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Zhang X, Xu Q, Liu Z, Ball JB, Black B, Ganguly S, Harland ME, Blackman S, Bryant S, Anseth K, Watkins L, Liu X. Chandipura viral glycoprotein (CNV-G) promotes Gectosome generation and enables delivery of intracellular therapeutics. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2264-2285. [PMID: 38702887 PMCID: PMC11287003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) elevates the secretion of EVs known as gectosomes, which contain VSV-G. Such vesicles can be engineered to deliver therapeutic macromolecules. We investigated viral glycoproteins from several viruses for their potential in gectosome production and intracellular cargo delivery. Expression of the viral glycoprotein (viral glycoprotein from the Chandipura virus [CNV-G]) from the human neurotropic pathogen Chandipura virus in 293T cells significantly augments the production of CNV-G-containing gectosomes. In comparison with VSV-G gectosomes, CNV-G gectosomes exhibit heightened selectivity toward specific cell types, including primary cells and tumor cell lines. Consistent with the differential tropism between CNV-G and VSV-G gectosomes, cellular entry of CNV-G gectosome is independent of the Low-density lipoprotein receptor, which is essential for VSV-G entry, and shows varying sensitivity to pharmacological modulators. CNV-G gectosomes efficiently deliver diverse intracellular cargos for genomic modification or responses to stimuli in vitro and in the brain of mice in vivo utilizing a split GFP and chemical-induced dimerization system. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution analyses support CNV-G gectosomes as a versatile platform for delivering macromolecular therapeutics intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Quanbin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Jayson B Ball
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brandon Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Saheli Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Michael E Harland
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Samuel Blackman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kristi Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Linda Watkins
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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Sarkar S, Ganguly S, Ganguly NK, Sarkar DP, Sharma NR. Chandipura Virus Forms Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies through Phase Separation and Proviral Association of Cellular Protein Kinase R and Stress Granule Protein TIA-1. Viruses 2024; 16:1027. [PMID: 39066190 PMCID: PMC11281494 DOI: 10.3390/v16071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Negative-strand RNA viruses form cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) representing virus replication foci through phase separation or biomolecular condensation of viral and cellular proteins, as a hallmark of their infection. Alternatively, mammalian cells form stalled mRNA containing antiviral stress granules (SGs), as a consequence of phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) through condensation of several RNA-binding proteins including TIA-1. Whether and how Chandipura virus (CHPV), an emerging human pathogen causing influenza-like illness, coma and death, forms IBs and evades antiviral SGs remain unknown. By confocal imaging on CHPV-infected Vero-E6 cells, we found that CHPV infection does not induce formation of distinct canonical SGs. Instead, CHPV proteins condense and co-localize together with SG proteins to form heterogeneous IBs, which ensued independent of the activation of eIF2α and eIF2α kinase, protein kinase R (PKR). Interestingly, siRNA-mediated depletion of PKR or TIA-1 significantly decreased viral transcription and virion production. Moreover, CHPV infection also caused condensation and recruitment of PKR to IBs. Compared to SGs, IBs exhibited significant rapidity in disassembly dynamics. Altogether, our study demonstrating that CHPV replication co-optimizes with SG proteins and revealing an unprecedented proviral role of TIA-1/PKR may have implications in understanding the mechanisms regulating CHPV-IB formation and designing antiviral therapeutics. Importance: CHPV is an emerging tropical pathogen reported to cause acute influenza-like illness and encephalitis in children with a very high mortality rate of ~70%. Lack of vaccines and an effective therapy against CHPV makes it a potent pathogen for causing an epidemic in tropical parts of globe. Given these forewarnings, it is of paramount importance that CHPV biology must be understood comprehensively. Targeting of host factors offers several advantages over targeting the viral components due to the generally higher mutation rate in the viral genome. In this study, we aimed at understanding the role of SGs forming cellular RNA-binding proteins in CHPV replication. Our study helps understand participation of cellular factors in CHPV replication and could help develop effective therapeutics against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Surajit Ganguly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Nirmal K. Ganguly
- Department of Education and Research, AERF, Artemis Hospitals, Gurugram 122001, India;
| | - Debi P. Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Nishi Raj Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.S.); (S.G.)
- Department of Education and Research, AERF, Artemis Hospitals, Gurugram 122001, India;
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3
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Dey D, Dasgupta A, Ghosh D, Bhattacharjee O, Ghosh A, Honda A, Chattopadhyay D. Host proteins Alpha-2-Macroglobulin and LRP1 associate with Chandipura virus. Biochimie 2024; 218:105-117. [PMID: 37517577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura Virus is an emerging tropical pathogen with a high mortality rate among children. No mode of treatment or antivirals exists against CHPV infection, due to little information regarding its host interaction. Studying viral pathogen interaction with its host can not only provide valuable information regarding its propagation strategy, but also on which host proteins interact with the virus. Identifying these proteins and understanding their role in the infection process can provide more stable anti-viral targets. In this study, we focused on identifying host factors that interact with CHPV and may play a critical role in CHPV infection. We are the first to report the successful identification of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M), a secretory protein of the host that interacts with CHPV. We also established that LRP1 (Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and GRP78 (Glucose regulated protein 78), receptors of A2M, also interact with CHPV. Furthermore, we could also demonstrate that knocking out A2M has a severe effect on viral infection. We conclusively show the interaction of these host proteins with CHPV. Our findings also indicate that these host proteins could play a role in viral entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, India
| | | | - Abhrajyoti Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Ayae Honda
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Punasanvala P, Sahay RR, Chandegara H, Patil DY, Shete AM, Balachandran C, Patel V, Bondre V, Rustam R, Patel K, Majumdar T, Shah K, Patil S, Sakhare K, Solanki J, Gawande P, Kumari V, Yadav PD. A rare case of Chandipura virus infection with haemorrhagic complications from Gujarat, India. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29307. [PMID: 38087448 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Punasanvala
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hiren Chandegara
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandhu Balachandran
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vipul Patel
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay Bondre
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rizwana Rustam
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Karma Patel
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavya Shah
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kunal Sakhare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayesh Solanki
- Directorate of Health Services, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishnavi Kumari
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Pandey N, Singh SK. MicroRNA-155 triggers a cellular antiviral immune response against Chandipura virus in human microglial cells. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105173. [PMID: 37327858 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and has a single-stranded RNA genome that causes encephalitis among children in India's tropical states. Activation of the antiviral immune response upon viral infection is important for the host's defense. In response to CHPV infection, the brain resident macrophages (microglial cells) control the pathogenic insults. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are 22 nts non-coding RNAs that serve as delicate regulators of their target genes at the post-transcriptional level. In this study, we explored miR-155 mediated antiviral response in CHPV infected human microglial cells. The gene and protein expression patterns were studied through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunoblotting, respectively. Additionally, miRNA target validation was done by overexpression and knockdown of miR-155. We observed an increased expression of miR-155 in CHPV infected human microglial cells. The upregulated miR-155 suppresses the Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 1 (SOCS1). Reduced SOCS1, in turn, led to enhanced phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) and induction of Interferon-β (IFN-β), which promoted the expression of IFN-stimulated gene 54 (ISG54) and IFN-stimulated gene 56 (ISG56). In this study, miR-155 positively modulated the cellular antiviral response by enhancing type I IFN signalling through inhibition of SOCS1 in CHPV infected microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India; Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), New Delhi 110007, India.
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6
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Cain M, Ly H. In vitro and in vivo testing of the antiviral effect of favipiravir (T705) against the neurotropic Chandipura virus. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28960. [PMID: 37475521 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Cain
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
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7
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Shepherd JG, Davis C, Streicker DG, Thomson EC. Emerging Rhabdoviruses and Human Infection. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:878. [PMID: 37372162 PMCID: PMC10294888 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdoviridae is a large viral family, with members infecting a diverse range of hosts including, vertebrate species, arthropods, and plants. The predominant human pathogen within the family is Rabies lyssavirus, the main cause of human rabies. While rabies is itself a neglected disease, there are other, less well studied, rhabdoviruses known to cause human infection. The increasing application of next-generation sequencing technology to clinical samples has led to the detection of several novel or rarely detected rhabdoviruses associated with febrile illness. Many of these viruses have been detected in low- and middle-income countries where the extent of human infection and the burden of disease remain largely unquantified. This review describes the rhabdoviruses other than Rabies lyssavirus that have been associated with human infection. The discovery of the Bas Congo virus and Ekpoma virus is discussed, as is the re-emergence of species such as Le Dantec virus, which has recently been detected in Africa 40 years after its initial isolation. Chandipura virus and the lyssaviruses that are known to cause human rabies are also described. Given their association with human disease, the viruses described in this review should be prioritised for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Shepherd
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.D.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Chris Davis
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.D.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.D.); (D.G.S.)
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Emma C. Thomson
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.D.); (D.G.S.)
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Kitaura S, Tobiume M, Kawahara M, Satoh M, Kato H, Nakayama N, Nakajima N, Komeno T, Furuta Y, Suzuki T, Moriya K, Saijo M, Ebihara H, Ito-Takayama M. Evaluation of a novel severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model for antiviral drug evaluation against Chandipura virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 213:105582. [PMID: 36948302 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus known to cause fatal encephalitis outbreaks in the Indian subcontinent. The virus displays tropism towards the pediatric population and holds significant public health concerns. Currently, there is no specific, effective therapy for CHPV encephalitis. In this study, we evaluated a novel C.B-17 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model which can be used for pre-clinical antiviral evaluation. Inoculation of CHPV developed a lethal infection in our model. Plaque assay and immunohistochemistry detected increased viral loads and antigens in various organs, including the brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and whole blood. We further conducted a proof-of-concept evaluation of favipiravir in the SCID mouse model. Favipiravir treatment improved survival with pre-symptomatic (days 5-14) and post-symptomatic (days 9-18) treatment. Reduced viral loads were observed in whole blood, kidney/adrenal gland, and brain tissue with favipiravir treatment. The findings in this study demonstrate the utility of SCID mouse for in vivo drug efficacy evaluation and the potential efficacy of favipiravir against CHPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitaura
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kawahara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Satoh
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kato
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mutsuyo Ito-Takayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Hustedt J, Prasetyo DB, Fiorenzano JM, von Fricken ME, Hertz JC. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and sand fly-borne pathogens in the Greater Mekong Subregion: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:355. [PMID: 36199150 PMCID: PMC9533508 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are proven or suspected vectors of several pathogens of importance, including leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and sand fly fevers. Although sand flies have a worldwide distribution, there has been limited research published on sand flies and sand fly-borne pathogens throughout the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). This review followed the PRISMA guidelines to determine the biodiversity and presence of phlebotomine sand flies and their associated pathogens in the GMS, specifically Cambodia, Thailand, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Malaysia and Vietnam. A total of 1472 records were identified by searching electronic databases, scanning reference lists of articles and consulting experts in the field. After screening of title and abstracts, 178 records remained and were further screened for original data (n = 34), not having regional data (n = 14), duplication of data (n = 4), records not available (n = 4) and no language translation available (n = 2). A total of 120 studies were then included for full review, with 41 studies on sand fly-related disease in humans, 33 studies on sand fly-related disease in animals and 54 entomological studies focused on sand flies (5 papers contained data on > 1 category), with a majority of the overall data from Thailand. There were relatively few studies on each country, with the exception of Thailand, and the studies applied different methods to investigate sand flies and sand fly-borne diseases, impacting the ability to conduct meaningful meta-analysis. The findings suggest that leishmaniasis in humans and the presence of sand fly vectors have been reported across several GMS countries over the past 100 years, with local transmission in humans confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. Additionally, local Mundinia species are likely transmitted by biting midges. Findings from this study provide a framework for future investigations to determine the geographic distribution and risk profiles of leishmaniasis and other associated sand fly-borne disease throughout the GMS. It is recommended that researchers expand surveillance efforts across the GMS, with an emphasis placed on entomological surveys, syndromic and asymptomatic monitoring in both humans and animals and molecular characterization of sand flies and sand fly-borne pathogens, particularly in the understudied countries of Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hustedt
- Vysnova Partners, AXA Tower, 8 Shenton Way, Level 34-01, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Didot Budi Prasetyo
- Entomology Division, Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Two, Sembawang, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jodi M Fiorenzano
- Entomology Division, Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Two, Sembawang, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael E von Fricken
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Hertz
- Entomology Division, Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Two, Sembawang, Singapore, Singapore
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Ranawaka UK. Emerging tropical neurological infections. Clin Med (Lond) 2022; 22:18-20. [DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2021-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mukesh RK, Kalam AA, Nag J, Jaikumar VS, Kunnakkadan U, Kumar NA, Suma SM, Rajavelu A, Johnson JB. Chandipura virus induces cell death in cancer cell lines of human origin and promotes tumor regression in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:254-265. [PMID: 34761105 PMCID: PMC8554107 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging human pathogen of great clinical significance. In this study, we have investigated the susceptibility pattern of both normal and cancer cell lines of human origin to wild-type (wt) CHPV in order to explore the possibility of developing CHPV as an oncolytic vector (OV). Marked cytopathic effect along with enhanced virus output was observed in cancer cell lines (HeLa, A549, U-138, PC-3, and HepG2) in comparison to normal human adult dermal fibroblast (HADF) cells. At an MOI of 0.1, cancer cell lines were differentially susceptible to CHPV, with cells like HeLa and U-138 having pronounced cell death, while the PC-3 were comparatively resistant. All cell lines used in the study except U-138 restricted CHPV infection to varying degrees with IFN-β pre-treatment and supplementation of interferon (IFN) could neither activate the IFN signaling pathway in U-138 cells. Finally, U-138 tumor xenografts established in non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice showed significant delay in tumor growth in the CHPV-challenged animals. Thus, targeted cytopathic effect in cancer cells at a very low dose with restricted replication in normal cells offers a rationale to exploit CHPV as an oncolytic vector in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Koolaparambil Mukesh
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Azeem Abdul Kalam
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Joydeep Nag
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishnu Sunil Jaikumar
- Animal Research Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Umerali Kunnakkadan
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Nisha Asok Kumar
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - John Bernet Johnson
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
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Immunoinformatics approach for designing a universal multiepitope vaccine against Chandipura Virus. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105358. [PMID: 34902539 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura vesiculovirus (CHPV) is a fast-emerging virus that causes acute encephalitis with a high death rate. Because of its extensive prevalence in African and Asian countries, this infection has become a global hazard, and there is an urgent need to create an effective and non-allergenic vaccine or appropriate treatment to combat it. A vaccine candidate is offered utilizing a computational technique in this study. To build a potential vaccine candidate, viral protein sequences were acquired from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and evaluated with several bioinformatics techniques to identify B-cell and T-cell epitopes. V1 was shown to be superior in terms of various physicochemical qualities, as well as highly immunogenic and non-allergic. Molecular docking revealed that the CHPV vaccine construct had a greater binding affinity with human Toll-like receptors (TLR-3 and TLR-8) and that it was stable in molecular dynamics simulations. MEC-CHPV was in silico cloned in the pET28a (+) expression vector using codon optimization. The current research identifies potential antigenic epitopes that could be used as vaccine candidates to eradicate the CHPV. This in-silico development of a CHPV vaccine with multiple epitopes could open the path for future rapid laboratory tests.
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Deb D, Basak S, Kar T, Narsaria U, Castiglione F, Paul A, Pandey A, Srivastava AP. Immunoinformatics based designing a multi-epitope vaccine against pathogenic Chandipura vesiculovirus. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:322-346. [PMID: 34729821 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura vesiculovirus (CHPV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen responsible for causing acute encephalitis. Due to its widespread occurrence in Asian and African countries, this has become a global threat, and there is an urgent need to design an effective and nonallergenic vaccine against this pathogen. The present study aimed to develop a multi-epitope vaccine using an immunoinformatics approach. The conventional method of vaccine design involves large proteins or whole organism which leads to unnecessary antigenic load with increased chances of allergenic reactions. In addition, the process is also very time-consuming and labor-intensive. These limitations can be overcome by peptide-based vaccines comprising short immunogenic peptide fragments that can elicit highly targeted immune responses, avoiding the chances of allergenic reactions, in a relatively shorter time span. The multi-epitope vaccine constructed using CTL, HTL, and IFN-γ epitopes was able to elicit specific immune responses when exposed to the pathogen, in silico. Not only that, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies confirmed a stable interaction of the vaccine with the immune receptors. Several physicochemical analyses of the designed vaccine candidate confirmed it to be highly immunogenic and nonallergic. The computer-aided analysis performed in this study suggests that the designed multi-epitope vaccine can elicit specific immune responses and can be a potential candidate against CHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashrito Deb
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srijita Basak
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tamalika Kar
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Utkarsh Narsaria
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Institute for Applied Computing, National Research Council of Italy, Via dei Taurini, Rome, Italy
| | - Abhirup Paul
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Plant Metabolic Engineering, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag P Srivastava
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Tandale BV, Bondre VP, Sapkal GN, Gopalkrishna V, Gurav YK, Rao RK, Qazi MS, Narang R, Guduru VK, Niswade AK, Jain M. Childhood encephalitis hospitalizations associated with virus agents in medium-endemic states in India. J Clin Virol 2021; 144:104970. [PMID: 34560339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of childhood acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in India. We enhanced the AES surveillance in sentinel hospitals to determine trends and virus etiologies in central India. METHODS The neurological hospitalizations among children ≤15 years were tracked by using the AES case definition implemented by the national program. Acute and convalescent sera along with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected and tested at the strengthened site hospital laboratories for anti-JE, anti-Dengue and anti-Chikungunya virus by IgM ELISA; along with Chandipura virus RT-PCR. Herpes simplex and enterovirus testing was undertaken at the reference laboratory. RESULTS Among 1619 pediatric neurological hospitalizations reported during 2015-16, AES case definition was fulfilled in 332 (20.5%) cases. After excluding 52 non-AES cases, 280 AES cases resident from study districts were considered eligible for study. The treating physicians diagnosed non-viral causes in 90 cases, therefore 190 (67.9%) of 280 AES cases were suspected with viral etiologies. We enrolled 140 (73.7%) of 190 eligible AES cases. Viral etiologies were confirmed in 31 (22.1%) of 140 enrolled AES cases. JE (n = 22) was the leading cause. Additional non-JE viral agents included Chikungunya (5), Dengue (2) and Chandipura (2). However, only 21 (9.4%) of 222 additional AES cases referred from peripheral hospitals were confirmed as JE. CONCLUSIONS Japanese encephalitis virus continues to be the leading cause of childhood acute encephalitis syndrome in central India despite vaccination program. Surveillance needs to be intensified for assessing the true disease burden of Japanese encephalitis following vaccination program implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay P Bondre
- ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Yogesh K Gurav
- ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - R Kondal Rao
- Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | | | - Rahul Narang
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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- ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India; Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India; Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Cyclophilin A: a possible host modulator in Chandipura virus infection. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3143-3150. [PMID: 34533641 PMCID: PMC8446474 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV), belonging to the genus Vesiculovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae, has been identified as one of the causes of pediatric encephalitis in India. Currently, neither vaccines nor therapeutic drugs are available against this agent. Considering that the disease progresses very fast with a high mortality rate, working towards the development of potential therapeutics against it will have a public health impact. Although the use of viral inhibitors as antiviral agents is the most common way to curb virus replication, the mutation-prone nature of viruses results in the development of resistance to antiviral agents. The recent development of proteomic platforms for analysis of purified viral agents has allowed certain upregulated host proteins that are involved in the morphogenesis and replication of viruses to be identified. Thus, the alternative approach of inhibition of host proteins involved in the regulation of virus replication could be explored for their therapeutic effectiveness. In the current study, we have evaluated the effect of inhibition of cyclophilin A (CypA), an immunophilin with peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans-isomerase activity, on the replication of CHPV. Treatment with cyclosporin A, used in vitro for the inhibition of CypA, resulted in a 3-log reduction in CHPV titer and an undetectable level of CypA in comparison to an untreated control. An in silico analysis of the interaction of the CHPV nucleoprotein with the human CypA protein showed stable interaction in molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Overall, the results of this study suggest a possible role of CypA in facilitating CHPV replication, thus making it one of the potential host factors to be explored in future antiviral studies.
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16
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel coumarin derivatives in rhabdoviral clearance. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113739. [PMID: 34375787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by rhabdoviruses have had a huge impact on the productive lives of the entire human population. The main problem is the lack of drugs for the treatment of this family of viruses. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), the causative agent of IHN, is a typical rhabdovirus which has caused huge losses to the salmonid industry. Therefore, in this study, IHNV was studied as a model to evaluate the antiviral activity of 35 novel coumarin derivatives. Coumarin A9 was specifically selected for further validation studies upon comparing the half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of four screened candidate derivatives in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells, as it exhibited an IC50 value of 2.96 μM against IHNV. The data revealed that A9 treatment significantly suppressed the virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in EPC cells. In addition, A9 showed IC50 values of 1.68 and 2.12 μM for two other rhabdoviruses, spring viremia of carp virus and micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus, respectively. Furthermore, our results suggest that A9 exerts antiviral activity, but not by destroying the virus particles and interfering with the adsorption of IHNV. Moreover, we found that A9 had an inhibitory effect on IHNV-induced apoptosis in EPC cells, as reflected by the protection against cell swelling, formation of apoptotic bodies, and loss of cell morphology and nuclear division. There was a 19.05 % reduction in the number of apoptotic cells in the A9 treatment group compared with that in the IHNV group. In addition, enzyme activity assays proved that A9 suppressed the expression of caspase 3, 8 and 9. These results suggested that A9 inhibit viral replication, to some extent, by blocking IHNV-induced apoptosis. In an in vivo study, A9 exhibited an anti-rhabdovirus effect in virus-infected fish by substantially enhancing the survival rate. Consistent with the above results, A9 repressed IHNV gene expression in virus-sensitive tissues (brain, kidney and spleen) in the early stages of virus infection. Importantly, the data showed that horizontal transmission of IHNV was reduced by A9 in a static cohabitation challenge model, especially in fish that underwent bath treatment, suggesting that A9 might be a suitable therapeutic agent for IHNV in aquaculture. Therefore, coumarin derivatives can be developed as antiviral agents against rhabdoviruses.
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Sharma NR, Gadhave K, Kumar P, Saif M, Khan MM, Sarkar DP, Uversky VN, Giri R. Analysis of the dark proteome of Chandipura virus reveals maximum propensity for intrinsic disorder in phosphoprotein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13253. [PMID: 34168211 PMCID: PMC8225862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV, a member of the Rhabdoviridae family) is an emerging pathogen that causes rapidly progressing influenza-like illness and acute encephalitis often leading to coma and death of the human host. Given several CHPV outbreaks in Indian sub-continent, recurring sporadic cases, neurological manifestation, and high mortality rate of this infection, CHPV is gaining global attention. The 'dark proteome' includes the whole proteome with special emphasis on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) and IDP regions (IDPR), which are proteins or protein regions that lack unique (or ordered) three-dimensional structures within the cellular milieu. These proteins/regions, however, play a number of vital roles in various biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation, control of signaling pathways, etc. and, therefore, are implicated in many human diseases. IDPs and IPPRs are also abundantly found in many viral proteins enabling their multifunctional roles in the viral life cycles and their capability to highjack various host systems. The unknown abundance of IDP and IDPR in CHPV, therefore, prompted us to analyze the dark proteome of this virus. Our analysis revealed a varying degree of disorder in all five CHPV proteins, with the maximum level of intrinsic disorder propensity being found in Phosphoprotein (P). We have also shown the flexibility of P protein using extensive molecular dynamics simulations up to 500 ns (ns). Furthermore, our analysis also showed the abundant presence of the disorder-based binding regions (also known as molecular recognition features, MoRFs) in CHPV proteins. The identification of IDPs/IDPRs in CHPV proteins suggests that their disordered regions may function as potential interacting domains and may also serve as novel targets for disorder-based drug designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi R Sharma
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine (JH-IMM), Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Mohammad Saif
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine (JH-IMM), Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Md M Khan
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine (JH-IMM), Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Debi P Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, 142290, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
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Chakraborty P, Chattopadhyay D, Roy S. N-protein-RNA interaction is a drug target in a negative strand RNA virus. Virus Res 2021; 295:198298. [PMID: 33508356 PMCID: PMC7839429 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The negative strand RNA virus family contains many human pathogens. Finding new antiviral drug targets against this class of human pathogens is one of the significant healthcare needs. Nucleocapsid proteins of negative strand RNA viruses wrap the viral genomic RNA and play essential roles in gene transcription and genome replication. Chandipura virus, a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, has a negative strand RNA genome. In addition to wrapping the genomic RNA, its nucleocapsid protein interacts with the positive strand leader RNA and plays a vital role in the virus life-cycle. We have designed a peptide, based on prior knowledge and demonstrated that the peptide is capable of binding specifically to the positive strand leader RNA. When the peptide was transported inside the cell, it inhibited viral growth with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Given the widespread occurrence of leader RNAs in negative strand RNA viruses and its interaction with the nucleocapsid protein, it is likely that this interaction could be a valid drug target for other negative strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Chakraborty
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay
- Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700 019, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India.
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19
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Kassiri H, Dehghani R, Khodkar I, Karami S. A comprehensive overview on sandfly fever. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-6189.316673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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Balakrishnan A, Malik N. Chandipura Virus' Oncolytic Potential in Experimentally Induced Tumor in Mice. Intervirology 2020; 64:1-4. [PMID: 33321508 DOI: 10.1159/000512299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a tropical pathogen, suggesting its involvement in childhood encephalitis syndrome in India. No reports are available in adult human beings for its pathogenicity. Similarly, in adult mice, the virus does not develop pathogenesis by parenteral route except for intracranial route of infection. The virus is remarkably nonpathogenic to adult immunocompromised nude mice. In vitro in tissue culture, the CHPV infects and kills many types of cells. All of these properties could qualify the CHPV to be a candidate virus for tumor therapy. To prove this, an experimentally induced tumor in a mouse was infected with live CHPV. The results showed that intra-tumoral injection reduced the volume of tumor and increased the longevity of the mice. The study concludes that the CHPV may be a safe tumor therapy virus. More precisely, the discovery of CHPV protein with oncolytic potential may lead to the development of novel drugs/therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukumar Balakrishnan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Kerala Unit, Govt.T.D.Medical College Hospital, Alappuzha, India,
| | - Nikita Malik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Balakrishnan A, Mun AB. Ribavirin inhibits Chandipura virus replication in Vero cells. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2969-2975. [PMID: 32543712 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging tropical pathogen in India. The virus has been reported to be associated with an acute encephalitis syndrome in young children with a case fatality rate of 55% to 75%. Clinical management with symptomatic treatment is the only option available to treat infected patients. No vaccines are available for prophylaxis. In light of the prophylactic limitations, antiviral therapy would play an important role in control of CHPV infection. In the present study, ribavirin (RBV), an antiviral drug widely accepted for human use and having an antiviral effect on many RNA and DNA viruses, was tested against the CHPV. A screening assay that scores for the virus-mediated plaque formation in the cultured Vero cells was used. RBV exhibited 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) at 89.84 ± 1.8 µM. The drug was very effective when the cells were treated either within an hour postinfection or 4 to 6 hours before infection. The plaque morphology was different in RBV treated cells; the plaques were smaller in size as compared with the plaques in the virus infected cells. The study reports the antiviral activity of RBV against CHPV, and hence, suggests the possible utility of RBV in CHPV infected patients to mitigate the disease. A further clinical trial is needed before introducing the drug for human use against CHPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amol B Mun
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
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22
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Pavitrakar DV, Atre NM, Tripathy AS, Shil P. Design of a multi-epitope peptide vaccine candidate against chandipura virus: an immuno-informatics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:648-659. [PMID: 32897148 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1816493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging pathogen responsible for acute encephalitic syndrome (AES) in pediatric population in India. Several outbreaks of CHPV have been reported from different states of India since the year 2003. At present there is no vaccine or therapeutic measures available to curtail the disease. In this study, we have identified both T-cell and B-cell epitopes of different antigenic proteins of CHPV like Nucleoprotein (N), Phosphoprotein (P) and Matrix protein (M) along with the immuno-dominant glycoprotein (G) and conducted in silico characterization for the same. The idea is to design a multi-epitope peptide construct using the epitopes, which were found to be non-toxic, non-allergenic and possessing high immunogenicity. The final multi-epitope construct named as: MEC-CHPV, comprised of β-defensin adjuvant at N-terminal for enhancement of immunogenicity followed by fourteen B-cell epitopes, four Helper T-cell epitopes and six Cytotoxic T-cell epitopes. The characterization of designed construct was carried out in terms of physicochemical parameters, antigenicity and allergenicity. The 3D structure prediction was performed. Molecular docking and molecular-dynamics simulation of MEC-CHPV with Toll like receptors (TLR-3 and TLR-8) showed stable interactions. In silico cloning of MEC-CHPV in pET30a(+) expression vector was also conducted using codon optimization. The in silico immune-simulation indicated a typical immune response against MEC-CHPV when used as a potential vaccine. This study provides a cost-effective and time-saving way to design a peptide vaccine candidate against CHPV using immuno-informatics approach. Development of the MEC-CHPV construct may pave the way for future laboratory experiments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin M Atre
- ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Pratip Shil
- ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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23
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Kavathekar VK, Dhanavade MJ, Sonawane KD, Balakrishnan A. Role of cell surface vimentin in Chandipura virus replication in Neuro-2a cells. Virus Res 2020; 285:198014. [PMID: 32418904 PMCID: PMC7270567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Study of virus host interaction helps to understand the mechanism of virus life cycle. Chandipura virus is associated with the encephalitis among the children’s in India. Chandipura virus co-localizes with surface vimentin on Neuro-2a cells. Surface vimentin on Neuro-2a cells is involved in interaction with Chandipura virus.
The neurotropic behavior of Chandipura virus (CHPV) is partly understood in experimental animals. Under in vitro conditions, neuronal cells could be a useful tool to study the CHPV interaction with neuronal proteins. The information gathered from such studies will help to design the new therapeutics for CHPV infection. This study identified the surface vimentin protein involved in adsorption of CHPV on Neuro-2a cell line (mouse neuroblastoma cells). The decrease in CHPV infectivity to Neuro-2a cells was observed in the presence of recombinant vimentin or anti-vimentin antibody. Vimentin mRNA expression remains unaltered in CHPV infected Neuro-2a cells. Furthermore, in silico analysis predicted the residues in vimentin and CHPV glycoprotein (G); probably involved in cell-virus interactions. Overall, we conclude that surface vimentin in Neuro-2a cells interact with CHPV and facilitate the binding of CHPV to the cells; it could be acting as a co-receptor for the CHPV. Further investigation is necessary to confirm the exact role of vimentin in CHPV infection in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal K Kavathekar
- National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, TDMC Hospital complex, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, 688005, India
| | - Maruti J Dhanavade
- Deartment of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Vidyanagari, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416004, India
| | - Kailas D Sonawane
- Deartment of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Vidyanagari, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416004, India
| | - Anukumar Balakrishnan
- National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, TDMC Hospital complex, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, 688005, India.
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Human Tibroviruses: Commensals or Lethal Pathogens? Viruses 2020; 12:v12030252. [PMID: 32106547 PMCID: PMC7150972 DOI: 10.3390/v12030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviruses are a large and ecologically diverse family of negative-sense RNA viruses (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae). These viruses are capable of infecting an unexpectedly wide variety of plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates distributed over all human-inhabited continents. However, only a few rhabdoviruses are known to infect humans: a ledantevirus (Le Dantec virus), several lyssaviruses (in particular, rabies virus), and several vesiculoviruses (e.g., Chandipura virus, vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus). Recently, several novel rhabdoviruses have been discovered in the blood of both healthy and severely ill individuals living in Central and Western Africa. These viruses—Bas-Congo virus, Ekpoma virus 1, and Ekpoma virus 2—are members of the little-understood rhabdoviral genus Tibrovirus. Other than the basic genomic architecture, tibroviruses bear little resemblance to well-studied rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus. These three human tibroviruses are quite divergent from each other, and each of them clusters closely with tibroviruses currently known only from biting midges or healthy cattle. Seroprevalence studies suggest that human tibrovirus infections may be common but are almost entirely unrecognized. The pathogenic potential of this diverse group of viruses remains unknown. Although certain tibroviruses may be benign and well-adapted to humans, others could be newly emerging and produce serious disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of tibroviruses and argue that assessing their impact on human health should be an urgent priority.
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Gupta P, Tripathy AS. Alternative pathway of complement activation has a beneficial role against Chandipura virus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:109-124. [PMID: 31781935 PMCID: PMC7223837 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a critical component of both innate and adaptive immune responses. It has both protective and pathogenic roles in viral infections. There are no studies regarding the role of complement system in Chandipura virus (CHPV) infection. The current study has investigated the role of complement pathways in the in vitro neutralization of CHPV in Vero E6 cells. Using normal human serum (NHS), heat-inactivated serum (HIS), human serum deficient of complement factor, respective reconstituted serum, assays like in vitro neutralization, real-time PCR, and flow cytometry-based tissue culture-based limited dose assay (TC-LDA) were carried out for assessing the activation of different complement pathways. NHS from 9/10 donors showed complement dependent neutralization, reduction in viral load and decrease in percentage of CHPV-positive cells compared to their HIS counterparts. EGTA or EDTA pretreatment experiments indicated that CHPV neutralization proceeds through the alternative pathway of the complement activation. Our data showed a strong dependence on C3 for the in vitro neutralization of CHPV. Disparity in CHPV neutralization levels between factor B-deficient and reconstituted sera could be attributed to amplification loop/“tick-over” mechanism. Assays using C3, C5, and C8 deficient sera indicated that complement-mediated CHPV neutralization and suppression of CHPV infectivity are primarily through C3 and C5, and not dependent on downstream complement factor C8. With no specific anti-viral treatment/vaccine against Chandipura, the current data, elucidating role of human complement system in the neutralization of CHPV, may help in designing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gupta
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021 India
| | - Anuradha S. Tripathy
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021 India
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Sudeep AB, Gunjikar RS, Ghodke YS, Khutwad K, Sapkal GN. Temperature sensitivity and environmental stability of Chandipura virus. Virusdisease 2019; 30:214-218. [PMID: 31179359 PMCID: PMC6531576 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-00511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV), a negative-stranded RNA virus of family Rhabdoviridae is endemic in Central India since 1965. The virus gained public health importance when it was held responsible for massive outbreak in 2003-2004 in Maharashtra, Telengana and Gujarat with case fatality rates ranging from 55 to 75% among children. We studied the stability of the virus as well as RNA persistence in samples stored at different temperatures for different periods. CHPV remained infective in sand flies and cell culture supernatants at 4 °C for 8 weeks. At 37 °C CHPV remained viable for 18 days when stored in infected cell supernatant (Minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum). However, in infected sand flies stored at 37 °C, the virus lost virulence within a week. CHPV RNA, though lost virulence, could be detected in virus exposed sand flies stored at 37 °C for 13 weeks by real time RT-PCR. Retaining virulence at 37 °C for 18 days in serum containing medium is a matter of concern for laboratories and hospital settings where clinical samples are handled. RNA persistence for prolonged periods in dead sand flies might help in surveillance studies of CHPV in sand flies and will help in resource constraint nations where cold chain management is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Sudeep
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - R. S. Gunjikar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - Y. S. Ghodke
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - K. Khutwad
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - G. N. Sapkal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
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Investigating the role of Ebp1 in Chandipura virus infection. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dey D, Honda A, Chattopadhyay D. Investigating the role of Ebp1 in Chandipura virus infection. J Biosci 2019; 44:31. [PMID: 31180044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ErbB-3 binding protein 1 (Ebp1) is a host protein which binds ErbB-3 receptor to induce signalling events for cell growth regulation. In addition, Ebp1 also interacts with ribonucleoprotein complexes. In recent times, Ebp1 was found to play an antagonistic role in viral infections caused by Influenza and Rinderpest viruses. In our present work we have tried to understand the role of Ebp1 in Chandipura virus (CHPV) infection. We have observed an induction in Ebp1 expression upon CHPV infection similar to other viruses. However, unlike other viruses an overexpressed Ebp1 only reduces viral protein expression, but does not affect its progeny formation. Additionally, this effect is being carried out in an indirect manner, as there is no interaction between Ebp1 and viral proteins. This is despite Ebp1's presence in viral inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
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Bharadwaj SD, Sahay RR, Yadav PD, Dhanawade S, Basu A, Meena VK, George S, Damle R, Sapkal GN. Acute Encephalitis with Atypical Presentation of Rubella in Family Cluster, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1923-1925. [PMID: 30226166 PMCID: PMC6154155 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.180053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 3 atypical rubella cases in a family cluster in India. The index case-patient showed only mild febrile illness, whereas the other 2 patients showed acute encephalitis and died of the disease. We confirmed rubella in the index and third cases using next-generation sequencing and IgM.
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Agrawal M, Rastogi M, Dogra S, Pandey N, Basu A, Singh SK. Chandipura virus changes cellular miRNome in human microglial cells. J Med Virol 2019; 94:480-490. [PMID: 31017674 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a neurotropic virus, known to cause encephalitis in humans. The microRNAs (miRNA/miR) play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. The present study is focused on the role of miRNAs during CHPV (strain 1653514) infection in human microglial cells. The deep sequencing of CHPV-infected human microglial cells identified a total of 12 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs). To elucidate the role of DEMs, the target gene prediction, Gene Ontology term (GO Term), pathway enrichment analysis, and miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) interaction network analysis was performed. The GO terms and pathway enrichment analysis provided 146 enriched genes; which were involved in interferon response, cytokine and chemokine signaling. Further, the WGCNA (weighted gene coexpression network analysis) of the enriched genes were discretely categorized into three modules (blue, brown, and turquoise). The hub genes in the blue module may correlate to CHPV induced neuroinflammation. Altogether, the miRNA-mRNA interaction network and WGCNA study revealed the following pairs, hsa-miR-542-3p and FAF1, hsa-miR-92a-1-5p and MYD88, and hsa-miR-3187-3p and TNFRSF21, which may contribute to neuroinflammation during CHPV infection in human microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Agrawal
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Smriti Dogra
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anirban Basu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Sapkal GN, Sawant PM, Mourya DT. Chandipura Viral Encephalitis: A Brief Review. Open Virol J 2018; 12:44-51. [PMID: 30288194 PMCID: PMC6142667 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the Chandipura virus (CHPV) has emerged as an encephalitic pathogen and found associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. CHPV is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the Indian subcontinent. Severe outbreaks caused by the virus have been reported from several parts of India. Expalanation: In the recent past, the noticeable association of CHPV with pediatric sporadic encephalitis cases as well as a number of outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh (2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008), Gujarat in (2005, 2009-12) and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra (2007, 2009-12) have been documented. Prevalence and seasonal activity of the virus in these regions are established by NIV through outbreak investigations, sero-survey and diagnosis of the referred clinical specimens. Recently CHPV has been isolated from pools of sand flies collected during outbreak investigations in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Since its discovery from India and above-mentioned activity of CHPV, it was suspected to be restricted only to India. Conclusion: However, CHPV has also been isolated from human cases during 1971-72 in Nigeria, and hedgehogs (Atelerix spiculus) during entomological surveillance in Senegal, Africa (1990-96) and recently referred samples from Bhutan and Nepal and from wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka during 1993 suggest its circulation in many tropical countries. Based on the limited study on vector related report, it appears that sandflies may be the principle vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan N Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Pradeep M Sawant
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
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Identification of a conserved neutralizing epitope in the G-protein of Chandipura virus. Arch Virol 2018; 163:3215-3223. [PMID: 30116984 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV), associated with an encephalitic illness in humans, has caused multiple outbreaks with high mortality in central and western India in recent years. The present study compares surface glycoprotein (G-protein) from prototype and recent outbreak strains using in silico tools and in vitro experiments. In silico epitope predictions (B-cell and T-helper cell) for the sequences, 3D structure prediction and comparison of the G-proteins of the strains: I653514 (Year 1965), CIN0327 (Year 2003) and 148974 (Year 2014) revealed that the CHPV G-protein is stable and antigenic determinants are conserved. A monoclonal antibody developed against strain CIN0327 (named NAbC) was found to neutralize prototype I653514 as well as the currently circulating strain 148974. In silico antigen-antibody interaction studies using molecular docking of predicted structures of NAbC and G-proteins of various CHPV strains led to the identification of a conserved neutralizing epitope in the fusion domain of G-protein, which also contained a putative T-helper peptide. The identification of a conserved neutralizing epitope in domain IV (fusion domain amino acids 53 to 172) of CHPV G-protein is an important finding that may have the scope towards the development of protective targets against CHPV infection.
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John TJ, Verghese VP, Arunkumar G, Gupta N, Swaminathan S. The syndrome of acute encephalitis in children in India: Need for new thinking. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:158-161. [PMID: 29265016 PMCID: PMC5761025 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1497_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Jacob John
- 439 Civil Supplies Godown Lane, Kamalakshipuram, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Nivedita Gupta
- Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Govekar S, Anand S, Lakshman LP, Vasanthapuram R, Banda RV. Syndrome Evaluation System for Simultaneous Detection Pathogens Causing Acute Encephalitic Syndrome in India, Part-1: Development and Standardization of the Assay. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:208. [PMID: 30140675 PMCID: PMC6094979 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of organisms are known to cause acute encephalitic syndrome (AES). A number of diagnostic tests have to be performed in order to arrive at a probable pathogen causing AES thus making it a very time consuming, laborious and expensive. The problem is further compounded by the lack of availability of sufficient volume of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Thus, there is an urgent need of a diagnostic tool for the simultaneous detection of all probable pathogens responsible for causing AES. Here we report the development of a novel diagnostic method, Syndrome Evaluation System (SES) for the simultaneous detection of 22 pathogens including RNA and DNA Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasite all endemic to India and Southeast Asia in a single sample using a novel multiplexing strategy. Syndrome Evaluation System (SES) involves isolation of nucleic acid, multiplex amplification of the DNA, and cDNA followed by identification of the amplified product by sequence specific hybridization on SES platform with the final read out being a visually recordable colored signal. The total time required to carry out this diagnostic procedure is 7 h. The SES was standardized using the commercially available vaccines, panels and cell culture grown quantified viruses/bacteria/fungi. The limit of detection (LOD) of SES ranged between 0.1 and 50 viral particles per ml of CSF and 100 to 200 bacterial cells or 5 parasites per ml of CSF, along with 100% specificity. Precision studies carried out as per the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) guidelines, using two concentrations of each pathogen one the LOD and the other double the LOD, clearly demonstrated, that inter/intra assay variability was within the limits prescribed by the guidelines. SES is a rapid molecular diagnostic tool for simultaneous identification of 22 etiological agents of AES encountered both in sporadic and outbreak settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Govekar
- Research and Development, XCyton Diagnostics Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Siddharth Anand
- Research and Development, XCyton Diagnostics Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Latha P Lakshman
- Research and Development, XCyton Diagnostics Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Vasanthapuram
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravikumar V Banda
- Research and Development, XCyton Diagnostics Limited, Bangalore, India
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Damle RG, Sankararaman V, Bhide VS, Jadhav VK, Walimbe AM, Gokhale MD. Molecular Evidence of Chandipura Virus from Sergentomyia species of Sandflies in Gujarat, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:247-249. [PMID: 29709979 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spread and establishment of Chandipura virus (CHPV) infection in India has raised serious epidemiological concerns. The virus interface with the vertebrate hosts (including humans) and vector competence are the important parameters of disease prevalence. Interestingly, in the present study, a highly zoophilic species of the sandfly Sergentomyia was found to be a potential vector of CHPV in Gujarat. This is probably the first report from India of male sandflies testing positive for CHPV in RT-PCR analysis. These findings signify vertical transmission of the virus among sandflies and have epidemiological significance. Health Officers from Gujarat referred 9 pools comprising 277 adult sandflies from disease-affected and unaffected areas to the National Institute of Virology, Pune. The pools were subjected to RT-PCR analysis and sequencing. Of the 9, 2 female and one male pool tested positive for CHPV. Phylogenetic analysis showed similarity of the new sandfly-borne CHPV strains with the human strain from Andhra Pradesh (AP) 2003. The present study highlights the possible role of Sergentomyia spp. in the transmission of CHPV in India.
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Chakraborty P. Construction & establishment of two minigenome rescue systems for Chandipura virus driven by recombinant vaccinia virus expressing T7 polymerase. Indian J Med Res 2017; 145:651-658. [PMID: 28948956 PMCID: PMC5644300 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_457_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging pathogenic rhabdovirus with a high case fatality rate. There are no reports of a minigenome system for CHPV, which could help its study without having to use the infectious agent. This study was, therefore, undertaken for the establishment of T7 polymerase-driven minigenome system for CHPV. Methods: The minigenome rescue system for CHPV consists of three helper plasmids expressing the nucleocapsid protein (N), phosphoprotein (P) and large protein (L) based on a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing bacteriophage T7 polymerase (vTF7-3). The minigenome construct is composed of a reporter gene, flanked by the non-coding regions of CHPV. Two minigenomes were constructed in an antigenome or complimentary sense, expressing luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP). The minigenome system was evaluated by co-transfection of the minigenome construct and three helper plasmids into CV-1 cells and analysis of the reporter gene activity. Results: All the helper proteins were expressed from the helper plasmids confirmed by Western blotting. Expression of reporter genes was observed from both the GFP and luciferase-based minigenomes. Green fluorescence could be visualized directly in live CV-1 cells. Luciferase activity was found to be significantly different from control. Interpretation & conclusions: The results showed that the helper plasmids provided all the necessary viral structural proteins required for the production of minigenome mRNA template, which in turn could rescue the expression of reporter genes. Thus, these minigenomes can be applied to mimic the manifestation of CHPV life cycle.
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Damle RG, Sankararaman V, Bhide VS, Mahamuni SA, Walimbe AM, Cherian SS. Genetic characterization of the glycoprotein G of Chandipura viruses in India with emphasis on an outbreak of 2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:112-116. [PMID: 28882516 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is found to be associated with sporadic encephalitis outbreaks in humans in India since 1965. We report here, the investigation of CHPV activity during the period of June-August 2015 in the state of Gujarat, which revealed 24.44% positivity among 45 referred encephalitis cases. Phylogenetic study of the G gene sequences of strains from Gujarat 2015 along with available sequences of additional strains from different geographical locations and isolation years (1965-2015), indicated the relatedness of the 2015 strain to a group of the CHPV prototype strain of 1965 and the earliest outbreak strains of 2003. Analyses of selection pressure in the G gene revealed positively selected sites within the signal peptide region and a putative CHPV epitope. These results indicate a probable role of G protein-based immune selection and underline the need for continued surveillance to monitor genetic and antigenic variations in the CHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Damle
- Encephalitis Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - V Sankararaman
- Encephalitis Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - V S Bhide
- Encephalitis Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - S A Mahamuni
- Encephalitis Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Zhang N, Huang H, Tan B, Wei Y, Xiong Q, Yan Y, Hou L, Wu N, Siwko S, Cimarelli A, Xu J, Han H, Qian M, Liu M, Du B. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 facilitates vesicular stomatitis virus infection by binding vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16527-16538. [PMID: 28842478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies and Chandipura viruses belong to the Rhabdovirus family. VSV is a common laboratory virus to study viral evolution and host immune responses to viral infection, and recombinant VSV-based vectors have been widely used for viral oncolysis, vaccination, and gene therapy. Although the tropism of VSV is broad, and its envelope glycoprotein G is often used for pseudotyping other viruses, the host cellular components involved in VSV infection remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the host protein leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (Lgr4) is essential for VSV and VSV-G pseudotyped lentivirus (VSVG-LV) to infect susceptible cells. Accordingly, Lgr4-deficient mice had dramatically decreased VSV levels in the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, Lgr4 knockdown in RAW 264.7 cells also significantly suppressed VSV infection, and Lgr4 overexpression in RAW 264.7 cells enhanced VSV infection. Interestingly, only VSV infection relied on Lgr4, whereas infections with Newcastle disease virus, influenza A virus (A/WSN/33), and herpes simplex virus were unaffected by Lgr4 status. Of note, assays of virus entry, cell ELISA, immunoprecipitation, and surface plasmon resonance indicated that VSV bound susceptible cells via the Lgr4 extracellular domain. Pretreating cells with an Lgr4 antibody, soluble LGR4 extracellular domain, or R-spondin 1 blocked VSV infection by competitively inhibiting VSV binding to Lgr4. Taken together, the identification of Lgr4 as a VSV-specific host factor provides important insights into understanding VSV entry and its pathogenesis and lays the foundation for VSV-based gene therapy and viral oncolytic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hongjun Huang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Binghe Tan
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yinglei Wei
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingqing Xiong
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Yan
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lili Hou
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Nannan Wu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Stefan Siwko
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- the CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon F69364, France.,the INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France.,the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon F69364, France.,the CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon F69364, France.,the University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon F69364, France
| | - Jianrong Xu
- the Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, and
| | - Honghui Han
- Shanghai Bioray Laboratories Inc., Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Qian
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China, .,the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bing Du
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China,
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Bondre VP, Sankararaman V, Andhare V, Tupekar M, Sapkal GN. Genetic characterization of human herpesvirus type 1: Full-length genome sequence of strain obtained from an encephalitis case from India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:750-760. [PMID: 28361829 PMCID: PMC5393087 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_747_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in humans that contributes to >10 per cent of the encephalitis cases occurring worldwide. Availability of limited full genome sequences from a small number of isolates resulted in poor understanding of host and viral factors responsible for variable clinical outcome. In this study genetic relationship, extent and source of recombination using full-length genome sequence derived from a newly isolated HSV-1 isolate was studied in comparison with those sampled from patients with varied clinical outcome. Methods: Full genome sequence of HSV-1 isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) by inoculation in baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells was determined using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Phylogenetic analysis of the newly generated sequence in comparison with 33 additional full-length genomes defined genetic relationship with worldwide distributed strains. The bootscan and similarity plot analysis defined recombination crossovers and similarities between newly isolated Indian HSV-1 with six Asian and a total of 34 worldwide isolated strains. Results: Mapping of 376,332 reads amplified from HSV-1 DNA by NGS generated full-length genome of 151,024 bp from newly isolated Indian HSV-1. Phylogenetic analysis classified worldwide distributed strains into three major evolutionary lineages correlating to their geographic distribution. Lineage 1 containing strains were isolated from America and Europe; lineage 2 contained all the strains from Asian countries along with the North American KOS and RE strains whereas the South African isolates were distributed into two groups under lineage 3. Recombination analysis confirmed events of recombination in Indian HSV-1 genome resulting from mixing of different strains evolved in Asian countries. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that the full-length genome sequence generated from an Indian HSV-1 isolate shared close genetic relationship with the American KOS and Chinese CR38 strains which belonged to the Asian genetic lineage. Recombination analysis of Indian isolate demonstrated multiple recombination crossover points throughout the genome. This full-length genome sequence amplified from the Indian isolate would be helpful to study HSV evolution, genetic basis of differential pathogenesis, host-virus interactions and viral factors contributing towards differential clinical outcome in human infections.
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Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) (Vesiculovirus: Rhabdoviridae) garnered global attention as an emerging neurotropic pathogen inflicting high mortality in children within 24 h of commencement of symptoms. The 2003-2004 outbreaks in Central India witnessed case fatality rates ranging from 56-75 per cent in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat with typical encephalitic symptoms. Due to the acute sickness and rapid deterioration, the precise mechanism of action of the virus is still unknown. Recent studies have shown increased expression of CHPV phosphoprotein upto 6 h post infection (PI) demonstrating CHPV replication in neuronal cells and the rapid destruction of the cells by apoptosis shed light on the probable mechanism of rapid death in children. Phlebotomine sandflies are implicated as vectors due to their predominance in endemic areas, repeated virus isolations and their ability to transmit the virus by transovarial and venereal routes. Significant contributions have been made in the development of diagnostics and prophylactics, vaccines and antivirals. Two candidate vaccines, viz. a recombinant vaccine and a killed vaccine and siRNAs targeting P and M proteins have been developed and are awaiting clinical trials. Rhabdomyosarcoma and Phlebotomus papatasi cell lines as well as embryonated chicken eggs have been found useful in virus isolation and propagation. Despite these advancements, CHPV has been a major concern in Central India and warrants immediate attention from virologists, neurologists, paediatricians and the government for containing the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Sudeep
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, India
| | - Y K Gurav
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, India
| | - V P Bondre
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, India
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Baquero E, Albertini AA, Raux H, Abou-Hamdan A, Boeri-Erba E, Ouldali M, Buonocore L, Rose JK, Lepault J, Bressanelli S, Gaudin Y. Structural intermediates in the fusion-associated transition of vesiculovirus glycoprotein. EMBO J 2017; 36:679-692. [PMID: 28188244 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesiculoviruses enter cells by membrane fusion, driven by a large, low-pH-induced, conformational change in the fusion glycoprotein G that involves transition from a trimeric pre-fusion toward a trimeric post-fusion state via monomeric intermediates. Here, we present the structure of the G fusion protein at intermediate pH for two vesiculoviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Chandipura virus (CHAV), which is responsible for deadly encephalopathies. First, a CHAV G crystal structure shows two intermediate conformations forming a flat dimer of heterodimers. On virions, electron microscopy (EM) and tomography reveal monomeric spikes similar to one of the crystal conformations. In solution, mass spectrometry shows dimers of G. Finally, mutations at a dimer interface, involving fusion domains associated in an antiparallel manner to form an intermolecular β-sheet, affect G fusion properties. The location of the compensatory mutations restoring fusion activity strongly suggests that this interface is functionally relevant. This work reveals the range of G structural changes and suggests that G monomers can re-associate, through antiparallel interactions between fusion domains, into dimers that play a role at some early stage of the fusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Baquero
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie A Albertini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Raux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Abbas Abou-Hamdan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Elisabetta Boeri-Erba
- CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Malika Ouldali
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - John K Rose
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean Lepault
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Bressanelli
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Mayer SV, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: A global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers. Acta Trop 2017; 166:155-163. [PMID: 27876643 PMCID: PMC5203945 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) present a substantial threat to human and animal health worldwide. Arboviruses can cause a variety of clinical presentations that range from mild to life threatening symptoms. Many arboviruses are present in nature through two distinct cycles, the urban and sylvatic cycle that are maintained in complex biological cycles. In this review we briefly discuss the factors driving the emergence of arboviruses, such as the anthropogenic aspects of unrestrained human population growth, economic expansion and globalization. Also the important aspects of viruses and vectors in the occurrence of arboviruses epidemics. The focus of this review will be on dengue, zika and chikungunya viruses, particularly because these viruses are currently causing a negative impact on public health and economic damage around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra V Mayer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA.
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Singh GK, Singh CM, Ranjan A, Agarwal N, Pandey S, Kumar P, Setty G. Determinants of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) in Muzaffarpur district of Bihar, India: A case–control study. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Damle RG, Patil AA, Bhide VS, Pawar SD, Sapkal GN, Bondre VP. Development of a novel rapid micro-neutralization ELISA for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against Chandipura virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 240:1-6. [PMID: 27856212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a leading cause of acute encephalitis with high mortality in paediatric population in India. A micro-neutralization ELISA (MN-ELISA) assay was developed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies (Nab) against CHPV. This novel method gives read-out in the form of ELISA optical density (OD) values and has a shorter turn-around time (TAT) as compared to the conventional cytopathic effect (CPE)-based neutralization assay (MN-CPE). The assay was developed using an Indian strain of CHPV. During the development of the assay different parameters such as cell count, dilution of primary and secondary antibodies and time point for the test termination were optimized. The new and conventional assays were run in parallel where known positive and negative human serum samples were used as test controls. The conventional MN-CPE was terminated at 48h post-infection (p.i.) and stained with Amido black, while in the new assay, MN-ELISA was terminated at pre-determined 18h p.i. and the infected cells were fixed with acetone, followed by in-situ ELISA. Results of both the assays were compared. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the new test was 100% when compared with the conventional MN-CPE method as a 'gold standard'. The MN-ELISA showed two-fold higher antibody titer in one sample and one sample was additionally positive than MN-CPE ELISA. CONCLUSION The MN-ELISA is rapid, more sensitive and read-out of results is by measurement of OD, which could be more accurate than manual observation of reduction in CPE. This novel test could be used as an alternative to the conventional MN-CPE based assay in sero-surveillance and in future vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Damle
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - A A Patil
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - V S Bhide
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - S D Pawar
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - G N Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - V P Bondre
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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45
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Monocytes and B cells support active replication of Chandipura virus. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:487. [PMID: 27628855 PMCID: PMC5024506 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction between immune system and Chandipura virus (CHPV) during different stages of its life cycle remain poorly understood. The exact route of virus entry into the blood and CNS invasion has not been clearly defined. The present study was undertaken to assess the population in PBMC that supports the growth of virus and to detect active virus replication in PBMC as well as its subsets. METHODS PBMC subsets viz.: CD3(+), CD14(+), CD19(+), CD56(+)cells were separated and infected with CHPV. The infected cells were then assessed for transcription (N gene primer) and replication (NP gene primer) of CHPV by PCR. The supernatant collected from infected cells were titrated in Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cells to assess virus release. The cytokine and chemokine expression was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS Amplification of N and NP gene was detected in CD14(+) (monocyte) and CD19(+) (B cell), significant increase in virus titre was also observed in these subsets. It was observed that, although the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated in CD14(+) cells as compared to CD19(+)cells, the differences were not significant. However the levels of TNFα and IL-8 were significantly elevated in CD14(+) cells than in CD19(+)cells. The levels of chemokine (CXCL9, CCL5, CCL2, CXCL10) were significantly elevated in CHPV infected PBMC as compared to uninfected cells. CCL2 and CXCL9 were significantly increased in CHPV infected CD14(+)cells as compared to CD19(+) cells. CONCLUSION CD14(+)and CD19(+)cells support active replication of CHPV. High viral load was detected in CD14(+) cells infected with CHPV hence it might be the primary target cells for active replication of CHPV. An elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines observed in CD14(+) cells may help in predicting the pathogenecity of CHPV and possible entry into the central nervous system.
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46
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Verma AK, Ghosh S, Pradhan S, Basu A. Microglial activation induces neuronal death in Chandipura virus infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22544. [PMID: 26931456 PMCID: PMC4773833 DOI: 10.1038/srep22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses induce neurodegeneration either directly by activating host death domains or indirectly through host immune response pathways. Chandipura Virus (CHPV) belonging to family Rhabdoviridae is ranked among the emerging pathogens of the Indian subcontinent. Previously we have reported that CHPV induces neurodegeneration albeit the root cause of this degeneration is still an open question. In this study we explored the role of microglia following CHPV infection. Phenotypic analysis of microglia through lectin and Iba-1 staining indicated cells were in an activated state post CHPV infection in cortical region of the infected mouse brain. Cytokine Bead Array (CBA) analysis revealed comparatively higher cytokine and chemokine levels in the same region. Increased level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Nitric Oxide (NO) and Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) in CHPV infected mouse brain indicated a strong inflammatory response to CHPV infection. Hence it was hypothesized through our analyses that this inflammatory response may stimulate the neuronal death following CHPV infection. In order to validate our hypothesis supernatant from CHPV infected microglial culture was used to infect neuronal cell line and primary neurons. This study confirmed the bystander killing of neurons due to activation of microglia post CHPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourish Ghosh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122051, India
| | | | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122051, India
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Rajasekharan S, Kumar K, Rana J, Gupta A, Chaudhary VK, Gupta S. Host interactions of Chandipura virus matrix protein. Acta Trop 2015; 149:27-31. [PMID: 25944354 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The rhabdovirus matrix (M) protein is a multifunctional virion protein that plays major role in virus assembly and budding, virus-induced inhibition of host gene expression and cytopathic effects observed in infected cells. The myriad roles played by this protein in the virus biology make it a critical player in viral pathogenesis. Therefore, discerning the interactions of this protein with host can greatly facilitate our understanding of virus infections, ultimately leading to both improved therapeutics and insight into cellular processes. Chandipura virus (CHPV; Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Vesiculovirus) is an emerging rhabdovirus responsible for several outbreaks of fatal encephalitis among children in India. The present study aims to screen the human fetal brain cDNA library for interactors of CHPV M protein using yeast two-hybrid system. Ten host protein interactors were identified, three of which were further validated by affinity pull down and protein interaction ELISA. The study identified novel human host interactors for CHPV which concurred with previously described associations in other human viruses.
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48
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Olsen SJ, Campbell AP, Supawat K, Liamsuwan S, Chotpitayasunondh T, Laptikulthum S, Viriyavejakul A, Tantirittisak T, Tunlayadechanont S, Visudtibhan A, Vasiknanonte P, Janjindamai S, Boonluksiri P, Rajborirug K, Watanaveeradej V, Khetsuriani N, Dowell SF. Infectious causes of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in Thailand, 2003-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:280-9. [PMID: 25627940 PMCID: PMC4313633 DOI: 10.3201/eid2102.140291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute encephalitis is a severe neurologic syndrome. Determining etiology from among ≈100 possible agents is difficult. To identify infectious etiologies of encephalitis in Thailand, we conducted surveillance in 7 hospitals during July 2003-August 2005 and selected patients with acute onset of brain dysfunction with fever or hypothermia and with abnormalities seen on neuroimages or electroencephalograms or with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid were tested for >30 pathogens. Among 149 case-patients, median age was 12 (range 0-83) years, 84 (56%) were male, and 15 (10%) died. Etiology was confirmed or probable for 54 (36%) and possible or unknown for 95 (64%). Among confirmed or probable etiologies, the leading pathogens were Japanese encephalitis virus, enteroviruses, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. No samples were positive for chikungunya, Nipah, or West Nile viruses; Bartonella henselae; or malaria parasites. Although a broad range of infectious agents was identified, the etiology of most cases remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krongkaew Supawat
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Sahas Liamsuwan
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Tawee Chotpitayasunondh
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Somsak Laptikulthum
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Akravudh Viriyavejakul
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Tasanee Tantirittisak
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Supoch Tunlayadechanont
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Anannit Visudtibhan
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Punnee Vasiknanonte
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Supachai Janjindamai
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Pairoj Boonluksiri
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Kiatsak Rajborirug
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Veerachai Watanaveeradej
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Nino Khetsuriani
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
| | - Scott F. Dowell
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health–US CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand (S.J. Olsen, S.F. Dowell)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Olsen, A.P. Campbell, N. Khetsuriani, S.F. Dowell)
- Thailand Ministry of Health, Nonthaburi (K. Supawat)
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok (S. Liamsuwan, T. Chotpitayasunondh)
- Rajvithi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Laptikulthum)
- Prasat Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok (A. Viriyavejakul, T. Tantirittisak)
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok (S. Tunlayadechanont, A. Visudtibhan)
- Prince Songkhla University Hospital, Hat Yai, Thailand (P. Vasiknanonte, S. Janjindamai)
- Hat Yai Hospital, Hat Yai (P. Boonluksiri, K. Rajborirug)
- Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok (V. Watanaveeradej)
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin M Vashishtha
- Consultant Pediatrician, Mangla Hospital and Research Center, Shakti Chowk, Bijnor, UP, India.
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Anukumar B, Sapkal GN, Tandale BV, Balasubramanian R, Gangale D. West Nile encephalitis outbreak in Kerala, India, 2011. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:152-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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