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Tiwari A, Meriläinen P, Lindh E, Kitajima M, Österlund P, Ikonen N, Savolainen-Kopra C, Pitkänen T. Avian Influenza outbreaks: Human infection risks for beach users - One health concern and environmental surveillance implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173692. [PMID: 38825193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite its popularity for water activities, such as swimming, surfing, fishing, and rafting, inland and coastal bathing areas occasionally experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI), including A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b. Asymptomatic infections and symptomatic outbreaks often impact many aquatic birds, which increase chances of spill-over events to mammals and pose concerns for public health. This review examined the existing literature to assess avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission risks to beachgoers and the general population. A comprehensive understanding of factors governing such crossing of the AIV host range is currently lacking. There is limited knowledge on key factors affecting risk, such as species-specific interactions with host cells (including binding, entry, and replication via viral proteins hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, and polymerase basic protein 2), overcoming host restrictions, and innate immune response. AIV efficiently transmits between birds and to some extent between marine scavenger mammals in aquatic environments via consumption of infected birds. However, the current literature lacks evidence of zoonotic AIV transmission via contact with the aquatic environment or consumption of contaminated water. The zoonotic transmission risk of the circulating A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus to the general population and beachgoers is currently low. Nevertheless, it is recommended to avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds and to refrain from bathing in locations where mass bird mortalities are reported. Increasing reports of AIVs spilling over to non-human mammals have raised valid concerns about possible virus mutations that lead to crossing the species barrier and subsequent risk of human infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland
| | - Erika Lindh
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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2
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Ducatez MF, Wang C, Yang J, Zhao Y, Foret-Lucas C, Croville G, Loupias J, Teillaud A, Peralta B, Ghram A, Guérin JL, Wan XF. Infection dynamics of subtype H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza a virus in turkeys. Virology 2024; 596:110124. [PMID: 38838475 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
While mammals can be infected by influenza A virus either sporadically or with well adapted lineages, aquatic birds are the natural reservoir of the pathogen. So far most of the knowledge on influenza virus dynamics was however gained on mammalian models. In this study, we infected turkeys using a low pathogenic avian influenza virus and determined the infection dynamics with a target-cell limited model. Results showed that turkeys had a different set of infection characteristics, compared with humans and ponies. The viral clearance rates were similar between turkeys and ponies but higher than that in humans. The cell death rates and cell to cell transmission rates were similar between turkeys and humans but higher than those in ponies. Overall, this study indicated the variations of within-host dynamics of influenza infection in avian, humans, and other mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yulong Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Montano Valle DDLN, Berezowski J, Delgado-Hernández B, Hernández AQ, Percedo-Abreu MI, Alfonso P, Carmo LP. Modeling transmission of avian influenza viruses at the human-animal-environment interface in Cuba. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1415559. [PMID: 39055861 PMCID: PMC11269842 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1415559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The increasing geographical spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is of global concern due to the underlying zoonotic and pandemic potential of the virus and its economic impact. An integrated One Health model was developed to estimate the likelihood of Avian Influenza (AI) introduction and transmission in Cuba, which will help inform and strengthen risk-based surveillance activities. Materials and methods The spatial resolution used for the model was the smallest administrative district ("Consejo Popular"). The model was parameterised for transmission from wild birds to poultry and pigs (commercial and backyard) and then to humans. The model includes parameters such as risk factors for the introduction and transmission of AI into Cuba, animal and human population densities; contact intensity and a transmission parameter (β). Results Areas with a higher risk of AI transmission were identified for each species and type of production system. Some variability was observed in the distribution of areas estimated to have a higher probability of AI introduction and transmission. In particular, the south-western and eastern regions of Cuba were highlighted as areas with the highest risk of transmission. Discussion These results are potentially useful for refining existing criteria for the selection of farms for active surveillance, which could improve the ability to detect positive cases. The model results could contribute to the design of an integrated One Health risk-based surveillance system for AI in Cuba. In addition, the model identified geographical regions of particular importance where resources could be targeted to strengthen biosecurity and early warning surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damarys de las Nieves Montano Valle
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - John Berezowski
- Center for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Delgado-Hernández
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | | | - María Irian Percedo-Abreu
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Pastor Alfonso
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Luis Pedro Carmo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
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Rampedi PN, Ogunrombi MO, Adeleke OA. Leading Paediatric Infectious Diseases-Current Trends, Gaps, and Future Prospects in Oral Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:712. [PMID: 38931836 PMCID: PMC11206886 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Paediatric infectious diseases contribute significantly to global health challenges. Conventional therapeutic interventions are not always suitable for children, as they are regularly accompanied with long-standing disadvantages that negatively impact efficacy, thus necessitating the need for effective and child-friendly pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies, particularly oral formulations, have shown tremendous progress in enhancing the effectiveness of paediatric medicines. Generally, these delivery methods target, and address challenges associated with palatability, dosing accuracy, stability, bioavailability, patient compliance, and caregiver convenience, which are important factors that can influence successful treatment outcomes in children. Some of the emerging trends include moving away from creating liquid delivery systems to developing oral solid formulations, with the most explored being orodispersible tablets, multiparticulate dosage forms using film-coating technologies, and chewable drug products. Other ongoing innovations include gastro-retentive, 3D-printed, nipple-shield, milk-based, and nanoparticulate (e.g., lipid-, polymeric-based templates) drug delivery systems, possessing the potential to improve therapeutic effectiveness, age appropriateness, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles as they relate to the paediatric population. This manuscript therefore highlights the evolving landscape of oral pharmacotherapeutic interventions for leading paediatric infectious diseases, crediting the role of innovative drug delivery technologies. By focusing on the current trends, pointing out gaps, and identifying future possibilities, this review aims to contribute towards ongoing efforts directed at improving paediatric health outcomes associated with the management of these infectious ailments through accessible and efficacious drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope N. Rampedi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa; (P.N.R.); (M.O.O.)
| | - Modupe O. Ogunrombi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa; (P.N.R.); (M.O.O.)
| | - Oluwatoyin A. Adeleke
- Preclinical Laboratory for Drug Delivery Innovations, College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
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Guan M, Deliberto TJ, Feng A, Zhang J, Li T, Wang S, Li L, Killian ML, Praena B, Giri E, Deliberto ST, Hang J, Olivier A, Torchetti MK, Tao YJ, Parrish C, Wan XF. Neu5Gc binding loss of subtype H7 influenza A virus facilitates adaptation to gallinaceous poultry following transmission from waterbirds but restricts spillback. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.02.573990. [PMID: 38260375 PMCID: PMC10802348 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.573990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Migratory waterfowl, gulls, and shorebirds serve as natural reservoirs for influenza A viruses, with potential spillovers to domestic poultry and humans. The intricacies of interspecies adaptation among avian species, particularly from wild birds to domestic poultry, are not fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying avian species barriers in H7 transmission, particularly the factors responsible for the disproportionate distribution of poultry infected with A/Anhui/1/2013 (AH/13)-lineage H7N9 viruses. We hypothesized that the differential expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) among avian species exerts selective pressure on H7 viruses, shaping their evolution and enabling them to replicate and transmit efficiently among gallinaceous poultry, particularly chickens. Our glycan microarray and biolayer interferometry experiments showed that AH/13-lineage H7N9 viruses exclusively bind to Neu5Ac, in contrast to wild waterbird H7 viruses that bind both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc. Significantly, reverting the V179 amino acid in AH/13-lineage back to the I179, predominantly found in wild waterbirds, expanded the binding affinity of AH/13-lineage H7 viruses from exclusively Neu5Ac to both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc. When cultivating H7 viruses in cell lines with varied Neu5Gc levels, we observed that Neu5Gc expression impairs the replication of Neu5Ac-specific H7 viruses and facilitates adaptive mutations. Conversely, Neu5Gc deficiency triggers adaptive changes in H7 viruses capable of binding to both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc. Additionally, we assessed Neu5Gc expression in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues of seven avian species, including chickens, Canada geese, and various dabbling ducks. Neu5Gc was absent in chicken and Canada goose, but its expression varied in the duck species. In summary, our findings reveal the crucial role of Neu5Gc in shaping the host range and interspecies transmission of H7 viruses. This understanding of virus-host interactions is crucial for developing strategies to manage and prevent influenza virus outbreaks in diverse avian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Guan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thomas J. Deliberto
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Aijing Feng
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jieze Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
| | - Tao Li
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Beatriz Praena
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Emily Giri
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shelagh T Deliberto
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alicia Olivier
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Yizhi Jane Tao
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Colin Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Brüssow H. Avian influenza virus cross-infections as test case for pandemic preparedness: From epidemiological hazard models to sequence-based early viral warning systems. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14389. [PMID: 38227348 PMCID: PMC10832514 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pandemic preparedness starts with an early warning system of viruses with a pandemic potential. Based on information collected in a multitude of surveys, hazard models were developed identifying influenza viruses presenting a pandemic threat. Scores are attributed for 10 viral traits by expert panels which identified avian influenza viruses (AIV) belonging to subtypes H7N9 and H5N1 as representing the greatest pandemic risk. In 2013, more than 100 human cases infected with AIV H7N9 were observed in China. Case fatality rate (CFR) was high (27%), but the human-to-human transmission rate was low and by serological evidence H7N9 did not spread widely. Nevertheless, until 2019 more than 1500 H7N9 patients were identified characterized by a high CFR of 39%. Serology demonstrated that mild infections with H7N9 were widespread. In 2003, more than 400 people experienced AIV H7N7 cross-infection causing mainly conjunctivitis during a large poultry epidemic in The Netherlands. Between 1996 and 2019, a total of 881 human infections with avian H5N1 viruses were documented showing a CFR of 52%. Outbreaks were centred on South East Asia and showed close associations with epizootics in poultry. Mutations predisposing to human cross-infections were identified in the haemagglutinin (HA) and the RNA polymerase subunit PB2 of human H7N9 isolates. Human H5N1 isolates showed mutations in the receptor binding domain of HA and transmission in mammals could be obtained by as few as four additional aa changes introduced experimentally. Researchers have defined viral point mutations in HA, PB2 and the nucleoprotein NP that allowed AIV to cross the species barrier to mammals with respect to receptor recognition, RNA replication and escape from innate immunity respectively. Based on this insight a sequence-based early warning system for AIV preadapted to human transmission could be envisioned. Mink farms and live poultry markets are prime targets for such sequencing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of BiosystemsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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7
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Shi W, Shan Z, Jiang L, Wang G, Wang X, Chang Y, Hu Y, Wang B, Li Q, Wang Y, Deng G, Shi J, Jiang Y, Zeng X, Tian G, Chen H, Li C. ABTB1 facilitates the replication of influenza A virus by counteracting TRIM4-mediated degradation of viral NP protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2270073. [PMID: 37823597 PMCID: PMC10623896 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2270073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continue to cause tremendous economic losses to the global animal industry and respiratory diseases and deaths among humans. The nuclear import of the vRNP complex, composed of polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2), polymerase acidic protein (PA), nucleoprotein (NP), and viral RNA, is essential for the efficient replication of IAV. Host factors involved in this process can be targeted for the development of countermeasures against IAV infection. Here, we found that Ankyrin Repeat and BTB Domain Containing 1 (ABTB1) promotes the replication of IAV, and positively regulates the nuclear import of the vRNP complex. ABTB1 did not interact directly with NP, indicating that ABTB1 plays an indirect role in facilitating the nuclear import of the vRNP complex. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry revealed that Tripartite Motif Containing 4 (TRIM4) interacts with ABTB1. We found that TRIM4 relies on its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity to inhibit the replication of IAV by targeting and degrading NP within the incoming vRNP complex as well as the newly synthesized NP. ABTB1 interacted with TRIM4, leading to TRIM4 degradation through the proteasome system. Notably, ABTB1-mediated degradation of TRIM4 blocked the effect of TRIM4 on NP stability, and largely counteracted the inhibitory effect of TRIM4 on IAV replication. Our findings define a novel role for ABTB1 in aiding the nuclear import of the vRNP complex of IAV by counteracting the destabilizing effect of TRIM4 on the viral NP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qibing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Kieran TJ, DaSilva J, Stark TJ, York IA, Pappas C, Barnes JR, Maines TR, Belser JA. Influenza A Virus Multicycle Replication Yields Comparable Viral Population Emergence in Human Respiratory and Ocular Cell Types. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0116623. [PMID: 37404140 PMCID: PMC10433845 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01166-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While primarily considered a respiratory pathogen, influenza A virus (IAV) is nonetheless capable of spreading to, and replicating in, numerous extrapulmonary tissues in humans. However, within-host assessments of genetic diversity during multicycle replication have been largely limited to respiratory tract tissues and specimens. As selective pressures can vary greatly between anatomical sites, there is a need to examine how measures of viral diversity may vary between influenza viruses exhibiting different tropisms in humans, as well as following influenza virus infection of cells derived from different organ systems. Here, we employed human primary tissue constructs emulative of the human airway or corneal surface, and we infected both with a panel of human- and avian-origin IAV, inclusive of H1 and H3 subtype human viruses and highly pathogenic H5 and H7 subtype viruses, which are associated with both respiratory disease and conjunctivitis following human infection. While both cell types supported productive replication of all viruses, airway-derived tissue constructs elicited greater induction of genes associated with antiviral responses than did corneal-derived constructs. We used next-generation sequencing to examine viral mutations and population diversity, utilizing several metrics. With few exceptions, generally comparable measures of viral diversity and mutational frequency were detected following homologous virus infection of both respiratory-origin and ocular-origin tissue constructs. Expansion of within-host assessments of genetic diversity to include IAV with atypical clinical presentations in humans or in extrapulmonary cell types can provide greater insight into understanding those features most prone to modulation in the context of viral tropism. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) can infect tissues both within and beyond the respiratory tract, leading to extrapulmonary complications, such as conjunctivitis or gastrointestinal disease. Selective pressures governing virus replication and induction of host responses can vary based on the anatomical site of infection, yet studies examining within-host assessments of genetic diversity are typically only conducted in cells derived from the respiratory tract. We examined the contribution of influenza virus tropism on these properties two different ways: by using IAV associated with different tropisms in humans, and by infecting human cell types from two different organ systems susceptible to IAV infection. Despite the diversity of cell types and viruses employed, we observed generally similar measures of viral diversity postinfection across all conditions tested; these findings nonetheless contribute to a greater understanding of the role tissue type contributes to the dynamics of virus evolution within a human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juliana DaSilva
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas J. Stark
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ian A. York
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John R. Barnes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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10
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Shepon A, Wu T, Kremen C, Dayan T, Perfecto I, Fanzo J, Eshel G, Golden CD. Exploring scenarios for the food system-zoonotic risk interface. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e329-e335. [PMID: 37019573 PMCID: PMC10069820 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented economic and health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have shown the global necessity of mitigating the underlying drivers of zoonotic spillover events, which occur at the human-wildlife and domesticated animal interface. Spillover events are associated to varying degrees with high habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss through land use change, high livestock densities, agricultural inputs, and wildlife hunting-all facets of food systems. As such, the structure and characteristics of food systems can be considered key determinants of modern pandemic risks. This means that emerging infectious diseases should be more explicitly addressed in the discourse of food systems to mitigate the likelihood and impacts of spillover events. Here, we adopt a scenario framework to highlight the many connections among food systems, zoonotic diseases, and sustainability. We identify two overarching dimensions: the extent of land use for food production and the agricultural practices employed that shape four archetypal food systems, each with a distinct risk profile with respect to zoonotic spillovers and differing dimensions of sustainability. Prophylactic measures to curb the emergence of zoonotic diseases are therefore closely linked to diets and food policies. Future research directions should explore more closely how they impact the risk of spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Shepon
- Department of Environmental Studies, The Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tong Wu
- The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claire Kremen
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tamar Dayan
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ivette Perfecto
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Fanzo
- School of Advanced International Studies, Berman Institute of Bioethics and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gidon Eshel
- Department of Environmental Science, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA
| | - Christopher D Golden
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Luo J, Zhang Z, Zhao S, Gao R. A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076369. [PMID: 37047339 PMCID: PMC10094131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and coronavirus, two kinds of pathogens that exist widely in nature, are common emerging pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections in humans. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged, causing a severe respiratory infection named COVID-19 in humans, and raising a global pandemic which has persisted in the world for almost three years. Influenza virus, a seasonally circulating respiratory pathogen, has caused four global pandemics in humans since 1918 by the emergence of novel variants. Studies have shown that there are certain similarities in transmission mode and pathogenesis between influenza and COVID-19, and vaccination and antiviral drugs are considered to have positive roles as well as several limitations in the prevention and control of both diseases. Comparative understandings would be helpful to the prevention and control of these diseases. Here, we review the study progress in the etiology, pathogenesis, vaccine and antiviral drug development for the two diseases.
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12
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Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases and infections naturally transmitted between humans and vertebrate animals. Over the years, zoonoses have become increasingly significant threats to global health. They form the dominant group of diseases among the emerging infectious diseases (EID) and currently account for 73% of EID. Approximately 25% of zoonoses originate in domestic animals. The etiological agents of zoonoses include different pathogens, with viruses accounting for approximately 30% of all zoonotic infections. Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly, by contact, via aerosols, through a vector, or vertically in utero. Zoonotic diseases are found in every continent except Antarctica. Numerous factors associated with the pathogen, human activities, and the environment play significant roles in the transmission and emergence of zoonotic diseases. Effective response and control of zoonotic diseases call for multiple-sector involvement and collaboration according to the One Health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Tomori
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria; ,
| | - Daniel O Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; ,
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13
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Wang S, Zhuang Q, Jiang N, Zhang F, Chen Q, Zhao R, Li Y, Yu X, Li J, Hou G, Yuan L, Sun F, Pan Z, Wang K. Reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for avian influenza virus. Virus Genes 2023; 59:410-416. [PMID: 36781819 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01979-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection can lead to severe economic losses in the poultry industry and causes a serious risk for humans. A rapid and simple test for suspected viral infection cases is crucial. In this study, a reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay (RT-RAA) for the rapid detection of all AIV subtypes was developed. The reaction temperature of the assays is at 39 °C and the detection process can be completed in less than 20 min. The specificity results of the assay showed that this method had no cross-reaction with other main respiratory viruses that affect birds, including Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The analytical sensitivity at a 95% confidence interval was 102 RNA copies per reaction. In comparison with a published assay for reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the κ value of the RT-RAA assay in 384 avian clinical samples was 0.942 (p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the RT-RAA assay for avian clinical sample detection was determined as 97.59% (95% CI 93.55-99.23%) and 96.79% (95% CI 93.22-98.59%), respectively. The RT-RAA assay for AIV in this study provided an effective and practicable tool for AIV molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchun Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qingye Zhuang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Yanbian University, Agricultural College, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Fuyou Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Xiamen Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Testing Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Xiamen Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Testing Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Yuan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fuliang Sun
- Yanbian University, Agricultural College, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaicheng Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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14
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He J, Hou S, Xiong C, Hu L, Gong L, Yu J, Zhou X, Chen Q, Yuan Y, He L, Zhu M, Li W, Shi Y, Sun Y, Pan H, Su B, Lu Y, Wu J. Avian influenza A virus H7N9 in China, a role reversal from reassortment receptor to the donator. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28392. [PMID: 36484390 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reassortment can introduce one or more gene segments of influenza A viruses (IAVs) into another, resulting in novel subtypes. Since 2013, a new outbreak of human highly pathogenic avian influenza has emerged in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and South-Central regions of China. In this study, using Anhui province as an example, we discuss the possible impact of H7N9 IAVs on future influenza epidemics through a series of gene reassortment events. Sixty-one human H7N9 isolates were obtained from five outbreaks in Anhui province from 2013 to 2019. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that all of them were characterized by low pathogenicity and high human or mammalian tropism and had introduced novel avian influenza A virus (AIV) subtypes such as H7N2, H7N6, H9N9, H5N6, H6N6, and H10N6 through gene reassortment. In reassortment events, Anhui isolates may donate one or more segments of HA, NA, and the six internal protein-coding genes for the novel subtype AIVs. Our study revealed that H7N9, H9N2, and H5N1 can serve as stable and persistent gene pools for AIVs in the YRD and South-Central regions of China. Novel AIV subtypes might be generated continuously by reassortment. These AIVs may have obtained human-type receptor-binding abilities from their donors and prefer binding to them, which can cause human epidemics through accidental spillover infections. Facing the continual threat of emerging avian influenza, constant monitoring of AIVs should be conducted closely for agricultural and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjie Hu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junling Yu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yonglin Shi
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Su
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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15
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Bao P, Liu Y, Zhang X, Fan H, Zhao J, Mu M, Li H, Wang Y, Ge H, Li S, Yang X, Cui Q, Chen R, Gao L, Sun Z, Gao L, Qiu S, Liu X, Horby PW, Li X, Fang L, Liu W. Human infection with a reassortment avian influenza A H3N8 virus: an epidemiological investigation study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6817. [PMID: 36357398 PMCID: PMC9649012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A four-year-old boy developed recurrent fever and severe pneumonia in April, 2022. High-throughput sequencing revealed a reassortant avian influenza A-H3N8 virus (A/Henan/ZMD-22-2/2022(H3N8) with avian-origin HA and NA genes. The six internal genes were acquired from Eurasian lineage H9N2 viruses. Molecular substitutions analysis revealed the haemagglutin retained avian-like receptor binding specificity but that PB2 genes possessed sequence changes (E627K) associated with increased virulence and transmissibility in mammalian animal models. The patient developed respiratory failure, liver, renal, coagulation dysfunction and sepsis. Endotracheal intubation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were administered. H3N8 RNA was detected from nasopharyngeal swab of a dog, anal swab of a cat, and environmental samples collected in the patient's house. The full-length HA sequences from the dog and cat were identical to the sequence from the patient. No influenza-like illness was developed and no H3N8 RNA was identified in family members. Serological testing revealed neutralizing antibody response against ZMD-22-2 virus in the patient and three family members. Our results suggest that a triple reassortant H3N8 caused severe human disease. There is some evidence of mammalian adaptation, possible via an intermediary mammalian species, but no evidence of person-to-person transmission. The potential threat from avian influenza viruses warrants continuous evaluation and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Bao
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Xiaoai Zhang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Hang Fan
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Zhumadian Second People’s Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Mi Mu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Shangcai Caizhou Hospital, Shangcai County, Zhumadian, 463800 China
| | - Yanhe Wang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Honghan Ge
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Shuang Li
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Xin Yang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Liang Gao
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Lizhen Gao
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Xuchun Liu
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Peter W. Horby
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiubin Li
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Liqun Fang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Wei Liu
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
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16
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Guan M, Olivier AK, Lu X, Epperson W, Zhang X, Zhong L, Waters K, Mamaliger N, Li L, Wen F, Tao YJ, DeLiberto TJ, Wan XF. The Sialyl Lewis X Glycan Receptor Facilitates Infection of Subtype H7 Avian Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0134422. [PMID: 36125302 PMCID: PMC9555156 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01344-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype H7 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) are enzootic in wild aquatic birds and have caused sporadic spillovers into domestic poultry and humans. Here, we determined the distribution of fucosylated α2,3 sialoglycan (i.e., sialyl Lewis X [SLeX]) in chickens and five common dabbling duck species and the association between SLeX and cell/tissue/host tropisms of H7 IAVs. Receptor binding analyses showed that H7 IAVs bind to both α2,3-linked (SA2,3Gal) and α2,6-linked sialic acids (SA2,6Gal), but with a higher preference for SLeX; H7 IAVs replicated more efficiently in SLeX-overexpressed than SLeX-deficient MDCK cells. While chickens and all tested dabbling ducks expressed abundant SA2,3Gal and SA2,6Gal, SLeX was detected in both respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues of chickens and mallard ducks and in only the respiratory tissues of gadwall, green-wing teal, and northern shoveler but not in wood ducks. Viral-tissue binding assays showed that H7 IAVs bind to chicken colon crypt cells that express SLeX but fewer bind to mallard colon crypt cells, which do not express SLeX; H7 IAVs bind efficiently to epithelial cells of all tissues expressing SA2,3Gal. High viral replication was identified in both chickens and mallards infected with an H7 virus, regardless of SLeX expression, and viruses were detected in all cells to the same degree as viruses detected in the viral-tissue binding assays. In summary, this study suggests that SLeX facilitates infection of H7 viruses, but other types of SA2,3Gal glycan receptors shape the tissue/host tropisms of H7 IAVs. IMPORTANCE In addition to causing outbreaks in domestic poultry, subtype H7 IAVs can cause sporadic spillover infections in lower mammals and humans. In this study, we showed that SLeX expression varies among wild dabbling ducks. Although it facilitated virus binding and affected infection of H7 IAV in cells, SLeX expression is not the only determinant of viral replication at either the tissue or host level. This study suggested that access to heterologous SA2,3Gal glycan receptors, including fucosylated α2,3-linked sialoglycans, shape tissue and host tropism of H7 IAVs in aquatic wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Guan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alicia K. Olivier
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice Universitygrid.21940.3e, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William Epperson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Waters
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nataly Mamaliger
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State Universitygrid.256304.6, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yizhi J. Tao
- Department of BioSciences, Rice Universitygrid.21940.3e, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J. DeLiberto
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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17
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Kwok KTT, de Rooij MMT, Messink AB, Wouters IM, Smit LAM, Cotten M, Heederik DJJ, Koopmans MPG, Phan MVT. Establishing farm dust as a useful viral metagenomic surveillance matrix. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16308. [PMID: 36175536 PMCID: PMC9521564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Farm animals may harbor viral pathogens, some with zoonotic potential which can possibly cause severe clinical outcomes in animals and humans. Documenting the viral content of dust may provide information on the potential sources and movement of viruses. Here, we describe a dust sequencing strategy that provides detailed viral sequence characterization from farm dust samples and use this method to document the virus communities from chicken farm dust samples and paired feces collected from the same broiler farms in the Netherlands. From the sequencing data, Parvoviridae and Picornaviridae were the most frequently found virus families, detected in 85-100% of all fecal and dust samples with a large genomic diversity identified from the Picornaviridae. Sequences from the Caliciviridae and Astroviridae familes were also obtained. This study provides a unique characterization of virus communities in farmed chickens and paired farm dust samples and our sequencing methodology enabled the recovery of viral genome sequences from farm dust, providing important tracking details for virus movement between livestock animals and their farm environment. This study serves as a proof of concept supporting dust sampling to be used in viral metagenomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty T T Kwok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Myrna M T de Rooij
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aniek B Messink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - My V T Phan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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18
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Virus Infection and Systemic Inflammation: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 and Beyond. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142198. [PMID: 35883640 PMCID: PMC9316821 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections with newly emerging zoonotic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, often lead to the perturbation of the human innate and adaptive immune responses causing severe disease with high mortality. The responsible mechanisms are commonly virus-specific and often include either over-activated or delayed local interferon responses, which facilitate efficient viral replication in the primary target organ, systemic viral spread, and rapid onset of organ-specific and harmful inflammatory responses. Despite the distinct replication strategies, human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses demonstrate remarkable similarities and differences regarding the mechanisms of immune induction, disease dynamics, as well as the long-term sequelae, which will be discussed in this review. In addition, we will highlight some important lessons about the effectiveness of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies that this pandemic has taught us.
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19
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Li B, Su G, Xiao C, Zhang J, Li H, Sun N, Lao G, Yu Y, Ren X, Qi W, Wang X, Liao M. The PB2 co-adaptation of H10N8 avian influenza virus increases the pathogenicity to chickens and mice. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1794-1803. [PMID: 34008327 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is an important zoonotic disease, which can be transmitted across species barriers to other hosts, especially humans, posing a serious threat to the poultry industry and public health. In recent years, human cases infected with the H10N8, H9N2, and H7N9 of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been identified frequently as have the internal genes of H7N9 and H10N8, which are derived from H9N2 viruses. The adaptive mutation of the PB2 gene is an important way for the H10N8, H9N2, and H7N9 AIVs to spread across species to adapt to new hosts. Several well-known adaptive mutations in the PB2 gene, such as E627K, D701N, and A588V, significantly enhanced the virulence of the AIVs in mammals. However, the co-adaptation of AIVs to avian and mammalian hosts is rarely studied. In this study, we found that the mutations of PB2-I292V, PB2-R389K, PB2-A588V, PB2-T598M/V, PB2-L648V, and PB2-T676M substitutions significantly increased after 2012. In addition, in our previous studies, we found that the human-origin and avian-origin of H10N8 AIVs with very high homology also have these six mutation differences in PB2 gene, and the avian-origin H10N8 strain known as JX102 with all the key amino acids on the PB2 protein in the pre-evolutionary stage, so JX102 was chosen as a model strain. Among them, PB2-A588V significantly enhanced the activity of polymerase in avian and mammalian cells. Notably, animal experiments showed that PB2-A588V substitution increased the pathogenicity and transmissibility in chickens and the virulence of mice. The combined mutations of PB2-F6 (including PB2-I292V, PB2-R389K, PB2-A588V, PB2-T598M, PB2-L648V, and PB2-T676M) obtained higher adaptability of AIVs in avians and mammals than that of the single mutation of PB2-A588V, which suggested that the PB2 588 site is a key co-adaptation site and that synergies with other mutation sites can further enhance this co-adaptability. The results of this study show that the emergence of co-adaptation not only increases the threat to avians and mammals but may also contribute to a pandemic among avians and cross the interspecies barrier to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanming Su
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chencheng Xiao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanan Li
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Sun
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjie Lao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuandi Yu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Ren
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhui Wang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Hebei Province Poultry Engineering Technology Research Center, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Nambou K, Anakpa M, Tong YS. Human genes with codon usage bias similar to that of the nonstructural protein 1 gene of influenza A viruses are conjointly involved in the infectious pathogenesis of influenza A viruses. Genetica 2022; 150:97-115. [PMID: 35396627 PMCID: PMC8992787 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-022-00155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in influenza A-induced pathological changes remain ambiguous. This study explored the pathogenesis of human infection by influenza A viruses (IAVs) through identifying human genes with codon usage bias (CUB) similar to NS1 gene of these viruses based on the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU). CUB of the IAV subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H3N8, H5N1, H5N2, H5N8, H7N9 and H9N2 was analyzed and the correlation of RSCU values of NS1 sequences with those of the human genes was calculated. The CUB of NS1 was uneven and codons ending with A/U were preferred. The ENC-GC3 and neutrality plots suggested natural selection as the main determinant for CUB. The RCDI, CAI and SiD values showed that the viruses had a high degree of adaptability to human. A total of 2155 human genes showed significant RSCU-based correlation (p < 0.05 and r > 0.5) with NS1 coding sequences and was considered as human genes with CUB similar to NS1 gene of IAV subtypes. Differences and similarities in the subtype-specific human protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks and their functions were recorded among IAVs subtypes, indicating that NS1 of each IAV subtype has a specific pathogenic mechanism. Processes and pathways involved in influenza, transcription, immune response and cell cycle were enriched in human gene sets retrieved based on the CUB of NS1 gene of IAV subtypes. The present work may advance our understanding on the mechanism of NS1 in human infections of IAV subtypes and shed light on the therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Nambou
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech Company Limited, 998 Wisdom Valley, No. 38-56 Zhenming Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518106, China.
| | - Manawa Anakpa
- Centre d'Informatique et de Calcul, Université de Lomé, Boulevard Gnassingbé Eyadema, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Yin Selina Tong
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech Company Limited, 998 Wisdom Valley, No. 38-56 Zhenming Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518106, China
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21
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Martins de Camargo M, Caetano AR, Ferreira de Miranda Santos IK. Evolutionary pressures rendered by animal husbandry practices for avian influenza viruses to adapt to humans. iScience 2022; 25:104005. [PMID: 35313691 PMCID: PMC8933668 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry operations produce and crowd billions of birds every year, which is a source of inexpensive animal protein. Commercial poultry is intensely bred for desirable production traits, and currently presents very low variability at the major histocompatibility complex. This situation dampens the advantages conferred by the MHC’s high genetic variability, and crowding generates immunosuppressive stress. We address the proteins of influenza A viruses directly and indirectly involved in host specificities. We discuss how mutants with increased virulence and/or altered host specificity may arise if few class I alleles are the sole selective pressure on avian viruses circulating in immunocompromised poultry. This hypothesis is testable with peptidomics of MHC ligands. Breeding strategies for commercial poultry can easily and inexpensively include high variability of MHC as a trait of interest, to help save billions of dollars as a disease burden caused by influenza and decrease the risk of selecting highly virulent strains.
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22
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Li X, Zhang R, Huang Z, Yao D, Luo L, Chen J, Ye W, Li L, Xiao S, Liu X, Ou X, Sun B, Xu M, Yang R, Zhang X. Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha, China, 2014 to 2018. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:30-39. [PMID: 34997459 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while negative for subtypes (e.g., H5, H7, and H9). However, little attention has been paid to these unsubtyped AIVs samples. To reveal the dynamic distribution and molecular characteristics of AIVs, especially the unsubtyped AIVs, we reported and analyzed 1969 samples collected from the water environments of LPMs in Changsha, China, from January 2014 to November 2018. Our results revealed that 1504 (76.38%) samples were positive for AIV type A. Of these samples, the predominant hemagglutinin (HA) subtype was H9, followed by H5 and H7 (P < 0.05). The positive rate of H5 subtype in water environmental samples exhibited seasonality, which reached a peak in each winter-spring season from January 2014 to March 2017. The positive rates of AIVs (including type A, subtype H9, and mixed subtype H5/H7/H9) in non-central-city regions were higher than that in the central-city regions (P < 0.05). Notably, 161 unsubtyped AIVs samples were detected during the routine surveillance. However, subtyping with the commercial kit further identified eight different HA and seven different neuraminidase subtypes. Analyses unraveled that further subtyped AIVs H1, H6, and H11 had only one basic amino acid (R or K) at the cleavage site and residues Q226 and G228 at the receptor-binding associated sites. Overall, in addition to H5, H7, and H9 subtypes, we should also pay attention to unsubtyped AIVs samples during the routine surveillance for AIVs in the environments of LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Rusheng Zhang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zheng Huang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Jingfang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Wen Ye
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xinhua Ou
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Biancheng Sun
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Mingzhong Xu
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Rengui Yang
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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23
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Seymour RG, Kypraios T, O’Neill PD, Hagenaars TJ. A Bayesian nonparametric analysis of the 2003 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the Netherlands. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore Kypraios
- School of Mathematical Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Philip D. O’Neill
- School of Mathematical Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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24
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Bisset AT, Hoyne GF. An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081639. [PMID: 34442718 PMCID: PMC8401172 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, several geographically isolated farms in Victoria, Australia, experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H7N7 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H7N6. Effective containment and control measures ensured the eradication of these viruses but the event culminated in substantial loss of livestock and significant economic impact. The avian HPAI H7N7 virus generally does not infect humans; however, evidence shows the ocular pathway presents a favourable tissue tropism for human infection. Through antigenic drift, mutations in the H7N7 viral genome may increase virulence and pathogenicity in humans. The Victorian outbreak also detected LPAI H7N6 in emus at a commercial farm. Novel influenza A viruses can emerge by mixing different viral strains in a host susceptible to avian and human influenza strains. Studies show that emus are susceptible to infections from a wide range of influenza viral subtypes, including H5N1 and the pandemic H1N1. The emu’s internal organs and tissues express abundant cell surface sialic acid receptors that favour the attachment of avian and human influenza viruses, increasing the potential for internal genetic reassortment and the emergence of novel influenza A viruses. This review summarises the historical context of H7N7 in Australia, considers the potential for increased virulence and pathogenesis through mutations and draws attention to the emu as potentially an unrecognised viral mixing vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Bisset
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gerard F. Hoyne
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia;
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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25
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Petrovan SO, Aldridge DC, Bartlett H, Bladon AJ, Booth H, Broad S, Broom DM, Burgess ND, Cleaveland S, Cunningham AA, Ferri M, Hinsley A, Hua F, Hughes AC, Jones K, Kelly M, Mayes G, Radakovic M, Ugwu CA, Uddin N, Veríssimo D, Walzer C, White TB, Wood JL, Sutherland WJ. Post COVID-19: a solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2694-2715. [PMID: 34231315 PMCID: PMC8444924 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The crisis generated by the emergence and pandemic spread of COVID-19 has thrown into the global spotlight the dangers associated with novel diseases, as well as the key role of animals, especially wild animals, as potential sources of pathogens to humans. There is a widespread demand for a new relationship with wild and domestic animals, including suggested bans on hunting, wildlife trade, wet markets or consumption of wild animals. However, such policies risk ignoring essential elements of the problem as well as alienating and increasing hardship for local communities across the world, and might be unachievable at scale. There is thus a need for a more complex package of policy and practical responses. We undertook a solution scan to identify and collate 161 possible options for reducing the risks of further epidemic disease transmission from animals to humans, including potential further SARS-CoV-2 transmission (original or variants). We include all categories of animals in our responses (i.e. wildlife, captive, unmanaged/feral and domestic livestock and pets) and focus on pathogens (especially viruses) that, once transmitted from animals to humans, could acquire epidemic potential through high rates of human-to-human transmission. This excludes measures to prevent well-known zoonotic diseases, such as rabies, that cannot readily transmit between humans. We focused solutions on societal measures, excluding the development of vaccines and other preventive therapeutic medicine and veterinary medicine options that are discussed elsewhere. We derived our solutions through reading the scientific literature, NGO position papers, and industry guidelines, collating our own experiences, and consulting experts in different fields. Herein, we review the major zoonotic transmission pathways and present an extensive list of options. The potential solutions are organised according to the key stages of the trade chain and encompass solutions that can be applied at the local, regional and international scales. This is a set of options targeted at practitioners and policy makers to encourage careful examination of possible courses of action, validating their impact and documenting outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu O Petrovan
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - David C Aldridge
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Harriet Bartlett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Andrew J Bladon
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Hollie Booth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Steven Broad
- TRAFFIC, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Donald M Broom
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Neil D Burgess
- UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntington Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K.,GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | - Maurizio Ferri
- Italian Society of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Simevep), Via Nizza 11, Rome, 00198, Italy
| | - Amy Hinsley
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Fangyuan Hua
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 666303, P.R. China
| | - Kate Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Moira Kelly
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - George Mayes
- MacArthur Barstow & Gibbs Veterinary Surgeons, 36 Hanbury Road, Droitwich, WR9 8PW, U.K
| | - Milorad Radakovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemers' University Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Nasir Uddin
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 666303, P.R. China
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K.,Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A
| | - Christian Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, Vienna, A-1160, Austria.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Thomas B White
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - James L Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - William J Sutherland
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
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26
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Ran HL, Zhou XT, Liu WJ, Gao GF. Keep Eyes on COVID-19: Ophthalmic Symptoms and Potential Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the Oculus. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & IMMUNITY 2021; 1:103-107. [PMID: 38630078 PMCID: PMC8291037 DOI: 10.1097/id9.0000000000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, a new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged and rapidly spread globally, posing a worldwide health emergency. The pathogen causing this pandemic was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is well known that SARS-CoV-2 transmits via respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals or contaminated items. In addition to these two major transmission routes, other modes of transmission have not been confirmed. Considering that some COVID-19 patients have presented with ocular discomforts and positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in ocular surfaces, as well as the discovery of the SARS-CoV-2 receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and transmembrane protease, serine 2, in the oculus, the ocular surface is now thought to be a possible alternative route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and a replication site. This review summarizes the evidence connecting COVID-19 with ocular tissues, ocular symptoms during SARS-CoV-2 infection, the potential role of the conjunctiva in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and the physiopathological mechanisms. Appropriate precautions in ophthalmology departments, including innovative complete and effective patient management plans, protective personal equipment, hand hygiene, and strict personal distance intervals, are essential to effectively minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and control the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li Ran
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 100052, China
| | - Xiang Tian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - William J. Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 100052, China
| | - George F. Gao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 100052, China
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Mettier J, Marc D, Sedano L, Da Costa B, Chevalier C, Le Goffic R. Study of the host specificity of PB1-F2-associated virulence. Virulence 2021; 12:1647-1660. [PMID: 34125653 PMCID: PMC8205076 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1933848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause important diseases in both human and animal. The PB1-F2 protein is a virulence factor expressed by some influenza viruses. Its deleterious action for the infected host is mostly described in mammals, while the available information is scarce in avian hosts. In this work, we compared the effects of PB1-F2 in avian and mammalian hosts by taking advantage of the zoonotic capabilities of an avian H7N1 virus. In vitro, the H7N1 virus did not behave differently when PB1-F2 was deficient while a H3N2 virus devoid of PB1-F2 was clearly less inflammatory. Likewise, when performing in vivo challenges of either chickens or embryonated eggs, with the wild-type or the PB1-F2 deficient virus, no difference could be observed in terms of mortality, host response or tropism. PB1-F2 therefore does not appear to play a major role as a virulence factor in the avian host. However, when infecting NF-κB-luciferase reporter mice with the H7N1 viruses, a massive PB1-F2-dependent inflammation was quantified, highlighting the host specificity of PB1-F2 virulence. Surprisingly, a chimeric 7:1 H3N2 virus harboring an H7N1-origin segment 2 (i.e. expressing the avian PB1-F2) induced a milder inflammatory response than its PB1-F2-deficient counterpart. This result shows that the pro-inflammatory activity of PB1-F2 is governed by complex mechanisms involving components from both the virus and its infected host. Thus, a mere exchange of segment 2 between strains is not sufficient to transmit the deleterious character of PB1-F2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Mettier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, UMR892 VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daniel Marc
- UMR1282 Infectiologie Et Santé Publique, INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Laura Sedano
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, UMR892 VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, UMR892 VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, UMR892 VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Yang F, Xiao Y, Liu F, Yao H, Wu N, Wu H. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3939-3943. [PMID: 32648948 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To establish a rapid detection method for H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against hemagglutinin (HA) of H7N9 were developed to establish an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA). AC-ELISA achieved high specificity and sensitivity, with a detection limit of 3.9 ng/mL for H7N9 HA protein (A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013), and 2-2 HA unit/100 μL for live H7N9 AIV. The inter- and intra-assay coefficient of variation was less than 10%. Compared with conventional virus isolation detection, the sensitivity and specificity were 94.96% and 88.24%, respectively. AC-ELISA proved to be a rapid and practical technique for the detection of H7N9 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu WJ, Xiao H, Dai L, Liu D, Chen J, Qi X, Bi Y, Shi Y, Gao GF, Liu Y. Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic. Front Med 2021; 15:507-527. [PMID: 33860875 PMCID: PMC8190734 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
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Wang D, Zhu W, Yang L, Shu Y. The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038620. [PMID: 31964651 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a global challenge, and future pandemics of influenza are inevitable. One of the lessons learned from past pandemics is that all pandemic influenza viruses characterized to date possess viral genes originating from avian influenza viruses (AIVs). During the past decades, a wide range of AIVs have overcome the species barrier and infected humans with different clinical manifestations ranging from mild illness to severe disease and even death. Understanding the mechanisms of infection in the context of clinical outcomes, the mechanism of interspecies transmission, and the molecular determinants that confer interspecies transmission is important for pandemic preparedness. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenicity of human infections with AIVs to further our understanding of interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
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Shriner SA, Root JJ, Ellis JW, Bentler KT, VanDalen KK, Gidlewski T, Bevins SN. Influenza A virus surveillance, infection and antibody persistence in snow geese (Anser caerulescens). Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:742-752. [PMID: 33621417 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Some snow geese (Anser caerulescens) migrate between Eurasia and North America and exhibit high seroprevalence for influenza A viruses (IAVs). Hence, these birds might be expected to play a role in intercontinental dispersal of IAVs. Our objective in this manuscript was to characterize basic incidence and infection characteristics for snow geese to assess whether these birds are likely to significantly contribute to circulation of IAVs. Thus, we 1) estimated snow goose infection prevalence by summarizing > 5,000 snow goose surveillance records, 2) experimentally infected snow geese with a low pathogenic IAV (H4N6) to assess susceptibility and infection dynamics and 3) characterized long-term antibody kinetics. Infection prevalence based on surveillance data for snow geese was 7.88%, higher than the infection rates found in other common North American goose species. In the experimental infection study, only 4 of 7 snow geese shed viral RNA. Shedding in infected birds peaked at moderate levels (mean peak 102.62 EID50 equivalents/mL) and was exclusively associated with the oral cavity. Serological testing across a year post-exposure showed all inoculated birds seroconverted regardless of detectable shedding. Antibody levels peaked at 10 days post-exposure and then waned to undetectable levels by 6 months. In sum, while broad-scale surveillance results showed comparatively high infection prevalence, the experimental infection study showed only moderate susceptibility and shedding. Consequently, additional work is needed to assess whether snow geese might exhibit higher levels of susceptibility and shedding rates when exposed to other IAV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Shriner
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Jeffrey Root
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeremy W Ellis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kevin T Bentler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kaci K VanDalen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Gidlewski
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Kerstetter LJ, Buckley S, Bliss CM, Coughlan L. Adenoviral Vectors as Vaccines for Emerging Avian Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607333. [PMID: 33633727 PMCID: PMC7901974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is evident that the emergence of infectious diseases, which have the potential for spillover from animal reservoirs, pose an ongoing threat to global health. Zoonotic transmission events have increased in frequency in recent decades due to changes in human behavior, including increased international travel, the wildlife trade, deforestation, and the intensification of farming practices to meet demand for meat consumption. Influenza A viruses (IAV) possess a number of features which make them a pandemic threat and a major concern for human health. Their segmented genome and error-prone process of replication can lead to the emergence of novel reassortant viruses, for which the human population are immunologically naïve. In addition, the ability for IAVs to infect aquatic birds and domestic animals, as well as humans, increases the likelihood for reassortment and the subsequent emergence of novel viruses. Sporadic spillover events in the past few decades have resulted in human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, with high mortality. The application of conventional vaccine platforms used for the prevention of seasonal influenza viruses, such as inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), in the development of vaccines for HPAI viruses is fraught with challenges. These issues are associated with manufacturing under enhanced biosafety containment, and difficulties in propagating HPAI viruses in embryonated eggs, due to their propensity for lethality in eggs. Overcoming manufacturing hurdles through the use of safer backbones, such as low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAI), can also be a challenge if incompatible with master strain viruses. Non-replicating adenoviral (Ad) vectors offer a number of advantages for the development of vaccines against HPAI viruses. Their genome is stable and permits the insertion of HPAI virus antigens (Ag), which are expressed in vivo following vaccination. Therefore, their manufacture does not require enhanced biosafety facilities or procedures and is egg-independent. Importantly, Ad vaccines have an exemplary safety and immunogenicity profile in numerous human clinical trials, and can be thermostabilized for stockpiling and pandemic preparedness. This review will discuss the status of Ad-based vaccines designed to protect against avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Kerstetter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Buckley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Occupations at risk of contracting zoonoses of public health significance in Québec. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 47:47-58. [PMID: 33679248 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v47i01a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Climate change plays an important role in the geographic spread of zoonotic diseases. Knowing which populations are at risk of contracting these diseases is critical to informing public health policies and practices. In Québec, 14 zoonoses have been identified as important for public health to guide the climate change adaptation efforts of decision-makers and researchers. A great deal has been learned about these diseases in recent years, but information on at-risk workplaces remains incomplete. The objective of this study is to paint a portrait of the occupations and sectors of economic activity at risk for the acquisition of these zoonoses. Methods A rapid review of the scientific literature was conducted. Databases on the Ovid and EBSCO research platforms were searched for articles published between 1995 and 2018, in English and French, on 14 zoonoses (campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli, giardiasis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Lyme disease, West Nile virus, food botulism, Q fever, avian and swine influenza, rabies, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) and occupational health. The literature search retrieved 12,558 articles and, after elimination of duplicates, 6,838 articles were evaluated based on the title and the abstract. Eligible articles had to address both concepts of the research issue (prioritized zoonoses and worker health). Of the 621 articles deemed eligible, 110 were selected following their full reading. Results Of the diseases under study, enteric zoonoses were the most frequently reported. Agriculture, including veterinary services, public administration services and medical and social services were the sectors most frequently identified in the literature. Conclusion The results of our study will support public health authorities and decision-makers in targeting those sectors and occupations that are particularly at risk for the acquisition of zoonoses. Doing so will ultimately optimize the public health practices of those responsible for the health of workers.
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Gubbins S, Antoniou S, Broglia A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Aznar I. Scientific Opinion on the assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06372. [PMID: 33488812 PMCID: PMC7812451 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, specific details of the model used for the assessment of the laboratory sampling procedures for HPAI are presented here. Here, also, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. In summary, sampling procedures as described in the diagnostic manual for HPAI were considered efficient for gallinaceous poultry, whereas additional sampling is advised for Anseriformes. The monitoring period was assessed as effective, and it was demonstrated that the surveillance zone comprises 95% of the infections from an affected establishment. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to HPAI.
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Tang W, Li X, Tang L, Wang T, He G. Characterization of the low-pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus in Shanghai, China. Poult Sci 2020; 100:565-574. [PMID: 33518109 PMCID: PMC7858150 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N7 avian influenza virus (AIV) can divided into low-pathogenic AIV and high-pathogenic AIV groups. It has been shown to infect humans and animals. Its prevalence state in wild birds in China remains largely unclear. In this study, a new strain of H7N7 AIV, designated CM1216, isolated from wild birds in Shanghai, China, was characterized. Phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analyses of CM1216 revealed that HA, NA, PB1, NP, and M genes shared the highest nucleotide identity with the Japan H7 subtype AIV circulated in 2019; the PB2 and PA genes shared the highest nucleotide identity with the Korea H7 subtype AIV circulated in wild birds in 2018, while NS gene of CM1216 was 98.93% identical to that of the duck AIV circulating in Bangladesh, and they all belong to the Eurasian lineage. A Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of the 2 surface genes of CM1216 showed that multiple reassortments might have occurred in 2015. Mutations were found in HA (A135 T, T136S, and T160 A [H3 numbering]), M1 (N30D and T215 A), NS1 (P42S and D97 E), PB2 (R389 K), and PA (N383D) proteins; these mutations have been shown to be related to mammalian adaptation and changes in virulence of AIVs. Infection studies demonstrated that CM1216 could infect mice and cause symptoms characteristic of influenza virus infection and proliferate in the lungs without prior adaption. This study demonstrates the need for routine surveillance of AIVs in wild birds and detection of their evolution to become a virus with high pathogenicity and ability to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyong Li
- College of Agricultural, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ling Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimei He
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Si YJ, Lee YN, Cheon SH, Park YR, Baek YG, Kye SJ, Lee MH, Lee YJ. Isolation and characterization of low pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus from a red-crowned crane in a zoo in South Korea. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:432. [PMID: 33167987 PMCID: PMC7653808 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background South Korea conducts annual national surveillance programs to detect avian influenza (AI) in domestic poultry, live bird markets, and wild birds. In March 2017, an AIV was isolated from fecal samples in an outdoor aviary flight cage in a zoo in Korea. Results Nucleotide sequencing identified the isolate as low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H7N7, and DNA barcoding analysis identified the host species as red-crowned crane. This isolate was designated A/red-crowned crane/Korea/H1026/2017 (H7N7). Genetic analysis and gene constellation analysis revealed that A/red-crowned crane/Korea/H1026/2017 (H7N7) showed high similarity with four H7N7 LPAIVs isolated from wild bird habitats in Seoul and Gyeonggi in early 2017. Conclusions Considering the genetic similarity and similar collection dates of the viruses, and the fact that zoo bird cages are vulnerable to AIV, it is likely that fecal contamination from wild birds might have introduced LPAIV H7N7 into the red-crowned crane at the zoo. Therefore, our results emphasize that enhanced biosecurity measures should be employed during the wild bird migration season, and that continued surveillance should be undertaken to prevent potential threats to avian species in zoos and to humans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02645-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jae Si
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ha Cheon
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Park
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Kye
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Li M, Yang Y, Lu Y, Zhang D, Liu Y, Cui X, Yang L, Liu R, Liu J, Li G, Qu J. Natural Host-Environmental Media-Human: A New Potential Pathway of COVID-19 Outbreak. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2020; 6:1085-1098. [PMID: 33520330 PMCID: PMC7834166 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the first infected case (patient zero) is key in tracing the origin of a virus; however, doing so is extremely challenging. Patient zero for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is likely to be permanently unknown. Here, we propose a new viral transmission route by focusing on the environmental media containing viruses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or RaTG3-related bat-borne coronavirus (Bat-CoV), which we term the "environmental quasi-host." We reason that the environmental quasi-host is likely to be a key node in helping recognize the origin of SARS-CoV-2; thus, SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted along the route of natural host-environmental media-human. Reflecting upon viral outbreaks in the history of humanity, we realize that many epidemic events are caused by direct contact between humans and environmental media containing infectious viruses. Indeed, contacts between humans and environmental quasi-hosts are greatly increasing as the space of human activity incrementally overlaps with animals' living spaces, due to the rapid development and population growth of human society. Moreover, viruses can survive for a long time in environmental media. Therefore, we propose a new potential mechanism to trace the origin of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Johnson KEE, Ghedin E. Quantifying between-Host Transmission in Influenza Virus Infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038422. [PMID: 31871239 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The error-prone replication and life cycle of influenza virus generate a diverse set of genetic variants. Transmission between hosts strictly limits both the number of virus particles and the genetic diversity of virus variants that reach a new host and establish an infection. This sharp reduction in the virus population at transmission--the transmission bottleneck--is significant to the evolution of influenza virus and to its epidemic and pandemic potential. This review describes transmission bottlenecks and their effect on the diversity and evolution of influenza virus. It also reviews the methods for calculating and predicting bottleneck sizes and highlights the host and viral determinants of influenza transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E E Johnson
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, and Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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Giurgea LT, Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Memoli MJ. Influenza Neuraminidase: A Neglected Protein and Its Potential for a Better Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030409. [PMID: 32718039 PMCID: PMC7564061 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an influenza surface protein that helps to free viruses from mucin-associated decoy receptors and to facilitate budding from infected cells. Experiments have demonstrated that anti-NA antibodies protect animals against lethal influenza challenge by numerous strains, while decreasing pulmonary viral titers, symptoms, and lung lesions. Studies in humans during the influenza A/H3N2 pandemic and in healthy volunteers challenged with influenza A/H1N1 showed that anti-NA immunity reduced symptoms, nasopharyngeal viral shedding, and infection rates. Despite the benefits of anti-NA immunity, current vaccines focus on immunity against hemagglutinin and are not standardized to NA content leading to limited and variable NA immunogenicity. Purified NA has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in humans. Supplementing current vaccines with NA may be a simple strategy to improve suboptimal effectiveness. Immunity against NA is likely to be an important component of future universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca T. Giurgea
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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40
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Influenza A virus PB1‐F2 protein: An ambivalent innate immune modulator and virulence factor. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:763-771. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0320-206r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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He HJ, Zhang W, Liang J, Lu M, Wang R, Li G, He JW, Chen J, Chen J, Xing G, Chen Y. Etiology and genetic evolution of canine coronavirus circulating in five provinces of China, during 2018-2019. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104209. [PMID: 32311431 PMCID: PMC7165111 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As the outbreaks of COVID-19 in worldwide, coronavirus has once again caught the attention of people. Canine coronavirus is widespread among dog population, and sometimes causes even fatal cases. Here, to characterize the prevalence and evolution of current circulating canine coronavirus (CCoV) strains in China, we collected 213 fecal samples from diarrheic pet dogs between 2018 and 2019. Of the 213 samples, we found 51 (23.94%) were positive for CCoV. Co-infection with canine parvovirus (CPV), canine astrovirus (CaAstV), canine kobuvirus (CaKV), Torque teno canis virus (TTCaV) were ubiquitous existed. Mixed infection of different CCoV subtypes exists extensively. Considering the limited sequences data in recent years, we sequenced 7 nearly complete genomes and 10 complete spike gene. Phylogenetic analysis of spike gene revealed a new subtype CCoV-II Variant and CCoV-IIa was the most prevalent subtype currently circulating. Moreover, we identified strain B906_ZJ_2019 shared 93.24% nucleotide identifies with previous strain A76, and both of them clustered with CCoV-II Variant, which were not well clustered with the known subtypes. Recombination analysis of B906_ZJ_2019 indicated that strain B906_ZJ_2019 may a recombinant variant between CCoV–I and CCoV-II, which is consistent with strain A76. Furthermore, amino acid variations widely existed among current CCoV-IIa strains circulating in China and the classic CCoV-IIa strains, in spite of the unknown functions. In a word, we report a useful information as to the etiology and evolution of canine coronavirus in China based on the available sequences, which is urgent for the devise of future effective disease prevention and control strategies. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a new subtype CCoV-II Variant and currently the most prevalent subtype CCoV-IIa. Strain B906_ZJ_2019 shared 93.24% nucleotide identify with strain A76, and both of them clustered with CCoV-II Variant. Amino acid variations widely existed among current CCoV-IIa strains circulating in China and the classic CCoV-IIa strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian He
- Agricultural College, Jinhua Poletecnic, Jinhua, 321007, China.
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jiawei Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gairu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia-Wei He
- Kangmei Pet Hospital, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Bojue Pet Hospital, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Saina Animal Hospital, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Xing
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Ye Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Abstract
In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50 million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding phylogenetic methods, we know much more about the origins, evolution and epidemiology of influenza epidemics. Here we review the history of avian influenza viruses through the lens of their genetic makeup: from their relationship to human pandemic viruses, starting with the 1918 H1N1 strain, through to the highly pathogenic epidemics in birds and zoonoses up to 2018. We describe the genesis of novel influenza A virus strains by reassortment and evolution in wild and domestic bird populations, as well as the role of wild bird migration in their long-range spread. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and the zoonotic incursions of avian H5 and H7 viruses into humans over the last couple of decades are also described. The threat of a new avian influenza virus causing a human pandemic is still present today, although control in domestic avian populations can minimize the risk to human health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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43
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Ssematimba A, Bonney PJ, Malladi S, Charles KMS, Culhane M, Goldsmith TJ, Halvorson DA, Cardona CJ. Mortality-Based Triggers and Premovement Testing Protocols for Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercial Upland Game Birds. Avian Dis 2020; 63:157-164. [PMID: 31131573 DOI: 10.1637/11870-042518-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks involving avian influenza viruses are often devastating to the poultry industry economically and otherwise. Disease surveillance is critically important because it facilitates timely detection and generates confidence that infected birds are not moved during business continuity intended to mitigate associated economic losses. The possibility of using an abnormal increase in daily mortality to levels that exceed predetermined thresholds as a trigger to initiate further diagnostic investigations for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection in the flock is explored. The range of optimal mortality thresholds varies by bird species, trigger type, and mortality thresholds, and these should be considered when assessing sector-specific triggers. The study uses purposefully collected data and data from the literature to determine optimal mortality triggers for HPAI detection in commercial upland game bird flocks. Three trigger types were assessed for the ability to detect rapidly both HPAI (on the basis of disease-induced and normal mortality data) and false alarm rate (on the basis of normal mortality data); namely, 1) exceeding a set absolute threshold on one day, 2) exceeding a set absolute threshold on two consecutive days, or 3) exceeding a multiple of a seven-day moving average. The likelihood of disease detection using some of these triggers together with premovement real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) testing was examined. Results indicate that the performance of the two consecutive days trigger had the best metrics (i.e., rapid detection with few false alarms) in the trade-off analysis. The collected normal mortality data was zero on 66% of all days recorded, with an overall mean of 0.6 dead birds per day. In the surveillance scenario analyses, combining the default protocol that relied only on active surveillance (i.e., premovement testing of oropharyngeal swab samples from dead birds by rRT-PCR) together with either of the mortality-based triggers improved detection rates on all days postexposure before scheduled movement. For exposures occurring within 8 days of movement, the protocol that combined the default with single-day triggers had slightly more detections than that with two consecutive days triggers. However, all assessed protocol combinations were able to detect all infections that occurred more than 10 days before scheduled movement. These findings can inform risk-based decisions pertaining to continuity of business in the commercial upland game bird industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Ssematimba
- Secure Food Systems Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, .,Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Peter J Bonney
- Secure Food Systems Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Sasidhar Malladi
- Secure Food Systems Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kaitlyn M St Charles
- Secure Food Systems Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Marie Culhane
- Secure Food Systems Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Timothy J Goldsmith
- Secure Food Systems Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - David A Halvorson
- Secure Food Systems Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Carol J Cardona
- Secure Food Systems Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108,
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44
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Wu H, Liu F, Yang F, Xiao Y, Yao H, Wu N. Amino acid substitutions involved in the adaptation of a novel H7N7 avian influenza virus in mice. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:203-206. [PMID: 32200160 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The H7N7 avian influenza viruses can infect humans and poses a great threat to human health. To identify the amino acid substitutions that are associated with adaptation of avian-origin H7N7 virus to mammals, adaptation of the H7N7 virus was carried out by serial lung-to-lung passage in mice. Genomic analysis of the mouse-adapted virus revealed amino acid changes in the PB2 (E525G, M645I, and D701N), NP (I475V), HA(D103N), and NA(K142E) proteins. The adapted H7N7 virus was more virulent in mice than the wild-type virus. Our results suggest that continued surveillance of poultry populations for these substitutions in the H7N7 virus is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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45
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Philippon DAM, Wu P, Cowling BJ, Lau EHY. Avian Influenza Human Infections at the Human-Animal Interface. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:528-537. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) are among the most concerning emerging and re-emerging pathogens because of the potential risk for causing an influenza pandemic with catastrophic impact. The recent increase in domestic animals and poultry worldwide was followed by an increase of human AIV outbreaks reported.
Methods
We reviewed the epidemiology of human infections with AIV from the literature including reports from the World Health Organization, extracting information on virus subtype, time, location, age, sex, outcome, and exposure.
Results
We described the characteristics of more than 2500 laboratory-confirmed human infections with AIVs. Human infections with H5N1 and H7N9 were more frequently reported than other subtypes. Risk of death was highest among reported cases infected with H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and H10N8 infections. Older people and males tended to have a lower risk of infection with most AIV subtypes, except for H7N9. Visiting live poultry markets was mostly reported by H7N9, H5N6, and H10N8 cases, while exposure to sick or dead bird was mostly reported by H5N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N7, and H10N7 cases.
Conclusions
Understanding the profile of human cases of different AIV subtypes would guide control strategies. Continued monitoring of human infections with AIVs is essential for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A M Philippon
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Peng Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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46
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Westerhuis B, Ten Hulscher H, Jacobi R, van Beek J, Koopmans M, Rimmelzwaan G, Meijer A, van Binnendijk R. Specific memory B cell response in humans upon infection with highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3152. [PMID: 32081953 PMCID: PMC7035254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
H7 avian influenza viruses represent a major public health concern, and worldwide outbreaks raise the risk of a potential pandemic. Understanding the memory B cell response to avian (H7) influenza virus infection in humans could provide insights in the potential key to human infection risks. We investigated an epizootic of the highly pathogenic A(H7N7) in the Netherlands, which in 2003 led to infection of 89 persons and one fatal case. Subtype-specificity of antibodies were determined for confirmed H7N7 infected individuals (cases) (n = 19), contacts of these cases (n = 21) and a comparison group controls (n = 16), by microarray, using recombinant hemagglutinin (HA)1 proteins. The frequency and specificity of memory B cells was determined by detecting subtype-specific antibodies in the culture supernatants from in vitro stimulated oligoclonal B cell cultures, from peripheral blood of cases and controls. All cases (100%) had high antibody titers specific for A(H7N7)2003 (GMT > 100), whereas H7-HA1 antigen binding was detected in 29% of contacts and 31% of controls, suggesting that some of the H7 reactivity stems from cross reactive antibodies. To unravel homotypic and heterotypic responses, the frequency and specificity of memory B cells were determined in 2 cases. Ten of 123 HA1 reactive clones isolated from the cases bound to only H7- HA1, whereas 5 bound both H7 and other HA1 antigens. We recovered at least four different epitopal reactivities, though none of the H7 reactive antibodies were able to neutralize H7 infections in vitro. Our study serologically confirms the infection with H7 avian influenza viruses, and shows that H7 infection triggers a mixture of strain -specific and cross-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Westerhuis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hinke Ten Hulscher
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Jacobi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hanover, Germany
| | - Adam Meijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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47
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Qu B, Li X, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus H7N4 subtype in China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227597. [PMID: 31951605 PMCID: PMC6968846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with avian influenza viruses including H5, H7 and H9 hemagglutinin subtypes occur at a low rate. Among human infections with H7 viruses, regional outbreaks with H7N2, H7N3, H7N7 and H7N9 have been documented. Early in 2018, a human infection with a novel H7N4 avian influenza virus was reported in Jiangsu, China. This study is aimed at understanding the probable origin and molecular features of this emerging H7N4 virus. Genomic segments encoding hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of H7Nx and HxN4 viruses were compared with this H7N4 strain by alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the human H7N4 virus probably originated from multiple reassortments of avian H7N7 and H8N4 viruses for its HA and NA, respectively, and likely a regional uncharacterized virus for its internal segments. Our data excluded that circulating avian H9N2 viruses were the origin of the H7N4 internal segments, unlike the human H5N1 and H7N9 viruses that both had H9N2 backbones. This index case provided a unique opportunity to examine viral mutations by directly comparing the human isolate with its closest viral relatives isolated from avian species from the patient's farm, which may suggest critical mutations required for viral adaptation in humans. Whole-genome scanning was performed and the sequences of the human and related avian H7N4 isolates were compared. Mutations in PB2 (E627K), PB2 (K683T), PB1-F2 (N47S), HA (N283D), HA(K321E), NA(A137V), NA(K296R) and M2 (C19Y) were identified in the human isolate while no mutations were found in PB1, NP, NS1, and NS2 of the human H7N4 compared to the avian H7N4 viruses. Our data in this report provide further evidence for the genesis of this novel H7N4 virus with a multi-reassortment model and show molecular changes that might be responsible for the transmission of this virus from chickens or ducks to and subsequent replication in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Qu
- Medical School and the Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Medical School and the Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Carol J. Cardona
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Zheng Xing
- Medical School and the Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
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48
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Virus Metagenomics in Farm Animals: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010107. [PMID: 31963174 PMCID: PMC7019290 DOI: 10.3390/v12010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A majority of emerging infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin. Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) has been employed to identify uncommon and novel infectious etiologies and characterize virus diversity in human, animal, and environmental samples. Here, we systematically reviewed studies that performed viral mNGS in common livestock (cattle, small ruminants, poultry, and pigs). We identified 2481 records and 120 records were ultimately included after a first and second screening. Pigs were the most frequently studied livestock and the virus diversity found in samples from poultry was the highest. Known animal viruses, zoonotic viruses, and novel viruses were reported in available literature, demonstrating the capacity of mNGS to identify both known and novel viruses. However, the coverage of metagenomic studies was patchy, with few data on the virome of small ruminants and respiratory virome of studied livestock. Essential metadata such as age of livestock and farm types were rarely mentioned in available literature, and only 10.8% of the datasets were publicly available. Developing a deeper understanding of livestock virome is crucial for detection of potential zoonotic and animal pathogens and One Health preparedness. Metagenomic studies can provide this background but only when combined with essential metadata and following the “FAIR” (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles.
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Zou S, Tang J, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li X, Meng Y, Zhao X, Yang L, Shu Y, Wang D. Molecular characterization of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses based on poultry-related environmental surveillance in China between 2014 and 2017. Virology 2020; 542:8-19. [PMID: 31957664 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a threat to both animal and human health. In this study, phylogenetic analysis showed that the H3 AIVs had various genomic constellations and extensive reassortments, increasing genetic diversity and the emergence of new pathogenic viruses that might infect human beings. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the major molecular markers linked to drug resistance were identified in M genes of three studied viruses, and there might be wide range of resistant virus infections in poultry in the future. Although all the H3 viruses preferentially bound to the avian-type receptor, the growth kinetics experiments showed that the selected H3 viruses were capable of efficient replication in mammalian cells, suggesting a potential cross-species transmission of H3 viruses. Overall, our results emphasize the need for continued surveillance of H3 outbreaks and may also help us improve knowledge on H3 AIVs prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zou
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijun Liu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiyan Li
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Meng
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuelong Shu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Infection of Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells by H5 Avian Influenza Virus Is Regulated by the Acid Stability of Hemagglutinin and the pH of Target Cell Endosomes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010082. [PMID: 31936692 PMCID: PMC7019350 DOI: 10.3390/v12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the possible relationships between tracheal infection and concomitant infection of the terminal part of the lower respiratory tract (bronchioles/alveoli), the behavior of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), such as H5N1, in the conducting airways is unclear. To examine the tropism of AIVs for cells lining the conducting airways of humans, we established human tracheal epithelial cell clones (HTEpC-Ts) and examined their susceptibility to infection by AIVs. The HTEpC-Ts showed differing susceptibility to H5N1 and non-zoonotic AIVs. Viral receptors expressed by HTEpC-Ts bound all viruses; however, the endosomal pH was associated with the overall susceptibility to infection by AIVs. Moreover, H5N1 hemagglutinin broadened viral tropism to include HTEpC-Ts, because it had a higher pH threshold for viral-cell membrane fusion. Thus, H5N1 viruses infect human tracheal epithelial cells as a result of their higher pH threshold for membrane fusion which may be one mechanism underlying H5N1 pathogenesis in human airway epithelia. Efficient replication of H5N1 in the conducting airways of humans may facilitate infection of the lower respiratory tract.
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