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Salehi Z, Rahbarinejad P, Ghosn B, Azadbakht L. Association of quality and quantity of macronutrients intake with obesity, new anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index in Tehranian women. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3237-3250. [PMID: 38726395 PMCID: PMC11077202 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study examines the association between micronutrient intake, anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index among Tehranian women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 556 Tehranian women. Dietary intake was measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Biochemical assessment and anthropometric indices were measured, and demographic information and physical activity were collected. Results Participants with the highest intake of carbohydrates were more prone to obesity. Conversely, those in the top tertile for protein intake had a lower likelihood of obesity and higher levels of lipid accumulation product (LAP). The highest fat consumers had a 63% decreased chance of having a high Castelli's Risk Index 1 (CRI-1). A higher glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were linked to an increased probability of a high atherogenic coefficient (AC). Women in the top tertile of GL were significantly more likely to be obese and had lower odds for high LAP. Participants in the top tertile of aromatic amino acids/branched chain amino acids (AAA/BCAA) had significantly lower chances of high CRI-1 and a high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Those in the highest tertile of monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA) had lower odds of obesity and high AIP. Conclusions The amount of carbohydrate (g) and protein intake (%), dietary GL, and the ratio of MUFA to PUFA were associated with obesity. The amount of fat intake (g) and AAA/BCAA indices were associated with CRI-1. LAP decreased with an increase in GL. AC increased with an increase in GI and GL. AAA/BCAA and MUFA/PUFA were associated with AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehi
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pegah Rahbarinejad
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Batoul Ghosn
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Diabetes Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Qin K, Zhang R, Qin W, Ji N, Qin Y, Dai L, Xiong L, Sun Q. Construction and In Vitro Digestibility of Recrystallized Starch Encapsulated in Calcium Alginate Beads. Foods 2023; 12:2379. [PMID: 37372592 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to reduce the digestion rate of starch in human body and improve the content of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS), millimeter calcium alginate beads encapsulated with different proportions of recrystallized starch were constructed in this study. First, we prepared recrystallized starch (RS3) by debranching waxy corn starch and retrogradation, and then encapsulated RS3 in calcium alginate beads by the ionic gel method. The microstructure of the beads was observed by scanning electron microscope, and the gel texture properties, swelling properties, and in vitro digestibility of the beads were studied. The results showed that the beads after cooking still maintained high hardness and chewiness, and the swelling power and solubility of the beads were lower than that of native starch. Compared with native starch, the content of rapidly digestible starch (RDS) in beads decreased, while the content of SDS and RS increased. The sample with the highest content of RS is RS31@Alginate1, whose content of RS is 70.10%, 52.11 times higher than that of waxy corn starch and 1.75 times higher than that of RS3. RS3 encapsulated in calcium alginate beads has a good encapsulation effect, and the content of SDS and RS is greatly increased. This study has important implications for reducing the digestion rate of starch and regulating the health of people with diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Qin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Rongyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Weili Qin
- Medical College, Shandong Xiehe University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Na Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yang Qin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lei Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liu Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qingjie Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
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Jafari F, Amini Kahrizsangi M, Najam W, Fattahi MR, Nouri M, Ghalandari H, Askarpour M, Hamidian Shirazi M, Akbarzadeh M. Association of plant-based dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome: baseline results from the Persian Kavar cohort study (PKCS). Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:291-301. [PMID: 36927309 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2187328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based diets (PBDs) have gained a positive reputation among experts as a solution to combat the epidemic of MetS. A total of 2225 healthy Iranian individuals aged 35-70 years were considered eligible to be included in this cross-sectional investigation. Various dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical assessments were conducted using standard, valid methods/tools. Relevant PBD scores were calculated using three a posteriori indices, including the overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful PDI (hPDI), and unhealthful PDI (uPDI). Our findings showed that women with the highest adherence to hPDI had a lower chance of MetS. Also, participants in the top tertiles of hPDI were more likely to have a lower risk of low serum HDL-c and abnormal glucose homeostasis. Additionally, a significant increasing trend was observed for low serum HDL-c across tertiles of uPDI. Our observations suggest that healthful-rich plant foods may have a protective effect against MetS, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Jafari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Masoud Amini Kahrizsangi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Wasiuddin Najam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Fattahi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghalandari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Moein Askarpour
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamidian Shirazi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Atkinson FS, Cohen M, Lau K, Brand-Miller JC. Glycemic index and insulin index after a standard carbohydrate meal consumed with live kombucha: A randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1036717. [PMID: 36875857 PMCID: PMC9982099 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1036717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Kombucha is a complex probiotic beverage made from fermented tea, yet despite extensive historical, anecdotal, and in-vivo evidence for its health benefits, no controlled trials have been published on its effect on humans. Methods We conducted a randomised placebo-controlled, cross-over study that examined the Glycemic Index (GI) and Insulin Index (II) responses after a standardised high-GI meal consumed with three different test beverages (soda water, diet lemonade soft drink and an unpasteurised kombucha) in 11 healthy adults. The study was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (anzctr.org.au: 12620000460909). Soda water was used as the control beverage. GI or II values were calculated by expressing the 2-h blood glucose or insulin response as a percentage of the response produced by 50 g of glucose dissolved in water. Results There was no statistically significant difference in GI or II between the standard meal consumed with soda water (GI: 86 and II: 85) or diet soft drink (GI: 84 and II: 81, (p = 0.929 for GI and p = 0.374 for II). In contrast, when kombucha was consumed there was a clinically significant reduction in GI and II (GI: 68, p = 0.041 and II: 70, p = 0.041) compared to the meal consumed with soda water. Discussion These results suggest live kombucha can produce reductions in acute postprandial hyperglycemia. Further studies examining the mechanisms and potential therapeutic benefits of kombucha are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona S Atkinson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc Cohen
- Extreme Wellness Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen Lau
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennie C Brand-Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jun S, Lee S, Lee J, Kim J. Diets high in glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome among Korean women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1154-1164. [PMID: 35256231 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Accurate estimation of the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of diets is essential when assessing health implications of dietary GI and GL. The present study aimed to estimate dietary GI and GL utilizing the updated GI tables with a large number of new, reliable GI values and assess their associations with metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed data from 3317 men and 6191 women for this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome and its components were defined based on the harmonized criteria with Korean-specific cutoffs for waist circumference. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with women in the lowest quintiles of energy-adjusted dietary GI and GL, women in the highest quintiles had significantly greater risks of metabolic syndrome (GI, OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.18-2.06; GL, OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.27-2.57), elevated blood pressure, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, both GI and GL), elevated triglycerides (GI only), elevated waist circumference, and elevated fasting glucose (GL only). Among men, no significant association was noted except for a higher risk of reduced HDL-C (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.01-2.29) in the highest quintile of energy-adjusted dietary GI than in the lowest quintile. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that dietary GI and GL are positively associated with metabolic syndrome risk among women, but not men, in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinyoung Jun
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea.
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The Role of Bovine and Non-Bovine Milk in Cardiometabolic Health: Should We Raise the "Baa"? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020290. [PMID: 35057470 PMCID: PMC8780791 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although causality is yet to be confirmed, a considerable volume of research has explored the relationships between cow milk consumption, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Contrastingly, it has not been comprehensively examined whether milk of non-bovine origin can provide cardiometabolic protection. This narrative review outlines the marked differences in macronutrient composition, particularly protein and lipid content, and discusses how whole milk product (and individual milk ingredients) from different species could impact cardiometabolic health. There is some data, although primarily from compositional analyses, animal studies, and acute clinical trials, that non-bovine milk (notably sheep and goat milk) could be a viable substitute to cow milk for the maintenance, or enhancement, of cardiometabolic health. With a high content of medium-chain triglycerides, conjugated linoleic acid, leucine, and essential minerals, sheep milk could assist in the prevention of metabolic-related disorders. Similarly, albeit with a lower content of such functional compounds relative to sheep milk, goat and buffalo milk could be plausible counterparts to cow milk. However, the evidence required to generate nutritional recommendations for ‘non-bovine milk’ is currently lacking. Longer-term randomised controlled trials must assess how the bioactive ingredients of different species’ milks collectively influence biomarkers of, and subsequently incidence of, cardiometabolic health.
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Ghosn B, Falahi E, Keshteli AH, Yazdannik AR, Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Lack of association between nuts and legumes consumption and metabolic syndrome in young Iranian nurses. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46:173-178. [PMID: 34857192 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies have investigated the association between dietary pattern and risk of metabolic syndrome. Limited studies have examined the association between nuts and legumes as a food group and metabolic syndrome. This study explored the association between nuts and legumes and components of metabolic syndrome in Iranian nurses. METHODS This cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 420 female nurses of Isfahan who were randomly selected. Nuts and legumes consumption was assessed using a validated dish-based semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Metabolic syndrome was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Linear and logistic regression tests were used to study the association between nuts and legumes consumption and metabolic syndrome and its components. RESULTS Mean age of study participants was 35 years. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among study participants was 3.6%. Consumption of nuts and legumes was not associated with waist circumference either before (β = -0.01, P = 0.24) or after adjusting for potential confounders (β = -0.18, P = 0.41). The same findings were also observed for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = 0.001, P = 0.42), serum triglyceride (TG) (β = 0.07, P = 0.32), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (β = 0.008, P = 0.65) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (β = -0.001, P = 0.94). We failed to find a significant association between consumption of nuts and legumes and systolic blood pressure (SBP) after adjusting for confounders (β = 0.002, P = 0.38). Individuals in the highest category of nuts and legume consumption did not had elevated odds for metabolic syndrome after adjusting for potential confounders (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.08-9.80, P = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS Nuts and legumes consumption was not associated with metabolic syndrome or its components. Prospective studies are needed to investigate further this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Ghosn
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Falahi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli
- Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ahmad Reza Yazdannik
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular- Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rico D, Cano AB, Martín-Diana AB. Pulse-Cereal Blend Extrusion for Improving the Antioxidant Properties of a Gluten-Free Flour. Molecules 2021; 26:5578. [PMID: 34577047 PMCID: PMC8467424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrusion is an interesting technological tool that facilitates pulse formulation into flour mixtures, with tailored fibre content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glycemic index (GI) among other components in final formulas. The gluten-free (GF) market has significantly grown during the last years. GF products have evolved from specialty health foods to products targeted to the general population and not only associated to celiac consumers. This study evaluates how temperature, cereal base (rice/corn) and pulse concentration affect extruded flour properties and which conditions are more efficient to develop a gluten-free flour with high TAC and low GI. Additionally, it evaluated the effect of this optimal formula after the baking process. The results showed an increase of total phenol (TP) and antioxidant activity with extrusion, with a temperature-dependent effect (130 °C ≥ 120 °C ≥ 110 °C), which may imply an enhanced bioaccessibility of phenolics compounds after extraction. Extrusion increased GI in comparison to native flour; however, a dough temperature of 130 °C resulted in a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower GI than that observed for 110-120 °C doughs, probably associated to the pastification that occurred at higher temperatures, which would decrease the degree of gelatinization of the starches and therefore a significant (p ≤ 0.05) GI reduction. Corn-lentil flour showed higher antioxidant properties and lower GI index in comparison with rice-lentil blends. The formulation of the optimal blend flour into a baked product (muffin) resulted in a significant loss of antioxidant properties, with the exception of the reducing power (FRAP), although the final antioxidant values of the baked product were in the range of the original native flour blend before any process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rico
- Subdirection of Research and Technology, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Finca de Zamadueñas, Ctra. Burgos km. 119, 47171 Valladolid, Spain;
| | | | - Ana Belén Martín-Diana
- Subdirection of Research and Technology, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Finca de Zamadueñas, Ctra. Burgos km. 119, 47171 Valladolid, Spain;
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Comparison of the acute metabolic effect of different infant formulas and human milk in healthy adults: a randomized trial. Nutr Diabetes 2021; 11:13. [PMID: 33859173 PMCID: PMC8050262 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-021-00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Different infant formulas, varying in protein type and quantity, are available for infants who are not breastfed or are partially breastfed. Postprandial insulinemic and glycemic responses to intact vs partially hydrolyzed protein in infant formula are unclear. To compare the effect of different forms (partially hydrolyzed vs non-hydrolyzed) and levels of protein in infant formula compared with a human milk reference subgroup on insulin response in adults. Subjects/Methods In a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study, 35 healthy adults consumed 600 ml of three different infant formulas: Intact protein-based formula (INTACT) (1.87 g protein/100 kcal; whey/casein ratio of 70/30; 63 kcal/100 ml), partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula (PHw) (1.96 g protein/100 kcal; 100% whey; 63 kcal/100 ml), a high-protein partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula (HPPHw) (2.79 g protein/100 kcal; 100%whey; 73 kcal/100 ml) and a subgroup also consumed human milk (HM) (n = 11). Lipid and carbohydrate (lactose) contents were similar (5.1–5.5 and 10.5–11.6 g/100 kcal, respectively). Venous blood samples were taken after overnight fasting and at different intervals for 180 min post-drink for insulin, glucose, blood lipids, GLP-1, glucagon, and C-peptide. Results Twenty-nine subjects (eight consuming HM) adhered to the protocol. INTACT and PHw groups had similar postprandial insulinemia and glycaemia (Cmax and iAUC) that were not different from those of the HM subgroup. HPPHw resulted in higher postprandial insulin responses (iAUC) relative to all other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.002 for the comparison with INTACT, PHw, HM, respectively). HPPHw resulted in a higher glucose response compared to INTACT and PHw (iAUC: p = 0.003, p = 0.001, respectively), but was not different from HM (p = 0.41). Conclusion This study in adults demonstrates similar postprandial insulinemia and glycaemia between INTACT and PHw, close to that of HM, but lower than HPPHw, which had a higher protein content compared to the other test milks. The findings remain to be confirmed in infants. Clinical trial registration This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04332510.
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Sokołowska E, Sadowska A, Sawicka D, Kotulska-Bąblińska I, Car H. A head-to-head comparison review of biological and toxicological studies of isomaltulose, d-tagatose, and trehalose on glycemic control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5679-5704. [PMID: 33715524 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Different preventive and therapeutic agents, as well as various pharmacological strategies or non-pharmacological tools, improve the glycemic profile of diabetic patients. Isomaltulose, d-tagatose, and trehalose are naturally occurring, low glycemic sugars that are not synthesized by humans but widely used in food industries. Various studies have shown that these carbohydrates can regulate glucose metabolism and provide support in maintaining glucose homeostasis in patients with diabetes, but also can improve insulin response, subsequently leading to better control of hyperglycemia. In this review, we discussed the anti-hyperglycemic effects of isomaltulose, D-tagatose, and trehalose, comparing their properties with other known sweeteners, and highlighting their importance for the development of the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Sokołowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Diana Sawicka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Fan W, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhou W, Yang J, Yuan L, Zhang P, Wang H. The H +-pyrophosphatase IbVP1 regulates carbon flux to influence the starch metabolism and yield of sweet potato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:20. [PMID: 33518705 PMCID: PMC7847997 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Storage roots of sweet potato are important sink organs for photoassimilates and energy, and carbohydrate metabolism in storage roots affects yield and starch production. Our previous study showed that sweet potato H+-pyrophosphatase (IbVP1) plays a vital role in mitigating iron deficiency and positively controls fibrous root growth. However, its roles in regulating starch production in storage roots have not been investigated. In this study, we found that IbVP1 overexpression in sweet potato improved the photosynthesis ability of and sucrose content in source leaves and increased both the starch content in and total yield of sink tissues. Using 13C-labeled sucrose feeding, we determined that IbVP1 overexpression promotes phloem loading and sucrose long-distance transport and enhances Pi-use efficiency. In sweet potato plants overexpressing IbVP1, the expression levels of starch biosynthesis pathway genes, especially AGPase and GBSSI, were upregulated, leading to changes in the structure, composition, and physicochemical properties of stored starch. Our study shows that the IbVP1 gene plays an important role in regulating starch metabolism in sweet potato. Application of the VP1 gene in genetic engineering of sweet potato cultivars may allow the improvement of starch production and yield under stress or nutrient-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yinliang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hongxia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Effect of individual- versus collective-based nutritional-lifestyle intervention on the atherogenic index of plasma in children with obesity: a randomized trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:11. [PMID: 33436021 PMCID: PMC7805105 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Atherogenic Index of Plasma is a predictive biomarker of atherosclerosis in adults but there is a lack of studies in paediatric population aimed at evaluating the longitudinal changes of the AIP and of the cardiometabolic blood profile related to nutritional interventions. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of individual- versus collective-based nutritional-lifestyle intervention on the Atherogenic Index of Plasma in schoolchildren with obesity. Methods One-hundred sixty-four children aged 6–12 years with Body Mass Index z-score > 2 referred to the Paediatric Obesity Clinic, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy, were consecutively enrolled and randomized to undergo to either an individual- (n = 82) or a collective- (n = 82) based intervention promoting a balanced normo-caloric diet and physical activity. In addition, the individual intervention included a tailored personalized nutritional advice and education based on the revised Coventry, Aberdeen, and London-Refined taxonomy. Both at baseline and after 12 months of intervention, dietary habits and anthropometric measures were assessed, a fasting blood sample were taken for biochemistry analysis. Results The participation rate at 12 months was 93.3% (n = 153 patients), 76 children in the individual-intervention and 77 children in the collective intervention. At univariate analysis, mean longitudinal change in Atherogenic Index of Plasma was greater in the individual than collective intervention (− 0.12 vs. − 0.05), as well as change in triglyceride-glucose index (− 0.22 vs. − 0.08) and Body Mass Index z-score (− 0.59 vs. − 0.37). At multiple analysis, only change in Body Mass Index z-score remained independently associated with intervention (odds ratio 3.37). Conclusion In children with obesity, an individual-based nutritional and lifestyle intervention, including techniques from the CALO-RE taxonomy, could have an additional beneficial effect over a collective-based intervention, although the actual size of the effect remains to be clarified. Trial Registration Clinical Trials NCT03728621
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Kim JH, Lim JS. Early menarche and its consequence in Korean female: reducing fructose intake could be one solution. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:12-20. [PMID: 32403898 PMCID: PMC7806406 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mean age at menarche (AAM) of Korean females has been rapidly decreasing over the last 50 years; currently, the prevalence of early menarche (<12 years) is 22.3%. Female adolescents who experience early menarche are known to be at greater risk of psychosocial and behavioral problems along with several physical health problems such as menstrual problems. They also tend to achieve a shorter final height and develop obesity. Population-based Korean studies have shown a strong association between early menarche and the risk of obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Although the exact mechanism of how early menarche causes cardiometabolic derangement in later adulthood is unknown, childhood obesity and insulin resistance might be major contributors. Recent studies demonstrated that an excessive consumption of fructose might underlie the development of obesity and insulin resistance along with an earlier AAM. A positive association was observed between sugar-sweetened beverages (a major source of fructose) intake and obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk in Korean females. In pediatrics, establishing risk factors is important in preventing disease in later life. In this regard, early menarche is a simple and good marker for the management of cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood. Decreasing one's fructose intake might prevent early menarche as well as the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung Sub Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Tejavathi D, Sujatha B, Karigar C. Physicochemical properties of starch obtained from Curcuma karnatakensis - A new botanical source for high amylose content. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03169. [PMID: 32042958 PMCID: PMC7002795 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma karnatakensis, a member of Zingiberaceae, is endemic to the state of Karnataka, India. The structure and physicochemical properties of starch isolated from rhizomatous rootstocks of two samples - A and B were analyzed for the first time. Sample A contains 76.4 ± 0.3% of starch, of which 86.6 ± 0.4% is amylose, while sample B has 75.0 ± 0.4% of starch containing 84.6 ± 0.4% of amylose according to UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The shape of the starch granules in both the samples is polygonal and cuboidal with a smooth surface, as revealed by SEM studies. The X-ray diffractogram indicated A type of polymorphs in contrast to other Curcuma species, where B types are reported. Since its high amylose content leads to an increased tendency to retrogradation and the formation of resistant starch, this taxon could become one of the major dietary sources of starch in the future. In addition, a source rich in amylose specifies its prospective application in the pharmaceutical and biodegradable film industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Tejavathi
- Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi, Bengaluru, 560056, India
| | - B.S. Sujatha
- Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi, Bengaluru, 560056, India
| | - C.S. Karigar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi, Bengaluru, 560056, India
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Mohebbi Z, Azizi-Lalabadi M, Hosseini SJ, Abdi Nowrouzani S, Alizadeh M, Homayouni A. The effects of prebiotic bread containing oat ß-glucan and resistant starch on the glycemic index and glycemic load in healthy individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-10-2018-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The enrichment of bread with non-digestible prebiotic ingredients may exert health-promoting effects and provide healthier food choices for those suffering from metabolic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ß-glucan and resistant starch incorporation on the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of white bread.
Design/methodology/approach
Seven different formulations of prebiotic bread were produced using different proportions of ß-glucan (0.8, 1 and 1.2 per cent), resistant starch (5.5, 8 and 10.5 per cent) and the combination of resistant starch and ß-glucan in a ratio of 4:0.5.
Findings
The GI and GL of the prebiotic bread prepared with 1 per cent ß-glucan (w/w) were 55.7 and 7.8, respectively, whereas those of the prebiotic bread prepared with 8 per cent resistant starch (w/w) were 64.8 and 8.42, respectively, with both breads having significantly lower GI and GL values than the control (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the incorporation of 1 per cent ß-glucan may be beneficial in producing prebiotic bread with both low GI and low GL.
Originality/value
Although white bread is a main food source in human diet, its high GI and GL make it an unhealthy food choice. The incorporation of ingredients with prebiotic effects, such as ß-glucan and resistant starch, can improve the nutritional value of this product by lowering its GI and GL.
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Nam KH, An SY, Joo YS, Lee S, Yun HR, Jhee JH, Han SH, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Park JT. Carbohydrate-Rich Diet Is Associated with Increased Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease in Non-Diabetic Subjects. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E793. [PMID: 31167515 PMCID: PMC6617052 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential relationship with metabolic derangements, the association between dietary carbohydrate intake and renal function remains unknown. The present study investigated the impact of dietary carbohydrate intake on the development of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a large-scale prospective cohort with normal renal function. A total of 6746 and 1058 subjects without and with diabetes mellitus (DM) were analyzed, respectively. Carbohydrate intake was assessed by a 24-h dietary recall food frequency questionnaire. The primary endpoint was CKD development, defined as a composite of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the development of proteinuria. CKD newly developed in 20.1% and 36.0% of subjects during median follow-ups of 140 and 119 months in the non-DM and DM subjects, respectively. Categorization of non-DM subjects into dietary carbohydrate density quartiles revealed a significantly higher risk of CKD development in the third and fourth quartiles than in the first quartile (P = 0.037 for first vs. third; P = 0.001 for first vs. fourth). A significant risk elevation was also found with increased carbohydrate density when carbohydrate density was treated as a continuous variable (P = 0.008). However, there was no significant difference in the incident CKD risk among those with DM according to dietary carbohydrate density quartiles. Carbohydrate-rich diets may increase the risk of CKD development in non-DM subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Heon Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Division of Integrated Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Seong Yeong An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongkang Medical Center, Ulsan 44455, Korea.
| | - Young Su Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Sangmi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hae-Ryong Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jong Hyun Jhee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea.
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Moshtaq MA, Rahimi MH, Mollahosseini M, Khorrami-Nezhad L, Maghbooli Z, Mirzaei K, Pooyan S, Setayesh L. Association between dietary glycemic index and liver enzymes level among apparently healthy adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1597-1602. [PMID: 31336527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The previous studies have revealed that there is a link between dietary glycemic index and lipid profile in overweight and obesity. The aim of study was to investigate whether the glycemic index is associated with liver enzymes. METHOD Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured in 265 participants. Dietary glycemic index (GI) was assessed by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. With adjusting confounder variable, Binary logistic regression was also used to predict the relationship between liver enzymes and quartile of intake. RESULTS There was a significant difference between low and high GI diet for BMR (P = 0.01), FFM (P = 0.03), TG (P = 0.02), HDL (P = 0.002). The association between HDL and glycemic index remained significant after adjustment of sex and age (P = 0.03). Using the regression model following adjustment revealed that for each 1% increase in the degree of the GI, there was 11% elevation in liver enzyme abnormalities. In both groups of men and women, enzyme abnormalities positively correlated with GI, while only men showed remarkable correlation in all models (crude model: β = 0.07, OR = 1.07, CI = 0.98to 1.16). Additionally, an increase in the degree of GI caused an elevation in enzyme abnormalities by 7%. With adjusting sex, age, BMI, and Physical activity, a significance correlation was found between GI and Enzyme abnormalities (p-value = 0.03, OR = 1.115). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that high glycemic index diet led to the elevated levels of the liver enzymes, while being significant only in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Moshtaq
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rahimi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mollahosseini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Leila Khorrami-Nezhad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhila Maghbooli
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Sina hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sara Pooyan
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Setayesh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Relation to Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from the 2012⁻2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101467. [PMID: 30304842 PMCID: PMC6213560 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) increases the risk of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, there are not many studies investigating the link between SSBs and increased incidences of diseases in the Asian population, and in particular, in Korea. We explored the association of SSB consumption with the risk of developing obesity and MetS among Korean adults (12,112 participants from the 2012⁻2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). We calculated the total SSB consumption frequency by counting each beverage item, including soda beverages, fruit juices, and sweetened rice drinks. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥25 kg/m², and MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III. A survey logistic regression analyses was conducted to examine the association of SSB consumption with obesity and MetS, adjusting for related confounders such as age, energy intake, household income, education, alcohol drinking, smoking status, and physical activity. The SSB consumption was positively associated with an increased risk of the prevalence for obesity (Odd ratio (OR): 1.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23⁻2.09; p for trend = 0.0009) and MetS (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.20⁻2.16; p for trend = 0.0003) among women. In men, SSB consumption only contributed to a higher prevalence of obesity (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.11⁻1.72; p for trend = 0.0041). In conclusion, increased consumption of SSBs was closely linked with a higher prevalence of obesity and MetS in the Korean population.
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Abstract
Apples are known as a major source of polyphenols, dietary fiber, carotenoids, and other nutrients. There are many documents and studies that show fruit polyphenols likely promote anti-obesity effects and exert their beneficial effects via scavenging free radicals, regulating gene expression, and altering signal transduction in target cells and tissues, especially fat tissues.The goal of this review is to presenti the major components of apple and the evidence that indicates its potential to diminution weight gain risk from in vitro, animal, and epidemiological and clinical studies. This review summarizes data about the apple and apple products that been have reported to reduce weight gain by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling pathways. An extensive search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify human, animal, and cell culture studies on the association between weight loss and apple consumption, published from inception up to journey 15, 2017. The feeding of apples rats (7-10 mg/kg/d) in different forms in 8 experiments have shown that this caused weight loss during 3 to 28 weeks. In agreement with this, the obtained results from 5 experiments on humans have revealed that consumption of the whole apple or apple juice (240-720 mg/d) in 4-12 weeks by fat people can cause weight loss. Experiments on animals and humans have shown that the consumption of apples in different forms can cause weight loss in overweight ones. However, the main questions are which kind of apple, which part of it, how much, and how long overweight persons should consume them to reduce their body fat and body mass index (BMI). Then, it is necessary to do a meta-analysis to show how these factors affect the body fat percentage and whether this weight-lowering effect is statistically significant or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Asgary
- a Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center , Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Ali Rastqar
- b Department de Psychiatry et Neuroscience , Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada.,c Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL) , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Mahtab Keshvari
- a Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center , Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
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Differential association of dietary carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults: data from the 2007-2012 NHANES and KNHANES. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:848-860. [PMID: 29339830 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The risk factors for metabolic syndrome may differ between Western and Asian countries due to their distinct dietary cultures. However, few studies have directly compared macronutrient intake and its association with the risk of metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults using national survey data. SUBJECT/METHODS Based on the data from the US and Korean versions of the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, KNHANES), a total of 3,324 American and 20,515 Korean adults were included. In both countries, dietary intake was measured using a 24-h dietary recall method and metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 50:16:33 in the US adults and 66:15:19 in the Korean adults. Regarding metabolic abnormalities, Korean adults in the highest quintile of carbohydrate intake showed an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in men and women, with abnormalities of reduced HDL cholesterol and elevated triglyceride levels. In contrast, the US men showed no significant association with metabolic syndrome and its abnormalities, while the US women showed an increased risk of reduced HDL cholesterol and elevated triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS A high carbohydrate intake is associated with metabolic abnormalities. As Korean adults consume more carbohydrate than American adults, stronger associations of dietary carbohydrate with metabolic syndrome were observed. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of different contributors to developing metabolic disease in Western and Asian populations.
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Clar C, Al-Khudairy L, Loveman E, Kelly SA, Hartley L, Flowers N, Germanò R, Frost G, Rees K. Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 7:CD004467. [PMID: 28759107 PMCID: PMC6483287 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004467.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycaemic index (GI) is a physiological measure of the ability of a carbohydrate to affect blood glucose. Interest is growing in this area for the clinical management of people at risk of, or with, established cardiovascular disease. There is a need to review the current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in this area. This is an update of the original review published in 2008. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of the dietary GI on total mortality, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular risk factors (blood lipids, blood pressure) in healthy people or people who have established cardiovascular disease or related risk factors, using all eligible randomised controlled trials. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL in July 2016. We also checked reference lists of relevant articles. No language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected RCTs that assessed the effects of low GI diets compared to diets with a similar composition but a higher GI on cardiovascular disease and related risk factors. Minimum trial duration was 12 weeks. Participants included were healthy adults or those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, or previously diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Studies in people with diabetes mellitus were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies. Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias, evaluated the overall quality of the evidence using GRADE, and extracted data following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We contacted trial authors for additional information. Analyses were checked by a second reviewer. Continuous outcomes were synthesized using mean differences and adverse events were synthesized narratively. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-one RCTs were included, with a total of 2538 participants randomised to low GI intervention (1288) or high GI (1250). All 21 included studies reported the effect of low GI diets on risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including blood lipids and blood pressure.Twenty RCTs (18 of which were newly included in this version of the review) included primary prevention populations (healthy individuals or those at high risk of CVD, with mean age range from 19 to 69 years) and one RCT was in those diagnosed with pre-existing CVD (a secondary prevention population, with mean age 26.9 years). Most of the studies did not have an intervention duration of longer than six months. Difference in GI intake between comparison groups varied widely from 0.6 to 42.None of the included studies reported the effect of low GI dietary intake on cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events such as fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and stroke. The unclear risk of bias of most of the included studies makes overall interpretation of the data difficult. Only two of the included studies (38 participants) reported on adverse effects and did not observe any harms (low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence available regarding the effect of low GI diets on cardiovascular disease events. Moreover, there is currently no convincing evidence that low GI diets have a clear beneficial effect on blood lipids or blood pressure parameters.
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Ford ND, Patel SA, Narayan KV. Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Burden, Drivers, and Emerging Challenges. Annu Rev Public Health 2017; 38:145-164. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have reviewed the distinctive features of excess weight, its causes, and related prevention and management efforts, as well as data gaps and recommendations for future research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Obesity is rising in every region of the world, and no country has been successful at reversing the epidemic once it has begun. In LMICs, overweight is higher in women compared with men, in urban compared with rural settings, and in older compared with younger individuals; however, the urban–rural overweight differential is shrinking in many countries. Overweight occurs alongside persistent burdens of underweight in LMICs, especially in young women. Changes in the global diet and physical activity are among the hypothesized leading contributors to obesity. Emerging risk factors include environmental contaminants, chronic psychosocial stress, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and genetic/epigenetic mechanisms. Data on effective strategies to prevent the onset of obesity in LMICs or elsewhere are limited. Expanding the research in this area is a key priority and has important possibilities for reverse innovation that may also inform interventions in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Ford
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Shivani A. Patel
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;,
| | - K.M. Venkat Narayan
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;,
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Due A, Larsen TM, Mu H, Hermansen K, Stender S, Toubro S, Allison DB, Astrup A. The effect of three different ad libitum diets for weight loss maintenance: a randomized 18-month trial. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:727-738. [PMID: 26659070 PMCID: PMC4903943 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the effect of three diets in their ability to sustain weight loss and improve type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers after 18-month intervention. METHODS Following a ≥8 % weight loss, 131 healthy, overweight/obese (BMI ± SD 31.5 ± 2.6 kg/m2) men (n = 55) and women (n = 76) aged 28.2 ± 4.8 years were randomized to either 1. Moderate fat (40 E%) with 20 E% MUFA and low in glycemic index (GI) (MUFA, n = 54), 2. Low fat (25 E%) and medium in GI (LF, n = 51) or 3. Control (35 E% fat) and high in GI (CTR, n = 26) all with similar protein content, and all provided ad libitum. First 6-month intervention with 100 % food provision (previously reported) following 12 months of moderately intensive intervention with 20 % food provision now reported. RESULTS Attrition rate was higher in MUFA (63 %) than in LF (37 %, P = 0.019) and CTR (42 %, P = 0.09) group. Weight regain in completers was not different between groups (mean ± SEM), MUFA 7.1 ± 2.1 % versus LF 5.6 ± 1.3 % versus CTR 7.2 ± 1.5 %, nor was body fat regain, MUFA 4.8 ± 1.0 % versus LF 4.7 ± 0.8 % versus CTR 5.7 ± 0.6 %. The MUFA group reduced LDL/HDL ratio by -0.47 ± 0.09 compared with -0.23 ± 0.11 in LF (P < 0.05) and 0.06 ± 0.14 (P < 0.005) in CTR groups. CONCLUSIONS Weight regain or body composition did not differ between diets over 18 months. No effects on risk markers for T2D or CVD were found, with the exception of an improvement in the LDL/HDL ratio by the MUFA diet compared to the CTR diet. The LF diet was generally more satisfactory and the MUFA diet seemed more difficult to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Due
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Department of Nutrition and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Technology, Metropolitan University College, Pustervig 8, 1126, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas M Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, University of Copenhagen and Biocentrum, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Stender
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Søren Toubro
- Research Unit, Universitetsparken 2, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk, Depart 4177 GLP-1 & Obesity, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - David B Allison
- Department of Biostatistics, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Dallabernardina P, Schuhmacher F, Seeberger PH, Pfrengle F. Mixed-Linkage Glucan Oligosaccharides Produced by Automated Glycan Assembly Serve as Tools To Determine the Substrate Specificity of Lichenase. Chemistry 2017; 23:3191-3196. [PMID: 28084659 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-d-glucan (MLG) specific glycosyl hydrolase lichenase is an important biochemical tool for the structural characterization of MLGs. It holds potential for application in the brewery, animal feed, and biofuel industries. Several defined MLG oligosaccharides obtained by automated glycan assembly are used to analyze the substrate specificities of Bacillus subtilis lichenase. Two glucose building blocks (BBs), equipped with a temporary fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc) protecting group in the C-3 or C-4 position, served to assemble different oligosaccharides by using an automated oligosaccharide synthesizer. Light-induced cleavage of the glycan products from the solid support followed by global deprotection provided seven MLG oligosaccharides of different length and connectivity. After incubation of the MLG oligosaccharides with lichenase, the digestion products were analyzed by HPLC-MS. These digestion experiments provided insights into the enzyme's active site that is in line with other recent evidence suggesting that the substrate specificity of lichenases has to be reconsidered. These results demonstrate that synthetic MLG oligosaccharides are useful tools to analyze mixed-linkage β-glucanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Dallabernardina
- Current address: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Schuhmacher
- Current address: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Current address: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Current address: Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Arvidsson-Lenner R, Asp NG, Axelsen M, Bryngelsson S, Haapa E, Järvi A, Karlström B, Raben A, Sohlström A, Thorsdottir I, Vessby B. Glycaemic Index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11026480410033999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mette Axelsen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Eliina Haapa
- Diabetes Center, Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Brita Karlström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary & Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Inga Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bengt Vessby
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Ferreira-Pêgo C, Babio N, Bes-Rastrollo M, Corella D, Estruch R, Ros E, Fitó M, Serra-Majem L, Arós F, Fiol M, Santos-Lozano JM, Muñoz-Bravo C, Pintó X, Ruiz-Canela M, Salas-Salvadó J. Frequent Consumption of Sugar- and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Natural and Bottled Fruit Juices Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Disease Risk. J Nutr 2016; 146:1528-36. [PMID: 27358413 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.230367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between the consumption of sweetened beverages and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is controversial. OBJECTIVE This analysis evaluated the associations between intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), artificially sweetened beverages, and natural and bottled fruit juices and the incidence of MetS in elderly individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and without MetS at baseline. METHODS We prospectively examined 1868 participants free of MetS at baseline from the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) study. MetS was defined by using the updated harmonized criteria of the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Energy and nutrient intakes were evaluated at baseline and then yearly by using a validated 137-item food-frequency questionnaire. Multivariable-adjusted HRs for MetS and its components were estimated from mean intakes during follow-up. We compared the 2 highest consumption categories (1-5 and >5 servings/wk) with the lowest category (<1 serving/wk). RESULTS A total of 930 incident cases of MetS were documented during a median follow-up of 3.24 y. When we compared consumption of >5 servings/wk with consumption of <1 serving/wk, multivariable HRs (95% CIs) for MetS incidence were 1.43 (1.00, 2.15), 1.74 (1.26, 2.41), 1.30 (1.00, 1.69), and 1.14 (1.04, 1.65) for SSBs, artificially sweetened beverages, natural fruit juices, and bottled fruit juices, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The occasional consumption of SSBs and artificially sweetened beverages (1-5 servings/wk) was not associated with the incidence of MetS in middle-aged and elderly individuals at high risk of CVD. The consumption of >5 servings/wk of all of the types of beverages analyzed was associated with an increased risk of MetS and some of its components. However, for SSBs and bottled fruit juices these associations must be interpreted with caution because of the low frequency of consumption in this population. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as ISRCTN35739639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Ferreira-Pêgo
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV (Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili), Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and
| | - Nancy Babio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV (Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili), Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and
| | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IDISNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Prevention with Mediterranean Diet Research Network (PREDIMED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Emilio Ros
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology, and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Medical Research Institute of Del Mar Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Serra-Majem
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Prevention with Mediterranean Diet Research Network (PREDIMED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Fernando Arós
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Prevention with Mediterranean Diet Research Network (PREDIMED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Araba, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Miguel Fiol
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Palma Institute of Health Research, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José Manuel Santos-Lozano
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud San Pablo, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Muñoz-Bravo
- Department of Public Health and Psychiatry, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Department of Internal Medicine and Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine Service, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IDISNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV (Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili), Biochemistry Biotechnology Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) and Prevention with Mediterranean Diet Research Network (PREDIMED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain;
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27
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Noakes T. The 2012 University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences centenary debate. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2015.11734522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Abstract
The link between carbohydrate intake and health is becoming increasingly important for consumers, particularly in the areas of glycemic index (GI) and extended energy-releasing starches. From a physiological point of view, slowly digestible starch (SDS) delivers a slow and sustained release of blood glucose along with the benefits resulting from low glycemic and insulinemic response. SDS has been implicated in several health problems, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (metabolic syndromes). It may also have commercial potential as a novel functional ingredient in a variety of fields, such as nutrition, medicine, and agriculture. The present review assesses this form of digestion by analyzing methods to prepare and evaluate SDS, and factors affecting its transformation, its health benefits, and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Miao
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu Province , P.R. China
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29
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Juanola-Falgarona M, Salas-Salvadó J, Buil-Cosiales P, Corella D, Estruch R, Ros E, Fitó M, Recondo J, Gómez-Gracia E, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Muñoz MA, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Alfredo Martínez J, Castro-Quezada I, Bulló M. Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Are Positively Associated with Risk of Developing Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 63:1991-2000. [PMID: 26480969 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate how glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its features in middle-aged and elderly adults at high cardiovascular risk. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal, population-based cohort. SETTING PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea study. PARTICIPANTS Men and women (N = 6,606) divided into three age groups (<65, 65-74, ≥75). MEASUREMENTS Energy and nutrient intake was evaluated using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire. MetS and its features were defined in accordance with the criteria of the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. RESULTS A positive association was observed between GI and MetS prevalence in the youngest and middle age groups for participants without diabetes mellitus, but no relationship was found for those with diabetes mellitus. During the median follow-up of 4.8 years, higher GI and GL were related to greater risk of MetS in the middle age group, independent of the presence of diabetes mellitus. Changes in dietary GI were associated with risk of developing the high fasting glucose component of the MetS in the oldest age category, and changes in dietary GL were associated with risk of developing abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high blood pressure in the youngest age category. CONCLUSION Dietary GI and GL have a potential role in the development of MetS and associated clinical features, with particular age-dependent considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Juanola-Falgarona
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Buil-Cosiales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Primary Health Care, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Health Care Centre of Azpilagaña, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Ros
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (Regicor Study Group), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Recondo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Txagorritxu, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Miquel Fiol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands and Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Family Medicine, Primary Care Division of Sevilla, San Pablo Health Center, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Primary Health Care Division and Research, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina Ruiz-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itandehui Castro-Quezada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Augustin LSA, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA, Willett WC, Astrup A, Barclay AW, Björck I, Brand-Miller JC, Brighenti F, Buyken AE, Ceriello A, La Vecchia C, Livesey G, Liu S, Riccardi G, Rizkalla SW, Sievenpiper JL, Trichopoulou A, Wolever TMS, Baer-Sinnott S, Poli A. Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:795-815. [PMID: 26160327 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The positive and negative health effects of dietary carbohydrates are of interest to both researchers and consumers. METHODS International experts on carbohydrate research held a scientific summit in Stresa, Italy, in June 2013 to discuss controversies surrounding the utility of the glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and glycemic response (GR). RESULTS The outcome was a scientific consensus statement which recognized the importance of postprandial glycemia in overall health, and the GI as a valid and reproducible method of classifying carbohydrate foods for this purpose. There was consensus that diets low in GI and GL were relevant to the prevention and management of diabetes and coronary heart disease, and probably obesity. Moderate to weak associations were observed for selected cancers. The group affirmed that diets low in GI and GL should always be considered in the context of diets otherwise understood as healthy, complementing additional ways of characterizing carbohydrate foods, such as fiber and whole grain content. Diets of low GI and GL were considered particularly important in individuals with insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Given the high prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes worldwide and the consistency of the scientific evidence reviewed, the expert panel confirmed an urgent need to communicate information on GI and GL to the general public and health professionals, through channels such as national dietary guidelines, food composition tables and food labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S A Augustin
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - C W C Kendall
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - D J A Jenkins
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A W Barclay
- Glycemic Index Foundation, Sydney, Australia
| | - I Björck
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J C Brand-Miller
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - F Brighenti
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A E Buyken
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Ceriello
- Institut d' Investigación Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G Livesey
- Independent Nutrition Logic, Wymondham, UK
| | - S Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - G Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - S W Rizkalla
- Institute Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), University Pierre et Marie Curie, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), University Pierre et Marie Curie and Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - J L Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Trichopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - T M S Wolever
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - A Poli
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy, Milan, Italy
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31
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Barton S, Navarro SL, Buas MF, Schwarz Y, Gu H, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Kratz M, Neuhouser ML, Lampe JW. Targeted plasma metabolome response to variations in dietary glycemic load in a randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trial in healthy adults. Food Funct 2015; 6:2949-56. [PMID: 26165375 PMCID: PMC4558254 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Low versus high glycemic load (GL) diet patterns are inversely associated with obesity and chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. These associations persist beyond the protection afforded by increased fiber alone, representing an important gap in our understanding of the metabolic effects of GL. We conducted a randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trial of two 28-day diet periods of high and low GL. Using LC-MS, targeted metabolomics analysis of 155 metabolites was performed on plasma samples from 19 healthy adults aged 18-45 years. Fourteen metabolites differed significantly between diets (P < 0.05), with kynurenate remaining significant after Bonferroni correction (P < 4 × 10(-4)). Metabolites with the largest difference in abundance were kynurenate and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), both significantly higher after consumption of the low GL diet. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed clear separation between the two diets; however no specific pathway was identified in pathway analyses. We found significant differences in 14 plasma metabolites suggesting a differing metabolic response to low and high GL diets. Kynurenate is associated with reduced inflammation, and may be one mechanism through which protective effects of a low GL diet are manifested and warrants further evaluation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00622661.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Barton
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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32
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Jyoti S, Shalini P, Satya KC, Gyanendra R. Nutritional and medicinal potential of Grewia subinaequalis DC. (syn. G. asiatica.) (Phalsa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2015.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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33
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Baldwin AJ, Egan DL, Warren F, Barker PD, Dobson CM, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR. Investigating the mechanisms of amylolysis of starch granules by solution-state NMR. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1614-21. [PMID: 25815624 PMCID: PMC4429494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starch is a prominent component of the human diet and is hydrolyzed by α-amylase post-ingestion. Probing the mechanism of this process has proven challenging, due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of individual starch granules. By means of solution-state NMR, we demonstrate that flexible polysaccharide chains protruding from the solvent-exposed surfaces of waxy rice starch granules are highly mobile and that during hydrothermal treatment, when the granules swell, the number of flexible residues on the exposed surfaces increases by a factor of 15. Moreover, we show that these flexible chains are the primary substrates for α-amylase, being cleaved in the initial stages of hydrolysis. These findings allow us to conclude that the quantity of flexible α-glucan chains protruding from the granule surface will greatly influence the rate of energy acquisition from digestion of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Baldwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Danielle L. Egan
- Biopolymers
Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United
Kingdom
| | - Fredrick
J. Warren
- Biopolymers
Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United
Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Barker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Butterworth
- Biopolymers
Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United
Kingdom
| | - Peter R. Ellis
- Biopolymers
Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United
Kingdom
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Turati F, Dilis V, Rossi M, Lagiou P, Benetou V, Katsoulis M, Naska A, Trichopoulos D, La Vecchia C, Trichopoulou A. Glycemic load and coronary heart disease in a Mediterranean population: the EPIC Greek cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:336-342. [PMID: 25638596 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High glycemic load (GL) has been associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. We evaluated whether preference of low-GL foods conveys incremental benefits with respect to CHD, especially to people adhering to the traditional Mediterranean diet (MD). METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed data from the Greek European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, including 20,275 participants free of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or diabetes at baseline and without incident diabetes. Subjects completed a validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at enrollment. We calculated a 10-point MD adherence score and the dietary GL, and estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD incidence and mortality through Cox proportional hazard regression. After a median follow-up of 10.4 years, 417 participants developed CHD, and 162 died from the disease. A significant positive association of GL with CHD incidence emerged (HR for the highest versus the lowest tertile = 1.41, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.05-1.90). HRs for CHD mortality exceeded unity but were not statistically significant. The association with GL was stronger among subjects with higher body mass index. High adherence to MD with low/moderate GL was associated with lower risk of CHD incidence (HR = 0.61, CI: 0.39-0.95) and mortality (HR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23-96). CONCLUSION High dietary GL increases the risk of CHD. Compared to a high GL diet with suboptimal adherence to the traditional Mediterranean pattern, a low/moderate GL diet that also conforms to the traditional MD principles could lead to a 40% reduced risk for CHD, and over 50% reduced risk for death from CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Turati
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - V Dilis
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - M Rossi
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - P Lagiou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - V Benetou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - A Naska
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D Trichopoulos
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanzetti 5, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - A Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Metabolic syndrome risk factors are associated with white rice intake in Korean adolescent girls and boys. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:479-87. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the associations of total carbohydrate intake, dietary glycaemic load (DGL) and white rice intake with metabolic syndrome risk factors by sex in Korean adolescents. For the present cross-sectional study, data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–9) were used. A total of 2209 adolescents (n 1164 boys and n 1045 girls) aged 10–18 years with complete anthropometric, biochemical and dietary intake data were included in the study. Dietary intake data were obtained using the 24 h recall method, and total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake were divided into quartiles by sex. The metabolic syndrome and its risk factors were defined using the International Diabetes Federation criteria for children and adolescents. Fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance were included as the metabolic syndrome risk factors. All statistical analyses considered the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to estimate means with their standard errors of the mean for the metabolic syndrome risk factors across the quartiles of total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake. While high DGL was significantly associated with increased fasting glucose levels in boys, high total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake were consistently associated with reduced HDL-cholesterol levels in girls. High white rice intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in girls but not in boys. Optimising dietary carbohydrate intake with respect to the source or amount is fundamental to preventing and managing metabolic diseases in Asian adolescents.
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Abstract
The main lifestyle interventions to modify serum HDL cholesterol include physical exercise, weight loss with either caloric restriction or specific dietary approaches, and smoking cessation. Moderate alcohol consumption can be permitted in some cases. However, as these interventions exert multiple effects, it is often difficult to discern which is responsible for improvement in HDL outcomes. It is particularly noteworthy that recent data questions the use of HDL cholesterol as a risk factor and therapeutic target since randomised interventions and Mendelian randomisation studies failed to provide evidence for such an approach. Therefore, these current data should be considered when reading and interpreting this review. Further studies are needed to document the effect of lifestyle changes on HDL structure-function and health.
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Argiana V, Kanellos PΤ, Makrilakis K, Eleftheriadou I, Tsitsinakis G, Kokkinos A, Perrea D, Tentolouris N. The effect of consumption of low-glycemic-index and low-glycemic-load desserts on anthropometric parameters and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:1173-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Santos-Gallego CG, Badimon JJ, Rosenson RS. Beginning to understand high-density lipoproteins. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2014; 43:913-47. [PMID: 25432389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reconciles the classic view of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) associated with low risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with recent data (genetics studies and randomized clinical trials) casting doubt over the widely accepted beneficial role of HDL regarding CVD risk. Although HDL cholesterol has been used as a surrogate measure to investigate HDL function, the cholesterol content in HDL particles is not an indicator of the atheroprotective properties of HDL. Thus, more precise measures of HDL metabolism are needed to reflect and account for the beneficial effects of HDL particles. Current and emerging therapies targeting HDL are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Santos-Gallego
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan J Badimon
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Woo HD, Shin A, Kim J. Dietary patterns of Korean adults and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111593. [PMID: 25365577 PMCID: PMC4218781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has been increasing in Korea and has been associated with dietary habits. The aim of our study was to identify the relationship between dietary patterns and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Using a validated food frequency questionnaire, we employed a cross-sectional design to assess the dietary intake of 1257 Korean adults aged 31 to 70 years. To determine the participants’ dietary patterns, we considered 37 predefined food groups in principal components analysis. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The abdominal obesity criterion was modified using Asian guidelines. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the metabolic syndrome were calculated across the quartiles of dietary pattern scores using log binomial regression models. The covariates used in the model were age, sex, total energy intake, tobacco intake, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 19.8% in men and 14.1% in women. The PCA identified three distinct dietary patterns: the ‘traditional’ pattern, the ‘meat’ pattern, and the ‘snack’ pattern. There was an association of increasing waist circumference and body mass index with increasing score in the meat dietary pattern. The multivariate-adjusted prevalence ratio of metabolic syndrome for the highest quartile of the meat pattern in comparison with the lowest quartile was 1.47 (95% CI: 1.00–2.15, p for trend = 0.016). A positive association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the dietary pattern score was found only for men with the meat dietary pattern (2.15, 95% CI: 1.10–4.21, p for trend = 0.005). The traditional pattern and the snack pattern were not associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The meat dietary pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean male adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Dong Woo
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Aesun Shin
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Arikawa AY, Jakits HE, Flood A, Thomas W, Gross M, Schmitz KH, Kurzer MS. Consumption of a high glycemic load but not a high glycemic index diet is marginally associated with oxidative stress in young women. Nutr Res 2014; 35:7-13. [PMID: 25453541 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Research studies have suggested that chronic consumption of high glycemic index foods may lead to chronically high oxidative stress. This is important because oxidative stress is suspected to be an early event in the etiology of many disease processes. We hypothesized that dietary glycemic index and glycemic load were positively associated with oxidative stress assessed by plasma F2-isoprostanes in healthy, premenopausal women (body mass index [BMI] = 24.7 ± 4.8 kg/m(2) and age 25.3 ± 3.5 years, mean ± SD). We measured plasma F2-isoprostanes in 306 healthy premenopausal women at the baseline visit for the Women In Steady Exercise Research study, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dietary glycemic index and load were calculated from the National Cancer Institute Diet History Questionnaire, and participants were divided into quartiles of dietary glycemic index and of glycemic load. Plasma F2-isoprostanes were compared across quartile groups of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load using linear regression models. Plasma F2-isoprostanes (pg/mL) increased with quartile of glycemic load (test for linear trend, P = .033), and also increased with quartile of glycemic index in participants with BMI ≥ 25 (P = .035) but not in those with BMI <25 (P = .924). After adjustment for BMI, alcohol consumption and total energy intake, both these positive trends remained marginally significant (P = .123 for quartiles of glycemic index and P = .065 for quartiles of glycemic load).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Y Arikawa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville FL 32224, USA.
| | - Holly E Jakits
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul MN 55108, USA
| | - Andrew Flood
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - William Thomas
- Division of Biostatistics, A-467 Mayo Building, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Myron Gross
- Molecular Epidemiology and Biomarker Research Laboratory, B-204 Mayo Building, University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
| | - Kathryn H Schmitz
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 903 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mindy S Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul MN 55108, USA
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Kim HJ, Cho S, Jacobs DR, Park K. Instant coffee consumption may be associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106:145-53. [PMID: 25112922 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cumulative evidence suggests that coffee consumption may have beneficial effects on metabolic diseases; however, few previous studies have considered the types of coffee consumed and the additives used. We investigated the relationship between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and its components. METHODS We analyzed 17,953 Korean adults, aged 19-65 years, using cross-sectional data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2007-2011). Coffee consumption level, types of coffee consumed, and the additives used were assessed based on a food frequency questionnaire and 24-h recall. Demographic and lifestyle factors were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Data on metabolic biomarkers were obtained from a health examination. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratios of prevalent metabolic syndrome and its components according to frequency and type of coffee consumption. RESULTS We found that 76% of the subjects were habitual coffee drinkers, most of whom consumed instant coffee mix containing sugar and powder creamer. After multivariable adjustment, the odds ratios (95% CI) comparing those who consumed coffee ≥3 times/day with those who consumed coffee <1 time/week were 1.37 (1.15-1.63) for obesity, 1.33 (1.11-1.59) for abdominal obesity, 1.28 (1.09-1.51) for hypo-HDL cholesterolemia, and 1.37 (1.10-1.72) for metabolic syndrome. Instant-coffee drinkers were observed to have elevated risks of these metabolic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of coffee, particularly instant coffee mix, may have harmful effects on MetSyn, perhaps partly deriving from excessive intake of sugar and powder creamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyong Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Song SH, Hardisty CA. Early-onset Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an increasing phenomenon of elevated cardiovascular risk. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 6:315-22. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Fleming P, Godwin M. Low-glycaemic index diets in the management of blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fam Pract 2013; 30:485-91. [PMID: 23804161 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmt029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary glycaemic index (GI) is a measure of the postprandial glycaemic response to carbohydrates. Observational studies have found increased triglycerides and decreased high-density lipoprotein levels in patients consuming higher GI foods. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to review and synthesize the evidence on the effect of low-glucose index diets on serum lipid levels. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effect of low-GI diets on serum lipid levels. We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library for published, English-language, randomized controlled trials comparing low-GI and high-GI diets for the management of blood lipids in the general population with at least 4 weeks of follow-up. We conducted a meta-analysis assuming a random effects model. RESULTS Four studies met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The individual studies did not always show a significant effect of a low-GI diet on serum lipids; however, when combined in a meta-analysis, low-GI diets were shown to have a significant effect on decreasing total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol over a short time span (5-12 weeks). There was no significant effect on high-density lipoprotein or triglyceride levels. The forest plots for total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol did not show significant statistical heterogeneity (I (2) = 0%). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that a low-GI diet may help lower total and LDL cholesterol. The generalizability of these findings is likely limited by heterogeneity in individual study definitions of low- or high-GI diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fleming
- Primary Health Care Research Unit, Discipline of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
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Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:706-14. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451300305x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of dietary strategies against cardiometabolic risk is increasingly being acknowledged. Legumes and whole grains can modulate risk markers associated with cardiometabolic diseases, but their possible additive/synergistic actions are unknown. The objective of the present study was to assess, in healthy subjects, the effect of a diet including specific whole-grain barley products and legumes with prior favourable outcomes on cardiometabolic risk parameters in semi-acute studies. A total of forty-six overweight women (50–72 years, BMI 25–33 kg/m2and normal fasting glycaemia) participated in a randomised cross-over intervention comparing a diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) with a control diet (D2, diet 2 (control diet)) of similar macronutrient composition but lacking legumes and barley. D1 included 86 g (as eaten)/d brown beans, 82 g/d chickpeas, 58 g/d whole-grain barley kernels and 216 g/d barley kernel bread. Both diets followed the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, providing similar amounts of dietary fibre (D1: 46·9 g/d; D2: 43·5 g/d), with wheat-based products as the main fibre supplier in D2. Each diet was consumed for 4 weeks under weight-maintenance conditions. Both diets decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels, but D1 had a greater effect on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels (P< 0·001 andP< 0·05, respectively). D1 also reduced apoB (P< 0·001) and γ-glutamyl transferase (P< 0·05) levels, diastolic blood pressure (P< 0·05) and the Framingham cardiovascular risk estimate (P< 0·05). D1 increased colonic fermentative activity, as judged from the higher (P< 0·001) breath hydrogen levels recorded. In conclusion, a specific barley/legume diet improves cardiometabolic risk-associated biomarkers in a healthy cohort, showing potential preventive value beyond that of a nutritionally well-designed regimen.
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Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, Savolainen MJ, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Brader L, Mortensen LS, Cloetens L, Johansson-Persson A, Onning G, Landin-Olsson M, Herzig KH, Hukkanen J, Rosqvist F, Iggman D, Paananen J, Pulkki KJ, Siloaho M, Dragsted L, Barri T, Overvad K, Bach Knudsen KE, Hedemann MS, Arner P, Dahlman I, Borge GIA, Baardseth P, Ulven SM, Gunnarsdottir I, Jónsdóttir S, Thorsdottir I, Orešič M, Poutanen KS, Risérus U, Akesson B. Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome -- a randomized study (SYSDIET). J Intern Med 2013; 274:52-66. [PMID: 23398528 PMCID: PMC3749468 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different healthy food patterns may modify cardiometabolic risk. We investigated the effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, blood pressure and inflammatory markers in people with metabolic syndrome. METHODS We conducted a randomized dietary study lasting for 18-24 weeks in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome (mean age 55 years, BMI 31.6 kg m(-2) , 67% women). Altogether 309 individuals were screened, 200 started the intervention after 4-week run-in period, and 96 (proportion of dropouts 7.9%) and 70 individuals (dropouts 27%) completed the study, in the Healthy diet and Control diet groups, respectively. Healthy diet included whole-grain products, berries, fruits and vegetables, rapeseed oil, three fish meals per week and low-fat dairy products. An average Nordic diet served as a Control diet. Compliance was monitored by repeated 4-day food diaries and fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids. RESULTS Body weight remained stable, and no significant changes were observed in insulin sensitivity or blood pressure. Significant changes between the groups were found in non-HDL cholesterol (-0.18, mmol L(-1) 95% CI -0.35; -0.01, P = 0.04), LDL to HDL cholesterol (-0.15, -0.28; -0.00, P = 0.046) and apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 ratios (-0.04, -0.07; -0.00, P = 0.025) favouring the Healthy diet. IL-1 Ra increased during the Control diet (difference -84, -133; -37 ng L(-1) , P = 0.00053). Intakes of saturated fats (E%, beta estimate 4.28, 0.02; 8.53, P = 0.049) and magnesium (mg, -0.23, -0.41; -0.05, P = 0.012) were associated with IL-1 Ra. CONCLUSIONS Healthy Nordic diet improved lipid profile and had a beneficial effect on low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Rizzo M, Nikolic D, Banach M, Giglio RV, Patti AM, Di Bartolo V, Tamburello A, Zabbara A, Pecoraro G, Montalto G, Rizvi AA. The effects of liraglutide on glucose, inflammatory markers and lipoprotein metabolism: current knowledge and future perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Prospective study of changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and its components: the SUN cohort. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1722-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing and lifestyle behaviours may play a role. The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess the association between changes in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the incidence of the MetS and its components in a Spanish cohort of university graduates. We included 8157 participants initially free of the MetS and followed up during at least 6 years. SSB consumption was collected by a FFQ previously validated in Spain. The change in SSB consumption was calculated as the difference between SSB consumption at a 6-year follow-up and baseline consumption. The MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's new definition of the MetS that had harmonised previous definitions. The associations between changes in SSB intake and the MetS were examined using multiple logistic regression. We observed 361 incident cases of the MetS. Participants who increased their consumption of SSB (upper v. lower quintile) had a significantly higher risk of developing the MetS (adjusted OR 2·2, 95 % CI 1·4, 3·5; P for trend = 0·003). Similarly, they presented a significantly higher risk of developing high blood pressure (adjusted OR 1·6, 95 % CI 1·3, 2·1), central obesity (adjusted OR 2·3, 95 % CI 1·9, 2·7), hypertriacylglycerolaemia (adjusted OR 1·7, 95 % CI 1·1, 2·6) or impaired fasting glucose (adjusted OR 1·6, 95 % CI 1·1, 2·2). In conclusion, an increase in SSB consumption was associated with a higher risk of developing the MetS and other metabolic disorders after 6 years of follow-up in a Mediterranean cohort of university graduates.
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Bouchenak M, Lamri-Senhadji M. Nutritional Quality of Legumes, and Their Role in Cardiometabolic Risk Prevention: A Review. J Med Food 2013; 16:185-98. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Bouchenak
- Laboratory of Clinical and Metabolic Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - Myriem Lamri-Senhadji
- Laboratory of Clinical and Metabolic Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oran, Oran, Algeria
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Latulippe ME, Meheust A, Augustin L, Benton D, Berčík P, Birkett A, Eldridge AL, Faintuch J, Hoffmann C, Jones JM, Kendall C, Lajolo F, Perdigon G, Prieto PA, Rastall RA, Sievenpiper JL, Slavin J, de Menezes EW. ILSI Brazil International Workshop on Functional Foods: a narrative review of the scientific evidence in the area of carbohydrates, microbiome, and health. Food Nutr Res 2013; 57:19214. [PMID: 23399638 PMCID: PMC3568172 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.19214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To stimulate discussion around the topic of ‘carbohydrates’ and health, the Brazilian branch of the International Life Sciences Institute held the 11th International Functional Foods Workshop (1–2 December 2011) in which consolidated knowledge and recent scientific advances specific to the relationship between carbohydrates and health were presented. As part of this meeting, several key points related to dietary fiber, glycemic response, fructose, and impacts on satiety, cognition, mood, and gut microbiota were realized: 1) there is a need for global harmonization of a science-based fiber definition; 2) low-glycemic index foods can be used to modulate the postprandial glycemic response and may affect diabetes and cardiovascular outcomes; 3) carbohydrate type may influence satiety and satiation; glycemic load and glycemic index show links to memory, mood, and concentration; 4) validated biomarkers are needed to demonstrate the known prebiotic effect of carbohydrates; 5) negative effects of fructose are not evident when human data are systematically reviewed; 6) new research indicates that diet strongly influences the microbiome; and 7) there is mounting evidence that the intestinal microbiota has the ability to impact the gut–brain axis. Overall, there is much promise for development of functional foods that impact the microbiome and other factors relevant to health, including glycemic response (glycemic index/glycemic load), satiety, mood, cognition, and weight management.
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