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Yuan Y, Guan L, Cao Y, Xu Y. The distinct effects of fearful and disgusting scenes on self-relevant face recognition. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38767464 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2349764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Self-face recognition denotes the process by which a person can recognize their own face by distinguishing it from another's face. Although many research studies have explored the inhibition effect of negative information on self-relevant face processing, few researchers have examined whether negative scenes influence self-relevant face processing. Fearful and disgusting scenes are typical negative scenes, but little research to data has examined their discriminative effects on self-relevant face recognition. To investigate these issues, the current study explored the effect of negative scenes on self-relevant face recognition. In Study 1, 44 participants (20 men, 24 women) were asked to judge the orientation of a target face (self-face or friend-face) pictured in a negative or neutral scene, whereas 40 participants (19 men, 21 women) were asked to complete the same task in a fearful, disgusting, or neutral scene in Study 2. The results showed that negative scenes inhibited the speed of recognizing self-faces. Furthermore, the above effect of negative scenes on self-relevant face recognition occurred with fearful rather than disgusting scenes. Our findings suggest the distinct effects of fearful scenes and disgusting scenes on self-relevant face processing, which may be associated with the automatic attentional capture to negative scenes (especially fearful scenes) and the tendency to escape self-awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Brain Development, Northeast Normal University
| | - Lili Guan
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Brain Development, Northeast Normal University
| | - Yifei Cao
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University
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2
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Kassie SA, Astell AJ. Reimagining neuroscientific and andragogical principles for dementia care education. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38754018 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2024.2346741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This article aims to explore the integration of Louis Cozolino's (2013) andragogical strategies with the tenets of person-centered dementia care practices to enhance dementia care education. The article examines the multiple dimensions of learning in adulthood, highlighting the role of neural plasticity and lifelong brain adaptation in shaping learning and experiential strategies. This in-depth evaluation underscores the significance of tailoring andragogical approaches to the needs of adult learners, who, in this context, are care providers for persons with dementia. This is done through proper understanding of the neurobiological realities and the unique learning needs of adults. Such tailored approaches can be aligned with the brain's adaptive nature by recognizing the intricate interplay of cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions. Highlighting the need for including lessons on the person-centered approach in dementia care education, the paper argues that adult learners - who are essentially part of the dementia care workforce - first need to learn, appreciate, and embrace the approach before applying it in their caregiving practices. This article presents an overarching argument that integration of Cozolino's principles of adult learning with tenets of person-centered dementia care could provide a robust framework for dementia care education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seada A Kassie
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arlene J Astell
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Occupational Sciences and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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3
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Falon SL, Jobson L, Liddell BJ. Does culture moderate the encoding and recognition of negative cues? Evidence from an eye-tracking study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295301. [PMID: 38630733 PMCID: PMC11023573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-cultural research has elucidated many important differences between people from Western European and East Asian cultural backgrounds regarding how each group encodes and consolidates the contents of complex visual stimuli. While Western European groups typically demonstrate a perceptual bias towards centralised information, East Asian groups favour a perceptual bias towards background information. However, this research has largely focused on the perception of neutral cues and thus questions remain regarding cultural group differences in both the perception and recognition of negative, emotionally significant cues. The present study therefore compared Western European (n = 42) and East Asian (n = 40) participants on a free-viewing task and a subsequent memory task utilising negative and neutral social cues. Attentional deployment to the centralised versus background components of negative and neutral social cues was indexed via eye-tracking, and memory was assessed with a cued-recognition task two days later. While both groups demonstrated an attentional bias towards the centralised components of the neutral cues, only the Western European group demonstrated this bias in the case of the negative cues. There were no significant differences observed between Western European and East Asian groups in terms of memory accuracy, although the Western European group was unexpectedly less sensitive to the centralised components of the negative cues. These findings suggest that culture modulates low-level attentional deployment to negative information, however not higher-level recognition after a temporal interval. This paper is, to our knowledge, the first to concurrently consider the effect of culture on both attentional outcomes and memory for both negative and neutral cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Herbert C. Brain-computer interfaces and human factors: the role of language and cultural differences-Still a missing gap? Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1305445. [PMID: 38665897 PMCID: PMC11043545 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1305445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim at the non-invasive investigation of brain activity for supporting communication and interaction of the users with their environment by means of brain-machine assisted technologies. Despite technological progress and promising research aimed at understanding the influence of human factors on BCI effectiveness, some topics still remain unexplored. The aim of this article is to discuss why it is important to consider the language of the user, its embodied grounding in perception, action and emotions, and its interaction with cultural differences in information processing in future BCI research. Based on evidence from recent studies, it is proposed that detection of language abilities and language training are two main topics of enquiry of future BCI studies to extend communication among vulnerable and healthy BCI users from bench to bedside and real world applications. In addition, cultural differences shape perception, actions, cognition, language and emotions subjectively, behaviorally as well as neuronally. Therefore, BCI applications should consider cultural differences in information processing to develop culture- and language-sensitive BCI applications for different user groups and BCIs, and investigate the linguistic and cultural contexts in which the BCI will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Herbert
- Applied Emotion and Motivation Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Jelić M. How do we process feedback? The role of self-esteem in processing self-related and other-related information. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 227:103592. [PMID: 35483248 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of the level and stability of self-esteem on self-referent vs. other-referent feedback recall and to determine which of the opposed self-concept motives, self-enhancement or self-verification, will prevail in adolescents with certain type of self- esteem. In a between-subjects experimental design, 450 high school graduates and freshmen were randomly assigned to a self-referent task (n = 230) or other-referent task (n = 220) and their self-esteem was measured by repeated administration of the RSE scale. After personality and cognitive ability test, participants in a self-referent task were presented with a bogus feedback which consisted of statements that described a specific positive or negative behavior that one is likely to do. Participants in the other-referent received the same information, but relating to an unknown person. Memory was tested on a surprise free recall task. Findings confirm preferential processing of self-related information, i.e. self-reference effect, regardless of valence and content-related domain of feedback. Participants in self-referent condition also showed better recall of positive than negative personally relevant feedback, regardless of their self-esteem stability or self-esteem level. However, interaction of self-esteem level and self-esteem stability was significant, but its effect was relatively small.
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Narrating Animals, between Fear and Resilience. RELIGIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rel13070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With a focus on the animal realm, this essay explores the question of lived and believed narratives and how they can turn from being, at genesis, a compelling creative and empowering force to an oppressive force of disempowerment and destruction. Narratives help us make sense of the world and work out how to behave in it. They are also heavily dependent on emotional and automatic systems and processes. This can lead to a discrepancy between the narrative and its referent that can stretch to the point that the narrative is only beneficial if the impact upon the referent is ignored. Instead of empowering us, such narratives can have the opposite effect, making us fundamentally vulnerable. A notorious case is the narrative that Western tradition has developed in relation to nonhuman animals. This narrative is being progressively dismantled as its consequences for the nonhuman animals, the humans and the entire planet are becoming increasingly harder to ignore.
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Fan X, Gao T, Luo S, Gelfand MJ, Han S. Religious Afterlife Beliefs Decrease Behavioral Avoidance of Symbols of Mortality. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2022:1461672221096281. [PMID: 35611400 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221096281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An astonishing cultural phenomenon is where, far away from or close to a city center, people in different societies localize cemeteries that function as both sites of memory of lost ones and symbols of mortality. Yet a psychological account of such differences in behavioral responses to symbols of mortality is lacking. Across five studies (N = 1,590), we tested a psychological model that religious afterlife beliefs decrease behavioral avoidance of symbols of mortality (BASM) by developing and validating a word-position task for quantifying BASM. We showed evidence that religious believers, including Christians, Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists, exhibited decreased BASM relative to nonbelievers. We also provide evidence for a causal relationship between religious afterlife beliefs and reduced BASM. Our findings provide new insight into the functional role of religious afterlife beliefs in modulating human avoidance behavior in response to symbols of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Fan
- Peking University, Beijing, China.,Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Siyang Luo
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Chan KT. Emergence of the ‘Digitalized Self’ in the Age of Digitalization. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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9
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Wang N, Li J, Zeng M, Yang J. Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Self-Related Processing. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. People have different tendencies when responding to positive and negative self-related stimuli, which can be referred to as positive-negative asymmetry. People are generally biased toward self-positivity on the one hand and display a self-focus on negative information on the other. Studies found that the positive-negative asymmetry exists in the cognitive processing of the self, but research on emotional self-related processing has been scant. In the current study, 635 participants rated the extent to which an adjective describes themselves and how much pride or shame they feel during such an evaluation. For positive items, results showed an increasing tendency in participants’ self-descriptive ratings, from 1 (= very low) to 7 (= very high), which can positively predict pride but negatively predict shame. Meanwhile, for negative items, participants’ ratings, which show a decreasing trend, can positively predict pride and shame. Overall, the current study suggests a valence asymmetry in both cognitive and emotional self-related processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiwen Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Verma A, Jain A, Srinivasan N. Yes! I love my mother as much as myself: Self- and mother-association effects in an Indian sample. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:2210-2220. [PMID: 34215172 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211033118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Information associated with the self is preferentially processed compared to information associated with others. However, cultural differences appear to exist in the way information is processed about those close to us like our mothers. In Eastern compared with Western cultures, information about the mother seems to be processed as well as our self. However, it is not clear whether this lack of difference is due to familiarity or would extend to processing arbitrary perceptual information associated with different categorical labels. The current study employs a perceptual association paradigm in which category labels like self, mother, and none are associated with arbitrary shapes to study self versus mother processing in an Indian sample. We hypothesised that there would be no difference between self and mother processing given the familial and collectivistic tendencies in India. Participants in two experiments performed a matching task between a shape and a pre-assigned category label, with self, mother, and none as categories in Experiment 1A and self, friend, and none as categories in Experiment 1B. As expected, analysis of response times (RT), accuracies, and signal detection theoretic measures showed that information about mother is processed as well as self in Experiment 1A, but this effect is not present with friend in Experiment 1B. Moreover, participants' processing for the self-associated information gets attenuated depending upon the other close person category used in the task (friend vs. mother) indicating that self-information processing is dynamically dependent on the categorical contexts in which such processing takes place. Our findings have implications for understanding the processing of self-associated information across cultures and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ark Verma
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Anuj Jain
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Narayanan Srinivasan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
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11
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Luo S, Zhu Y, Fan L, Gao D, Han S. Resting-state brain network properties mediate the association between the oxytocin receptor gene and interdependence. Soc Neurosci 2020; 15:296-310. [PMID: 31928145 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2020.1714718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While an increasing number of behavioral findings have provided gene-culture coevolution accounts of human development, whether and how the brain mediates gene-culture associations remain unresolved. Based on the Culture-Behavior-Brain-Loop Model and the recent finding of associations between the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR, rs53576) and a cultural trait (i.e., interdependence) across populations, we tested the hypothesis that resting-state brain network properties mediate the relationship between OXTR rs53576 and interdependence. G and A allele carriers of OXTR rs53576 were scanned during a resting state using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and completed questionnaires to estimate their interdependence cultural values. We identified significant genotype effects on the local network metrics of the right hippocampus and its functional connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, basal ganglia and thalamus. The local network metrics of the right hippocampus and its functional connectivity with the basal ganglia and thalamus were correlated with interdependence. Moreover, both the degree of the right hippocampus and its functional connectivity with the basal ganglia and thalamus mediated the relationship between OXTR and interdependence. Our results provide brain imaging evidence for a key function of the brain in mediating the relationship between genes and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Luo
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou China.,School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Leyi Fan
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou China
| | - Dingguo Gao
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou China
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University , Beijing, China
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12
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Jacob A, Shukla A, Thonse U, Nagendra B, Chacko DM, Hiremath C, Devi P, Korann V, Dey A, Kunte M, Philip M, Bharath RD, Varambally S, Venkatasubramanian G, Rao NP. Cultural differences and neural correlates of cognitive insight in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:98-104. [PMID: 31101512 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive insight refers to a person's ability to examine their psychotic experiences and the inferences they draw from these experiences. Several studies suggest that cultural factors influence cognitive insight and the processes involved therein; a few studies have suggested differences between Western and Asian societies. However, there are no studies on cognitive insight and its neural correlates in non-Western populations. Hence, we examined factor structure of Beck's cognitive insight scale (BCIS) in a large sample of patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and healthy volunteers (HV) from India and assessed the relationship between cortical thickness and cognitive insight. We recruited 240 participants (SCZ-140; HV-100). Of these, 58 participants (SCZ-33; HV-25) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. We found a three-factor structure for BCIS which is different from the original two factor structure; self-reflection (SR) of original two-factor structure was sub-divided into- SR1, introspection and SR2, openness to feedback. There was a significant difference between HV and SCZ in the new factors, SR1 and SR2 but not in the original SR factor. Difference was also seen on MRI analysis; while there was a significant positive correlation between original SR factor and thickness of right posterior cingulate cortex, SR2 was positively correlated with thickness of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The difference in factor structure in Indian participants and their distinct neural correlates point to cultural differences in cognitive insight. While in western societies the constructs of introspection and openness to feedback might integrate, they might be separate entities in Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpitha Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Ayushi Shukla
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Umesh Thonse
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Bhargavi Nagendra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Dona Maria Chacko
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Chaitra Hiremath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Priyanka Devi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Vittal Korann
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Avyarthana Dey
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Mugdha Kunte
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Mariamma Philip
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Naren P Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India.
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Luyten P, Campbell C, Fonagy P. Borderline personality disorder, complex trauma, and problems with self and identity: A social‐communicative approach. J Pers 2019; 88:88-105. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Luyten
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London London UK
| | - Chloe Campbell
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London London UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London London UK
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14
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Influence of language and culture on retrieval-induced forgetting under the self-referential condition: Evidence from the Han and the Mosuo. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2019. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Zheng Y, Xiao Z, Wei L, Chen H. The Neural Representation of Relational- and Collective-Self: Two Forms of Collectivism. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2624. [PMID: 30619016 PMCID: PMC6312116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The collectivism can be divided into two forms: relational collectivism and group collectivism. According to the cognitive representation of self, relational collectivism emphasizes the relational-self and group collectivism privileges the collective-self. However, it remains uncertain whether there is a difference between relational-self and collective-self under Chinese collectivism cultural. To address the above issue, the present study examined the neural representation of relational-self and collective-self during trait judgment tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results showed that relational-self-reference compared with collective-self-reference generated stronger medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) activity, indicating relational-self was more closeness and important in the self-concept than collective-self under East Asian cultural background. Relational-self and collective-self are unequally represented in the MPFC, providing direct neural evidence that the collectivism in China can be divided into relational collectivism and group collectivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcan Zheng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zilun Xiao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luqing Wei
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Russell MJ, Masuda T, Hioki K, Singhal A. Culture and neuroscience: How Japanese and European Canadians process social context in close and acquaintance relationships. Soc Neurosci 2018; 14:484-498. [PMID: 30103645 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2018.1511471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent cultural psychology findings suggest that social orientation affects neural social attention. Whereas independent cultures process people as separate from social context, interdependent cultures process people as dependent on social context. This research expands upon these findings, investigating what role culture plays in people's neural processing of social context for two relationship contexts, close and acquaintance relationships. To investigate, we had European Canadian and Japanese participants rate the emotions of center faces in face lineups while collecting ERP data. Lineups were either congruent, with all faces showing similar emotions, or incongruent, with center face emotions differing from background faces. To investigate relationship types, we framed face lineups to be in close or acquaintance relationships. We found that for acquaintances, only Japanese processed incongruent social context as meaningful, as seen through N400 incongruity effects. Contrasting with these patterns, only European Canadians showed N400 incongruity effects for close relationships. These patterns were seen whether or not the two groups noticed the emotional conflict, as seen by N2 incongruity effects. Finally, we found that social orientation was differentially related to the neural incongruity effects for the two relationships. These findings further elucidate the nuances of how culture affects neural social attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takahiko Masuda
- a Department of Psychology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Koichi Hioki
- b Graduate School of Business Administration , Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Anthony Singhal
- a Department of Psychology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.,c Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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17
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Resting state connectivity mediates the relationship between collectivism and social cognition. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 123:17-24. [PMID: 29208492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans are intrinsically social beings and it is natural that self-processing is associated with social cognition. The degree to which the self is perceived as a part of social environment is modulated by cultural stereotypes, such as collectivism and individualism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that individuals who endorse collectivist values would spontaneously think more about their relationships with other people and this association would be mediated by connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the rest of the brain. Connectivity was evaluated based on resting state EEG data using the recently developed methods, which combine beamformer spatial filtering with seed based connectivity estimation. The formal mediation analysis revealed that collectivism is associated with an enhanced connectivity of MPFC with a set of cortical regions that are frequently co-activated in moral reasoning, empathy, and theory of mind tasks and with diminished connectivity with the precuneus\posterior cingulate cortex, which is involved in self-centered cognition. The relationship between collectivism and social cognition was mediated by MPFC connectivity with the left middle temporal gyrus implying that in participants with collectivistic attitude, thinking about relationships with other people may be associated with semantic memory retrieval and reasoning on moral issues and others' intentions.
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Neural correlates of believing. Neuroimage 2017; 156:155-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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de Cates AN, Rees K, Jollant F, Perry B, Bennett K, Joyce K, Leyden E, Harmer C, Hawton K, van Heeringen K, Broome MR. Are neurocognitive factors associated with repetition of self-harm? A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 72:261-277. [PMID: 27923730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediction of self-harm is limited clinically. Early identification of individuals likely to repeat self-harm could improve outcomes and reduce suicide risk. Various neurocognitive deficits have been found in people who self-harm, but the ability of these to predict repetition has yet to be established AIMS: Identify neurocognitive factors that may predict repetition of self-harm. METHODS Systematic narrative review of English language publications assessing neurocognitive functioning and self-harm repetition, searching multiple databases from inception to March 2015. Quality of studies was appraised. A narrative synthesis was performed. RESULTS 7026 unique records were identified, and 169 full-texts assessed. 15 unique studies provided data. No imaging studies could be included. Most studies assessed cognitive control or problem solving, but neither factor was consistently associated with repetition. However, specific tasks may show promise. Two studies in adolescents suggest that value-based decision-making impairments could be predictive of repetition. There were too few results for memory to draw specific conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Selected studies suggest promise for particular neurocognitive factors and specific cognitive tasks in terms of repetition of self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad N de Cates
- Unit of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.
| | - Karen Rees
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK
| | - Fabrice Jollant
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry & Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Academic Hospital (CHU) of Nîmes, France
| | - Benjamin Perry
- Unit of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Katie Joyce
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK
| | - Eimear Leyden
- University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Keith Hawton
- Centre for Suicide Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kees van Heeringen
- Unit for Suicide Research, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew R Broome
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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20
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Bao Y, Yang T, Lin X, Fang Y, Wang Y, Pöppel E, Lei Q. Aesthetic Preferences for Eastern and Western Traditional Visual Art: Identity Matters. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1596. [PMID: 27812339 PMCID: PMC5071313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Western and Chinese artists have different traditions in representing the world in their paintings. While Western artists start since the Renaissance to represent the world with a central perspective and focus on salient objects in a scene, Chinese artists concentrate on context information in their paintings, mainly before the mid-19th century. We investigated whether the different typical representations influence the aesthetic preference for traditional Chinese and Western paintings in the different cultural groups. Traditional Chinese and Western paintings were presented randomly for an aesthetic evaluation to Chinese and Western participants. Both Chinese and Western paintings included two categories: landscapes and people in different scenes. Results showed a significant interaction between the source of the painting and the cultural group. For Chinese and Western paintings, a reversed pattern of aesthetic preference was observed: while Chinese participants gave higher aesthetic scores to traditional Chinese paintings than to Western paintings, Western participants tended to give higher aesthetic scores to traditional Western paintings than to Chinese paintings. We interpret this observation as indicator that personal identity is supported and enriched within cultural belongingness. Another important finding was that landscapes were more preferable than people in a scene across different cultural groups indicating a universal principle of preferences for landscapes. Thus, our results suggest that, on the one hand, the way that artists represent the world in their paintings influences the way that culturally embedded viewers perceive and appreciate paintings, but on the other hand, independent of the cultural background, anthropological universals are disclosed by the preference of landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany; Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
| | - Taoxi Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiong Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany; Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
| | - Quan Lei
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA
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21
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Han S, Ma Y, Wang G. Shared neural representations of self and conjugal family members in Chinese brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-016-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Cai H, Wu L, Shi Y, Gu R, Sedikides C. Self-enhancement among Westerners and Easterners: a cultural neuroscience approach. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1569-78. [PMID: 27217110 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We adopted a cultural neuroscience approach to the investigation of self-enhancement. Western and Eastern participants made self-referent judgments on positive and negative traits while we recorded their electroencephalography signals. At the judgmental level, we assessed trait endorsement (judgments of traits self-descriptiveness) and reaction times (speed of such judgments). Participants endorsed more positive traits as self-descriptive and more negative traits as non-self-descriptive, although the magnitude of this effect (level of self-positivity) was higher in the Western than Eastern sample. Moreover, all participants responded faster to positive self-descriptive traits and to negative non-self-descriptive traits, indicating that the self-enhancement motive is equally potent across cultures. At the neurophysiological level, we assessed N170 and LPP. Negative traits elicited larger N170 among Easterners, indicating initial allocation of attentional resources to the processing of negative information. However, negative compared to positive self-descriptive traits elicited a larger LPP, whereas negative and positive non-self-descriptive traits did not differ in the LPP they elicited. This pattern generalized across samples, pointing to a pancultural physiological correlate of the self-enhancement motive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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23
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Han S, Humphreys G. Self-construal: a cultural framework for brain function. Curr Opin Psychol 2016; 8:10-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Luyten P, Blatt SJ. A Hierarchical Multiple-Level Approach to the Assessment of Interpersonal Relatedness and Self-Definition: Implications for Research, Clinical Practice, andDSMPlanning. J Pers Assess 2015; 98:5-13. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1091773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Shi Z, Ma Y, Wu B, Wu X, Wang Y, Han S. Neural correlates of reflection on actual versus ideal self-discrepancy. Neuroimage 2015; 124:573-580. [PMID: 26375210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Subjective feelings of actual/ideal self-discrepancy vary across individuals and influence one's own affective states. However, the neural correlates of actual/ideal self-discrepancy and their genetic individual differences remain unknown. We investigated neural correlates of actual/ideal self-discrepancy and their associations with the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) that moderates human affective states during self-reflection. We scanned short/short and long/long allele carriers of 5-HTTLPR, using functional MRI, during reflection on the distance between actual and ideal self in personality traits. We found that larger actual/ideal self-discrepancy was associated with activations in the ventral/dorsal striatum and dorsal medial and lateral prefrontal cortices. Moreover, these brain activities were stronger in short/short than long/long allele carriers and predicted self-report of life satisfaction in short/short carriers but trait depression in long/long carriers. Our findings revealed neural substrates of actual/ideal self-discrepancy and their associations with affective states that are sensitive to individuals' genetic makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Shi
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhuai Wu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanye Wang
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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26
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Phillips LR, Salem BE, Jeffers KS, Kim H, Ruiz ME, Salem N, Woods DL. Developing and Proposing the Ethno-Cultural Gerontological Nursing Model. J Transcult Nurs 2014; 26:118-28. [DOI: 10.1177/1043659614563615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
By 2050, for the first time in U.S. history, almost half of elders will be from ethnic minority groups. To meet the needs of this rapidly diversifying population, nurses need to be able to marry transcultural nursing knowledge with gerontological nursing knowledge. The purpose of this article is to propose a new theoretical model for explaining health outcomes and health responses for older individuals in unique ethno-cultural groups and to discuss implications and applications of the model to transcultural gerontological nursing practice and research. The discussion will include (1) an overview of currently available theoretical knowledge in the area, (2) a description of the theory development process, (3) presentation of the proposed ethno-cultural gerontological nursing theoretical model, and (4) discussion of how this model can enhance nursing’s contributions to reducing health disparities. This model is presented not as a finished product but as a basis for future discussion and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haesook Kim
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Nancy Salem
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Zhou B, Pöppel E, Bao Y. In the jungle of time: the concept of identity as a way out. Front Psychol 2014; 5:844. [PMID: 25120528 PMCID: PMC4114202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
What could be a unifying principle for the manifold of temporal experiences: the simultaneity or temporal order of events, the subjective present, the duration of experiences, or the impression of a continuity of time? Furthermore, we time travel to the past visiting in imagination previous experiences in episodic memory, and we also time travel to the future anticipating actions or plans. For such time traveling we divide time into three domains: past, present, and future. What could be an escape out of this “jungle of time” characterized by many different perceptual and conceptual phenomena? The key concept we want to propose is “identity” which is derived from homeostasis as a fundamental biological principle. Within this conceptual frame two modes of identity are distinguished: individual or self-identity required because of homeostatic demands, and object-related identity necessary for the reliability and efficiency of neuro-cognitive processing. With this concept of self- and object-identity, the different temporal experiences can be conceptualized within a common frame. Thus, we propose a fundamental biological principle to conceptually unify temporal phenomena on the psychological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Department of Psychology, Peking University Beijing, China ; Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Parmenides Center for Art and Science Pullach, Germany
| | - Yan Bao
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Department of Psychology, Peking University Beijing, China ; Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany ; Parmenides Center for Art and Science Pullach, Germany ; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (MoE), Peking University Beijing, China
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28
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Self processing in the brain: a paradigmatic fMRI case study with a professional singer. Brain Cogn 2014; 87:104-8. [PMID: 24732954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in perception and conception of oneself is a fundamental psychological topic with high relevance for psychiatric and neurological issues, and it is one of the great challenges in neuroscientific research. The paradigmatic single-case study presented here aimed to investigate different components of self- and other-processes and to elucidate corresponding neurobiological underpinnings. An eminent professional opera singer with profound performance experience has undergone functional magnetic resonance imaging and was exposed to excerpts of Mozart arias, sung by herself or another singer. The results indicate a distinction between self- and other conditions in cortical midline structures, differentially involved in self-related and self-referential processing. This lends further support to the assumption of cortical midline structures being involved in the neural processing of self-specific stimuli and also confirms the power of single case studies as a research tool.
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29
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Gu X, Hof PR, Friston KJ, Fan J. Anterior insular cortex and emotional awareness. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:3371-88. [PMID: 23749500 PMCID: PMC3999437 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the foundation for a role of the human anterior insular cortex (AIC) in emotional awareness, defined as the conscious experience of emotions. We first introduce the neuroanatomical features of AIC and existing findings on emotional awareness. Using empathy, the awareness and understanding of other people's emotional states, as a test case, we then present evidence to demonstrate: 1) AIC and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are commonly coactivated as revealed by a meta-analysis, 2) AIC is functionally dissociable from ACC, 3) AIC integrates stimulus-driven and top-down information, and 4) AIC is necessary for emotional awareness. We propose a model in which AIC serves two major functions: integrating bottom-up interoceptive signals with top-down predictions to generate a current awareness state and providing descending predictions to visceral systems that provide a point of reference for autonomic reflexes. We argue that AIC is critical and necessary for emotional awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Gu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1N 3BG
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24011
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1N 3BG
| | - Jin Fan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367
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30
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Ma Y, Wang C, Li B, Zhang W, Rao Y, Han S. Does self-construal predict activity in the social brain network? A genetic moderation effect. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1360-7. [PMID: 24009354 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity in the social brain network varies across individuals with different cultural traits and different genetic polymorphisms. It remains unknown whether a specific genetic polymorphism may influence the association between cultural traits and neural activity in the social brain network. We tested whether the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) affects the association between self-construals and neural activity involved in reflection of personal attributes of oneself and a significant other (i.e., mother). Using functional MRI, we scanned Chinese adults with short/short (s/s) or long/long (l/l) variants of the 5-HTTLPR during reflection of personal attributes of oneself and one's mother. We found that, while s/s and l/l genotype groups did not differ significantly in self-construals measured by the Self-Construal Scale, the relationship between self-construal scores and neural responses to reflection of oneself and mother was significantly different between the two genotype groups. Specifically, l/l but not s/s genotype group showed significant association between self-construal scores and activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral middle frontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, insula and hippocampus during reflection on mental attributes of oneself and mother. Our findings suggest that a specific genetic polymorphism may interact with a cultural trait to shape the neural substrates underlying social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenbo Wang
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingfeng Li
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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31
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Liu Y, Sheng F, Woodcock KA, Han S. Oxytocin effects on neural correlates of self-referential processing. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:380-7. [PMID: 23965321 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) influences how humans process information about others. Whether OT affects the processing of information about oneself remains unknown. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject design, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from adults during trait judgments about oneself and a celebrity and during judgments on word valence, after intranasal OT or placebo administration. We found that OT vs. placebo treatment reduced the differential amplitudes of a fronto-central positivity at 220-280 ms (P2) during self- vs. valence-judgments. OT vs. placebo treatment tended to reduce the differential amplitude of a late positive potential at 520-1000 ms (LPP) during self-judgments but to increase the differential LPP amplitude during other-judgments. OT effects on the differential P2 and LPP amplitudes to self- vs. celebrity-judgments were positively correlated with a measure of interdependence of self-construals. Thus OT modulates the neural correlates of self-referential processing and this effect varies as a function of interdependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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32
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Chiao JY, Blizinsky KD. Population disparities in mental health: insights from cultural neuroscience. Am J Public Health 2013; 103 Suppl 1:S122-32. [PMID: 23927543 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
By 2050, nearly 1 in 5 Americans (19%) will be an immigrant, including Hispanics, Blacks, and Asians, compared to the 1 in 8 (12%) in 2005. They will vary in the extent to which they are at risk for mental health disorders. Given this increase in cultural diversity within the United States and costly population health disparities across cultural groups, it is essential to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how culture affects basic psychological and biological mechanisms. We examine these basic mechanisms that underlie population disparities in mental health through cultural neuroscience. We discuss the challenges to and opportunities for cultural neuroscience research to determine sociocultural and biological factors that confer risk for and resilience to mental health disorders across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y Chiao
- Joan Y. Chiao and Katherine D. Blizinsky Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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33
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Martínez Mateo M, Cabanis M, Stenmanns J, Krach S. Essentializing the binary self: individualism and collectivism in cultural neuroscience. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:289. [PMID: 23801954 PMCID: PMC3689037 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the emerging field of cultural neuroscience (CN) one branch of research focuses on the neural underpinnings of "individualistic/Western" vs. "collectivistic/Eastern" self-views. These studies uncritically adopt essentialist assumptions from classic cross-cultural research, mainly following the tradition of Markus and Kitayama (1991), into the domain of functional neuroimaging. In this perspective article we analyze recent publications and conference proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping (2012) and problematize the essentialist and simplistic understanding of "culture" in these studies. Further, we argue against the binary structure of the drawn "cultural" comparisons and their underlying Eurocentrism. Finally we scrutinize whether valuations within the constructed binarities bear the risk of constructing and reproducing a postcolonial, orientalist argumentation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez Mateo
- Department of Philosophy, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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34
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Knyazev GG. EEG correlates of self-referential processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:264. [PMID: 23761757 PMCID: PMC3674309 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-referential processing has been principally investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, understanding of the brain functioning is not possible without careful comparison of the evidence coming from different methodological domains. This paper aims to review electroencephalographic (EEG) studies of self-referential processing and to evaluate how they correspond, complement, or contradict the existing fMRI evidence. There are potentially two approaches to the study of EEG correlates of self-referential processing. Firstly, because simultaneous registration of EEG and fMRI has become possible, the degree of overlap between these two signals in brain regions related to self-referential processing could be determined. Second and more direct approach would be the study of EEG correlates of self-referential processing per se. In this review, I discuss studies, which employed both these approaches and show that in line with fMRI evidence, EEG correlates of self-referential processing are most frequently found in brain regions overlapping with the default network, particularly in the medial prefrontal cortex. In the time domain, the discrimination of self- and others-related information is mostly associated with the P300 ERP component, but sometimes is observed even earlier. In the frequency domain, different frequency oscillations have been shown to contribute to self-referential processing, with spontaneous self-referential mentation being mostly associated with the alpha frequency band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Knyazev
- Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia
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Huff S, Yoon C, Lee F, Mandadi A, Gutchess AH. Self-referential processing and encoding in bicultural individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-013-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ma Y, Li B, Wang C, Shi Z, Sun Y, Sheng F, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Rao Y, Han S. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism modulates neural mechanisms of negative self-reflection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:2421-9. [PMID: 23588187 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive distortion in depression is characterized by enhanced negative thoughts about both environment and oneself. Carriers of a risk allele for depression, that is, the short (s) allele of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), exhibit amygdala hyperresponsiveness to negative environmental stimuli relative to homozygous long variant (l/l). However, the neural correlates of negative self-schema in s allele carriers remain unknown. Using functional MRI, we scanned individuals with s/s or l/l genotype of the 5-HTTLPR during reflection on their own personality traits or a friend's personality traits. We found that relative to l/l carriers, s/s carriers showed stronger distressed feelings and greater activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC)/dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the right anterior insula (AI) during negative self-reflection. The 5-HTTLPR effect on the distressed feelings was mediated by the AI/inferior frontal (IF) activity during negative self-reflection. The dACC/dmPFC activity explained 20% of the variation in harm-avoidance tendency in s/s but not l/l carriers. The genotype effects on distress and brain activity were not observed during reflection on a friend's negative traits. Our findings reveal that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism modulates distressed feelings and brain activities associated with negative self-schema and suggest a potential neurogenetic susceptibility mechanism for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bingfeng Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenbo Wang
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenhao Shi
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Sheng
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Han S, Northoff G, Vogeley K, Wexler BE, Kitayama S, Varnum ME. A Cultural Neuroscience Approach to the Biosocial Nature of the Human Brain. Annu Rev Psychol 2013; 64:335-59. [PMID: 22994921 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-071112-054629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China;
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50924, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany
| | - Bruce E. Wexler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1109
| | - Michael E.W. Varnum
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China;
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Abstract
To investigate whether self-reflection on personality traits engages distinct neural mechanisms of self-related attentional orientation and self-related evaluation, we recorded electroencephalograms from adults while they made trait judgments about themselves and an age- and gender-matched friend, or judgments of word valence. Each trial consisted of a cue word that indicated a target person for trait judgment or instructed valence judgment, followed by a trait adjective to be evaluated. Using a wavelet analysis, we calculated time-frequency power at each electrode and phase synchrony between electrode pairs associated with self-, friend- or valence-cues and with trait adjectives during trait or valence judgments. Relative to friend- and valence-cues, self-cues elicited increased synchronous activity in delta (2-4Hz), theta (5-7Hz), alpha (8-13Hz), beta (14-26Hz), and gamma (28-40Hz) bands, and increased large-scale phase synchrony in these frequency bands. Self-related evaluation compared to friend-related evaluation during trait judgments induced stronger desynchronization in alpha, beta and gamma band activities, and decreased phase synchrony in alpha and gamma band activities. Our findings suggest that self-related attentional orientation and self-related evaluation engage distinct neural mechanisms that are respectively characterized by synchrony and desynchrony of neural activity in local assemblies and between long-distance brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mu
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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Knyazev GG, Savostyanov AN, Volf NV, Liou M, Bocharov AV. EEG correlates of spontaneous self-referential thoughts: A cross-cultural study. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 86:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ma Y, Bang D, Wang C, Allen M, Frith C, Roepstorff A, Han S. Sociocultural patterning of neural activity during self-reflection. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 9:73-80. [PMID: 22956678 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Western cultures encourage self-construals independent of social contexts, whereas East Asian cultures foster interdependent self-construals that rely on how others perceive the self. How are culturally specific self-construals mediated by the human brain? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we monitored neural responses from adults in East Asian (Chinese) and Western (Danish) cultural contexts during judgments of social, mental and physical attributes of themselves and public figures to assess cultural influences on self-referential processing of personal attributes in different dimensions. We found that judgments of self vs a public figure elicited greater activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in Danish than in Chinese participants regardless of attribute dimensions for judgments. However, self-judgments of social attributes induced greater activity in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) in Chinese than in Danish participants. Moreover, the group difference in TPJ activity was mediated by a measure of a cultural value (i.e. interdependence of self-construal). Our findings suggest that individuals in different sociocultural contexts may learn and/or adopt distinct strategies for self-reflection by changing the weight of the mPFC and TPJ in the social brain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
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Construction and interpretation of self-related function and dysfunction in Intercultural Psychiatry. Eur Psychiatry 2012; 27 Suppl 2:S32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(12)75706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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The temporal features of self-referential processing evoked by national flag. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:233-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Obhi SS, Hogeveen J, Pascual-Leone A. Resonating with others: the effects of self-construal type on motor cortical output. J Neurosci 2011; 31:14531-5. [PMID: 21994369 PMCID: PMC6703414 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3186-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
"Self-construal" refers to how individuals view and make meaning of the self, and at least two subtypes have been identified. Interdependent self-construal is a view of the self that includes relationships with others, and independent self-construal is a view of the self that does not include relations with others. It has been suggested that priming these two types of self-construal affects the cognitive processing style that an individual adopts, especially with regard to context sensitivity. Specifically, an interdependent self-construal is thought to promote attention to others and social context to a greater degree than an independent self-construal. To investigate this assertion, we elicited motor-evoked potentials with transcranial magnetic stimulation during an action observation task in which human participants were presented with either interdependent or independent self-construal prime words. Priming interdependent self-construal increased motor cortical output whereas priming independent self-construal did not, compared with a no-priming baseline condition. These effects, likely mediated by changes in the mirror system, essentially tune the individual to, or shield the individual from, social input. Interestingly, the pattern of these self-construal-induced changes in the motor system corroborates with previously observed self-construal effects on overt behavioral mimicry in social settings, and as such, our results provide strong evidence that motor resonance likely mediates nonconscious mimicry in social settings. Finally, these self-construal effects may lead to the development of interventions for disorders of deficient or excessive social influence, like certain autism spectrum and compulsive imitative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5.
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Wang G, Mao L, Ma Y, Yang X, Cao J, Liu X, Wang J, Wang X, Han S. Neural representations of close others in collectivistic brains. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 7:222-9. [PMID: 21382966 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent work showed that close relationships result in shared cognitive and neural representations of the self and one's mother in collectivistic individuals (Zhu et al., 2007, Neuroimage, 34, 1310-7). However, it remains unknown whether close others, such as mother, father and best friend, are differentially represented in collectivistic brains. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a trait judgment task, we showed evidence that, while trait judgments of the self and mother generated comparable activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) of Chinese adults, trait judgments of mother induced greater MPFC/ACC activity than trait judgments of father and best friend. Our results suggest that, while neural representations of the self and mother overlapped in the MPFC/ACC, close others such as mother, father and best friend are unequally represented in the MPFC/ACC of collectivistic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Liew SL, Ma Y, Han S, Aziz-Zadeh L. Who's afraid of the boss: cultural differences in social hierarchies modulate self-face recognition in Chinese and Americans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16901. [PMID: 21359209 PMCID: PMC3040187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adults typically respond faster to their own face than to the faces of others. However, in Chinese participants, this self-face advantage is lost in the presence of one's supervisor, and they respond faster to their supervisor's face than to their own. While this "boss effect" suggests a strong modulation of self-processing in the presence of influential social superiors, the current study examined whether this effect was true across cultures. Given the wealth of literature on cultural differences between collectivist, interdependent versus individualistic, independent self-construals, we hypothesized that the boss effect might be weaker in independent than interdependent cultures. Twenty European American college students were asked to identify orientations of their own face or their supervisors' face. We found that European Americans, unlike Chinese participants, did not show a "boss effect" and maintained the self-face advantage even in the presence of their supervisor's face. Interestingly, however, their self-face advantage decreased as their ratings of their boss's perceived social status increased, suggesting that self-processing in Americans is influenced more by one's social status than by one's hierarchical position as a social superior. In addition, when their boss's face was presented with a labmate's face, American participants responded faster to the boss's face, indicating that the boss may represent general social dominance rather than a direct negative threat to oneself, in more independent cultures. Altogether, these results demonstrate a strong cultural modulation of self-processing in social contexts and suggest that the very concept of social positions, such as a boss, may hold markedly different meanings to the self across Western and East Asian cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Lei Liew
- The Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- The Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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