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Rana A, Misra AK. Convergent synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the cell wall O-polysaccharide of Salmonella milwaukee (group U) O:43 strain. Carbohydr Res 2024; 542:109176. [PMID: 38851144 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the cell O-polysaccharide produced by Salmonella milwaukee O:43 strain (group U) has been achieved in very good yield adopting a convergent stereoselective [3 + 2] block glycosylation strategy. Thioglycosides and glycosyl trichloroacetimidate derivative were used as glycosyl donors in the presence of a combination of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) as thiophilic activator and TMSOTf as trichloroacetimidate activator respectively. The stereochemical outcome of all glycosylation reactions was excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Rana
- Bose Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, Block EN-80, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- Bose Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, Block EN-80, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India.
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Li L, Fan R, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Zhao X, Hu M, Lv Q, Luo Y, Xu X, Cai Y, Liu Y. Characterization, genome analysis, and therapeutic evaluation of a novel Salmonella phage vB_SalS_JNS02: a candidate bacteriophage for phage therapy. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103845. [PMID: 38788486 PMCID: PMC11144812 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is gaining momentum as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella. In this study, a novel Salmonella phage, vB_SalS_JNS02, was isolated successfully from poultry farms in Shandong, China. The biological characteristics of vB_SalS_JNS02 were analysed, which revealed a short latent period of approximately 10 min and a burst size of 110 PFU/cell. Moreover, vB_SalS_JNS02 exhibited remarkable stability across a wide pH range (pH 3-12) and temperatures ranging from 30 to 80°C. Genome sequencing analysis provided valuable insights into the genetic composition of vB_SalS_JNS02, which consists of a double-stranded DNA genome that spans 42,450 base pairs and has a G + C content of 49.4%. Of significant importance, the genomic sequence of vB_SalS_JNS02 did not contain any genes related to lysogenicity, virulence, or antibiotic resistance. The phage's efficacy was evaluated in a larval challenge study. Treatment with the phage resulted in increased survival of Galleria mellonella larvae (100, 70, and 85%) (MOI 0.1) in the prophylactic treatment, co-infection treatment, and remedial treatment experiments, respectively. Another in vivo experiment investigated the potential application of the phage in broiler chickens and revealed that a single oral dose of vB_SalS_JNS02 (108 PFU/mL, 100 µL/chick) administered 3 h after S. enteritidis oral administration provided effective protection. The introduction of bacteriophage not only enhances the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), but also induces alterations in the composition of the gut microbial community. Phage therapy increases the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, which helps to maintain intestinal barrier homeostasis. However, it is unable to fully restore the disrupted intestinal microbiome caused by S. enteritidis infection. Importantly, no significant adverse effects were observed in the animal subjects following oral administration of the phage, and our findings highlight vB_SalS_JNS02 is a hopeful candidate as a promising tool to target Salmonella infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ruining Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 272018, China
| | - Yibao Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qianghua Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yumei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 272018, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, China-UK Joint Laboratory of Bacteriophage Engineering, Jinan, 250100, China; Shandong vamph animal health products Co., LTD, Jinan, 250100.
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Qureshi S, Maria N, Chawla T, Iqbal J, Kazi AM, Adnan M, Hotwani A, Rahman N, Sadiq MW, Charles R, Baker S, Qamar FN. The frequency and associated factors of typhoid carriage in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011775. [PMID: 38865361 PMCID: PMC11168639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi A, B, and C. It continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In highly endemic areas, children are disproportionately affected, and antimicrobial resistance reduces therapeutic options. It is estimated that 2-5% of enteric fever patients develop chronic asymptomatic infection. These carriers may act as reservoirs of infection; therefore, the prospective identification and treatment of carriers are critical for long-term disease control. We aimed to find the frequency of Salmonella Typhi carriers in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. We also compared the detection limit of culturing versus qPCR in detecting S. Typhi, performed a geospatial analysis of the carriers identified using this study, and evaluated the accuracy of anti-Vi and anti-YncE in identifying chronic typhoid carriage. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study in two centers in Pakistan. Gallbladder specimens were subjected to quantitative PCR (qPCR) and serum samples were analyzed for IgG against YncE and Vi by ELISA. We also mapped the residential location of those with a positive qPCR result. FINDINGS Out of 988 participants, 3.4% had qPCR-positive gallbladder samples (23 S. Typhi and 11 S. Paratyphi). Gallstones were more likely to be qPCR positive than bile and gallbladder tissue. Anti-Vi and YncE were significantly correlated (r = 0.78 p<0.0001) and elevated among carriers as compared to qPCR negative controls, except for anti-Vi response in Paratyphi A. But the discriminatory values of these antigens in identifying carriers from qPCR negative controls were low. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of typhoid carriers observed in this study suggests that further studies are required to gain information that will help in controlling future typhoid outbreaks in a superior manner than they are currently being managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Noshi Maria
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tabish Chawla
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Momin Kazi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Adnan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Aneeta Hotwani
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Wahhaab Sadiq
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Richelle Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Baker
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Weyant C, Hooda Y, Munira SJ, Lo NC, Ryckman T, Tanmoy AM, Kanon N, Seidman JC, Garrett D, Saha SK, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Saha S, Andrews JR. Cost-effectiveness and public health impact of typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction strategies in Bangladesh. Vaccine 2024; 42:2867-2876. [PMID: 38531727 PMCID: PMC11033679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Typhoid fever causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh plans to introduce typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) in its expanded program on immunization (EPI) schedule. However, the optimal introduction strategy in addition to the costs and benefits of such a program are unclear. METHODS We extended an existing mathematical model of typhoid transmission to integrate cost data, clinical incidence data, and recently conducted serosurveys in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas. In our primary analysis, we evaluated the status quo (i.e., no vaccination) and eight vaccine introduction strategies including routine and 1-time campaign strategies, which differed by age groups targeted and geographic focus. Model outcomes included clinical incidence, seroincidence, deaths, costs, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for each strategy. We adopted a societal perspective, 10-year model time horizon, and 3 % annual discount rate. We performed probabilistic, one-way, and scenario sensitivity analyses including adopting a healthcare perspective and alternate model time horizons. RESULTS We projected that all TCV strategies would be cost saving compared to the status quo. The preferred strategy was a nationwide introduction of TCV at 9-12 months of age with a single catch-up campaign for children ages 1-15, which was cost saving compared to all other strategies and the status quo. In the 10 years following implementation, we projected this strategy would avert 3.77 million cases (95 % CrI: 2.60 - 5.18), 11.31 thousand deaths (95 % CrI: 3.77 - 23.60), and save $172.35 million (95 % CrI: -14.29 - 460.59) compared to the status quo. Our findings were broadly robust to changes in parameter values and willingness-to-pay thresholds. CONCLUSIONS We projected that nationwide TCV introduction with a catch-up campaign would substantially reduce typhoid incidence and very likely be cost saving in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Weyant
- Department of Health Policy and Center for Health Policy, Stanford School of Medicine and Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Yogesh Hooda
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nathan C Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Theresa Ryckman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Naito Kanon
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- Department of Health Policy and Center for Health Policy, Stanford School of Medicine and Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Kithan HM, Tyagi V, Singh N, Bhakhri BK, Singh DK. Clinical and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of typhoid fever in children in the era of antibiotic resistance. Trop Doct 2024; 54:112-115. [PMID: 38073124 DOI: 10.1177/00494755231217317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Enteric fever remains a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income countries with further challenges from emerging antimicrobial resistance. Our prospective study evaluated the current clinical and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enteric fever in 88 children and compared it to previously established literature. Enteric fever usually presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms, with predominant respiratory complaints. A paradigm shift in the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern has been noted, with increasing resistance for first-line antibiotics and older antibiotics such as ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol showing good sensitivity. Thus, the introduction of the latter merits consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hachumlo M Kithan
- Junior Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Child Health (affiliated to Atal Bihari Bajpai Medical University, Lucknow), Noida, UP, India
| | - Vernika Tyagi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Child Health (affiliated to Atal Bihari Bajpai Medical University, Lucknow), Noida, UP, India
| | - Nupur Singh
- Ex. Senior Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Child Health (affiliated to Atal Bihari Bajpai Medical University, Lucknow), Noida, UP, India
| | - Bhanu Kiran Bhakhri
- Additional Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Child Health (affiliated to Atal Bihari Bajpai Medical University, Lucknow), Noida, UP, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Professor and Head, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Child Health (affiliated to Atal Bihari Bajpai Medical University, Lucknow), Noida, UP, India
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Agarwal N, Gupta N, Nishant, H S S, Dutta T, Mahajan M. Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: A Boon for Endemic Regions. Cureus 2024; 16:e56454. [PMID: 38650789 PMCID: PMC11034893 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever has the highest disease burden in countries in low- and middle-income countries, primarily located in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Previous typhoid vaccines such as the live attenuated typhoid (Ty21a) vaccine and Vi (virulence) capsular polysaccharide vaccine had the limitation that they could not be administered with other standard childhood immunizations and were ineffective in children under two years of age. To address these shortcomings of the previous vaccines, typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) were developed and prequalified by the World Health Organization. Cross-reacting material and tetanus toxoid are widely used as carrier proteins in TCVs. According to various studies, TCV has higher efficacy, has a more extended protection period, and is safe and immunogenic in infants as young as six months. This review article aims to comprehensively appraise the data available on TCVs' efficacy, duration of protection, safety, and immunogenicity in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Southern Gem Hospital, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Naveen Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Happy Family Hospital, Karnal, IND
| | - Nishant
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihan Medical Children Hospital, Patna, IND
| | - Surendra H S
- Department of Pediatrics, Natus Women and Children Hospital, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Trayambak Dutta
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zydus Lifesciences, Ahmedabad, IND
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Kiran S, Tariq A, Iqbal S, Naseem Z, Siddique W, Jabeen S, Bashir R, Hussain A, Rahman M, Habib FE, Rauf W, Ali A, Sarwar Y, Jander G, Iqbal M. Punicalagin, a pomegranate polyphenol sensitizes the activity of antibiotics against three MDR pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:93. [PMID: 38365729 PMCID: PMC10870630 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance (MDR) in the family Enterobacteriaceae is a perniciously increasing threat to global health security. The discovery of new antimicrobials having the reversing drug resistance potential may contribute to augment and revive the antibiotic arsenal in hand. This study aimed to explore the anti-Enterobacteriaceae capability of bioactive polyphenols from Punica granatum (P. granatum) and their co-action with antibiotics against clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae predominantly prevalent in South Asian countries. METHODS The Kandhari P. granatum (Pakistani origin) extracts were tested for anti-Enterobacteriaceae activity by agar well diffusion assay against MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Predominant compounds of active extract were determined by mass spectrometry and screened for bioactivity by agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The active punicalagin was further evaluated at sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs) for coactivity with nine conventional antimicrobials using a disc diffusion assay followed by time-kill experiments that proceeded with SICs of punicalagin and antimicrobials. RESULTS Among all P. granatum crude extracts, pomegranate peel methanol extract showed the largest inhibition zones of 25, 22 and 19 mm, and the MICs as 3.9, 7.8 and 7.8 mg/mL for S. typhi, S. typhimurium and E. coli, respectively. Punicalagin and ellagic acid were determined as predominant compounds by mass spectrometry. In plate assay, punicalagin (10 mg/mL) was active with hazy inhibition zones of 17, 14, and 13 mm against S. typhi, S. typhimurium and E. coli, respectively. However, in broth dilution assay punicalagin showed no MIC up to 10 mg/mL. The SICs 30 μg, 100 μg, and 500 μg of punicalagin combined with antimicrobials i.e., aminoglycoside, β-lactam, and fluoroquinolone act in synergy against MDR strains with % increase in inhibition zone values varying from 3.4 ± 2.7% to 73.8 ± 8.4%. In time-kill curves, a significant decrease in cell density was observed with the SICs of antimicrobials/punicalagin (0.03-60 μg/mL/30, 100, 500 μg/mL of punicalagin) combinations. CONCLUSIONS The P. granatum peel methanol extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against MDR Enterobacteriaceae pathogens. Punicalagin, the bacteriostatic flavonoid act as a concentration-dependent sensitizing agent for antimicrobials against Enterobacteriaceae. Our findings for the therapeutic punicalagin-antimicrobial combination prompt further evaluation of punicalagin as a potent activator for drugs, which otherwise remain less or inactive against MDR strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Kiran
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Anam Tariq
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zubera Naseem
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Siddique
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Jabeen
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Bashir
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Hussain
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Moazur Rahman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Fazal-E Habib
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Rauf
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Aamir Ali
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 14850 Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.
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8
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Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chatterjee R, Chakravortty D. Defying the odds: Determinants of the antimicrobial response of Salmonella Typhi and their interplay. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:213-229. [PMID: 38071466 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi, the invasive serovar of S. enterica subspecies enterica, causes typhoid fever in healthy human hosts. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has consistently challenged the successful treatment of typhoid fever with conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is acquired either by mutations in the genomic DNA or by acquiring extrachromosomal DNA via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, Salmonella can form a subpopulation of antibiotic persistent (AP) cells that can survive at high concentrations of antibiotics. These have reduced the effectiveness of the first and second lines of antibiotics used to treat Salmonella infection. The recurrent and chronic carriage of S. Typhi in human hosts further complicates the treatment process, as a remarkable shift in the immune response from pro-inflammatory Th1 to anti-inflammatory Th2 is observed. Recent studies have also highlighted the overlap between AP, persistent infection (PI) and AMR. These incidents have revealed several areas of research. In this review, we have put forward a timeline for the evolution of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and discussed the different mechanisms of the same availed by the pathogen at the genotypic and phenotypic levels. Further, we have presented a detailed discussion on Salmonella antibiotic persistence (AP), PI, the host and bacterial virulence factors that can influence PI, and how both AP and PI can lead to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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9
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Kim HJ, Jung Y, Kim MJ, Kim HY. Novel Heptaplex PCR-Based Diagnostics for Enteric Fever Caused by Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars and Its Applicability in Clinical Blood Culture. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1457-1466. [PMID: 37674393 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2307.07031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteric fever is caused by typhoidal Salmonella serovars (Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C). Owing to the importance of Salmonella serovars in clinics and public hygiene, reliable diagnostics for typhoidal serovars are crucial. This study aimed to develop a novel diagnostic tool for typhoidal Salmonella serovars and evaluate the use of human blood for clinically diagnosing enteric fever. Five genes were selected to produce specific PCR results against typhoidal Salmonella serovars based on the genes of Salmonella Typhi. Heptaplex PCR, including genetic markers of generic Salmonella, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, and typhoidal Salmonella serovars, was developed. Typhoidal Salmonella heptaplex PCR using genomic DNAs from 200 Salmonella strains (112 serovars) provided specifically amplified PCR products for each typhoidal Salmonella serovar. These results suggest that heptaplex PCR can sufficiently discriminate between typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars. Heptaplex PCR was applied to Salmonella-spiked blood cultures directly and provided diagnostic results after 12- or 13.5-h blood culture. Additionally, it demonstrated diagnostic performance with colonies recovered from a 6-h blood culture. This study provides a reliable DNA-based tool for diagnosing typhoidal Salmonella serovars that may be useful in clinical microbiology and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Younsik Jung
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
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10
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Worley MJ. Salmonella Bloodstream Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:487. [PMID: 37999606 PMCID: PMC10675298 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen of both animals and humans. This bacterium is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. Different serovars of this genus cause diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to a potentially fatal systemic disease known as enteric fever. Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella are usually self-limiting and rarely require medical intervention. Bloodstream infections, on the other hand, are often fatal even with hospitalization. This review describes the routes and underlying mechanisms of the extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella and the chronic infections that sometimes result. It includes information on the pathogenicity islands and individual virulence factors involved in systemic dissemination as well as a discussion of the host factors that mediate susceptibility. Also, the major outbreaks of invasive Salmonella disease in the tropics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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11
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Khan IU, Mustafa S, Shokri A, Li S, Akgül A, Bariq A. The stability analysis of a nonlinear mathematical model for typhoid fever disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15284. [PMID: 37714901 PMCID: PMC10504385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a contagious disease that is generally caused by bacteria known as Salmonella typhi. This disease spreads through manure contamination of food or water and infects unprotected people. In this work, our focus is to numerically examine the dynamical behavior of a typhoid fever nonlinear mathematical model. To achieve our objective, we utilize a conditionally stable Runge-Kutta scheme of order 4 (RK-4) and an unconditionally stable non-standard finite difference (NSFD) scheme to better understand the dynamical behavior of the continuous model. The primary advantage of using the NSFD scheme to solve differential equations is its capacity to discretize the continuous model while upholding crucial dynamical properties like the solutions convergence to equilibria and its positivity for all finite step sizes. Additionally, the NSFD scheme does not only address the deficiencies of the RK-4 scheme, but also provides results that are consistent with the continuous system's solutions. Our numerical results demonstrate that RK-4 scheme is dynamically reliable only for lower step size and, consequently cannot exactly retain the important features of the original continuous model. The NSFD scheme, on the other hand, is a strong and efficient method that presents an accurate portrayal of the original model. The purpose of developing the NSFD scheme for differential equations is to make sure that it is dynamically consistent, which means to discretize the continuous model while keeping significant dynamical properties including the convergence of equilibria and positivity of solutions for all step sizes. The numerical simulation also indicates that all the dynamical characteristics of the continuous model are conserved by discrete NSFD scheme. The theoretical and numerical results in the current work can be engaged as a useful tool for tracking the occurrence of typhoid fever disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ullah Khan
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Numerical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Mustafa
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Numerical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ali Shokri
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, 83111-55181, Iran
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Mathematics and Data Sciences, Changji University, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Akgül
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, 5053, Lebanon
- Mathematics Research Center, Department of Mathematics, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Mersin, Turkey
- Department of Mathematics, Art and Science Faculty, Siirt University, 56100, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Abdul Bariq
- Department of Mathematics, Laghman University, Mehtarlam City, Laghman, 2701, Afghanistan.
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12
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Veronese P, Pappalardo M, Maffini V, Rubini M, Giacometti A, Ruozi MB, Cella S, Dodi I. Severe Typhoid Fever Complicated by Superior Mesenteric and Splenic Vein Thrombosis. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:377-385. [PMID: 37489392 PMCID: PMC10366850 DOI: 10.3390/idr15040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever (Typhoid or enteric fever) is still the most common bacterial bloodstream infection worldwide, caused by Salmonella typhi. The transmission route is indirect through passive vehicles such as contaminated water or food. Main clinical findings are a fever lasting more than three days, abdominal symptoms, leukocytosis, and anemia. Typhoid can cause a wide range of multi-organ complications. We report a particularly severe form of this infection complicated by superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein thrombosis, an extremely uncommon manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Veronese
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Pappalardo
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Maffini
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Rubini
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Simone Cella
- Pediatric Radiology, Institute of Radiology, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Icilio Dodi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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13
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Galli M, Oreni L, Ridolfo AL, Formenti A, Luconi E, Boracchi P, Antinori S, Biganzoli E, Vaglienti F. Milan's forgotten epidemic of summer 1629, a few months before the last great plague: An investigation into the possible cause. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279218. [PMID: 37289732 PMCID: PMC10249863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An epidemic not attributable to plague caused thousands of deaths in Milan in the summer of 1629, a time of war and famine that immediately preceded the even more fatal Great Plague of 1630 that killed an estimated ten of thousands of people. The 5,993 deaths of 1629 recorded in the Liber Mortuorum of Milan (a city with an estimated population of 130,000 inhabitants at the time) were 45.7% more than the average number recorded between 1601 and 1628. Registered deaths peaked in July, and 3,363 of the deaths (56,1%) were attributed to a febrile illness which, in most cases (2,964, 88%), was not associated with a rash or organ involvement. These deaths involved 1,627 males and 1,334 females and occurred at a median age of 40 years (range 0-95). In this paper, we discuss the possible cause of the epidemic, which may have been an outbreak of typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Galli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Oreni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Ridolfo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Formenti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ester Luconi
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and DSRC, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Folco Vaglienti
- Department of History and Historical Documentation Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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14
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Guo H, Jin W, Liu K, Liu S, Mao S, Zhou Z, Xie L, Wang G, Chen Y, Liang Y. Oral GSH Exerts a Therapeutic Effect on Experimental Salmonella Meningitis by Protecting BBB Integrity and Inhibiting Salmonella-induced Apoptosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:112-126. [PMID: 36418663 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-022-10055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is the main cause of the central nervous system (CNS) infection and continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Glutathione (GSH), an endogenous tripeptide antioxidant, has been proved to exert crucial role in reducing superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrites. The purpose of this study is to expand the application scope of GSH via exploring its therapeutic effect on BM caused by Salmonella typhimurium SL1344 and then provide a novel approach for the treatment of BM. The results suggested that intragastric administration of GSH could significantly increase median survival and improve experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis score of BM model mice. However, exogenous GSH did not affect the adhesion, invasion and cytotoxicity of SL1344 to C6, BV2 and primary microglia. Due to the contradiction between the therapeutic and bactericidal effects of GSH, the effect of GSH on blood-brain barrier (BBB) was investigated to explore its action target for the treatment of meningitis. GSH was found to repair the damage of BBB and then prevent the leakage of SL1344 from the brain to the blood circulation. The repaired BBB could also effectively reduce the entry of macrophages and neutrophils into the brain, and significantly reverse the microglia activation induced by SL1344. More importantly, exogenous GSH was proved to reduce mouse brain cell apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of caspase-8 followed by caspase-3, and reversing the up-regulation of ICAD and PARP-1 caused by SL1344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Guo
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jin
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Keanqi Liu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shuying Mao
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xie
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Yugen Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Qinhuai District, 210000, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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15
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Ripon RK, Motahara U, Ahmed A, Devnath N, Mahua FA, Hashem RB, Ishadi KS, Alam A, Sujan MSH, Sarker MS. Exploring the prevalence of antibiotic resistance patterns and drivers of antibiotics resistance of Salmonella in livestock and poultry-derived foods: a systematic review and meta-analysis in Bangladesh from 2000 to 2022. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2023; 5:dlad059. [PMID: 37265988 PMCID: PMC10230569 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a severe public health problem that Bangladeshis are dealing with nowadays. However, we wanted to investigate the pooled prevalence of Salmonella and AMR in Salmonella strains isolated from livestock- and poultry-derived foods between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2022. Methods The metafor and metareg packages in the R programming language were used to conduct all analyses. We used a random-effect or fixed-effect model for pooled prevalence of Salmonella and AMR to Salmonella, depending on the heterogeneity test for each antibiotic. The heterogeneity was examined using stratified analyses, the meta-regression approach and sensitivity analysis. Results The combined prevalence of Salmonella in livestock and poultry-derived food in Bangladesh is 37%, according to the 12-research considered (95% CI: 23%-52%). According to subgroup analysis, neomycin had the lowest prevalence of resistance (4%, 95% CI: 1%-13%), whereas tetracycline had the highest prevalence of resistance (81%, 95% CI: 53%-98%). According to univariate meta-analysis and correlation analysis, the prevalence of Salmonella increased with the study period (β = 0.0179; 95% CI: 0.0059-0.0298, P = 0.0034; R2 = 46.11%) and without this, none of aforementioned variables was significantly associated with the detected heterogeneity and there was a positive relationship (r = 0.692, P = 0.001) between the Salmonella prevalence and study period. Conclusions AMR is rising alarmingly in Bangladesh by livestock-derived food consumption. However, monitoring and evaluating antibiotic sensitivity trends and developing effective antibiotic regimens may improve Salmonella infection inhibition and control in Bangladesh. Policymakers should be concerned about food handling practices. Doctors should be concerned when using prescribing antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umma Motahara
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Ahmed
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nishrita Devnath
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Akter Mahua
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubaiya Binthe Hashem
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kifayat Sadmam Ishadi
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Adiba Alam
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Safaet Hossain Sujan
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Samun Sarker
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Center (ARAC), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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16
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Vanderslott S, Kumar S, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Qadri F, Zellweger RM. Typhoid Control in an Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:S47-S52. [PMID: 37274528 PMCID: PMC10236512 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, typhoid control has been achieved with water and sanitation interventions. Today, in an era of rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), two World Health Organization-prequalified vaccines are available to accelerate control in the shorter term. Meanwhile, water and sanitation interventions could be implemented in the longer term to sustainably prevent typhoid in low- and middle-income countries. This article first approaches typhoid control from a historical perspective, subsequently presents how vaccination could complement water and sanitation activities, and finally discusses the challenges and opportunities for impactful control of typhoid infection. It also addresses data blind spots and knowledge gaps to focus on for typhoid control and to ultimately progress towards elimination. This article presents a synthesis of discussions held in December 2021 during a roundtable session at the "12th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses".
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Vanderslott
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Supriya Kumar
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raphaël M Zellweger
- Correspondence: Raphaël M. Zellweger, MSc, PhD, Epidemiology , Public Health & Impact, International Vaccine Institute, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea. ()
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17
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Teklemariam AD, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Alghamdi MA, Filimban AAR, Al Mutiri AS, Al-Alyani AM, Alseghayer MS, Almaneea AM, Albar AH, Khormi MA, Bhunia AK. Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091756. [PMID: 37174295 PMCID: PMC10178548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals' contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu D Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed S Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona G Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail A Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A R Filimban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al Mutiri
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Alyani
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Jeddah 22311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almaneea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulgader H Albar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A Khormi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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18
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Uwanibe JN, Kayode TA, Oluniyi PE, Akano K, Olawoye IB, Ugwu CA, Happi CT, Folarin OA. The Prevalence of Undiagnosed Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Healthy School-Aged Children in Osun State, Nigeria. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040594. [PMID: 37111480 PMCID: PMC10140884 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever remains a significant public health concern due to cases of mis-/overdiagnosis. Asymptomatic carriers play a role in the transmission and persistence of typhoid fever, especially among children, where limited data exist in Nigeria and other endemic countries. We aim to elucidate the burden of typhoid fever among healthy school-aged children using the best surveillance tool(s). In a semi-urban/urban state (Osun), 120 healthy school-aged children under 15 years were enrolled. Whole blood and fecal samples were obtained from consenting children. ELISA targeting the antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-LPS antibodies of Salmonella Typhi, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to analyze the samples. At least one of the immunological markers was detected in 65.8% of children, with 40.8%, 37.5%, and 39% of children testing positive for IgM, IgG, and antigen, respectively. Culture, PCR, and NGS assays did not detect the presence of Salmonella Typhi in the isolates. This study demonstrates a high seroprevalence of Salmonella Typhi in these healthy children but no carriage, indicating the inability to sustain transmission. We also demonstrate that using a single technique is insufficient for typhoid fever surveillance in healthy children living in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Uwanibe
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope A Kayode
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Paul E Oluniyi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kazeem Akano
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Idowu B Olawoye
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
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19
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Casaux ML, D'Alessandro B, Vignoli R, Fraga M. Phenotypic and genotypic survey of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica isolates from dairy farms in Uruguay. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1055432. [PMID: 36968467 PMCID: PMC10033963 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1055432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important zoonotic pathogen that is frequently identified in dairy farming systems. An increase in antibiotic resistance has led to inadequate results of treatments, with impacts on animal and human health. Here, the phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from dairy cattle and dairy farm environments were evaluated and compared. A collection of 75 S. enterica isolates were evaluated, and their phenotypic susceptibility was determined. For genotypic characterization, the whole genomes of the isolates were sequenced, and geno-serotypes, sequence types (STs) and core-genome-sequence types were determined using the EnteroBase pipeline. To characterize antibiotic resistance genes and gene mutations, tools from the Center for Genomic Epidemiology were used. Salmonella Dublin (SDu), S. Typhimurium (STy), S. Anatum (SAn), S. Newport (SNe), S. Agona (Sag), S. Montevideo (SMo) and IIIb 61:i:z53 were included in the collection. A single sequence type was detected per serovar. Phenotypic non-susceptibility to streptomycin and tetracycline was very frequent in the collection, and high non-susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was also observed. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 42 isolates (56.0%), with SAn and STy presenting higher MDR than the other serovars, showing non-susceptibility to up to 6 groups of antibiotics. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of 21 genes associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella isolates. More than 60% of the isolates carried some gene associated with resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines. Only one gene associated with beta-lactam resistance was found, in seven isolates. Two different mutations were identified, parC_T57S and acrB_R717Q, which confer resistance to quinolones and azithromycin, respectively. The accuracy of predicting antimicrobial resistance phenotypes based on AMR genotypes was 83.7%. The genomic approach does not replace the phenotypic assay but offers valuable information for the survey of circulating antimicrobial resistance. This work represents one of the first studies evaluating phenotypic and genotypic AMR in Salmonella from dairy cattle in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Casaux
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: María Laura Casaux
| | - Bruno D'Alessandro
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Vignoli
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
- Martín Fraga
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Afzal M, Hassan SS, Sohail S, Camps I, Khan Y, Basharat Z, Karim A, Aurongzeb M, Irfan M, Salman M, Morel CM. Genomic landscape of the emerging XDR Salmonella Typhi for mining druggable targets clpP, hisH, folP and gpmI and screening of novel TCM inhibitors, molecular docking and simulation analyses. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:25. [PMID: 36681806 PMCID: PMC9860245 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is transmitted by ingestion of polluted water, contaminated food, and stool of typhoid-infected individuals, mostly in developing countries with poor hygienic environments. To find novel therapeutic targets and inhibitors, We employed a subtractive genomics strategy towards Salmonella Typhi and the complete genomes of eight strains were primarily subjected to the EDGAR tool to predict the core genome (n = 3207). Human non-homology (n = 2450) was followed by essential genes identification (n = 37). The STRING database predicted maximum protein-protein interactions, followed by cellular localization. The virulent/immunogenic ability of predicted genes were checked to differentiate drug and vaccine targets. Furthermore, the 3D models of the identified putative proteins encoded by the respective genes were constructed and subjected to druggability analyses where only "highly druggable" proteins were selected for molecular docking and simulation analyses. The putative targets ATP-dependent CLP protease proteolytic subunit, Imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase hisH, 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase folP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase gpmI were screened against a drug-like library (n = 12,000) and top hits were selected based on H-bonds, RMSD and energy scores. Finally, the ADMET properties for novel inhibitors ZINC19340748, ZINC09319798, ZINC00494142, ZINC32918650 were optimized followed by binding free energy (MM/PBSA) calculation for ligand-receptor complexes. The findings of this work are expected to aid in expediting the identification of novel protein targets and inhibitors in combating typhoid Salmonellosis, in addition to the already existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeba Afzal
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Syed Shah Hassan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
- Centre for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Building “Expansão”, 8th floor room 814, Av. Brasil 4036 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-361 Brazil
- Jamil-Ur-Rehman Center for Genome Research, PCMD-ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh 75270 Pakistan
| | - Saman Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Ihosvany Camps
- Laboratório de Modelagem Computacional, LaModel, Instituto de Ciências Exatas - ICEx. Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Minas Gerais Brazil
- High Performance & Quantum Computing Labs, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Yasmin Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Asad Karim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aurongzeb
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Centre for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Building “Expansão”, 8th floor room 814, Av. Brasil 4036 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-361 Brazil
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Al-Turaihi TSA, Mubark HA, Hadi ZJ, Akool MA, Al-Nafak RT. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI CARRIER ASSOCIATED WITH GALL BLADDER CHRONIC INFECTION IN AL-NAJAF PROVINCE. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:46-51. [PMID: 36883489 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202301106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: This study was undertaken to identify antibiotic resistance of Salmonella Typhi in specimens of gall bladder tissue after cholecystectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: Salmonella Typhi identification from the isolates have been depended on morphology of the colony and biochemical tests as a first step in identification while final identification has been achieved by the automated VITEK-2 compact system then PCR technique. RESULTS Results: Depending to finding via the VITEK tests and PCR technique and thirty-five Salmonella Typhi sample have been obtained. This research shown that about 35 (70%) positive result contains, 12 (34.3%) isolates was positive from stool and 23(65.7%) from gall bladder tissue. The results revealed difference in S. Typhi resistance to some antibiotics, where S. Typhi has wide-ranging sensitivity: 35 (100%) to Cefepime, Cefixime and Ciprofloxacin and revealed great sensitivity 22 (62.8%) to Ampicillin. S. Typhi isolates proved extremely resistant 19 (54.2%) and 25 (71.4%) to Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol respectively. Increment in the rate of Salmonella that has multidrug resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, furazolidonecotrimoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline is a developing problem and worldwide worry matte. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Resistant forms of Salmonella enteric serotype Typhi were detected with increment in the rate of multidrug resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline so currently, Cefepime, Cefixime and Ciprofloxacin and revealed great sensitivity and have become the mainstay of treatment. Challenging difficult which rises in this study is the extend of Multidrug resistant strain (MDR) of S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hawraa Ameer Mubark
- DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, KUFA UNIVERSITY, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Zainab Jabber Hadi
- DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, KUFA UNIVERSITY, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Mohammd Abdzad Akool
- DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, JABER IBN HAIYAN UNIVERSITY, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Rana Talib Al-Nafak
- DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, KUFA UNIVERSITY, NAJAF, IRAQ
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Synthesis of resveratrol derivatives and their anti-virulence activity as T3SS inhibitors of Salmonella. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kuehn R, Stoesser N, Eyre D, Darton TC, Basnyat B, Parry CM. Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 11:CD010452. [PMID: 36420914 PMCID: PMC9686137 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010452.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric fever) are febrile bacterial illnesses common in many low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends treatment with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone due to widespread resistance to older, first-line antimicrobials. Resistance patterns vary in different locations and are changing over time. Fluoroquinolone resistance in South Asia often precludes the use of ciprofloxacin. Extensively drug-resistant strains of enteric fever have emerged in Pakistan. In some areas of the world, susceptibility to old first-line antimicrobials, such as chloramphenicol, has re-appeared. A Cochrane Review of the use of fluoroquinolones and azithromycin in the treatment of enteric fever has previously been undertaken, but the use of cephalosporins has not been systematically investigated and the optimal choice of drug and duration of treatment are uncertain. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of cephalosporins for treating enteric fever in children and adults compared to other antimicrobials. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, the WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov up to 24 November 2021. We also searched reference lists of included trials, contacted researchers working in the field, and contacted relevant organizations. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults and children with enteric fever that compared a cephalosporin to another antimicrobial, a different cephalosporin, or a different treatment duration of the intervention cephalosporin. Enteric fever was diagnosed on the basis of blood culture, bone marrow culture, or molecular tests. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were clinical failure, microbiological failure and relapse. Our secondary outcomes were time to defervescence, duration of hospital admission, convalescent faecal carriage, and adverse effects. We used the GRADE approach to assess certainty of evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We included 27 RCTs with 2231 total participants published between 1986 and 2016 across Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East and the Caribbean, with comparisons between cephalosporins and other antimicrobials used for the treatment of enteric fever in children and adults. The main comparisons are between antimicrobials in most common clinical use, namely cephalosporins compared to a fluoroquinolone and cephalosporins compared to azithromycin. Cephalosporin (cefixime) versus fluoroquinolones Clinical failure, microbiological failure and relapse may be increased in patients treated with cefixime compared to fluoroquinolones in three small trials published over 14 years ago: clinical failure (risk ratio (RR) 13.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.24 to 55.39; 2 trials, 240 participants; low-certainty evidence); microbiological failure (RR 4.07, 95% CI 0.46 to 36.41; 2 trials, 240 participants; low-certainty evidence); relapse (RR 4.45, 95% CI 1.11 to 17.84; 2 trials, 220 participants; low-certainty evidence). Time to defervescence in participants treated with cefixime may be longer compared to participants treated with fluoroquinolones (mean difference (MD) 1.74 days, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.98, 3 trials, 425 participants; low-certainty evidence). Cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) versus azithromycin Ceftriaxone may result in a decrease in clinical failure compared to azithromycin, and it is unclear whether ceftriaxone has an effect on microbiological failure compared to azithromycin in two small trials published over 18 years ago and in one more recent trial, all conducted in participants under 18 years of age: clinical failure (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.57; 3 trials, 196 participants; low-certainty evidence); microbiological failure (RR 1.95, 95% CI 0.36 to 10.64, 3 trials, 196 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It is unclear whether ceftriaxone increases or decreases relapse compared to azithromycin (RR 10.05, 95% CI 1.93 to 52.38; 3 trials, 185 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Time to defervescence in participants treated with ceftriaxone may be shorter compared to participants treated with azithromycin (mean difference of -0.52 days, 95% CI -0.91 to -0.12; 3 trials, 196 participants; low-certainty evidence). Cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) versus fluoroquinolones It is unclear whether ceftriaxone has an effect on clinical failure, microbiological failure, relapse, and time to defervescence compared to fluoroquinolones in three trials published over 28 years ago and two more recent trials: clinical failure (RR 3.77, 95% CI 0.72 to 19.81; 4 trials, 359 participants; very low-certainty evidence); microbiological failure (RR 1.65, 95% CI 0.40 to 6.83; 3 trials, 316 participants; very low-certainty evidence); relapse (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.31 to 2.92; 3 trials, 297 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and time to defervescence (MD 2.73 days, 95% CI -0.37 to 5.84; 3 trials, 285 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It is unclear whether ceftriaxone decreases convalescent faecal carriage compared to the fluoroquinolone gatifloxacin (RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.01 to 3.72; 1 trial, 73 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and length of hospital stay may be longer in participants treated with ceftriaxone compared to participants treated with the fluoroquinolone ofloxacin (mean of 12 days (range 7 to 23 days) in the ceftriaxone group compared to a mean of 9 days (range 6 to 13 days) in the ofloxacin group; 1 trial, 47 participants; low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on very low- to low-certainty evidence, ceftriaxone is an effective treatment for adults and children with enteric fever, with few adverse effects. Trials suggest that there may be no difference in the performance of ceftriaxone compared with azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, or chloramphenicol. Cefixime can also be used for treatment of enteric fever but may not perform as well as fluoroquinolones. We are unable to draw firm general conclusions on comparative contemporary effectiveness given that most trials were small and conducted over 20 years previously. Clinicians need to take into account current, local resistance patterns in addition to route of administration when choosing an antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kuehn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Eyre
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas C Darton
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Clinical Research Unit/Patan Academy of Health Science, Nepal International Clinic, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Christopher Martin Parry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zheng J, Zhang N, Shen G, Liang F, Zhao Y, He X, Wang Y, He R, Chen W, Xue H, Shen Y, Fu Y, Zhang WH, Zhang L, Bhatt S, Mao Y, Zhu B. Spatiotemporal and Seasonal Trends of Class A and B Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: A Retrospective Analysis (Preprint). JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 9:e42820. [PMID: 37103994 PMCID: PMC10176137 DOI: 10.2196/42820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is the most populous country globally and has made significant achievements in the control of infectious diseases over the last decades. The 2003 SARS epidemic triggered the initiation of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP). Since then, numerous studies have investigated the epidemiological features and trends of individual infectious diseases in China; however, few considered the changing spatiotemporal trends and seasonality of these infectious diseases over time. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically review the spatiotemporal trends and seasonal characteristics of class A and class B notifiable infectious diseases in China during 2005-2020. METHODS We extracted the incidence and mortality data of 8 types (27 diseases) of notifiable infectious diseases from the CISDCP. We used the Mann-Kendall and Sen's methods to investigate the diseases' temporal trends, Moran I statistic for their geographical distribution, and circular distribution analysis for their seasonality. RESULTS Between January 2005 and December 2020, 51,028,733 incident cases and 261,851 attributable deaths were recorded. Pertussis (P=.03), dengue fever (P=.01), brucellosis (P=.001), scarlet fever (P=.02), AIDS (P<.001), syphilis (P<.001), hepatitis C (P<.001) and hepatitis E (P=.04) exhibited significant upward trends. Furthermore, measles (P<.001), bacillary and amebic dysentery (P<.001), malaria (P=.04), dengue fever (P=.006), brucellosis (P=.03), and tuberculosis (P=.003) exhibited significant seasonal patterns. We observed marked disease burden-related geographic disparities and heterogeneities. Notably, high-risk areas for various infectious diseases have remained relatively unchanged since 2005. In particular, hemorrhagic fever and brucellosis were largely concentrated in Northeast China; neonatal tetanus, typhoid and paratyphoid, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, and AIDS in Southwest China; BAD in North China; schistosomiasis in Central China; anthrax, tuberculosis, and hepatitis A in Northwest China; rabies in South China; and gonorrhea in East China. However, the geographical distribution of syphilis, scarlet fever, and hepatitis E drifted from coastal to inland provinces during 2005-2020. CONCLUSIONS The overall infectious disease burden in China is declining; however, hepatitis C and E, bacterial infections, and sexually transmitted infections continue to multiply, many of which have spread from coastal to inland provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Zheng
- China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoquan Shen
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchao Liang
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- The George Institute for Global Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Implementation Research for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiaochen He
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongxin He
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenna Chen
- Center for Chinese Public Administration Research and School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yue Shen
- Laboratory for Urban Future, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of public administration, School of Government, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhang
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Artificial Intelligence and Modelling in Epidemiology Program, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ying Mao
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Asreah R, Atta S, SarKo S. Clinical Characteristics and Antibiotics Sensitivity of Culture Positive Typhoid Fever Patients in Baghdad Teaching Hospital - A Single Center Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Enteric fever caused by Salmonella Typhi is an endemic disease in Iraq. Variations in presentations make it a diagnostic challenge. If untreated or treated inappropriately then it is a serious disease with potentially life-threatening complications. The recent emergence of drug resistant strains of S. Typhi is a rising public health problem and a clinical concern to the physician.
AIM: The objectives of the study were to assess and describe the patterns of antimicrobial resistance, clinical characteristics, epidemiological distribution, and complications of typhoid fever.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty cases of typhoid fever (culture proven) were collected during the period from February 2019 to November 2019 in the medical wards of Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations were conducted and statistical analysis of the results was done, prospective observational study was conducted.
RESULTS: During the study period, 50 cases of typhoid fever were documented, mean age of presentation was 30.7 ± 12.8, 60% of the cases were male gender, gastrointestinal complications were the most common (90%) followed by hematological complications (71%). Mortality of typhoid fever in our study was 2%. High percentage of resistance to third generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin was found (96%, 56%, and 56%, respectively) while good sensitivity to trimethoprim and meropenem was found (94% and 76%, respectively). Significant association was also found between the development of typhoid fever complications and the presence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and eosinopenia. Significant association was also found between the complications and the infection with strains resistant to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a concerning increase in resistance toward cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin while meropenem and trimethoprim are emerging as effective drugs. There was high incidence of complications found (84%).Lymphopenia, anemia, eosinopenia, and thrombocytopenia are independent risk factors for the development of complications of typhoid fever.
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Xie L, Ming L, Ding M, Deng L, Liu M, Cong Y. Paratyphoid Fever A: Infection and Prevention. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:945235. [PMID: 35875577 PMCID: PMC9304857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.945235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, B, and C. While S. Typhi remains the primary causative agent of enteric fever, S. Paratyphi A is responsible for an increasing portion of enteric fever incidence. However, the current available vaccines for enteric fever are all developed from S. Typhi, and lack adequate cross immune protection against paratyphoid fever A. Therefore, paratyphoid A vaccines are urgently needed. The present paper reviews the latest progresses in pathogenesis, global burden, infection features of paratyphoid fever A, as well as the status of vaccine development, highlighting the necessity for the development of vaccines against paratyphoid fever A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lan Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manlin Ding
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Luxin Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanguang Cong
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanguang Cong,
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Inflammatory Monocytes Promote Granuloma-Mediated Control of Persistent Salmonella Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0007022. [PMID: 35311578 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00070-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections generally involve a complex balance between protective immunity and immunopathology. We used a murine model to investigate the role of inflammatory monocytes in immunity and host defense against persistent salmonellosis. Mice exhibit increased susceptibility to persistent infection when inflammatory monocytes cannot be recruited into tissues or when they are depleted at specific stages of persistent infection. Inflammatory monocytes contribute to the pathology of persistent salmonellosis and cluster with other cells in pathogen-containing granulomas. Depletion of inflammatory monocytes during the chronic phase of persistent salmonellosis causes regression of already established granulomas with resultant pathogen growth and spread in tissues. Thus, inflammatory monocytes promote granuloma-mediated control of persistent salmonellosis and may be key to uncovering new therapies for granulomatous diseases.
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Typhoid fever presenting with gastric ulcer bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:116. [PMID: 35272630 PMCID: PMC8908693 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric fever is a systemic disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi or Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi, characterized by high fever and abdominal pain. Most patients with enteric fever improve within a few days after antibiotic treatment. However, some patients do not recover as easily and develop fatal life-threatening complications, including intestinal hemorrhage. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding has been reported in 10% of cases. However, upper gastrointestinal bleeding has rarely been reported in patients with enteric fever. We present a case of gastric ulcer hemorrhage caused by enteric fever. Case presentation A 32-year-old woman, complaining of fever lasting four days and right upper quadrant pain and melena that started one day before admission, consulted our hospital. Abdominal computed tomography revealed mild hepatomegaly and gastroscopy revealed multiple active gastric ulcers with flat black hemorrhagic spots. The melena of the patient stopped on the third day. On the fifth admission day, she developed hematochezia. At that time, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was isolated from the blood culture. The antibiotic regimen was switched to ceftriaxone. Her hematochezia spontaneously resolved the following day. Finally, the patient was discharged on the 12th admission day without clinical symptoms. However, her fever recurred one month after discharge, and she was readmitted and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was confirmed again via blood culture. She was treated with ceftriaxone for one month, and was discharged without complications. Conclusion Our case showed that although rare, active gastric ulcers can develop in patients with enteric fever. Therefore, upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding should be suspected in patients with enteric fever, especially showing relapsing bacteremia.
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Ghosh S, Nandi S, Basu T. Nano-Antibacterials Using Medicinal Plant Components: An Overview. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:768739. [PMID: 35273578 PMCID: PMC8902597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.768739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradual emergence of new bacterial strains, resistant to one or more antibiotics, necessitates development of new antibacterials to prevent us from newly evolved disease-causing, drug-resistant, pathogenic bacteria. Different inorganic and organic compounds have been synthesized as antibacterials, but with the problem of toxicity. Other alternatives of using green products, i.e., the medicinal plant extracts with biocompatible and potent antibacterial characteristics, also had limitation because of their low aqueous solubility and therefore less bioavailability. Use of nanotechnological strategy appears to be a savior, where phytochemicals are nanonized through encapsulation or entrapment within inorganic or organic hydrophilic capping agents. Nanonization of such products not only makes them water soluble but also helps to attain high surface to volume ratio and therefore high reaction area of the nanonized products with better therapeutic potential, over that of the equivalent amount of raw bulk products. Medicinal plant extracts, whose prime components are flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenolic compounds, and essential oils, are in one hand nanonized (capped and stabilized) by polymers, lipids, or clay materials for developing nanodrugs; on the other hand, high antioxidant activity of those plant extracts is also used to reduce various metal salts to produce metallic nanoparticles. In this review, five medicinal plants, viz., tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), aloe vera (Aloe vera), oregano (Oregano vulgare), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), with promising antibacterial potential and the nanoformulations associated with the plants' crude extracts and their respective major components (eugenol, curcumin, anthraquinone, carvacrol, eucalyptus oil) have been discussed with respect to their antibacterial potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tarakdas Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
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Liu N, Ren P, Saleem A, Feng W, Huo J, Ma H, Li S, Li P, Huang W. Simultaneous Efficient Decontamination of Bacteria and Heavy Metals via Capacitive Deionization Using Polydopamine/Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Co-deposited Activated Carbon Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61669-61680. [PMID: 34915703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of pathogenic micro-organisms and heavy metals in drinking water sources poses a serious threat to human health, which raises the demand for efficient water treatments. Herein, multi-functional capacitive deionization (CDI) electrodes were developed for the simultaneous decontamination of bacteria and heavy metal contaminants. Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), an antibacterial polymer, was deposited on the surface of the activated carbon (AC) electrode with the assistance of mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) chemistry. The main characterization results proved successful co-deposition of PDA and PHMG on the AC electrode, forming a hydrophilic coating layer in one step. Electrochemical analyses indicated that the AC-PDA/PHMG electrodes presented satisfactory capacitive behaviors, with outstanding salt adsorption capacity and cycling stability. The modified electrodes also exhibit excellent disinfection performance and heavy metal adsorption performance. The bacterial elimination rate of co-deposited electrodes grew along with the increase in the PHMG content. Particularly, AC-PDA/PHMG2 electrodes successfully removed and deactivated 99.11% Escherichia coli and 98.67% Pseudomonas aeruginosa (104 CFU mL-1) in water within 60 min. Furthermore, three flow cells made by AC-PDA/PHMG2 electrodes connected in series achieved efficient removal of salt, heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, and bacteria simultaneously, which indicated that the adsorption performance is significantly improved compared with pristine AC electrodes. These results denote the enormous potential of this one-step prepared multi-functional electrodes for facile and effective water purification using CDI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Panyu Ren
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Atif Saleem
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingjing Huo
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huifang Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Khadka S, Shrestha B, Pokhrel A, Khadka S, Joshi RD, Banjara MR. Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Typhi Isolated From a Referral Hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal. Microbiol Insights 2021; 14:11786361211056350. [PMID: 34916803 PMCID: PMC8669115 DOI: 10.1177/11786361211056350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The morbidity and mortality due to typhoid fever can be significantly reduced with the use of effective antibiotics. At present, fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin are widely used to treat typhoid fever. However, changing antibiotic susceptibility among Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi poses a particular challenge to the therapeutic management of enteric fever. The objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella Typhi isolates. Patients and Methods: A total of 706 blood specimens were collected from febrile patients attending the outpatient department of Kathmandu Model Hospital during June to September, 2018. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for 11 different antibiotics (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, azithromycin, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin) was performed by disk diffusion method. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin were determined by agar dilution method. Mutation at gyrA ser83 associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones was determined by PCR-RFLP. Results: Out of 706 blood samples, 6.94% (n = 49) were culture positive for Salmonella enterica (S. Typhi, n = 46). It was revealed that 97.8% S. Typhi isolates were susceptible to conventional first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole), 97.3% to cephalosporins and 95.7% to azithromycin. S. Typhi were either resistant or intermediately susceptible to fluoroquinolones: 97.8% to ciprofloxacin, 91.3% to ofloxacin, and 89.1% to levofloxacin. The MIC of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin for S. Typhi ranged from 0.008 to 32, 0.03 to 16, and 2 to 8 μg/mL, respectively. Out of 46 S. Typhi isolates, 44 (95.65%) had gyrA ser83 mutation. Conclusion: Fluoroquinolones have poor activity against Salmonella Typhi. The trends of increasing azithromycin MIC value among S. Typhi might limit its use for the treatment of typhoid fever. Effectiveness of conventional first-line antibiotics in vitro suggests considering their clinical use after large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Khadka
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Basudha Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anil Pokhrel
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Sachin Khadka
- Department of Medicine, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
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Njoya HF, Awolu MM, Christopher TB, Duclerc JF, Ateudjieu J, Wirsiy FS, Atuhaire C, Cumber SN. Prevalence and awareness of mode of transmission of typhoid fever in patients diagnosed with Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections at the Saint Elisabeth General Hospital Shisong, Bui Division, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:83. [PMID: 34909072 PMCID: PMC8607955 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.83.16893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction typhoid fever is a systemic infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella enterica subspecies (typhi). It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at determining the prevalence and awareness of the mode of transmission of Salmonella typhi among patients at the Saint Elisabeth General Hospital Shisong of Cameroon. Methods the study carried out from March 1st, 2017 to May 31st, 2017 recruited patients who presented at the hospital with clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever and who had lab requests for stool culture requested by the resident physician. The prevalence of Salmonella typhi infections among the patients and the proportion of patients with adequate knowledge on the mode of transmission of Salmonella typhi were estimated at a 95% CI. Data were analyzed using Epi info7.1.3.3. Results out of the 172 patients recruited for the studies, 52 (30.1%) were diagnosed with Salmonella typhi, 59.6% of which were male. Also, 3 (5.8%) were diagnosed with Salmonella paratyphoid A. A positive correlation between knowledge on the mode of transmission of Salmonella typhi and the level of education was established, showing that 92% of participants with a higher level of education indicating that typhoid fever can be contracted through consumption of contaminated water. Conclusion high prevalence of typhoid fever was observed in our study. The unawareness of the patients on typhoid fever and its contraction through contaminated water and food was positively correlated to the level of educations of the patients. These findings, therefore, suggest a public health challenge faced by inhabitants in this region where typhoid fever remains endemic. Scarcity of potable water, improper drainage systems, and problems of unsanitary toilets in Cameroon require urgent intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heasla Fibuonu Njoya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences PO Box 067, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mbunka Muhamed Awolu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences PO Box 067, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Jerome Ateudjieu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences PO Box 067, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Catherine Atuhaire
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Office of the Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Institute of Health and Caring Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Song Y, Xu G, Li C, Li Z, Lu C, Shen Y. Structural optimization of natural product fusaric acid to discover novel T3SS inhibitors of Salmonella. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 582:72-76. [PMID: 34695753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a critical role in host cell invasion and pathogenesis of Salmonella. We recently identified the mycotoxin fusaric acid (FA) as a T3SS inhibitor of Salmonella. Herein, twenty-two diphenylsulfane derivatives were designed and synthesized using FA as a lead compound through scaffold hopping. Among them, SL-8 and SL-19 possessing strong anti-T3SS and anti-invasion activity were identified as T3SS inhibitors with improvement in potency as compared to FA. The inhibitory mechanisms on SPI-1 did not depend on the HilD-HilC-RtsA-HilA or PhoP-PhoQ pathway or the assembly of T3SS needle complex. Accordingly, we proposed that the inhibitory effects of SL-8 and SL-19 on SPI-1 probably influence the formation of SicA/InvF-effector complex or other related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Guangsen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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Ryckman T, Karthikeyan AS, Kumar D, Cao Y, Kang G, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, John J, Lo NC, Andrews JR. Comparison of Strategies for Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in India: A Cost-Effectiveness Modeling Study. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S612-S624. [PMID: 35238367 PMCID: PMC8892534 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Typhoid fever causes substantial global mortality, with almost half occurring in India. New typhoid vaccines are highly effective and recommended by the World Health Organization for high-burden settings. There is a need to determine whether and which typhoid vaccine strategies should be implemented in India. Methods We assessed typhoid vaccination using a dynamic compartmental model, parameterized by and calibrated to disease and costing data from a recent multisite surveillance study in India. We modeled routine and 1-time campaign strategies that target different ages and settings. The primary outcome was cost-effectiveness, measured by incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) benchmarked against India’s gross national income per capita (US$2130). Results Both routine and campaign vaccination strategies were cost-saving compared to the status quo, due to averted costs of illness. The preferred strategy was a nationwide community-based catchup campaign targeting children aged 1–15 years alongside routine vaccination, with an ICER of $929 per disability-adjusted life-year averted. Over the first 10 years of implementation, vaccination could avert 21–39 million cases and save $1.6–$2.2 billion. These findings were broadly consistent across willingness-to-pay thresholds, epidemiologic settings, and model input distributions. Conclusions Despite high initial costs, routine and campaign typhoid vaccination in India could substantially reduce mortality and was highly cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ryckman
- Stanford Health Policy, Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine and the Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Arun S Karthikeyan
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dilesh Kumar
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yanjia Cao
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- Stanford Health Policy, Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine and the Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jacob John
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Cao Y, Karthikeyan AS, Ramanujam K, Raju R, Krishna S, Kumar D, Ryckman T, Mohan VR, Kang G, John J, Andrews JR, Lo NC. Geographic Pattern of Typhoid Fever in India: A Model-Based Estimate of Cohort and Surveillance Data. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S475-S483. [PMID: 35238365 PMCID: PMC8892532 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem in India. Recently, the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India program completed a multisite surveillance study. However, data on subnational variation in typhoid fever are needed to guide the introduction of the new typhoid conjugate vaccine in India.
Methods
We applied a geospatial statistical model to estimate typhoid fever incidence across India, using data from 4 cohort studies and 6 hybrid surveillance sites from October 2017 to March 2020. We collected geocoded data from the Demographic and Health Survey in India as predictors of typhoid fever incidence. We used a log linear regression model to predict a primary outcome of typhoid incidence.
Results
We estimated a national incidence of typhoid fever in India of 360 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 297–494) per 100 000 person-years, with an annual estimate of 4.5 million cases (95% CI, 3.7–6.1 million) and 8930 deaths (95% CI, 7360–12 260), assuming a 0.2% case-fatality rate. We found substantial geographic variation of typhoid incidence across the country, with higher incidence in southwestern states and urban centers in the north.
Conclusions
There is a large burden of typhoid fever in India with substantial heterogeneity across the country, with higher burden in urban centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjia Cao
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | - Reshma Raju
- Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Swathi Krishna
- Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Dilesh Kumar
- Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Theresa Ryckman
- Center for Health Policy and the Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Wellcome Research Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jacob John
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nathan C Lo
- Deparment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zheng BH, Hao WM, Lin HC, Shang GG, Liu H, Ni XJ. Samonella typhi infection-related appendicitis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:8782-8788. [PMID: 34734056 PMCID: PMC8546835 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i29.8782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute appendicitis is one of the most common acute abdominal emergencies around the world, which is always associated with infection. Infection with Salmonella typhi, an enteric pathogen, is a rare cause of acute appendicitis. We here report a patient with acute appendicitis associated with Samonella typhi infection, accompanied with spleen and kidney infarction, providing a rare example for a common surgical emergency. CASE SUMMARY A 25-year-old Pakistani man presented to the hospital with a 3-d history of fevers, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a thickened intestinal wall of the ileocecal junction with multiple enlarged lymph nodes nearby. He was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and received laparoscopic appendectomy, which showed mild inflammation of the appendix. After the surgery, the patient presented again with a high fever (> 39 °C) and diarrhea. A CT angiography scan indicated spleen and kidney infarction. According to the blood culture, the diagnosis was finally clear to be Samonella typhi infection. The pyrexia and enteric symptoms were relieved after the application of intravenous levofloxacin. CONCLUSION This case, characterized by the combination of Salmonella typhi infection, acute appendicitis, and renal and splenic infraction, serves as a rare example for a common surgical emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Ming Hao
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hung-Chen Lin
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Guo Shang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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The Abundance and Organization of Salmonella Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Gallbladder-Mimicking Environments and In Vivo. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0031021. [PMID: 34398679 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00310-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes chronic infections by establishing biofilms on cholesterol gallstones. Production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) is key to biofilm development and biofilm architecture depends on which EPSs are made. The presence and spatial distribution of Salmonella EPSs produced in vitro and in vivo were investigated in S. Typhimurium and S. Typhi biofilms by confocal microscopy. Comparisons between serovars and EPS-mutant bacteria were examined by growth on cholesterol-coated surfaces, with human gallstones in ox or human bile, and in mice with gallstones. On cholesterol-coated surfaces, major differences in EPS biomass were not found between serovars. Co-culture biofilms containing wild-type (WT) and EPS-mutant bacteria demonstrated WT compensation for EPS mutations. Biofilm EPS analysis from gallbladder-mimicking conditions found that culture in human bile more consistently replicated the relative abundance and spatial organization of each EPS on gallstones from the chronic mouse model than culture in ox bile. S. Typhimurium biofilms cultured in vitro on gallstones in ox bile exhibited co-localized pairings of curli fimbriae/lipopolysaccharide and O antigen capsule/cellulose while these associations were not present in S. Typhi biofilms or in mouse gallstone biofilms. In general, inclusion of human bile with gallstones in vitro replicated biofilm development on gallstones in vivo, demonstrating its strength as a model for studying biofilm parameters or EPS-directed therapeutic treatments.
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Haque S, Swami P, Khan A. S. Typhi derived vaccines and a proposal for outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as potential vaccine for typhoid fever. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105082. [PMID: 34265371 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a serious systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), spread by the feco-oral route and closely associated with poor food hygiene and inadequate sanitation. Nearly 93% of S. Typhi strains have acquired antibiotic resistance against most antibiotics. Vaccination is the only promising way to prevent typhoid fever. This review covers the nature and composition of S. Typhi, pathogenecity and mode of infection, epidemiology, and nature of drug resistance. Several components (Vi-polysaccharides, O-antigens, flagellar antigens, full length OMPs, and short peptides from OMPs) of S. Typhi have been utilized for vaccine design for protection against typhoid fever. Vaccine delivery systems also contribute to efficacy of the vaccines. In this study, we propose to develop S. Typhi derived OMVs as vaccine for protection against typhoid fevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabirul Haque
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Pooja Swami
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Azhar Khan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal, Pradesh, India.
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A global resource for genomic predictions of antimicrobial resistance and surveillance of Salmonella Typhi at pathogenwatch. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2879. [PMID: 34001879 PMCID: PMC8128892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As whole-genome sequencing capacity becomes increasingly decentralized, there is a growing opportunity for collaboration and the sharing of surveillance data within and between countries to inform typhoid control policies. This vision requires free, community-driven tools that facilitate access to genomic data for public health on a global scale. Here we present the Pathogenwatch scheme for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), a web application enabling the rapid identification of genomic markers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and contextualization with public genomic data. We show that the clustering of S. Typhi genomes in Pathogenwatch is comparable to established bioinformatics methods, and that genomic predictions of AMR are highly concordant with phenotypic susceptibility data. We demonstrate the public health utility of Pathogenwatch with examples selected from >4,300 public genomes available in the application. Pathogenwatch provides an intuitive entry point to monitor of the emergence and spread of S. Typhi high risk clones. Whole genome sequencing data are increasingly becoming routinely available but generating actionable insights is challenging. Here, the authors describe Pathogenwatch, a web tool for genomic surveillance of S. Typhi, and demonstrate its use for antimicrobial resistance assignment and strain risk assessment.
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Haller M, Callan K, Susat J, Flux AL, Immel A, Franke A, Herbig A, Krause J, Kupczok A, Fouquet G, Hummel S, Rieger D, Nebel A, Krause-Kyora B. Mass burial genomics reveals outbreak of enteric paratyphoid fever in the Late Medieval trade city Lübeck. iScience 2021; 24:102419. [PMID: 33997698 PMCID: PMC8100618 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medieval Europe was repeatedly affected by outbreaks of infectious diseases, some of which reached epidemic proportions. A Late Medieval mass burial next to the Heiligen-Geist-Hospital in Lübeck (present-day Germany) contained the skeletal remains of more than 800 individuals who had presumably died from infectious disease. From 92 individuals, we screened the ancient DNA extracts for the presence of pathogens to determine the cause of death. Metagenomic analysis revealed evidence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi C, suggesting an outbreak of enteric paratyphoid fever. Three reconstructed S. Paratyphi C genomes showed close similarity to a strain from Norway (1200 CE). Radiocarbon dates placed the disease outbreak in Lübeck between 1270 and 1400 cal CE, with historical records indicating 1367 CE as the most probable year. The deceased were of northern and eastern European descent, confirming Lübeck as an important trading center of the Hanseatic League in the Baltic region. Salmonella enterica Paratyphi C detected in remains from a mass burial in Lübeck Outbreak of enteric paratyphoid fever likely occurred in 1367 CE Pathogen genomes showed close similarity to a strain from Norway (1200 CE)
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Haller
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kimberly Callan
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany.,Present address: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julian Susat
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Flux
- Department of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Immel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Kupczok
- Genomic Microbiology Group, Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.,Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Fouquet
- Historical Seminar, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Hummel
- Department of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Department of Archaeology, Hanseatic City of Lübeck Historical Monuments Protection Authority, 23539 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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42
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Arshad R, Pal K, Sabir F, Rahdar A, Bilal M, Shahnaz G, Kyzas GZ. A review of the nanomaterials use for the diagnosis and therapy of salmonella typhi. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Cassotta A, Goldstein JD, Durini G, Jarrossay D, Baggi Menozzi F, Venditti M, Russo A, Falcone M, Lanzavecchia A, Gagliardi MC, Latorre D, Sallusto F. Broadly reactive human CD4 + T cells against Enterobacteriaceae are found in the naïve repertoire and are clonally expanded in the memory repertoire. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:648-661. [PMID: 33226131 PMCID: PMC7986685 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes both commensals and opportunistic pathogens. The latter can cause severe nosocomial infections, with outbreaks of multi-antibiotics resistant strains, thus being a major public health threat. In this study, we report that Enterobacteriaceae-reactive memory Th cells were highly enriched in a CCR6+ CXCR3+ Th1*/17 cell subset and produced IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-22. This T cell subset was severely reduced in septic patients with K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection who also selectively lacked circulating K. pneumonie-reactive T cells. By combining heterologous antigenic stimulation, single cell cloning and TCR Vβ sequencing, we demonstrate that a large fraction of memory Th cell clones was broadly cross-reactive to several Enterobacteriaceae species. These cross-reactive Th cell clones were expanded in vivo and a large fraction of them recognized the conserved outer membrane protein A antigen. Interestingly, Enterobacteriaceae broadly cross-reactive T cells were also prominent among in vitro primed naïve T cells. Collectively, these data point to the existence of immunodominant T cell epitopes shared among different Enterobacteriaceae species and targeted by cross-reactive T cells that are readily found in the pre-immune repertoire and are clonally expanded in the memory repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jérémie D. Goldstein
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Greta Durini
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | | | - Mario Venditti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious DiseasesSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Marco Falcone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | | | - Daniela Latorre
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera italianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichSwitzerland
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44
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Harrell JE, Hahn MM, D'Souza SJ, Vasicek EM, Sandala JL, Gunn JS, McLachlan JB. Salmonella Biofilm Formation, Chronic Infection, and Immunity Within the Intestine and Hepatobiliary Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:624622. [PMID: 33604308 PMCID: PMC7885405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.624622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the species of Salmonella enterica, there is significant diversity represented among the numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable host ranges, from common plant and animal colonizers to extremely pathogenic and human-specific serovars. Despite these differences, many Salmonella species find commonality in the ability to form biofilms and the ability to cause acute, latent, or chronic disease. The exact outcome of infection depends on many factors such as the growth state of Salmonella, the environmental conditions encountered at the time of infection, as well as the infected host and immune response elicited. Here, we review the numerous biofilm lifestyles of Salmonella (on biotic and abiotic surfaces) and how the production of extracellular polymeric substances not only enhances long-term persistence outside the host but also is an essential function in chronic human infections. Furthermore, careful consideration is made for the events during initial infection that allow for gut transcytosis which, in conjunction with host immune functions, often determine the progression of disease. Both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae can cause chronic and/or secondary infections, thus the adaptive immune responses to both types of bacteria are discussed with particular attention to the differences between Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella that can result in differential immune responses. Finally, while strides have been made in our understanding of immunity to Salmonella in the lymphoid organs, fewer definitive studies exist for intestinal and hepatobiliary immunity. By examining our current knowledge and what remains to be determined, we provide insight into new directions in the field of Salmonella immunity, particularly as it relates to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikin E Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mark M Hahn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shaina J D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erin M Vasicek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenna L Sandala
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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45
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Sandala JL, Eichar BW, Kuo LG, Hahn MM, Basak AK, Huggins WM, Woolard K, Melander C, Gunn JS. A dual-therapy approach for the treatment of biofilm-mediated Salmonella gallbladder carriage. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009192. [PMID: 33370414 PMCID: PMC7793255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella Typhi continues to facilitate the transmission of typhoid fever, resulting in 14 million new infections and 136,000 fatalities each year. Asymptomatic chronic carriage of S. Typhi is facilitated by the formation of biofilms on gallstones that protect the bacteria from environmental insults and immune system clearance. Here, we identified two unique small molecules capable of both inhibiting Salmonella biofilm growth and disrupting pre-formed biofilm structures without affecting bacterial viability. In a mouse model of chronic gallbladder Salmonella carriage, treatment with either compound reduced bacterial burden in the gallbladder by 1–2 logs resulting in bacterial dissemination to peripheral organs that was associated with increased mortality. Co-administration of either compound with ciprofloxacin not only enhanced compound efficacy in the gallbladder by a further 1–1.5 logs for a total of 3–4.5 log reduction, but also prevented bacterial dissemination to peripheral organs. These data suggest a dual-therapy approach targeting both biofilm and planktonic populations can be further developed as a safe and efficient treatment of biofilm-mediated chronic S. Typhi infections. Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), a bacterium that causes as many as 14 million new infections and 136,000 deaths annually. Asymptomatic chronic carriers of S. Typhi play a major role in the transmission of typhoid fever, as they intermittently shed the bacteria and can unknowingly infect surrounding individuals. Here, we characterized novel compounds that target biofilm formation, a process utilized by S. Typhi to establish and maintain chronic carriage in the gallbladder, in hopes that they may be eventually used in conjunction with traditional antibiotics to prevent and/or cure chronic infections more efficiently than antibiotics alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Sandala
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bradley W. Eichar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Laura G. Kuo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Hahn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Akash K. Basak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - William M. Huggins
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine Woolard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Han JT, Li DY, Zhang MY, Yu XQ, Jia XX, Xu H, Yan X, Jia WJ, Niu S, Kempher ML, Tao X, He YX. EmhR is an indole-sensing transcriptional regulator responsible for the indole-induced antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:2054-2069. [PMID: 33314494 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indole is well known as an interspecies signalling molecule to modulate bacterial physiology; however, it is not clear how the indole signal is perceived and responded to by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere. Here, we demonstrated that indole enhanced the antibiotic tolerance of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24, a PGPR well known for its biocontrol capacity. Proteomic analysis revealed that indole influenced the expression of multiple genes including the emhABC operon encoding a major multidrug efflux pump. The expression of emhABC was regulated by a TetR-family transcription factor EmhR, which was demonstrated to be an indole-responsive regulator. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that indole allosterically affected the distance between the two DNA-recognizing helices within the EmhR dimer, leading to diminished EmhR-DNA interaction. It was further revealed the EmhR ortholog in Pseudomonas syringae was also responsible for indole-induced antibiotic tolerance, suggesting this EmhR-dependent, indole-induced antibiotic tolerance is likely to be conserved among Pseudomonas species. Taken together, our results elucidated the molecular mechanism of indole-induced antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas species and had important implications on how rhizobacteria sense and respond to indole in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ting Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Di-Yin Li
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiang-Xue Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen-Juan Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shaomin Niu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Megan L Kempher
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Ok, USA
| | - Xuanyu Tao
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Ok, USA
| | - Yong-Xing He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Masuet-Aumatell C, Atouguia J. Typhoid fever infection - Antibiotic resistance and vaccination strategies: A narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 40:101946. [PMID: 33301931 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), prevalent in many low- and middle-income countries. In high-income territories, typhoid fever is predominantly travel-related, consequent to travel in typhoid-endemic regions; however, data show that the level of typhoid vaccination in travellers is low. Successful management of typhoid fever using antibiotics is becoming increasingly difficult due to drug resistance; emerging resistance has spread geographically due to factors such as increasing travel connectivity, affecting those in endemic regions and travellers alike. This review provides an overview of: the epidemiology and diagnosis of typhoid fever; the emergence of drug-resistant typhoid strains in the endemic setting; drug resistance observed in travellers; vaccines currently available to prevent typhoid fever; vaccine recommendations for people living in typhoid-endemic regions; strategies for the introduction of typhoid vaccines and stakeholders in vaccination programmes; and travel recommendations for a selection of destinations with a medium or high incidence of typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Masuet-Aumatell
- Preventive Medicine Department, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University Hospital of Bellvitge, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Atouguia
- Instituto Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junquiera, 100, Lisbon, Portugal.
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48
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Ndako JA, Olisa JA, Ifeanyichukwu IC, Okolie CE, Ojo SKS, Jegede SL. Predictive evaluation of pediatric patients based on their typhoid fever status using linear discriminant model. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110264. [PMID: 33254569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have established a relationship between pediatric patients and typhoid fever infection. This study was carried out to ascertain if specific hematological measurements of the pediatric patients discriminate between their positive and negative status to typhoid infection and to produce a rule for classifying other pediatric patients. Discriminant analysis was applied to predict the probability of a specific categorical outcome based on several explanatory variables (predictors). This study analyzed the differentiation between two hundred pediatric patients attending Landmark University Medical Centre based on their typhoid fever status. The hematological parameters considered were Packed Cell Volume, White Blood Cell count; Neutrophil, Erythrocyte level, Hemoglobin and Platelet count, Assay of samples were performed using standard procedures. Fisher's Linear Discriminant Method was used for classification of variables in this study. With the use of the Fisher's Linear Discrimination method for classification of the obtained data, a minimum value of -0.0067 was obtained implying that any new pediatric patient with a discriminant score above -0.0067 would be diagnosed to be typhoid negative; otherwise, they would be classified as typhoid positive pediatric patients. The efficiency of this method of classification was tested using two approaches; Retribution estimate approach and leaving-one out approach which showed a prevalence rate of typhoid positive patients at 75.8% and 74.7% respectively. This data analysis hypotheses that typhoid fever is highly endemic amongst our study subjects. A point-of-care diagnosis with a strong positive predictive value, which improves pediatric enteric fever diagnosis, is strongly advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Ndako
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University Omu-Aran, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph A Olisa
- Department of Medical Services, Landmark University Medical Center, Omu-Aran Nigeria
| | - Ilochi C Ifeanyichukwu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Landmark University Medical Center, Omu-Aran Nigeria
| | - Charles E Okolie
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Stephen K S Ojo
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Segun L Jegede
- Department of Research, Statistics and documentation (VCO), Landmark University Omuaran, Nigeria
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49
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Getahun Strobel A, Parry CM, Crump JA, Rosa V, Jenney A, Naidu R, Mulholland K, Strugnell RA. A retrospective study of patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in Fiji during 2014-2015: epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and outcome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:764-770. [PMID: 31638153 PMCID: PMC6907003 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji. We sought to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and case fatality risk of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through December 2015. Methods Blood culture-positive patients were identified from a typhoid surveillance line list. A standardised case investigation form was used to record data from patients’ medical records. Results Of 542 patients, 518 (95.6%) were indigenous Fijians (iTaukei) and 285 (52.6%) were male. The median (IQR) age was 25 (16–38) y. Mean (SD) time from the onset of illness to admission was 11.1 (6.9) d. Of 365 patients with clinical information, 346 (96.9%) had fever, 239 (66.9%) diarrhoea, 113 (33.5%) vomiting, and 72 (30.2%) abdominal pain. There were 40 (11.0%) patients with complications, including 17 (4.7%) with shock, and 11 (3.0%) with hepatitis. Nine patients died for a case fatality risk of 1.7%. Of the 544 Salmonella Typhi isolates tested, none were resistant to first line antimicrobials; 3(0.8%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 5(1.4%) to nalidixic acid. Conclusions In Fiji, most blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever cases were in young adults. Common clinical manifestations were fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Further studies are required to elucidate the factors associated with complications and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneley Getahun Strobel
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Private mail bag, Suva, Fiji.,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher M Parry
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, The Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE UK.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Nagasaki, 12, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, 55 Hanover Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Varanisese Rosa
- Fiji Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Tamavua, Suva, Fiji
| | - Adam Jenney
- School of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Private mail bag, Suva, Fiji
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Waimanu Road, Suva, Fiji
| | - Kim Mulholland
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
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Susanna D, Purwanisari E, Ratih SP. Salmonella Infection Among Food Handlers at Canteens in a Campus. Open Microbiol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802014010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Salmonella is one of the pathogenic microorganisms that can contaminate food through cross-contamination (less hygiene of handlers and environment). In a campus, food management and food handlers have a very important role in the contamination of microorganisms, which can lead to the incidence of foodborne diseases.
Objective:
This study aimed to assess the incidence of salmonella infections among food handlers at a campus canteen in Depok City, Indonesia.
Methods:
The cross-sectional study was conducted in May-June 2017. The population of this study was all food handlers working in the canteen (N=260). The data were obtained through interviews and observation of the characteristics and behaviors of the food handlers. Blood samples were also collected from 49 food handlers (n=49).
Results:
This study revealed that 61.2% of food handlers included in the age group were not at risk, the proportion of female food-handlers was slightly more than men (51%), the majority of them were low educated (59.2%), and all respondents had never given typhoid immunization. The results of the fecal examination revealed that two food handlers had typhoid. In addition, the behavior and personal hygiene of most of the handlers are poor. Environmental factors such as canteen sanitation facilities are mostly qualified, and most of the food handlers have no history of contact with animals.
Conclusion:
There was no statistically significant relationship between characteristics, behavior, personal hygiene, sanitation facilities, and contact history with animals against pathogenic bacterial infections.
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