (p = 0.001 ANOVA). Taken together, these data reveal that pro-inflammatory responses associated with CHRFAM7A gene variation may also be associated with differences in pain experience in patients following SCI, at least during the intermediate phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Tricia K Brannan
- Inova Neuroscience Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Ming Kuan Lin
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Mark M Theiss
- Department of Orthopedic Services, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - John F Hamilton
- Inova Neuroscience Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - James M Ecklund
- Inova Neuroscience Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Yvette P Conley
- School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Bioengineering McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, Bioengineering McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David Brienza
- Rehabilitation Science and Technology, Bioengineering McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Robbins
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gwendolyn A Sowa
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Lipsky
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Inova Neuroscience Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia
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Bittermann S, Schild C, Marti E, Mirkovitch J, Schweizer D, Henke D. Analysis of blood degradation products and ferritin in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion, a prospective pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:148. [PMID: 31088486 PMCID: PMC6518634 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemorrhage in the spinal canal leads to further damage of the spinal cord influencing outcome in dogs with intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusion. The aim of the study was to evaluate blood degradation products and ferritin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with thoracolumbar IVD extrusion, and their association to clinical parameters and MRI findings. Results In the CSF of dogs with IVD extrusion, both net oxyhemoglobin absorption (NOA) and net bilirubin absorption (NBA) were significantly higher compared to the control groups of dogs with steroid responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA) and idiopathic epilepsy (IE) (P < 0.001), but NOA compared to the idiopathic epilepsy group contaminated artificially with blood (IEc) was not (P = 0.890). Ferritin concentration was significantly higher in dogs with IVD extrusion compared to dogs with IE (P = 0.034), but not to dogs with SRMA (P = 0.526). There was no association between NOA, NBA or ferritin concentration and severity or duration of clinical signs. In dogs with a higher ferritin concentration the outcome was better (P = 0.018). In dogs with evidence of hemorrhage on MRI, NOA and NBA were significantly higher (P = 0.016, P = 0.009), but not ferritin (P = 0.0628). Conclusion and clinical importance Quantification of blood degradation products and ferritin in the CSF of dogs to assess subarachnoidal hemorrhage is feasible; however, larger case numbers are needed to evaluate the relevance of NBA and ferritin as prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bittermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Division of Clinical Veterinary Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christof Schild
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, INO-F3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Mirkovitch
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schweizer
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Division of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diana Henke
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Division of Clinical Veterinary Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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35
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Mohamadi Y, Noori Moghahi SMH, Mousavi M, Borhani-Haghighi M, Abolhassani F, Kashani IR, Hassanzadeh G. Intrathecal transplantation of Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells suppresses the NLRP1 inflammasome in the rat model of spinal cord injury. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 97:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Petrović A, Kaur J, Tomljanović I, Nistri A, Mladinic M. Pharmacological induction of Heat Shock Protein 70 by celastrol protects motoneurons from excitotoxicity in rat spinal cord in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:215-231. [PMID: 30362615 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The secondary phase of spinal cord injury arising after the primary lesion largely extends the damage severity with delayed negative consequences for sensory-motor pathways. It is, therefore, important to find out if enhancing intrinsic mechanisms of neuroprotection can spare motoneurons that are very vulnerable cells. This issue was investigated with an in vitro model of rat spinal cord excitotoxicity monitored for up to 24 hr after the primary injury evoked by kainate. This study sought to pharmacologically boost the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) to protect spinal motoneurons using celastrol to investigate if the rat spinal cord can upregulate HSP as neuroprotective mechanism. Despite its narrow range of drug safety in vitro, celastrol was not toxic to the rat spinal cord at 0.75 μM concentration and enhanced the expression of HSP70 by motoneurons. When celastrol was applied either before or after kainate, the number of dead motoneurons was significantly decreased and the nuclear localization of the cell death biomarker AIF strongly inhibited. Nevertheless, electrophysiological recording showed that protection of lumbar motor networks by celastrol was rather limited as reflex activity was impaired and fictive locomotion largely depressed, suggesting that functional deficit persisted, though the networks could express slow rhythmic oscillations. While our data do not exclude further recovery at later times beyond the experimental observations, the present results indicate that the upregulated expression of HSP in the aftermath of acute injury may be an interesting avenue for early protection of spinal motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Petrović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Miranda Mladinic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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37
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Perez M, Cartarozzi LP, Chiarotto GB, Oliveira SAD, Guimarães FS, Oliveira ALRD. Neuronal preservation and reactive gliosis attenuation following neonatal sciatic nerve axotomy by a fluorinated cannabidiol derivative. Neuropharmacology 2018; 140:201-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Recent advances in the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and their roles in neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:13-20. [PMID: 30016687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington disease. Current studies in this area have advanced the mechanism of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegeneration. Studies from epidemiologic, clinical and animal models also contributed in the various new mechanisms of neuroinflammation. In this line, activation of monocytes is an important emerging mechanism that has a, profound role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Ion channels, matrix metalloproteases and microRNAs are also found to be the key players in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. In particular, microRNA-32 regulates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and thus neurodegeneration. Notably, some important studies describe the role of Th17 cells in neuroinflammation, but, very little knowledge is available about their mechanism of action. Particularly, the role of autophagy gets emphasized, which plays a very critical role in protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight and discuss the mechanisms of these mediators of inflammation by which they contribute to the disease progression. In conclusion, we focus on the various newer molecular mechanisms that are associated with the basic understanding of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration.
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Torres-Espín A, Forero J, Fenrich KK, Lucas-Osma AM, Krajacic A, Schmidt E, Vavrek R, Raposo P, Bennett DJ, Popovich PG, Fouad K. Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury. Brain 2018; 141:1946-1962. [PMID: 29860396 PMCID: PMC6022560 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitative training is one of the most successful therapies to promote motor recovery after spinal cord injury, especially when applied early after injury. Polytrauma and management of other medical complications in the acute post-injury setting often preclude or complicate early rehabilitation. Therefore, interventions that reopen a window of opportunity for effective motor training after chronic injury would have significant therapeutic value. Here, we tested whether this could be achieved in rats with chronic (8 weeks) dorsolateral quadrant sections of the cervical spinal cord (C4) by inducing mild neuroinflammation. We found that systemic injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide improved the efficacy of rehabilitative training on forelimb function, as assessed using a single pellet reaching and grasping task. This enhanced recovery was found to be dependent on the training intensity, where a high-intensity paradigm induced the biggest improvements. Importantly, in contrast to training alone, the combination of systemic lipopolysaccharide and high-intensity training restored original function (reparative plasticity) rather than enhancing new motor strategies (compensatory plasticity). Accordingly, electrophysiological and tract-tracing studies demonstrated a recovery in the cortical drive to the affected forelimb muscles and a restructuration of the corticospinal innervation of the cervical spinal cord. Thus, we propose that techniques that can elicit mild neuroinflammation may be used to enhance the efficacy of rehabilitative training after chronic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Torres-Espín
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan Forero
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith K Fenrich
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ana M Lucas-Osma
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Krajacic
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emma Schmidt
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Romana Vavrek
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela Raposo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David J Bennett
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, 460 W. 12th Ave., 694 Biomedical Research Tower, Ohio State University; Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Maldonado-Lasunción I, Verhaagen J, Oudega M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Macrophage Choreography Supporting Spinal Cord Repair. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:578-587. [PMID: 29728851 PMCID: PMC6095786 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in destructive events that lead to tissue loss and functional impairments. A hallmark of spinal cord injury is the robust and persistent presence of inflammatory macrophages. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to benefit repair of the damaged spinal cord often associated with improved functional recovery. Transplanted MSCs immediately encounter the abundance of inflammatory macrophages in the injury site. It is known that MSCs interact closely and reciprocally with macrophages during tissue healing. Here, we will review the roles of (transplanted) MSCs and macrophages in spinal cord injury and repair. Molecular interactions between MSCs and macrophages and the deficiencies in our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms will be reviewed. We will discuss possible ways to benefit from the MSC-macrophage choreography for developing repair strategies for the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Maldonado-Lasunción
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Oudega
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33155, USA.
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ruppert KA, Nguyen TT, Prabhakara KS, Toledano Furman NE, Srivastava AK, Harting MT, Cox CS, Olson SD. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modify Microglial Response and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:480. [PMID: 29323194 PMCID: PMC5764957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
No current clinical intervention can alter the course of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), or appreciably improve neurological outcome. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to modulate the injury sequelae of SCI largely via paracrine effects, although the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. One potential modality is through secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we investigate whether systemic administration of EVs isolated from human MSCs (MSCEv) has the potential to be efficacious as an alternative to cell-based therapy for SCI. Additionally, we investigate whether EVs isolated from human MSCs stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines have enhanced anti-inflammatory effects when administered after SCI. Immunohistochemistry supported the quantitative analysis, demonstrating a diminished inflammatory response with apparent astrocyte and microglia disorganization in cord tissue up to 10 mm caudal to the injury site. Locomotor recovery scores showed significant improvement among animals treated with MSCEv. Significant increases in mechanical sensitivity threshold were observed in animals treated with EVs from either naïve MSC (MSCEvwt) or stimulated MSC (MSCEv+), with a statistically significant increase in threshold for MSCEv+-treated animals when compared to those that received MSCEvwt. In conclusion, these data show that treatment of acute SCI with extracellular vesicles derived from human MSCs attenuates neuroinflammation and improves functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Ruppert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tin T Nguyen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karthik S Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naama E Toledano Furman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew T Harting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Avila-Martin G, Mata-Roig M, Galán-Arriero I, Taylor JS, Busquets X, Escribá PV. Treatment with albumin-hydroxyoleic acid complex restores sensorimotor function in rats with spinal cord injury: Efficacy and gene expression regulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189151. [PMID: 29244816 PMCID: PMC5731767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor dysfunction following incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) is often characterized by paralysis, spasticity and pain. Previously, we showed that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the albumin-oleic acid (A-OA) complex in rats with SCI produced partial improvement of these symptoms and that oral 2-hydroxyoleic acid (HOA, a non-hydrolyzable OA analogue), was efficacious in the modulation and treatment of nociception and pain-related anxiety, respectively. Here we observed that intrathecal treatment with the complex albumin-HOA (A-HOA) every 3 days following T9 spinal contusion injury improved locomotor function assessed with the Rotarod and inhibited TA noxious reflex activity in Wistar rats. To investigate the mechanism of action of A-HOA, microarray analysis was carried out in the spinal cord lesion area. Representative genes involved in pain and neuroregeneration were selected to validate the changes observed in the microarray analysis by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Comparison of the expression between healthy rats, SCI rats, and SCI treated with A-HOA rats revealed relevant changes in the expression of genes associated with neuronal morphogenesis and growth, neuronal survival, pain and inflammation. Thus, treatment with A-HOA not only induced a significant overexpression of growth and differentiation factor 10 (GDF10), tenascin C (TNC), aspirin (ASPN) and sushi-repeat-containing X-linked 2 (SRPX2), but also a significant reduction in the expression of prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) and phospholipases A1 and A2 (PLA1/2). Currently, SCI has very important unmet clinical needs. A-HOA downregulated genes involved with inflammation and upregulated genes involved in neuronal growth, and may serve to promote recovery of function after experimental SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Mata-Roig
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Julian S. Taylor
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
- Stoke Mandeville Spinal Research, National Spinal Injuries Centre, Buckinghamshire Healthcare Trust, NHS, Aylesbury, United Kingdom
- Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pablo V. Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Fan Y, Wu Y. Tetramethylpyrazine alleviates neural apoptosis in injured spinal cord via the downregulation of miR-214-3p. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:827-833. [PMID: 28802236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the regulation effect of tetramethylpyrazine on microRNA-214-3p (miR-214-3p) in the spinal cord injury (SCI) rats model and to elucidate the neuroprotective effect and its mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine after SCI. METHODS Ten Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish the SCI rats model, and the expression levels of miR-214-3p and Bcl2l2 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting at 7 days post-SCI. BBB scoring test was performed to evaluate the motor functional recovery at 21 days post-SCI. Twenty-five SCI rats were randomly assigned to five groups: SCI negative control (NC) group, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) group, miR-214-3p agomir group, TMP/agomir group and the sham group. The rats were given a two-week injection treatment with or without TMP. The expression levels of miR-214-3p, Bcl2l2, Bax and caspase 3 were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting at 7 days after injection. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) -mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to detect cell apoptosis in vivo. Luciferase activity was measured to verify the miR-214-3p target site in the 3'-UTR of Bcl2l2 mRNA. TMP treatment was also performed to injure primary cultured neuron cells and cell apoptosis in vitro was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS MiR-214-3p was up-regulated while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2l2 was downregulated post-SCI. TMP inhibited the apoptosis in vivo via decreasing the levels of miR-214-3p and increasing the expression level of Bcl2l2. A potential target site of miR-214-3p in the 3'UTR of Bcl2l2 mRNA was identified and validated by luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, TMP could effectively inhibit neuron cells apoptosis in vitro. CONCLUSIONS TMP alleviated neural apoptosis in injured spinal cord via down-regulation of miR-214-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Fan
- Department of Acupuncture, Tuina and Traumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yaochi Wu
- Department of Acupuncture, Tuina and Traumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Leaw B, Zhu D, Tan J, Muljadi R, Saad MI, Mockler JC, Wallace EM, Lim R, Tolcos M. Human amnion epithelial cells rescue cell death via immunomodulation of microglia in a mouse model of perinatal brain injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28241859 PMCID: PMC5330154 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) are clonogenic and have been proposed to reduce inflammatory-induced tissue injury. Perturbation of the immune response is implicated in the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury; modulating this response could thus be a novel therapy for treating or preventing such injury. The immunomodulatory properties of hAECs have been shown in other animal models, but a detailed investigation of the effects on brain immune cells following injury has not been undertaken. Here, we investigate the effects of hAECs on microglia, the first immune responders to injury within the brain. METHODS We generated a mouse model combining neonatal inflammation and perinatal hyperoxia, both of which are risk factors associated with perinatal brain injury. On embryonic day 16 we administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or saline (control), intra-amniotically to C57Bl/6 J mouse pups. On postnatal day (P)0, LPS pups were placed in hyperoxia (65% oxygen) and control pups in normoxia for 14 days. Pups were given either hAECs or saline intravenously on P4. RESULTS At P14, relative to controls, LPS and hyperoxia pups had reduced body weight, increased density of apoptotic cells (TUNEL) in the cortex, striatum and white matter, astrocytes (GFAP) in the white matter and activated microglia (CD68) in the cortex and striatum, but no change in total microglia density (Iba1). hAEC administration rescued the decreased body weight and reduced apoptosis and astrocyte areal coverage in the white matter, but increased the density of total and activated microglia. We then stimulated primary microglia (CD45lowCD11b+) with LPS for 24 h, followed by co-culture with hAEC conditioned medium for 48 h. hAEC conditioned medium increased microglial phagocytic activity, decreased microglia apoptosis and decreased M1 activation markers (CD86). Stimulating hAECs for 24 h with LPS did not alter release of cytokines known to modulate microglia activity. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that hAECs can directly immunomodulate brain microglia, probably via release of trophic factors. This observation offers promise that hAECs may afford therapeutic utility in the management of perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Dandan Zhu
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Jean Tan
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Ruth Muljadi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Mohamed I. Saad
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Joanne C. Mockler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Euan M. Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
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Zhang N, Wei G, Ye J, Yang L, Hong Y, Liu G, Zhong H, Cai X. Effect of curcumin on acute spinal cord injury in mice via inhibition of inflammation and TAK1 pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:1001-1006. [PMID: 28941865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that results in damaged spinal cord function. As a natural compound, curcumin has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory and strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the effect of curcumin against acute spinal cord injury (SCI), we explored its induced effects in SCI mice. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a member of the MAPKKK family and plays an essential role in TNF, IL-1, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. METHODS One hundred adult female KM mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (Control, Model, Test-L, Test-M, and Test-H). SCI was induced using the method described by Allen's. Motor function of the hindlimbs was evaluated on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the injury using the motor rating test on the Basso mouse scale (BMS). 7 days after SCI, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the level of NO was evaluated by Griess assay; and Western blot was used to verify the levels of proteins in the TAK1 pathway. Expressions of GFAP positive cells in injured spinal cord were detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The experiment showed that curcumin markedly inhibited SCI-induced production of inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 (ELISA assay) and nitrite oxide (Griess method) in a concentration-dependent manner. Curcumin decreased the phosphorylation levels of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) protein, leading to decreased phosphorylation levels of MKK6 and p38 MAPKs, key players in the microglia-mediated inflammatory response. Curcumin also significantly down-regulated the expression levels of the NF-κB upstream regulators IκB and IκB kinase (IKK). Additionally, behavior research showed that curcumin-treated mice showed significantly improved functional recovery compared to untreated mice (BMS assay). The expressions of GFAP increased in the injured spinal cord segments, which were decreased by Teat-M and Teat-H at 7d after SCI. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin restores mice hind-limb function that has been reduced by SCI. This occurs by inhibition of TAK1/MKK6/p38MAPK via the TAK1 and NFκB pathways and inflammation. These results suggest the therapeutic potential for curcumin in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou, PR China.
| | - Guicai Wei
- The First Hospital of Nanping, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Nanping, PR China; Minbei Traumatic Orthopedics Research Institute, Nanping, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jian Ye
- The First Hospital of Nanping, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Nanping, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Yunda Hong
- School of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Guisheng Liu
- School of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Huifen Zhong
- School of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Xinyi Cai
- School of Clinical Medical, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou, PR China
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Li XM, Yang Q, Li XB, Cheng Q, Zhang K, Han J, Zhao JN, Liu G, Zhao MG. Estrogen-like neuroprotection of isopsoralen against spinal cord injury through estrogen receptor ERα. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:259-265. [PMID: 27670769 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Isopsoralen is a type of furocoumarin that exhibits estrogen-like activities. The aim of this study was to determine the estrogen-like neuroprotection of isopsoralen in an animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Results indicated that isopsoralen (intraperitoneal injection of 5 and 10 mg/kg per day for two weeks) significantly enhanced the hindlimb locomotor functions of mice with SCI, as revealed in the BMS score and angle of inclined plane tests. Morphological data showed that isopsoralen significantly attenuated the injury of the gray matter of spinal cord and induced the up-regulation of ERα levels. The neuroprotective effects of isopsolaren were blocked by the ERα antagonist MPP (0.3 mg/kg), but not by the ERβ receptor antagonist PHTPP (0.3 mg/kg). Isopsolaren treatment increased phosphorylated PI3K and AKT (P-PI3K and P-AKT) in the spinal cord of SCI mice and showed a significant anti-apoptotic activity. These results suggest that isopsoralen performs estrogen-like neuroprotection against SCI-induced apoptosis by activating ERα and regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xu-Bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
- Jinling Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Walters ET. How is chronic pain related to sympathetic dysfunction and autonomic dysreflexia following spinal cord injury? Auton Neurosci 2017; 209:79-89. [PMID: 28161248 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) and neuropathic pain occur after severe injury to higher levels of the spinal cord. Mechanisms underlying these problems have rarely been integrated in proposed models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Several parallels suggest significant overlap of these mechanisms, although the relationships between sympathetic function (dysregulated in AD) and nociceptive function (dysregulated in neuropathic pain) are complex. One general mechanism likely to be shared is central sensitization - enhanced responsiveness and synaptic reorganization of spinal circuits that mediate sympathetic reflexes or that process and relay pain-related information to the brain. Another is enhanced sensory input to spinal circuits caused by extensive alterations in primary sensory neurons. Both AD and SCI-induced neuropathic pain are associated with spinal sprouting of peptidergic nociceptors that might increase synaptic input to the circuits involved in AD and SCI pain. In addition, numerous nociceptors become hyperexcitable, hypersensitive to chemicals associated with injury and inflammation, and spontaneously active, greatly amplifying sensory input to sensitized spinal circuits. As discussed with the aid of a preliminary functional model, these effects are likely to have mutually reinforcing relationships with each other, and with consequences of SCI-induced interruption of descending excitatory and inhibitory influences on spinal circuits, with SCI-induced inflammation in the spinal cord and in DRGs, and with activity in sympathetic fibers within DRGs that promotes local inflammation and spontaneous activity in sensory neurons. This model suggests that interventions selectively targeting hyperactivity in C-nociceptors might be useful for treating chronic pain and AD after high SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar T Walters
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Francos-Quijorna I, Amo-Aparicio J, Martinez-Muriana A, López-Vales R. IL-4 drives microglia and macrophages toward a phenotype conducive for tissue repair and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Glia 2016; 64:2079-2092. [PMID: 27470986 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages and microglia play a key role in the maintenance of nervous system homeostasis. However, upon different challenges, they can adopt several phenotypes, which may lead to divergent effects on tissue repair. After spinal cord injury (SCI), microglia and macrophages show predominantly pro-inflammatory activation and contribute to tissue damage. However, the factors that hamper their conversion to an anti-inflammatory state after SCI, or to other protective phenotypes, are poorly understood. Here, we show that IL-4 protein levels are undetectable in the spinal cord after contusion injury, which likely favors microglia and macrophages to remain in a pro-inflammatory state. We also demonstrate that a single delayed intraspinal injection of IL-4, 48 hours after SCI, induces increased expression of M2 marker in microglia and macrophages. We also show that delayed injection of IL-4 leads to the appearance of resolution-phase macrophages, and that IL-4 enhances resolution of inflammation after SCI. Interestingly, we provide clear evidence that delayed administration of IL-4 markedly improves functional outcomes and reduces tissue damage after contusion injury. It is possible that these improvements are mediated by the presence of macrophages with M2 markers and resolution-phase macrophages. These data suggest that therapies aimed at increasing IL-4 levels could be valuable for the treatment of acute SCI, for which there are currently no effective treatments. GLIA 2016;64:2079-2092.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Francos-Quijorna
- Departament De Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia I Immunologia, Institut De Neurociències, Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Jesús Amo-Aparicio
- Departament De Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia I Immunologia, Institut De Neurociències, Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Martinez-Muriana
- Departament De Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia I Immunologia, Institut De Neurociències, Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Rubèn López-Vales
- Departament De Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia I Immunologia, Institut De Neurociències, Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain.
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MicroRNA-127 targeting of mitoNEET inhibits neurite outgrowth, induces cell apoptosis and contributes to physiological dysfunction after spinal cord transection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35205. [PMID: 27748416 PMCID: PMC5066253 DOI: 10.1038/srep35205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroregeneration and apoptosis are two important pathophysiologic changes after spinal cord injury (SCI), but their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the regulation of neuroregeneration and neuronal apoptosis, research areas that have been greatly expanded in recent years. Here, using miRNA arrays to profile miRNA transcriptomes, we demonstrated that miR-127-3p was significantly down-regulated after spinal cord transection (SCT). Then, bioinformatics analyses and experimental detection showed that miR-127-3p exhibited specific effects on the regulation of neurite outgrowth and the induction of neuronal apoptosis by regulating the expression of the mitochondrial membrane protein mitoNEET. Moreover, knockdown of MitoNEET leaded to neuronal loss and apoptosis in primary cultured spinal neurons. This study therefore revealed that miR-127-3p, which targets mitoNEET, plays a vital role in regulating neurite outgrowth and neuronal apoptosis after SCT. Thus, modificatioin of the mitoNEET expression, such as mitoNEET activition may provide a new strategy for the treatment of SCI in preclinical trials.
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50
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Breen BA, Kraskiewicz H, Ronan R, Kshiragar A, Patar A, Sargeant T, Pandit A, McMahon SS. Therapeutic Effect of Neurotrophin-3 Treatment in an Injectable Collagen Scaffold Following Rat Spinal Cord Hemisection Injury. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1287-1295. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy Sargeant
- Covidien LLC, 60 Middletown Avenue, North Haven, Connecticut 06473, United States
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