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Costello LA, Ziegler K, McCormack L, Akbaryan A, Vargas JC, Harris WS, Jackson KH, Barber M, Morales S, Elliott AJ, Hockett C, Shuffrey LC. Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity moderates the association between prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and infant cord blood omega-3 levels. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:535. [PMID: 39143534 PMCID: PMC11323614 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empirical evidence has demonstrated associations between pre-pregnancy obesity and perinatal maternal depressive symptoms. Omega-3 is an essential fatty acid derived from dietary sources that is critical for fetal brain development. Pre-pregnancy obesity is associated with higher omega-3 intake, but a weaker association between dietary intake and respective maternal and cord blood omega-3 levels. Further, lower intake of omega-3 during pregnancy has been linked to higher depressive symptoms. Yet, prior studies have not examined the interactive effects of pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OWOB) and prenatal maternal mental health symptoms on infant cord blood omega-3 levels. METHODS Participants included 394 maternal-infant dyads from the NIH Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) - Safe Passage Study in South Dakota. A pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) > 25 was used to dichotomize participants as OWOB (54%) vs. non-OWOB (46%). Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and prenatal maternal anxiety symptoms were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). We implemented linear regression models to examine the interaction term between pre-pregnancy BMI category and prenatal maternal mental health symptoms on cord blood omega-3 levels. Secondary analyses were stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI category. RESULTS We observed a significant interaction between pre-pregnancy BMI category and prenatal maternal depressive symptoms with cord blood omega-3 (F(4,379) = 6.21, p < .0001, adj. R2 = 0.05). Stratified models revealed an association between prenatal maternal depressive symptoms with lower cord blood omega-3 levels only among individuals with pre-pregnancy OWOB (β = -0.06, 95% CI = -0.11, -0.02; F (2,208) = 4.00, p < .05, adj R2 = 0.03). No associations were observed among non-OWOB participants. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest maternal-placental transfer of omega-3 may represent one pathway by which maternal metabolic and mental health impacts infant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Costello
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Katherine Ziegler
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Lacey McCormack
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Anahid Akbaryan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julianna Collazo Vargas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA
| | - Kristina H Jackson
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA
| | - Maria Barber
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Santiago Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Amy J Elliott
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Christine Hockett
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Lauren C Shuffrey
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Ezechukwu HC, Ney LJ, Jarvis MA, Shrestha N, Holland OJ, Cuffe JSM, Perkins AV, Yau SY, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Sex-Specific Changes to Brain Fatty Acids, Plasmalogen, and Plasma Endocannabinoids in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High-Linoleic-Acid Diets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7911. [PMID: 39063152 PMCID: PMC11277558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) is required for neuronal development. We have previously demonstrated sex-specific changes in cardiovascular and hepatic function in rat offspring from mothers consuming a high-LA diet, with some effects associated with reduced LA concentration in the postnatal diet. At this time, the impact of a high-maternal-LA diet on offspring brain development and the potential for the postnatal diet to alter any adverse changes are unknown. Rat offspring from mothers fed low- (LLA) or high-LA (HLA) diets during pregnancy and lactation were weaned at postnatal day 25 (PN25) and fed LLA or HLA diets until sacrifice in adulthood (PN180). In the offspring's brains, the postnatal HLA diet increased docosapentaenoate in males. The maternal HLA diet increased LA, arachidonate, docosapentaenoate, C18:0 dimethylacetal (DMA), C16:0 DMA, C16:0 DMA/C16:0, and C18:0 DMA/C18:0, but decreased eoicosenoate, nervoniate, lignocerate, and oleate in males. Maternal and postnatal HLA diets reduced oleate and vaccenate and had an interaction effect on myristate, palmitoleate, and eicosapentaenoate in males. In females, maternal HLA diet increased eicosadienoate. Postnatal HLA diet increased stearate and docosapentaenoate. Maternal and postnatal HLA diets had an interaction effect on oleate, arachidate, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/omega (n)-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in females. Postnatal HLA diet decreased DHA/n-6 DPA in males and females. Postnatal HLA diet increased plasma endocannabinoids (arachidonoyl ethanolamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol), as well as other N-acyl ethanolamides and testosterone. HLA diet alters brain fatty acids, plasma endocannabinoids, and plasmalogen concentrations in a development-specific and sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C. Ezechukwu
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Luke J. Ney
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.J.N.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Madeline A. Jarvis
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.J.N.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Nirajan Shrestha
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Olivia J. Holland
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
| | - James S. M. Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Anthony V. Perkins
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
- School of Health, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong;
- Mental Health Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Li J, Hu R, Luo H, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Luo Q, Xia P. Associations between dietary habits and bipolar disorder: a diet-wide mendelian randomization study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1388316. [PMID: 38800064 PMCID: PMC11116565 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1388316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diet/nutrition is critically important in the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment outcomes of various mental disorders. Current research predominantly focuses on the role of diet in the development and treatment of depression, with less attention given to the relationship between diet and Bipolar Disorder (BD). Method We employed Mendelian Randomization (MR) to investigate the relationship between 28 dietary habits and BD. An analysis was conducted using publicly available genome-wide association study data from the UK Biobank dataset. Various dietary habits were analyzed as exposures with BD as the outcome, mainly using the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method. Results Intake of non-oily fish and sponge pudding both have a positive association with BD. Oily fish, dried fruit, apples, salt, and cooked vegetables intake also appeared potentially risky for BD, although the possibility of false positives cannot be ruled out. Sensitivity analysis further confirmed the robustness of these findings. Conclusion Our research provides evidence of a relationship between various dietary habits and BD. It underscores the need for careful dietary management and balance to reduce the risk of BD, suggesting caution with dietary preferences for fish and sponge pudding. Furthermore, more detailed studies are needed to further understand the potential impacts of high-sugar and high-protein diets on BD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Renqin Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huirong Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanwei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pingyou Xia
- Yongchuan District Mental Health Center, Chongqing, China
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Li S, Li R, Hu X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Gao Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Song C, Huang S, Zhang E, Zhang J, Xia Z, Wan C. Omega-3 supplementation improves depressive symptoms, cognitive function and niacin skin flushing response in adolescent depression: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:394-403. [PMID: 38190276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive disorder in adolescents is a major health problem with inadequate treatment. Omega-3 (ω3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are a promising adjuvant therapy in adult depression. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of adjuvant ω3 treatment on depressive symptoms in adolescent depression. Secondarily, we explored the effects of ω3 on cognitive function and memory and niacin skin flushing response (NSFR), as their robust associations with adolescent depression. METHODS A total of 71 adolescents with depression (aged 13-24; 59.2 % female) were randomly assigned to receive ω3 plus Paxil (n = 34) or Paxil alone (n = 37) for 12 weeks. Primary outcome was depression severity according to scores on Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Secondary outcomes were cognitive function and memory, and NSFR. RESULTS Significant improvements in depressive symptoms over time (p = 0.00027 at week 12) were observed in the ω3 + Paxil group compared with Paxil group. Additionally, in the ω3 + Paxil group, significant improvements in memory over time, and greater cognitive function and NSFR were also observed compared with the Paxil group; the NSFR was negatively correlated with MADRS scores at baseline. LIMITATIONS The trial was open label; thus, the outcome measures should be viewed as preliminary since inherent bias in outcomes due to the potential of a placebo effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that adjuvant ω3 treatment is effective for reducing depressive symptoms as well as improving cognitive function, memory and the NSFR; these results suggest ω3 is a promising adjuvant treatment for adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rulan Li
- The First People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanfu Song
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Shucai Huang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - En Zhang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Xia
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China.
| | - Chunling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Gorman-Sandler E, Wood G, Cloude N, Frambes N, Brennen H, Robertson B, Hollis F. Mitochondrial might: powering the peripartum for risk and resilience. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1286811. [PMID: 38187925 PMCID: PMC10767224 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1286811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The peripartum period, characterized by dynamic hormonal shifts and physiological adaptations, has been recognized as a potentially vulnerable period for the development of mood disorders such as postpartum depression (PPD). Stress is a well-established risk factor for developing PPD and is known to modulate mitochondrial function. While primarily known for their role in energy production, mitochondria also influence processes such as stress regulation, steroid hormone synthesis, glucocorticoid response, GABA metabolism, and immune modulation - all of which are crucial for healthy pregnancy and relevant to PPD pathology. While mitochondrial function has been implicated in other psychiatric illnesses, its role in peripartum stress and mental health remains largely unexplored, especially in relation to the brain. In this review, we first provide an overview of mitochondrial involvement in processes implicated in peripartum mood disorders, underscoring their potential role in mediating pathology. We then discuss clinical and preclinical studies of mitochondria in the context of peripartum stress and mental health, emphasizing the need for better understanding of this relationship. Finally, we propose mitochondria as biological mediators of resilience to peripartum mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gorman-Sandler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
- Columbia VA Healthcare System, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Gabrielle Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Nazharee Cloude
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Noelle Frambes
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Hannah Brennen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Breanna Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Fiona Hollis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
- Columbia VA Healthcare System, Columbia, SC, United States
- USC Institute for Cardiovascular Disease Research, Columbia, SC, United States
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Harauma A, Yoshihara H, Hoshi Y, Hamazaki K, Moriguchi T. Effects of Varied Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Postpartum Mental Health and the Association between Prenatal Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Postpartum Mental Health. Nutrients 2023; 15:4388. [PMID: 37892462 PMCID: PMC10610328 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the postpartum mental health of women who had consumed perilla oil or fish oil containing various omega-3 fatty acids for 12 weeks starting in mid-pregnancy. The association between fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and mental health risk factors was also examined. Healthy Japanese primiparas in mid-pregnancy (gestational weeks 18-25) were randomly divided into two groups and consumed approximately 2.0 g/day of omega-3 fatty acids in either perilla oil (the ALA dose was 2.4 g/day) or fish oil (the EPA + DHA dose was 1.7 g/day) for 12 weeks. Maternal mental health was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as the primary measure and the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) as the secondary measure. Data from an observational study were used as a historical control. Maternal blood, cord blood, and colostrum samples were collected for fatty acid composition analysis. In addition, completers of the observational studies were enrolled in a case-control study, wherein logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between maternal fatty acids and EPDS score. The proportion of participants with a high EPDS score (≥9) was significantly lower in the perilla oil group (12.0%, p = 0.044) but not in the fish oil group (22.3%, p = 0.882) compared with the historical control (21.6%), while the proportions between the former groups also tended to be lower (p = 0.059). No marked effect of omega-3 fatty acid intake was observed from the MIBS results. In the case-control study of the historical control, high levels of α-linolenic acid in maternal erythrocytes were associated with an EPDS score of <9 (odds ratio of 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.06, 0.84, p = 0.018 for trend). The results of this study suggest that consumption of α-linolenic acid during pregnancy may stabilize postpartum mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Harauma
- Laboratory for Functional Lipid Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Hajime Yoshihara
- Japan Community Health Care Organization, Sagamino Hospital, 1-2-30 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-0206, Japan;
| | - Yukino Hoshi
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Kei Hamazaki
- Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Toru Moriguchi
- Laboratory for Functional Lipid Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
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Khandelwal S, Kondal D, Gupta R, Chaudhry M, Dutta S, Ramakrishnan L, Patil K, Swamy M, Prabhakaran D, Tandon N, Ramakrishnan U, Stein AD. Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation in Lactating Women Increases Breast Milk and Erythrocyte Membrane Docosahexaenoic Acid Concentrations and Alters Infant n-6:n-3 Fatty Acid Ratio. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:102010. [PMID: 37877035 PMCID: PMC10590723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or high n-6 (ω-6):n-3 ratio in pregnant women is associated with poor fetal growth velocity and suboptimal neurodevelopment. However, there is a lack of data on levels of important n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FAs) at different time points during pregnancy and lactation from India. Data on how much DHA is transferred during actual supplementation are also scarce. Objectives We report the concentrations of n-6 and n-3 FAs in maternal and infant blood and in breast milk following maternal supplementation with DHA or placebo. Methods A total of 957 pregnant women (≤20 wk) from Belagavi, Karnataka, were randomly assigned to receive either 400 mg/d of algal DHA or placebo through 6 mo postpartum. Blood samples were collected from the mother at recruitment/baseline, delivery, and 6 mo postpartum and from the infant at birth (cord) and 12 mo (venous). Breast milk samples were collected from a subsample at delivery, 1 mo and 6 mo postpartum. The FA profile was analyzed using gas chromatography. Results The concentration of DHA appeared to be higher in erythrocyte and breast milk samples of the DHA-supplemented group at all subsequent time points. The n-6:n-3 ratio was lower among women in the DHA group at delivery [DHA: 4.08 (1.79); placebo: 5.84 (3.57); P < 0.001] and at 6 mo postpartum [DHA: 5.34 (2.64); placebo: 7.69 (2.9); P < 0.001]. Infants of DHA-supplemented mothers also had a lower n-6:n-3 ratio at delivery and 12 mo. The n-6:n-3 ratio of breast milk increased from delivery through 1 to 6 mo but remained lower in the DHA-supplemented group than in the placebo. Conclusions Maternal DHA supplementation with 400 mg/d from early pregnancy through 6 mo postpartum significantly increased circulating DHA in breast milk and infant erythrocyte, whereas decreased erythrocyte and breast milk n-6:n-3 ratio. However, maternal supplementation did not get the ratio to the recommended levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Khandelwal
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- Department of Biostatistics, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurugram, India
| | - Dimple Kondal
- Department of Biostatistics, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurugram, India
| | - Ruby Gupta
- Department of Biostatistics, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurugram, India
| | - Monica Chaudhry
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Soumam Dutta
- Department of Home Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
- Department of Nutrition, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Kamal Patil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KLE’s J.N. Medical College Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - M.K. Swamy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KLE’s J.N. Medical College Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- Department of Biostatistics, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurugram, India
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aryeh D. Stein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Rupanagunta GP, Nandave M, Rawat D, Upadhyay J, Rashid S, Ansari MN. Postpartum depression: aetiology, pathogenesis and the role of nutrients and dietary supplements in prevention and management. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:1274-1293. [PMID: 37304359 PMCID: PMC10250836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a challenging psychological disorder faced by 10-30% of mothers across the globe. In India, it occurs among 22% of mothers. Its aetiology and pathophysiology aren't fully understood as of today but multiple theories on the interplay of hormones, neurotransmitters, genetics, epigenetics, nutrients, socio-environmental factors, etc. exist. Nutrients are not only essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, but they may also indirectly influence genomic pathways that methylate DNA, and there is evidence for molecular associations between nutritional quality and psychological well-being. Increased behavioural disorders have been attributed to macro- and micronutrient deficiencies, and dietary supplementation has been effective in treating several neuropsychiatric illnesses. Nutritional deficiencies occur frequently in women, especially during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive literature review of evidence-based research in order to identify, gather and summarize existing knowledge on PPD's aetiology, pathophysiology, and the role of nutrients in its prevention as well as management. The possible mechanisms of action of nutrients are also presented here. Study findings show that the risk of depression increases when omega-3 fatty acid levels are low. Both fish oil and folic acid supplements have been used to effectively treat depression. Antidepressant efficacy is lowered by folate insufficiency. Folate, vitamin B12, iron, etc. deficiencies are more prevalent in depressed people than in non-depressed people. Serum cholesterol levels and plasma tryptophan levels are found to be inversely correlated with PPD. Serum vitamin D levels were associated inversely with perinatal depression. These findings highlight the importance of adequate nutrition in the antepartum period. Given that nutritional therapies can be affordable, safe, simple to use, and are typically well-accepted by patients, more focus should be placed on dietary variables in PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnana Prasoona Rupanagunta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres Campus, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Nandave
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), MB Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector 3, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Divya Rawat
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres Campus, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jyoti Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres Campus, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Jiang Y, Chen Y, Wei L, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhou X, Zhu S, Du Y, Su R, Fang C, Ding W, Feng L. DHA supplementation and pregnancy complications. J Transl Med 2023; 21:394. [PMID: 37330569 PMCID: PMC10276458 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation is recommended for women during pregnancy because of its neurological, visual, and cognitive effects. Previous studies have suggested that DHA supplementation during pregnancy may prevent and treat certain pregnancy complications. However, there are contradictions in the current related studies, and the specific mechanism by which DHA acts remains unclear. This review summarizes the research on the relationship between DHA intake during pregnancy and preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and postpartum depression. Furthermore, we explore the impact of DHA intake during pregnancy on the prediction, prevention, and treatment of pregnancy complications as well as its impact on offspring neurodevelopment. Our results suggest that there is limited and controversial evidence for the protective effect of DHA intake on pregnancy complications, with the exception of preterm birth and gestational diabetes mellitus. However, additional DHA supplementation may improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring of women with pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lijie Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shenglan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chenyun Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wencheng Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Fish-Williamson A, Hahn-Holbrook J. Nutritional factors and cross-national postpartum depression prevalence: an updated meta-analysis and meta-regression of 412 studies from 46 countries. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1193490. [PMID: 37398595 PMCID: PMC10311512 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1193490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common complication associated with childbirth and can lead to adverse outcomes for both mothers and their children. A previous meta-analysis found that PPD prevalence varies widely across countries. One potential underexplored contributor to this cross-national variation in PPD is diet, which contributes to mental health and varies significantly around the world. Here, we sought to update the global and national estimates of PPD prevalence using systematic review and meta-analysis. Further, we examined whether cross-national variation in PPD prevalence is associated with cross-national variation in diet using meta-regression. Methods To estimate national rates of PPD prevalence, we conducted an updated systematic review of all papers reporting PPD prevalence using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale between 2016-2021 and combined our findings with a previous meta-analysis of articles published between 1985-2015. PPD prevalence and methods were extracted from each study. Random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate global and national PPD prevalence. To examine dietary predictors, we extracted data on sugar-sweetened beverage, fruit, vegetable, total fiber, yogurt, and seafood consumption from the Global Dietary Database. Random effects meta-regression was used to test whether between-country and within-country variation in dietary factors predicted variation in PPD prevalence, controlling for economic and methodological variables. Results 412 studies of 792,055 women from 46 countries were identified. The global pooled prevalence of PPD was 19.18% (95% confidence interval: 18.02 to 20.34%), ranging from 3% in Singapore to 44% in South Africa. Countries that consumed more sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) had higher rates of PPD (Coef. = 0.325, p = 0.044, CI:0.010-0.680); Moreover, in years when higher rates of sugar-sweetened beverages were consumed in a country, there were correspondingly higher rates of PPD in that country (Coef. = 0.129, p = 0.026, CI: 0.016-0.242). Conclusion The global prevalence of PPD is greater than previous calculations, and drastically varies by country. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption explained some of the national variation in PPD prevalence.
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Cao Y, Wei Q, Zou L, Jiang S, Deng H, Jiang C, Cui N, Huang S, Ge Y, Li Y, Tan L, Guo S, Wang S, Zhou L, Hao L, Xu K, Yang X. Postpartum dietary intake, depression and the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in mature breast milk in Wuhan, China. Food Funct 2023; 14:2385-2391. [PMID: 36779540 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) is an important fatty acid in breast milk and is essential for infantile growth and cognitive development. However, the factors that affect the DHA concentration in breast milk have not been completely clarified. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the composition of breast milk fatty acids and to identify maternal factors associated with breast milk DHA concentration in postpartum women in Wuhan, China. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed milk fatty acids in 115 lactating women at 30-120 days postpartum using GC-MS. Maternal sociodemographic, health and other information were collected using a self-reported questionnaire. Maternal dietary intake information was collected through a 24-hour dietary recall method. Postpartum depression status was identified using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results: The mean DHA proportion in breast milk was 0.49%. The multivariate regression model showed that the milk DHA proportion was positively associated with maternal aquatic product intake (β = 0.183, 95%CI: 0.052, 0.314) and DHA supplement use (β = 0.146, 95%CI: 0.108, 0.185), and negatively associated with postpartum depression status (β = -0.122, 95%CI: -0.243, -0.002) after adjustment for several maternal and infant factors. Conclusion: Increasing maternal aquatic product intake and DHA supplement use and improving postpartum depression status may increase DHA concentration in breast milk in lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | | | - Li Zou
- Hanyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | | | - Haichao Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | | | - Ningning Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Yanyan Ge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Le Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Leilei Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Liping Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Kun Xu
- Hanyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P.R. China.
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Association between Arachidonic Acid and the Risk of Schizophrenia: A Cross-National Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051195. [PMID: 36904193 PMCID: PMC10005211 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs), are crucial for both the structural and functional integrity of cells. PUFAs have been reported to be insufficient in schizophrenia, and the resulting cell membrane impairments have been hypothesized as an etiological mechanism. However, the impact of PUFA deficiencies on the onset of schizophrenia remain uncertain. We investigated the associations between PUFAs consumption and schizophrenia incidence rates through correlational analyses and conducted Mendelian randomization analyses to reveal the causal effects. Using dietary PUFA consumption and national schizophrenia incidence rates in 24 countries, we found that incidence rates of schizophrenia were inversely correlated with arachidonic acid (AA) and ω-6 LCPUFA consumption (rAA = -0.577, p < 0.01; rω-6 LCPUFA = -0.626, p < 0.001). Moreover, Mendelian randomization analyses revealed that genetically predicted AA and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) were protective factors against schizophrenia (ORAA = 0.986, ORGLA = 0.148). In addition, no significant relationships were observed between schizophrenia and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or other ω-3 PUFAs. These findings show that the deficiencies of ω-6 LCPUFAs, especially AA, are associated with schizophrenia risk, which sheds novel insight into the etiology of schizophrenia and a promising diet supplementation for the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Evidence based recommendations for an optimal prenatal supplement for women in the US: vitamins and related nutrients. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2022; 8:4. [PMID: 35818085 PMCID: PMC9275129 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-022-00139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood levels of most vitamins decrease during pregnancy if un-supplemented, including vitamins A, C, D, K, B1, B3, B5, B6, folate, biotin, and B12. Sub-optimal intake of vitamins from preconception through pregnancy increases the risk of many pregnancy complications and infant health problems. In the U.S., dietary intake of vitamins is often below recommended intakes, especially for vitamin D, choline and DHA. Many studies suggest that insufficient vitamin intake is associated with a wide range of pregnancy complications (anemia, Cesarean section, depression, gestational diabetes, hypertension, infertility, preeclampsia, and premature rupture of membranes) and infant health problems (asthma/wheeze, autism, low birth weight, congenital heart defects, intellectual development, intrauterine growth restriction, miscarriage, neural tube defects, orofacial defects, and preterm birth). The primary goal of this paper is to review the research literature and propose evidence-based recommendations for the optimal level of prenatal supplementation for each vitamin for most women in the United States. A secondary goal was to compare these new recommendations with the levels of vitamins in over 180 commercial prenatal supplements. The analysis found that prenatal supplements vary widely in content, often contained only a subset of essential vitamins, and the levels were often below our recommendations. This suggests that increasing prenatal vitamin supplementation to the levels recommended here may reduce the incidence of many pregnancy complications and infant health problems which currently occur.
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Cussotto S, Delgado I, Oriolo G, Kemper J, Begarie D, Dexpert S, Sauvant J, Leboyer M, Aouizerate B, Martin-Santos R, Schaefer M, Capuron L. Low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids predict reduced response to standard antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2022; 39:407-418. [PMID: 35357051 DOI: 10.1002/da.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a high rate of treatment resistance. Omega (ω)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were shown to correlate with depressive phenotype both in rodents and in humans. However, few studies to date have investigated the role of PUFAs in antidepressant response. The primary aim of this study was to assess the link between baseline PUFA composition and changes in depressive symptoms as well as antidepressant response in a multicenter study of depressed patients. METHODS Sixty depressed adults who met criteria for MDD according to DSM-IV-TR were recruited. Neuropsychiatric evaluations occurred at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment with standard antidepressants, including escitalopram (N = 45), sertraline (N = 13) and venlafaxine (N = 2). At study endpoint, patients were stratified into responders (R) or non-responders (NR) based on their MADRS (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale) score. Baseline PUFA levels were assessed and their association with clinical response was determined. RESULTS Lower ω-3 PUFA levels were associated to worse baseline symptomatology. Baseline levels of PUFAs were significantly different between R and NR, with R exhibiting lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and ω-3 index; and higher ω-6/ω-3 ratio than NR before the start of antidepressant treatment. DHA levels as well as the ω-3 index and ω-6/ω-3 ratio significantly predicted response to antidepressants at study endpoint. CONCLUSIONS These results show that baseline levels of PUFAs predict later response to standard antidepressants in depressed subjects. They suggest that PUFA intake and/or metabolism represent a novel modifiable tool for the management of unresponsive depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cussotto
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Inês Delgado
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Oriolo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonas Kemper
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Addiction Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Diane Begarie
- Departement de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Dexpert
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Sauvant
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- INSERM, U955, Translational Neuro-Psychiatry lab, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Département Universitaire d'Addictologie et Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Henri Mondor University Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France.,CH Charles Perrens, Pôle de Psychiatrie Générale et Universitaire, Centre de référence régional des pathologies anxieuses et dépressives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rocío Martin-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Schaefer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Addiction Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucile Capuron
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
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Kumar Sethukali A, Darshaka Jayasena D. Fatty Acid Profiles of Venus Clam ( Marcia opima) and Blood Cockles ( Anadara granosa) Harvested at Different Geographical Locations in the Northwest Coast of Sri Lanka. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2022.2048155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Sethukali
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesh Darshaka Jayasena
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, Badulla, Sri Lanka
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Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Lower Depressive Symptoms among U.S. Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020278. [PMID: 35057462 PMCID: PMC8780598 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a leading cause of disability, yet current prevention and treatment approaches have only had modest effects. It is important to better understand the role of dietary patterns on depressive symptoms, which may help prevent depression or complement current treatments. This study examined whether adherence to a Mediterranean diet (Med Diet), determined by the Alternate Med Diet score (aMED), was associated with depressive symptoms in a representative sample of U.S. adults. The aMED score (range 0–9) was calculated from a 24-h diet recall with gender-specific quartiles (Q) estimated. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to define depressive symptoms, which was dichotomized as no to mild (0–9) versus moderate to severe symptoms (10–27). Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between quartiles of aMED and depressive symptoms when controlling for sociodemographics, total calories, and the time of year of diet recall; 7.9% of the sample had moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Compared to individuals with the lowest aMED (Q1), individuals in Q3 and Q4 had 40% and 45% lower odds of moderate to severe depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50, 0.74; OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.84, respectively). This study provides modest support of Med Diet’s role in supporting positive mental health.
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Harauma A, Nakamura S, Wakinaka N, Mogi K, Moriguchi T. Influence of ω3 fatty acids on maternal behavior and brain oxytocin in the murine perinatal period. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 176:102386. [PMID: 34896909 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perinatal women often experience mood disorders and postpartum depression due to the physical load and the rapid changes in hormone levels caused by pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing. When the mother's emotions become unstable, their parental behavior (maternal behavior) may decline, the child's attachment may weaken, and the formation of mother-child bonding can become hindered. As a result, the growth of the child may be adversely affected. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ω3 fatty acid deficiency in the perinatal period on maternal behavior and the oxytocin concentration and fatty acid composition in brain tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Virgin female C57BL/6 J mice fed a ω3 fatty acid-deficient (ω3-Def) or adequate (ω3-Adq) diet were mated for use in this study. To assess maternal behavior, nest shape was evaluated at a fixed time from gestational day (GD) 15 to postpartum day (PD) 13, and a retrieval test was conducted on PD 3. For neurochemical measurement, brains were removed from PD 1-6 dams and hippocampal fatty acids and hypothalamic oxytocin concentrations were assessed. RESULTS Peripartum nest shape scores were similar to those reported previously (Harauma et al., 2016); nests in the ω3-Def group were small and of poor quality whereas those in the ω3-Adq group were large and elaborate. The inferiority of nest shape in the ω3-Def group continued from PD 0-7. In the retrieval test performed on PD 3, dams in the ω3-Def group took longer on several parameters compared with those in the ω3-Adq group, including time to make contact with pups (sniffing time), time to start retrieving the next pup (interval time), and time to retrieve the last pup to the nest (grouping time). Hypothalamic oxytocin concentrations on PD 1-6 were lower in the ω3-Def group than in the ω3-Adq group. DISCUSSION Our data show that ω3 fatty acid deficiency reduces maternal behavior, a state that continued during pup rearing. This was supported by the observed decrease in hypothalamic oxytocin concentration in the ω3-Def group. These results suggest that ω3 fatty acid supplementation during the perinatal period is not only effective in delivering ω3 fatty acids to infants but is also necessary to activate high-quality parental behavior in mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Harauma
- Laboratory for Functional Lipid Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shunichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Natsuko Wakinaka
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Laboratory of Companion Animal Research, Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Toru Moriguchi
- Laboratory for Functional Lipid Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
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Ratsika A, Codagnone MC, O’Mahony S, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Priming for Life: Early Life Nutrition and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2021; 13:423. [PMID: 33525617 PMCID: PMC7912058 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes colonize the human body during the first moments of life and coexist with the host throughout the lifespan. Intestinal microbiota and their metabolites aid in the programming of important bodily systems such as the immune and the central nervous system during critical temporal windows of development, with possible structural and functional implications throughout the lifespan. These critical developmental windows perinatally (during the first 1000 days) are susceptible timepoints for insults that can endure long lasting effects on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Environmental and parental factors like host genetics, mental health, nutrition, delivery and feeding mode, exposure to antibiotics, immune activation and microbiota composition antenatally, are all factors that are able to modulate the microbiota composition of mother and infant and may thus regulate important bodily functions. Among all these factors, early life nutrition plays a pivotal role in perinatal programming and in the modulation of offspring microbiota from birth throughout lifespan. This review aims to present current data on the impact of early life nutrition and microbiota priming of important bodily systems and all the factors influencing the microbial coexistence with the host during early life development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ratsika
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Martin C. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Siobhain O’Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy P61 C996, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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Zhao XH, Zhang ZH. Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 53:102353. [PMID: 32927309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common psychiatric condition after childbirth which not only effects the mother's health, but also might have impact on child's development and parenting behaviors. Because the etiology of PPD has not been fully cleared, the efforts towards identification of risk factors are crucial for both the children and mother's health. METHOD PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched since inception until July 2019 to collect data about the risk factors of PPD and only systematic review and meta-analysis can be included. RESULT To identify the real risk factors, protective factors and controversial factors, nineteen parts of the interpretation were adopted. The risk factors are mainly concentrated in the following aspects: violence and abuse, immigration status, gestational diabetes, cesarean section, depressive history, vitamin D deficiency, obese and overweight, postpartum sleep disruption and poor postpartum sleep, lack of social support, traditional dietary pattern (Japanese, Indian, United Kingdom, and Brazilian dietary pattern), multiple births, preterm and low-birth-weight infants, postpartum anemia, negative birth experience. The controversial factors are serum level of cortisol, thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies status, acculturation, traditional confinement practices. Skin-to-skin care, higher concentrations of DHA in mothers' milk, greater seafood consumption, healthy dietary patterns, multivitamin supplementation, fish and PUFA intake, calcium, Vitamin D, zinc and possibly selenium are protective factors. CONCLUSION Thirteen risk factors were identified, but five factors still controversial due to the insufficient of the evidence. What's more, skin-to-skin care and some nutrition related factors are protective factors against PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hu Zhao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Hamazaki K, Matsumura K, Tsuchida A, Kasamatsu H, Tanaka T, Ito M, Inadera H. Dietary intake of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of postpartum depression: a nationwide longitudinal study - the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). Psychol Med 2020; 50:2416-2424. [PMID: 31535610 PMCID: PMC7610183 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women require increased levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) due to the demands of the growing fetus. Although some evidence indicates that maternal intake of fish and n-3 PUFAs is associated with reduced risk of postpartum depression, the results are inconsistent. METHODS We investigated whether dietary consumption of fish and/or n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of maternal postpartum depression at 6 months after delivery and of serious mental illness at 1 year in a Japanese population. After exclusion and multiple imputation from a dataset comprising 103 062 pregnancies obtained in the Japan Environment and Children's Study, we evaluated 84 181 and 81 924 women at 6 months and 1 year after delivery, respectively. RESULTS Multivariable logistic regression showed a reduced risk of postpartum depression at 6 months in the second to fifth quintiles v. the lowest quintile for fish and n-3 PUFA intake, with trend tests also revealing a significant linear association. At 1 year after delivery, fish intake was associated with a reduced risk of serious mental illness in the second to fifth quintiles v. the lowest quintile for fish and in the third to fifth quintiles v. the lowest quintile for n-3 PUFA intake, with trend tests also revealing a significant linear association. CONCLUSIONS Women with higher fish and/or n-3 PUFA intake showed reduced risk of postpartum depression at 6 months after delivery and of serious mental illness at 1 year after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hamazaki
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kenta Matsumura
- Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsuchida
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Haruka Kasamatsu
- Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tanaka
- Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hidekuni Inadera
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Toyama Regional Center for JECS, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Blues in the Brain and Beyond: Molecular Bases of Major Depressive Disorder and Relative Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091089. [PMID: 32961910 PMCID: PMC7564223 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive research conducted in recent decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) and relative evidence-based treatments remain unclear. Various hypotheses have been successively proposed, involving different biological systems. This narrative review aims to critically illustrate the main pathogenic hypotheses of MDD, ranging from the historical ones based on the monoaminergic and neurotrophic theories, through the subsequent neurodevelopmental, glutamatergic, GABAergic, inflammatory/immune and endocrine explanations, until the most recent evidence postulating a role for fatty acids and the gut microbiota. Moreover, the molecular effects of established both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for MDD are also reviewed. Overall, the existing literature indicates that the molecular mechanisms described in the context of these different hypotheses, rather than representing alternative ones to each other, are likely to contribute together, often with reciprocal interactions, to the development of MDD and to the effectiveness of treatments, and points at the need for further research efforts in this field.
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The Association between Dietary Patterns and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8380151. [PMID: 32908917 PMCID: PMC7475746 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8380151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies of the relationship between diet and depression have focused on single nutrients or food. Recent research suggested that dietary patterns may offer more information than an individual nutrient in assessing disease risk. We designed this study to assess the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in the adult population of China. Methods We identified 372 Chinese residents for this research. Factor analysis was used to extract dietary patterns from 30 predefined food groups. Dietary intake was assessed using an effective self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score. Subjects were considered to have depressive symptoms when they had a PHQ-9 score of >4. Results We identified four eating patterns: “vegetables-fruits,” “traditional Chinese,” “pastry-fruits,” and “animal food” dietary patterns. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest tertile animal food pattern (considered to be an unhealthy pattern) were more prone to depressive symptoms compared with participants in the lowest tertile (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.02-4.24). Conclusions The animal food pattern was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms.
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DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH. The Importance of Marine Omega-3s for Brain Development and the Prevention and Treatment of Behavior, Mood, and Other Brain Disorders. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082333. [PMID: 32759851 PMCID: PMC7468918 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the global population is deficient in long-chain marine omega-3s. In particular, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, is important for brain and eye development. Additionally, DHA plays a significant role in mental health throughout early childhood and even into adulthood. In the brain, DHA is important for cellular membrane fluidity, function and neurotransmitter release. Evidence indicates that a low intake of marine omega-3s increases the risk for numerous mental health issues, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), autism, bipolar disorder, depression and suicidal ideation. Studies giving supplemental marine omega-3s have shown promise for improving numerous mental health conditions. This paper will review the evidence surrounding marine omega-3s and mental health conditions.
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Choi JE, Kim EY, Park Y. N-3 PUFA improved pup separation-induced postpartum depression via serotonergic pathway regulated by miRNA. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108417. [PMID: 32629237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stress and ovarian hormone fluctuation are risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD). Previous studies suggested antidepressant-like effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), but their effect on dam animal with additional stress were not clear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA improved PPD through the serotonergic and glutamatergic pathways by modulating miRNA. Rats were fed n-3 PUFA or control diet from gestation, with pup separation (PS) on postpartum days 2-14 and non-PS controls. N-3 PUFA reversed PS-induced depressive behaviors, including increased immobility, latencies to contact first pup and retrieve all pups, and decreased sucrose preference. N-3 PUFA also modulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by decreasing circulating levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone and expression of hypothalamic corticotrophin releasing factor and hippocampal miRNA-218 but increasing the hippocampal expression of glucocorticoid receptor. N-3 PUFA inhibited neuroinflammation by decreasing circulating levels of prostaglandin E2 and hippocampal expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and miRNA-155. In addition, n-3 PUFA up-regulated the serotonergic pathway by increasing circulating levels of serotonin and hippocampal expression of serotonin-1A receptor, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), pCREB, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and miRNA-182 but did not affect the glutamatergic pathway according to the hippocampal expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-2B. The present study suggested that n-3 PUFA improved PPD through the serotonergic pathway by modifying the HPA axis, neuroinflammation, and related miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Association between Obesity and Omega-3 Status in Healthy Young Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051480. [PMID: 32443667 PMCID: PMC7284478 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential for healthy development and protect against metabolic disease. However, individuals with obesity may be pre-disposed to experiencing lower n-3 PUFA status than normal-weight individuals. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the omega-3 index (O3I), body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake in healthy young women (n = 300; age = 18–35 y), a group not previously focused on. Intake was adjusted for energy using the residuals method, and associations were explored using independent t-tests and Pearson’s correlations. Participants with obesity were found to have significantly lower O3I than normal-weight participants (p < 0.0001); however, no significant differences were observed in mean n-3 PUFA intakes. Even so, energy-adjusted intakes of n-3 PUFAs, with the exception of alpha-linolenic acid, were significantly correlated with O3I. This study demonstrates that O3I is influenced by both BMI and diet in young women; however the relationship between these two variables may be complex. Current intakes of n-3 PUFA observed in young women may not be effective in achieving target O3I levels in those with obesity, and further research is needed to find effective ways of improving n-3 PUFA status in a group already at increased risk of metabolic disease.
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Di Benedetto MG, Bottanelli C, Cattaneo A, Pariante CM, Borsini A. Nutritional and immunological factors in breast milk: A role in the intergenerational transmission from maternal psychopathology to child development. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 85:57-68. [PMID: 31129231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal psychopathologies affect more than 25% of women during and after their gestational period. These psychiatric disorders can potentially determine important biological variations in their organisms, affecting many different physiological and metabolic pathways. Of relevance, any of these changes occurring in the mother can alter the normal composition of breast milk, particularly the concentration of nutritional and inflammatory components, which play a role in child brain functioning and development. Indeed, there is evidence showing that changes in milk composition can contribute to cognitive impairments and alterations in mental abilities in children. This review aims to shed light on the unique intergenerational role played by breast milk composition, from maternal psychopathologies to child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Di Benedetto
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Chiara Bottanelli
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK; Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Carmine Maria Pariante
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK; Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
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Emerson JA, Caulfield LE, Kishimata EM, Nzanzu JP, Doocy S. Mental health symptoms and their relations with dietary diversity and nutritional status among mothers of young children in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:225. [PMID: 32054476 PMCID: PMC7020353 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developing countries, maternal mental health problems have been linked to sub-optimal child feeding practices and child underweight and stunting, but little is known about how maternal mental health is associated with mothers’ own diets and nutritional status. The objective of the study was to investigate the association between mental health symptoms and diet and nutritional status of mothers of young children in South Kivu, DR Congo. Methods Participants were 828 mothers of young children enrolled in a larger, quasi-experimental study evaluating a multi-year food security and nutrition project. The present analysis was conducted with cross-sectional data collected from 2015 to 2016. We assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), using a four-point Likert scale. Mean scale scores were calculated ranging from one to four. A variable was created for high distress (participants scoring in the upper quartile of both measures). Dietary diversity scores were calculated from the number of food groups (range zero to ten) consumed the previous day, identified from an open recall. Nutritional status was measured by body mass index (BMI) and underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, or mid-upper arm circumference < 23 cm for pregnant women). Bivariate and multivariate (adjusting for parent study intervention group, education, age, health, parity, livelihoods zone, and territory of origin) regression analyses were conducted. Results Maternal mental health measures were positively and statistically significantly associated with higher dietary diversity scores in adjusted analyses (HSCL-25: ß= 0.18, p = 0.002, HTQ: ß= 0.12, p = 0.029, High Distress: ß= 0.47, p < 0.001). Mental health symptoms were not significantly associated with BMI (HSCL-25: ß = − 0.04, p = 0.824; HTQ: ß = 0.02, p = 0.913; High distress: ß= − 0.02, p = 0.938) or underweight (HSCL 25: OR = 0.91, p = 0.640; HTQ: OR = 1.03, p = 0.866; High distress: OR = 0.78, p = 0.489). Conclusions More severe maternal mental health symptoms were associated with higher dietary diversity but not nutritional status, and the reasons for these findings are not clear from available data. More research is needed to identify underlying factors that could influence mental health symptomatology and diet quality among food insecure and extremely resource-limited populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A Emerson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Laura E Caulfield
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Nzanzu
- Adventist Development and Relief Agency, Uvira, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Shannon Doocy
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Abstract
In the search for biomarkers and modifiable risk factors for suicide, lipid status has garnered considerable interest, although the lipid-suicide connection is not without controversy. Major categories of lipids that have been reported as germane to suicide include sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Research concerning lipid effects on mood and suicide risk includes epidemiologic approaches, cohort studies, and clinical trials. In general, current evidence suggests that higher n-3 relative to n-6 PUFA intake may have beneficial effects on depression and suicide risk, particularly in women, while low cholesterol may be detrimental in both sexes. Additionally, low estrogen in women has been associated with suicide attempts, whereas high androgen loads may contribute to the higher suicide completion rate in men. Basic and translational research provides strong evidence for several potential mechanisms that have been implicated in depression and suicide. Firstly, PUFAs, cholesterol, and estrogen can interact to influence structure and function of membrane microdomains ("lipid rafts"), with potential regulatory effects on inflammation and signal transduction, including monoaminergic signaling. Secondly, PUFAs bind to and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression, with resultant effects on inflammation and bioenergetics. Thirdly, PUFAs are both a target for and a hormetic regulator of oxidative stress. Critical to a greater understanding of lipid status as a suicide risk predictor and treatment target will be studies that map genomic and phenotypic characteristics of individuals whose emotional state is affected most by lipid status. Also important will be a more nuanced understanding of lipid-lipid interactions and the differential roles of lipid subclasses on suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Moe V, Fredriksen E, Kjellevold M, Dahl L, Markhus MW, Stormark KM, von Soest T, Olafsen KS, Vannebo UT, Smith L. Little in Norway: a prospective longitudinal community-based cohort from pregnancy to child age 18 months. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031050. [PMID: 31892648 PMCID: PMC6955541 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Little in Norway (LiN) project is a cross-disciplinary prospective longitudinal study starting in pregnancy. It was set up to investigate maternal and paternal mental health functioning in the transition to parenthood, detect pathways to healthy and aberrant child development and generate new knowledge about mechanisms underlying differential child mental health susceptibility. PARTICIPANTS The LiN cohort is a community-based sample comprising 1036 families (1036 mothers, 884 partners, 1017 children). All pregnant women and their partners receiving routine prenatal care at well-baby clinics at nine geographically selected sites across Norway were invited to participate. Enrolment took place from September 2011 to October 2012. This cohort profile comprises 10 data collection waves spanning from enrolment in pregnancy until child age 18 months. FINDINGS TO DATE Four types of information have been collected: multi-informant questionnaire reports, direct observation of interaction, test data and biological samples. The most significant findings so far relate to three domains of results. First, when examining risk factors for parental mental health problems, results showed that the parents' own adverse childhood experiences and attachment style were related to anxiety, depression and stress in the perinatal period. The perception of difficult child temperament was also found to contribute to parenting stress in the first year after birth. Second, we studied how parental mental health risk factors were related to later child development and social emotional functioning, for example, linking maternal symptoms to social-emotional outcomes and paternal symptoms to language outcomes. Third, we investigated the relation between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and aspects of early child development. Results showed that mild to moderate maternal iodine deficiency in pregnancy was associated with poorer language skills up to 18 months, but not with reduced cognitive or fine and gross motor skills. FUTURE PLANS A data collection point at 36 months is completed and currently being analysed. A new data collection wave is planned when the children are 8 years of age. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN66710572.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Moe
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Regional Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, East and South, Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivor Fredriksen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Regional Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, East and South, Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Kjell Morten Stormark
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Uni Health, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre Sten Olafsen
- Regional Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, East and South, Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unni Tranaas Vannebo
- Regional Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, East and South, Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Smith
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Asch RH, Schurdak JD, McNamara RK. Perinatal dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency reduces maternal nurturing behavior in rats: dissociation from elevated pro-inflammatory signaling. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:735-746. [PMID: 31599208 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1674507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Maternal-pup nurturing behavior has previously been shown to impact offspring neurodevelopment independent of diet. Here we investigated the effects of perinatal maternal n-3 fatty acid deficiency on maternal-pup nurturing behavior and potential associations with pro-inflammatory signaling.Methods: Eight-week-old virgin female Long-Evans hooded rats were randomized to a control diet containing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) (CON, n = 10) or an ALA-free diet (Deficient, DEF, n = 11) 30 d prior to mating. On postnatal day 2 (P2) litters were culled to eight per dam. On P3, P6, and P9 dams and their litters were video recorded and maternal nurturing behaviors, including licking/grooming of pups and arched-back nursing, were scored by a blinded rater. Following weaning on P21, dam postmortem central (prefrontal cortex, PFC) and peripheral (red blood cell, RBC) fatty acid composition and central (PFC IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNFα, cPLA2, COX-2 mRNA) and peripheral (plasma IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNFα, CRP) pro-inflammatory biostatus assessed.Results: DEF dams exhibited significantly lower RBC (p ≤ 0.0001) and PFC (p ≤ 0.0001) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels compared with CON dams. Irrespective of diet dams exhibited significantly lower RBC, but not PFC, DHA levels compared with non-parous rats. DEF dams exhibited less licking/grooming (p = 0.008), arched-back nursing (p ≤ 0.0001) and blanket nursing (p = 0.003), and exhibited more passive nursing (p = 0.003) but not time off pups (p = 0.1), compared with CON dams. PFC and plasma inflammatory measures did not differ significantly between groups.Discussion: Perinatal dietary n-3 fatty acid deficiency reduces maternal nurturing behavior and this effect is not associated with enduring elevations in pro-inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Asch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer D Schurdak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Linking What We Eat to Our Mood: A Review of Diet, Dietary Antioxidants, and Depression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090376. [PMID: 31491962 PMCID: PMC6769512 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that diet and nutrition play significant roles in the prevention of depression and its clinical treatment. The present review aims to provide a clear understanding of the associations between diet patterns, specific foods, nutrients such as antioxidants, and depression. As a result, balanced dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet and certain foods such as fish, fresh vegetables, and fruits have been associated with a lower risk of depression or depressive symptoms, while high-fat Western diets and sugar-sweetened beverages have been associated with higher risk of depression or depressive symptoms. Dietary antioxidants such as green tea polyphenols or isoflavonoid intake have been negatively associated with depression or depressive symptoms. It is concluded that diet patterns, specific foods, and antioxidants play important roles in the prevention and clinical treatment of depression.
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Nasir M, Bloch MH. Trim the fat: the role of omega-3 fatty acids in psychopharmacology. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2019; 9:2045125319869791. [PMID: 31489174 PMCID: PMC6713969 DOI: 10.1177/2045125319869791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) currently recommends the use of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for depressive disorders, impulse-control disorders, and psychotic disorders in treatment guidelines. This review examines the evidence for efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychosis. Meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids for depression are inconclusive, with strong evidence of publication bias, sizable heterogeneity between included studies, and substantial methodological shortcomings in included trials. The large amount of heterogeneity in findings of RCTs of omega-3 fatty acids for unipolar depression is likely attributable to highly heterogeneous sample populations that are given different omega-3 supplements [which differ widely in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content, ratio, and dosage] as either adjunctive or monotherapy of other existing treatments, and then measure several different outcomes of depression symptomatology with likely incomplete blinding. Evidence of efficacy of omega-3 supplementation in treating psychosis, PTSD, anxiety, and bipolar mania is minimal. The current guidelines recommending the use of omega-3 fatty acids in adulthood psychiatric conditions should be revisited, especially given several recent negative studies examining the effects of omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular disease. Recommending likely ineffective treatment to patients, no matter how benign the side-effect profile, has opportunity cost (e.g. other more effective medications or therapies not being utilized) and likely affects patient compliance with other evidence-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Nasir
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 S. Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Aizawa F, Sato S, Yamazaki F, Yao I, Yamashita T, Nakamoto K, Kasuya F, Setou M, Tokuyama S. N-3 fatty acids modulate repeated stress-evoked pain chronicity. Brain Res 2019; 1714:218-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Marriott BP, Turner TH, Hibbeln JR, Pregulman M, Newman J, Johnson KB, Malek AM, Malcolm RJ, Burbelo GA, Wissman JW. Design and methods for the Ranger Resilience and Improved Performance on Phospholipid bound Omega-3's (RRIPP-3 study). Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 15:100359. [PMID: 31080908 PMCID: PMC6503132 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intake of nutrients fundamental for optimal neuronal function is of increasing interest. The potential importance of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) for optimizing emotional states, cognitive function, and mental health has been demonstrated in observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Omega-3 (HUFAs), specifically EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are concentrated in neural tissues and are essential for neural function, normative neurodevelopment, neurotransmitter, and neural immune functions. Omega-3 HUFAs must be obtained from the diet, predominantly from marine sources such as fish and other seafood. HUFAs also can be found in a variety of dietary supplements (omega-3 fatty acid esters, fish oil and krill oil). As dietary supplements, omega-3 HUFAs (fatty acid esters, fish and krill oils) differ substantially in their physicochemical properties and nutrient content. Here we present the design and methods for the Ranger Resilience and Improved Performance on Phospholipid bound Omega-3's (RRIPP-3) study. RRIPP-3 was a double blind, randomized, controlled trial among individuals in the United States (US) Army Infantry Basic Officer Leaders Course (IBOLC) and following US Ranger School training (RC) at Fort Benning, GA of omega-3 HUFA on krill oil versus placebo supplementation. The RRIPP-3 study sought to determine if krill oil supplementation with omega-3 HUFAs supports aspects of cognitive functioning critical to battlefield success when measured immediately after an intense combat simulation. Sub-analyses addressed basic improvements in IBOLC performance. We also describe additional outcome measures critical for interpretation of the study results, such as diet and other dietary supplement use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette P Marriott
- Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Military Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Ste. 630D, MSC774, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Travis H Turner
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 301 CSB, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Acting Chief, Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, LMBB, NIAAA, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rm 3N-07, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marcie Pregulman
- Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Ste. 630D, MSC774, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jill Newman
- Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Ste. 630D, MSC774, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kristen B Johnson
- Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Ste. 630D, MSC774, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Angela M Malek
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Ste. 303C, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robert J Malcolm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey W Wissman
- Maneuver Center of Excellence, Infantry Basic Officers Leader Course, Fort Benning, GA, 31905, USA
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Imbalance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Early Pregnancy Is Predictive of Postpartum Depression in a Belgian Cohort. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040876. [PMID: 31003520 PMCID: PMC6521039 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While studies revealed that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and their mediators would be able to regulate several biological processes involved into the development of postpartum depression (PPD), evidence from observational studies remains mixed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between maternal erythrocyte n-3 PUFA, measured in early pregnancy, and the risk of PPD. A Belgian cohort of 72 healthy women was screened. Erythrocyte fatty acids were analysed using gas chromatography. PPD was assessed using the Bromley Postnatal Depression Scale by phone interview one year after delivery. We observed a significant negative association between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and the risk of postpartum depression in the adjusted model (p = 0.034). Higher n-6/n-3 and arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratios were significantly associated with an increased odds of PPD (p = 0.013 and p = 0.043, respectively). Women with an omega-3 index <5% had a 5-fold increased risk of depressive episode than did those with an omega-3 index ≥5% (OR 5.22 (95% CI 1.24–21.88)). A low n-3 PUFA status, alone and combined with high n-6 PUFA status, in early pregnancy was associated with a greater risk of PPD. Management of maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency can be a simple, safe and cost-effective strategy for the prevention of this major public health issue.
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Hsu MC, Tung CY, Chen HE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in prevention and treatment of maternal depression: Putative mechanism and recommendation. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:47-61. [PMID: 29860183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are vulnerable to depression during their childbearing years, and giving birth to a child precipitates postpartum depression (PPD) in some women. This review focuses on comparing the effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on depression during pregnancy or PPD after childbirth. METHODS MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Controlled Trials etc. through July 2017 were searched. Studies of dietary intake and plasma and/or milk levels of omega-3 fatty acids and trials of benefits and effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplements on pregnant or postpartum women with depression were specifically selected. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency, due to inadequate intake, fast depletion during pregnancy and lactation, is one of the risk factors of PPD. Associations between neuroinflammation (elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines) and aberrant neurotransmission (low serotonergic transmission activity) and risk of PPD have also been reported by numerous studies. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil can effectively reduce depression during pregnancy and PPD after childbirth. Long term treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil can be effective in reducing the risk of PPD in healthy women, but not in lactating women. Supplementation of DHA-rich oil to women begun at pregnancy and continued after childbirth exerts no beneficial effect on depression. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids rich in EPA during pregnancy or postpartum reduces some symptoms associated with depression. DHA supplementation to healthy pregnant women can also reduce the risk of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No. 8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chia-Yi Tung
- Nursing Department, E-Da Hospital, No.1, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing-E Chen
- Nursing Department, E-Da Hospital, No.1, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC
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Farioli Vecchioli S, Sacchetti S, Nicolis di Robilant V, Cutuli D. The Role of Physical Exercise and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Depressive Illness in the Elderly. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:308-326. [PMID: 28901279 PMCID: PMC5843982 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170912113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In adulthood, depression is the most common type of mental illness and will be the second leading cause of disease by 2020. Major depression dramatically affects the function of the central nervous system and degrades the quality of life, especially in old age. Several mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of depressive illness, since it has a multifactorial etiology. Human and an-imal studies have demonstrated that depression is mainly associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis alterations, brain volume changes, neurogenesis dysfunction, and dysregulation of in-flammatory pathways. Also the gut microbiota may influence mental health outcomes. Although depression is not a consequence of normal aging, depressive disorders are common in later life, even if often undi-agnosed or mis-diagnosed in old age. When untreated, depression reduces life expectancy, worsens medical illnesses, en-hances health care costs and is the primary cause of suicide among older people. To date, the underpinnings of depression in the elderly are still to be understood, and the pharmacological treatment is the most commonly used therapy. Objective: Since a sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits have recently emerged as crucial contributors to the genesis and course of depression, in the present review, we have focused on the effects of physical activity and omega-3 fatty acids on depressive illness in the elderly. Results: A growing literature indicates that both exercise and dietary interventions can promote mental health throughout one’s lifespan. Conclusion: There thus emerges the awareness that an active lifestyle and a balanced diet may constitute valid low-cost pre-vention strategies to counteract depressive illness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farioli Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Sacchetti
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - V Nicolis di Robilant
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Larrieu T, Layé S. Food for Mood: Relevance of Nutritional Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression and Anxiety. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1047. [PMID: 30127751 PMCID: PMC6087749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has the highest concentration of lipids in the organism after adipose tissue. Among these lipids, the brain is particularly enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) represented by the omega-6 (ω6) and omega-3 (ω3) series. These PUFAs include arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. PUFAs have received substantial attention as being relevant to many brain diseases, including anxiety and depression. This review addresses an important question in the area of nutritional neuroscience regarding the importance of ω3 PUFAs in the prevention and/or treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, mainly depression and anxiety. In particular, it focuses on clinical and experimental data linking dietary intake of ω3 PUFAs and depression or anxiety. In particular, we will discuss recent experimental data highlighting how ω3 PUFAs can modulate neurobiological processes involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression. Potential mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective and corrective activity of ω3 PUFAs in the brain are discussed, in particular the sensing activity of free fatty acid receptors and the activity of the PUFAs-derived endocannabinoid system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Larrieu
- UMR 1286, NutriNeuro: Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- UMR 1286, NutriNeuro: Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Jiang W, Mo M, Li M, Wang S, Muyiduli X, Shao B, Jiang S, Yu Y. The relationship of dietary diversity score with depression and anxiety among prenatal and post-partum women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 44:1929-1936. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Zhoushan Maternal and Child Care Hospital; Zhoushan Zhejiang China
| | - Minjia Mo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Minchao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Shuojia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Xiamusiye Muyiduli
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Bule Shao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Shuying Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yunxian Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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Mocking RJT, Assies J, Ruhé HG, Schene AH. Focus on fatty acids in the neurometabolic pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018. [PMID: 29524021 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Continuous research into the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia, suggests an important role for metabolism. This narrative review will provide an up-to-date summary of how metabolism is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of these psychiatric disorders. We will focus on (I) the important role of fatty acids in these metabolic alterations, (II) whether fatty acid alterations represent epiphenomena or risk factors, and (III) similarities and dissociations in fatty acid alterations between different psychiatric disorders. (Historical) epidemiological evidence links fatty acid intake to psychiatric disorder prevalence, corroborated by altered fatty acid concentrations measured in psychiatric patients. These fatty acid alterations are connected with other concomitant pathophysiological mechanisms, including biological stress (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis and oxidative stress), inflammation, and brain network structure and function. Metabolomics and lipidomics studies are underway to more deeply investigate this complex network of associated neurometabolic alterations. Supplementation of fatty acids as disease-modifying nutraceuticals has clinical potential, particularly add-on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in depressed patients with markers of increased inflammation. However, by interpreting the observed fatty acid alterations as partly (mal)adaptive phenomena, we attempt to nuance translational expectations and provide new clinical applications for these novel neurometabolic insights, e.g., to predict treatment response or depression recurrence. In conclusion, placing fatty acids in context can contribute to further understanding and optimized treatment of psychiatric disorders, in order to diminish their overwhelming burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - J Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - H G Ruhé
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Warneford Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Tehrani AN, Salehpour A, Beyzai B, Farhadnejad H, Moloodi R, Hekmatdoost A, Rashidkhani B. Adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern and depression, anxiety and stress among high-school female adolescents. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-17192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Few studies have shown the protective effects of Mediterranean Dietary Pattern (MDP) in psychological disorders. OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study was designed to determine the association between adherence to MDP and depression, anxiety and stress among female adolescents aged 16.20±0.97 in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: Data from 263 participants were analyzed. Adherence to MDP was determined using Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS). Depression, anxiety and stress scores were characterized by DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Score-21 items) questionnaire. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress across quintiles of MSDPS. After adjustment for age, the odds ratio (OR) for depression in the highest quintile of MSDPS was 0.44 (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 0.19–0.95), (P for trend = 0.009) compared to the lowest quintile. After additional adjustment for BMI, energy intake, physical activity, ethnicity, parents education level and total family income, subjects in the highest quintile had a 59% lower prevalence of depression compared to those in the lowest quintile of MSDPS (OR = 0.41;95% CI, 0.17–0.97), (P for trend = 0.010). However, the MSDPS was not significantly associated with the presence of anxiety and stress. CONCLUSION: Adherence to MDP is associated with a reduced presence of depressive symptoms in female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Neshatbini Tehrani
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (WHO Collaborating Center), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Salehpour
- Occupational Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Beyzai
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (WHO Collaborating Center), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (WHO Collaborating Center), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Moloodi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (WHO Collaborating Center), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Rashidkhani
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (WHO Collaborating Center), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chang JPC, Lin CY, Lin PY, Shih YH, Chiu TH, Ho M, Yang HT, Huang SY, Gałecki P, Su KP. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory markers in major depressive episodes during pregnancy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:273-278. [PMID: 28536068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prenatal depression (PND) is a common psychiatric disorder in pregnant women and leads to psychosocial dysfunction, high suicidal rate, and adverse childcare. Patients with PND have omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega-3 or n-3 PUFAs) deficits, which might link to chronic low-grade inflammatory process and the pathophysiological mechanisms of depression. In this case-control study, we examined the levels of PUFAs and inflammatory cytokines in PND. METHOD Blood samples were obtained and analyzed from 16 healthy controls and 17 depressed cases (PND group) diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Independent sample t-test and correlation analysis were performed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) logistics correlation analysis. RESULTS PND group had significantly lower levels of total n-3 (p=0.026), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (p=0.020) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) (p=0.019) but a higher omega-6 (n-6)/n-3 PUFAs ratio (p=0.007) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (p=0.016) level. Moreover, the duration of current PND episodes were also significantly correlated with DHA, EPA, n-3 PUFAs, n-6/n-3 ratio and TNF-α. In terms of PUFAs and cytokine levels, only DHA was inversely correlated with TNF-α. CONCLUSION PND is significantly associated with lower DHA, EPA, and total n-3 PUFAs levels and an increased n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio, while the duration of PND is associated with lower levels of n-3 PUFAs, including DHA and EPA. The correlation of PUFAs levels with depression and TNF-α level grant further investigation into the inflammatory process underlying PND, mediated by PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; College of Medicine, Brain Disease Research Center (BDRC), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Brain Disease Research Center (BDRC), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Brain Disease Research Center (BDRC), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hua Shih
- Department of Psychiatry, Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Hung Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Brain Disease Research Center (BDRC), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming Ho
- Department of Obstetrics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | | | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; College of Medicine, Brain Disease Research Center (BDRC), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Peet M. Essential fatty acids: theoretical aspects and treatment implications for schizophrenia and depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.8.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Almost all current research into developing new pharmacological treatment for depression and schizophrenia is focused directly on modulating neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. This approach was stimulated by the chance discovery of the prototype psychotropic drugs such as chlorpromazine and imipramine and the subsequent development of hypotheses based on the presumed mode of action of these drugs. Even clozapine was first introduced as yet another dopamine receptor blocker, and it was only after it was recognised that clozapine shows improved efficacy that hypotheses were developed as to its possible mode of action. Subsequent research based on the receptor approach has led to improved side-effect profiles for modern psychotropic agents, but has not resulted in any improvement of efficacy over and above that of the drugs discovered by good fortune rather than by hypotheses.
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Stoutjesdijk E, Schaafsma A, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. Fish oil supplemental dose needed to reach 1g% DHA+EPA in mature milk. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 128:53-61. [PMID: 29413361 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erythrocyte (RBC) DHA+EPA is considered optimal at 8g%. Mothers with lifetime high fish intakes exhibiting this status produce milk with about 1g% DHA+EPA. We established DHA+EPA supplemental dosages needed to augment RBC DHA+EPA to 8g% and milk DHA+EPA to 1g%. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant women were randomly allocated to DHA+EPA dosages of: 225+90 (n=9), 450+180 (n=9), 675+270 (n=11) and 900+360 (n=7) mg/day. Samples were collected at 20 and 36 gestational weeks and 4 weeks postpartum. RESULTS Linear regression revealed needed dosages rounded at 750mg/day to reach 8g% RBC DHA+EPA and 1000mg/day for 1g% milk DHA+EPA. RBC DHA+EPA increment depended on baseline values. There was no effect on milk AA, but milk EPA/AA ratio increased. CONCLUSION Women with an RBC DHA+EPA status of 5.5g% need 750 and 1000mg DHA+EPA/day to reach 8g% RBC DHA+EPA at the pregnancy end and 1g% mature milk DHA+EPA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stoutjesdijk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Netherlands.
| | - A Schaafsma
- Friesland Campina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - D A J Dijck-Brouwer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Netherlands
| | - F A J Muskiet
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Netherlands
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Antidepressant-Like Effect of Lipid Extract of Channa striatus in Postpartum Model of Depression in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:1469209. [PMID: 29317891 PMCID: PMC5727658 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1469209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression affects 15% of women. Channa striatus, a freshwater fish, is consumed in local Malay population as a rejuvenating diet during postpartum period. This study evaluated the antidepressant-like effect of lipid extract of C. striatus fillet and its mechanism of action in female Sprague-Dawley rats in postpartum model of depression. The rats were ovariectomized and treated with high dose of progesterone and estradiol benzoate for 23 days to have hormone-simulated pregnancy. The day 24 and afterwards were considered as the postpartum period. During the postpartum period, lipid extract was administered at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg through intraperitoneal route for 15 days. Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) was used as the positive control. On postpartum day 15, the animals were tested in forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT) followed by biochemical analysis. Withdrawal of hormone administration during the postpartum period induced depressive-like behavior in FST. Administration of lipid extract reversed that depressive-like behavior at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg in FST. In OFT, it decreased the exploratory activity. The mechanism of the antidepressant-like effect may be mediated through the decrease in plasma corticosterone, increase in plasma oxytocin, and decrease in nuclear factor-kappa B in prefrontal cortex of rats.
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:560-569. [PMID: 28410627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 (or n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are promising antidepressant treatments for perinatal depression (PND) because of supporting evidence from clinical trials, the advantage in safety, and their anti-inflammatory and neuroplastic effects. Although several observational studies have shown n-3 PUFA deficits in women with PND, the results of individual PUFAs from different studies were inconsistent. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the levels of PUFA indices, including eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, total n-3, total n-6, and the n-6/n-3 ratio between women with PND and healthy control subjects. The meta-analysis included 12 eligible studies available as of December 2016. The effect sizes were synthesized by using a random effects model. In addition, we performed subgroup analysis for the PUFA levels in patients with prenatal and postnatal depression, both of which were compared with healthy control subjects. RESULTS There were significantly lower levels of total n-3 PUFAs and docosahexaenoic acid and significantly increased n-6/n-3 ratios in PND patients. In the subgroup analyses, there were significantly lower levels of n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in women with prenatal depression. The n-6/n-3 ratio was significantly increased in both prenatal and postnatal depression subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis consolidates the important role of n-3 PUFAs in PND. Nutritional medicine is an important strategy to improve the effectiveness of treatment for depression, and our findings provide the strong rationale to conduct clinical trials to test the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of n-3 PUFAs in PND.
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Metherel AH, Kitson AP, Domenichiello AF, Lacombe RJS, Hopperton KE, Trépanier MO, Alashmali SM, Lin L, Bazinet RP. Maternal liver docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) stores are increased via higher serum unesterified DHA uptake in pregnant long Evans rats. J Nutr Biochem 2017. [PMID: 28628798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) supplies the developing fetus during pregnancy; however, the mechanisms are unclear. We utilized pregnant rats to determine rates of DHA accretion, tissue unesterified DHA uptake and whole-body DHA synthesis-secretion. Female rats maintained on a DHA-free, 2% α-linolenic acid diet were either:1) sacrificed at 56 days for baseline measures, 2) mated and sacrificed at 14-18 days of pregnancy or 3) or sacrificed at 14-18 days as age-matched virgin controls. Maternal brain, adipose, liver and whole body fatty acid concentrations was determined for balance analysis, and kinetic modeling was used to determine brain and liver plasma unesterified DHA uptake and whole-body DHA synthesis-secretion rates. Total liver DHA was significantly higher in pregnant (95±5 μmol) versus non-pregnant (49±5) rats with no differences in whole-body DHA synthesis-secretion rates. However, liver uptake of plasma unesterified DHA was 3.8-fold higher in pregnant animals compared to non-pregnant controls, and periuterine adipose DHA was lower in pregnant (0.89±0.09 μmol/g) versus non-pregnant (1.26±0.06) rats. In conclusion, higher liver DHA accretion during pregnancy appears to be driven by higher unesterified DHA uptake, potentially via DHA mobilization from periuterine adipose for delivery to the fetus during the brain growth spurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2.
| | - Alex P Kitson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - Anthony F Domenichiello
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - R J Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - Shoug M Alashmali
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids and recurrent mood disorders: Phenomenology, mechanisms, and clinical application. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:1-13. [PMID: 28069365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A body of evidence has implicated dietary deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the pathophysiology and etiology of recurrent mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder. Cross-national and cross-sectional evidence suggests that greater habitual intake of n-3 PUFA is associated with reduced risk for developing mood symptoms. Meta-analyses provide strong evidence that patients with mood disorders exhibit low blood n-3 PUFA levels which are associated with increased risk for the initial development of mood symptoms in response to inflammation. While the etiology of this n-3 PUFA deficit may be multifactorial, n-3 PUFA supplementation is sufficient to correct this deficit and may also have antidepressant effects. Rodent studies suggest that n-3 PUFA deficiency during perinatal development can recapitulate key neuropathological, neurochemical, and behavioral features associated with mood disorders. Clinical neuroimaging studies suggest that low n-3 PUFA biostatus is associated with abnormalities in cortical structure and function also observed in mood disorders. Collectively, these findings implicate dietary n-3 PUFA insufficiency, particularly during development, in the pathophysiology of mood dysregulation, and support implementation of routine screening for and treatment of n-3 PUFA deficiency in patients with mood disorders.
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50
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Colangelo LA, Ouyang P, Golden SH, Szklo M, Gapstur SM, Vaidya D, Liu K. Do sex hormones or hormone therapy modify the relation of n-3 fatty acids with incident depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women? The MESA Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 75:26-35. [PMID: 27768981 PMCID: PMC5135581 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering that estradiol (E2) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have roles in neurogenesis and in neurotransmission, we examined whether the association of PUFAs with incident depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women is modified by hormone therapy (HT) use or estrogen status. METHODS Women (N=1616) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (2000-2002) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis were classified by HT usage and quartiles of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the sum EPA+DHA. Women with serum E2 ≤0.073 nmol/L (sample median), were classified low on E2. Poisson regression was used to model incident depressive symptoms at examination 3 (2004-05), defined by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale ≥16 or taking an antidepressant, first as a function of HT use and n-3 PUFA quartiles, and second, as a function of low E2 status and n-3 PUFA quartiles. RESULTS Among HT non- users, positive, graded relationships (p-trends≤0.003) were found between PUFAs and incident depressive symptoms. Compared to the lowest quartile, the adjusted risk ratios (RRs) for the highest were 2.10, 2.39, and 2.04 for EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA, respectively. For HT users, no associations were seen. When analyses were run for E2 status, the RRs over quartiles of the PUFAs were positive and graded for low E2 women, but were null for High E2 women. CONCLUSIONS Higher intakes of DHA and EPA were associated with higher risk of depressive symptoms in nonusers of HT, contrary to hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Colangelo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Pamela Ouyang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland
| | | | - Moyses Szklo
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta,
Georgia
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine,
Northwestern University, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois
60611
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