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Lin J, Tan B, Li Y, Feng H, Chen Y. Sepsis-Exacerbated Brain Dysfunction After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:819182. [PMID: 35126060 PMCID: PMC8814659 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.819182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis susceptibility is significantly increased in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), owing to immunosuppression and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. To date, ICH with sepsis occurrence is still difficult for clinicians to deal with, and the mortality, as well as long-term cognitive disability, is still increasing. Actually, intracerebral hemorrhage and sepsis are mutually exacerbated via similar pathophysiological mechanisms, mainly consisting of systemic inflammation and circulatory dysfunction. The main consequence of these two processes is neural dysfunction and multiple organ damages, notably, via oxidative stress and neurotoxic mediation under the mediation of central nervous system activation and blood-brain barrier disruption. Besides, the comorbidity-induced multiple organ damages will produce numerous damage-associated molecular patterns and consequently exacerbate the severity of the disease. At present, the prospective views are about operating artificial restriction for the peripheral immune system and achieving cross-tolerance among organs via altering immune cell composition to reduce inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Binbin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Hua Feng, ;
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yujie Chen, ;
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Meena M, Van Delen M, De Laere M, Sterkens A, Costas Romero C, Berneman Z, Cools N. Transmigration across a Steady-State Blood-Brain Barrie Induces Activation of Circulating Dendritic Cells Partly Mediated by Actin Cytoskeletal Reorganization. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11090700. [PMID: 34564517 PMCID: PMC8472465 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be an immunologically unique site, in large part given its extensive protection by the blood–brain barrier (BBB). As our knowledge of the complex interaction between the peripheral immune system and the CNS expands, the mechanisms of immune privilege are being refined. Here, we studied the interaction of dendritic cells (DCs) with the BBB in steady–state conditions and observed that transmigrated DCs display an activated phenotype and stronger T cell-stimulatory capacity as compared to non-migrating DCs. Next, we aimed to gain further insights in the processes underlying activation of DCs following transmigration across the BBB. We investigated the interaction of DCs with endothelial cells as well as the involvement of actin cytoskeletal reorganization. Whereas we were not able to demonstrate that DCs engulf membrane fragments from fluorescently labelled endothelial cells during transmigration across the BBB, we found that blocking actin restructuring of DCs by latrunculin-A significantly impaired in vitro migration of DC across the BBB and subsequent T cell-stimulatory capacity, albeit no effect on migration-induced phenotypic activation could be demonstrated. These observations contribute to the current understanding of the interaction between DCs and the BBB, ultimately leading to the design of targeted therapies capable to inhibit autoimmune inflammation of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Meena
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
| | - Mats Van Delen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
| | - Maxime De Laere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ann Sterkens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
- Department of Dermatology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Coloma Costas Romero
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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3
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Mousavi MJ, Mahmoudi M, Ghotloo S. Escape from X chromosome inactivation and female bias of autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2020; 26:127. [PMID: 33297945 PMCID: PMC7727198 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than males. Various predisposing factors, including female sex hormones, X chromosome genes, and the microbiome have been implicated in the female bias of autoimmune diseases. During embryogenesis, one of the X chromosomes in the females is transcriptionally inactivated, in a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI). This equalizes the impact of two X chromosomes in the females. However, some genes escape from XCI, providing a basis for the dual expression dosage of the given gene in the females. In the present review, the contribution of the escape genes to the female bias of autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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4
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Murphy CE, Lawther AJ, Webster MJ, Asai M, Kondo Y, Matsumoto M, Walker AK, Weickert CS. Nuclear factor kappa B activation appears weaker in schizophrenia patients with high brain cytokines than in non-schizophrenic controls with high brain cytokines. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:215. [PMID: 32680547 PMCID: PMC7368759 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High inflammation status despite an absence of known infection characterizes a subpopulation of people with schizophrenia who suffer from more severe cognitive deficits, less cortical grey matter, and worse neuropathology. Transcripts encoding factors upstream of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a major transcriptional activator for the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, are increased in the frontal cortex in schizophrenia compared to controls. However, the extent to which these changes are disease-specific, restricted to those with schizophrenia and high-neuroinflammatory status, or caused by loss of a key NF-κB inhibitor (HIVEP2) found in schizophrenia brain, has not been tested. Methods Post-mortem prefrontal cortex samples were assessed in 141 human brains (69 controls and 72 schizophrenia) and 13 brains of wild-type mice and mice lacking HIVEP2 (6 wild-type, 7 knockout mice). Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase protein SERPINA3 was used to categorize high and low neuroinflammation biotype groups in human samples via cluster analysis. Expression of 18 canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway genes was assessed by qPCR in human and mouse tissue. Results In humans, we found non-canonical upstream activators of NF-κB were generally elevated in individuals with neuroinflammation regardless of diagnosis, supporting NF-κB activation in both controls and people with schizophrenia when cytokine mRNAs are high. However, high neuroinflammation schizophrenia patients had weaker (or absent) transcriptional increases of several canonical upstream activators of NF-κB as compared to the high neuroinflammation controls. HIVEP2 mRNA reduction was specific to patients with schizophrenia who also had high neuroinflammatory status, and we also found decreases in NF-κB transcripts typically induced by activated microglia in mice lacking HIVEP2. Conclusions Collectively, our results show that high cortical expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low cortical expression of HIVEP2 in a subset of people with schizophrenia is associated with a relatively weak NF-κB transcriptional signature compared to non-schizophrenic controls with high cytokine expression. We speculate that this comparatively milder NF-κB induction may reflect schizophrenia-specific suppression possibly related to HIVEP2 deficiency in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Murphy
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam J Lawther
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Stanley Medical Research Institute, Kensington, Maryland, USA
| | - Makoto Asai
- Astellas Pharma Inc., Drug Discovery Research, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Kondo
- Astellas Pharma Inc., Drug Discovery Research, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Adam K Walker
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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5
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Georganaki M, Ramachandran M, Tuit S, Núñez NG, Karampatzakis A, Fotaki G, van Hooren L, Huang H, Lugano R, Ulas T, Kaunisto A, Holland EC, Ellmark P, Mangsbo SM, Schultze J, Essand M, Tugues S, Dimberg A. Tumor endothelial cell up-regulation of IDO1 is an immunosuppressive feed-back mechanism that reduces the response to CD40-stimulating immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1730538. [PMID: 32231867 PMCID: PMC7094447 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1730538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40-stimulating immunotherapy can elicit potent anti-tumor responses by activating dendritic cells and enhancing T-cell priming. Tumor vessels orchestrate T-cell recruitment during immune response, but the effect of CD40-stimulating immunotherapy on tumor endothelial cells has not been evaluated. Here, we have investigated how tumor endothelial cells transcriptionally respond to CD40-stimulating immunotherapy by isolating tumor endothelial cells from agonistic CD40 mAb- or isotype-treated mice bearing B16-F10 melanoma, and performing RNA-sequencing. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that agonistic CD40 mAb therapy increased interferon (IFN)-related responses in tumor endothelial cells, including up-regulation of the immunosuppressive enzyme Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). IDO1 was predominantly expressed in endothelial cells within the tumor microenvironment, and its expression in tumor endothelium was positively correlated to T-cell infiltration and to increased intratumoral expression of IFNγ. In vitro, endothelial cells up-regulated IDO1 in response to T-cell-derived IFNγ, but not in response to CD40-stimulation. Combining agonistic CD40 mAb therapy with the IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat delayed tumor growth in B16-F10 melanoma, associated with increased activation of tumor-infiltrating T-cells. Hereby, we show that the tumor endothelial cells up-regulate IDO1 upon CD40-stimulating immunotherapy in response to increased IFNγ-secretion by T-cells, revealing a novel immunosuppressive feedback mechanism whereby tumor vessels limit T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georganaki
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohanraj Ramachandran
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sander Tuit
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Science Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alexandros Karampatzakis
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Grammatiki Fotaki
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luuk van Hooren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roberta Lugano
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Science Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Eric C Holland
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sara M Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schultze
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Science Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, The German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonia Tugues
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Endothelial cells and lymphatics at the interface between the immune and central nervous systems: implications for multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 30:222-230. [PMID: 28323646 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The central nervous system (CNS) has a unique relationship with the immune system. This review highlights the distinct roles of lymphatic vessels and endothelial cells in the interface between CNS and immune cells and invites to revisit the concept of CNS immune privilege. RECENT FINDINGS T cells can follow several routes to penetrate the CNS parenchyma but may also benefit, together with antigen-loaded presenting cells, from the newly described lymphatic network to exit the CNS. CNS endothelial cells (EC) critically positioned at the interface between circulating immune cells and the CNS regulate the multistep cascade for immune cell trafficking into the CNS. They can also be considered as semiprofessional antigen-presenting cells through their ability to present antigens to T cells and to regulate their activation through co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules. SUMMARY The lymphatic network linking the CNS to draining lymph nodes may contribute to the inflammatory reaction occurring in multiple sclerosis (MS). The abundance and strategic positioning of endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier level most likely endow them with an important role in controlling local adaptive immune responses, rendering them potential therapeutic targets in neuro-inflammatory such as MS.
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7
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Aarts SABM, Seijkens TTP, van Dorst KJF, Dijkstra CD, Kooij G, Lutgens E. The CD40-CD40L Dyad in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1791. [PMID: 29312317 PMCID: PMC5732943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD40-CD40L dyad is an immune checkpoint regulator that promotes both innate and adaptive immune responses and has therefore an essential role in the development of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, CD40 and CD40L are expressed on immune cells present in blood and lymphoid organs, affected resident central nervous system (CNS) cells, and inflammatory cells that have infiltrated the CNS. CD40-CD40L interactions fuel the inflammatory response underlying MS, and both genetic deficiency and antibody-mediated inhibition of the CD40-CD40L dyad reduce disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Both proteins are therefore attractive therapeutic candidates to modulate aberrant inflammatory responses in MS. Here, we discuss the genetic, experimental and clinical studies on the role of CD40 and CD40L interactions in EAE and MS and we explore novel approaches to therapeutically target this dyad to combat neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A. B. M. Aarts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom T. P. Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christine D. Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
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8
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Yshii LM, Hohlfeld R, Liblau RS. Inflammatory CNS disease caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors: status and perspectives. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:755-763. [PMID: 29104289 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment strategies based on immune stimulation have recently entered the clinical arena, with unprecedented success. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) work by indiscriminately promoting immune responses, which target tumour-associated antigens or tumour-specific mutations. However, the augmented immune response, most notably the T cell response, can cause either direct neurotoxicity or, more commonly, indirect neurotoxic effects through systemic or local inflammatory mechanisms or autoimmune mechanisms. Consequently, patients treated with ICIs are susceptible to CNS disease, including paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis and hypophysitis. In this Opinion article, we introduce the mechanisms of action of ICIs and review their adverse effects on the CNS. We highlight the importance of early detection of these neurotoxic effects, which should be distinguished from brain metastasis, and the need for early detection of neurotoxicity. It is crucial that physicians are well informed of these neurological adverse effects, given the anticipated increase in the use of immunotherapies to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M Yshii
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Purpan Hospital, Place du Docteur Baylac TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Centre and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich 80539, Germany, and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Roland S Liblau
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Purpan Hospital, Place du Docteur Baylac TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, and the Department of Immunology, Hôpital Rangueil, 1, Avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès - TSA 50032 - 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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9
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Lee A, Papangeli I, Park Y, Jeong HN, Choi J, Kang H, Jo HN, Kim J, Chun HJ. A PPARγ-dependent miR-424/503-CD40 axis regulates inflammation mediated angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2528. [PMID: 28566713 PMCID: PMC5451412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the endothelium by pro-inflammatory stimuli plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a multitude of vascular diseases. Angiogenesis is a crucial component of the vascular response associated with inflammatory signaling. The CD40/CD40 ligand dyad in endothelial cells (EC) has a central role in promoting vascular inflammatory response; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this component of inflammation and angiogenesis is not fully understood. Here we report a novel microRNA mediated suppression of endothelial CD40 expression. We found that CD40 is closely regulated by miR-424 and miR-503, which directly target its 3′ untranslated region. Pro-inflammatory stimuli led to increased endothelial CD40 expression, at least in part due to decreased miR-424 and miR-503 expression. In addition, miR-424 and miR-503 reduced LPS induced EC sprouting, migration and tube formation. Moreover, we found that miR-424 and miR-503 expression is directly regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), whose endothelial expression and activity are decreased in response to inflammatory factors. Finally, we demonstrate that mice with endothelial-specific deletion of miR-322 (miR-424 ortholog) and miR-503 have augmented angiogenic response to LPS in a Matrigel plug assay. Overall, these studies identify a PPARγ-dependent miR-424/503-CD40 signaling axis that is critical for regulation of inflammation mediated angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Lee
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Irinna Papangeli
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Youngsook Park
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Jeong
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Jihea Choi
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Hyesoo Kang
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Jo
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, Korea. .,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Hyung J Chun
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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10
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Girn HRS, Ahilathirunayagam S, Mavor AID, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Reperfusion Syndrome: Cellular Mechanisms of Microvascular Dysfunction and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016; 41:277-93. [PMID: 17704330 DOI: 10.1177/1538574407304510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury is the paradoxical and complex phenomenon of exacerbation of cellular dysfunction and increase in cell death after the restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic tissues. It involves biochemical and cellular changes causing oxidant production and complement activation, which culminates in an inflammatory response, mediated by neutrophil and platelet cell interactions with the endothelium and among the cells themselves. The mounted inflammatory response has both local and systemic manifestations. Despite improvements in imaging, interventional techniques, and pharmacological agents, morbidity from reperfusion remains high. Extensive research has furthered the understanding of the various pathophysiological mechanisms involved and the development of potential therapeutic strategies. Preconditioning has emerged as a powerful method of ameliorating ischemia reperfusion injury to the myocardium and in transplant surgery. More recently, postconditioning has been shown to provide a therapeutic counter to vasoocclusive emergencies. More research and well-designed trials are needed to bridge the gap between experimental evidence and clinical implementation.
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11
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Pomara C, Riezzo I, Bello S, De Carlo D, Neri M, Turillazzi E. A Pathophysiological Insight into Sepsis and Its Correlation with Postmortem Diagnosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4062829. [PMID: 27239102 PMCID: PMC4863102 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4062829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is among the leading causes of death worldwide and is the focus of a great deal of attention from policymakers and caregivers. However, sepsis poses significant challenges from a clinical point of view regarding its early detection and the best organization of sepsis care. Furthermore, we do not yet have reliable tools for measuring the incidence of sepsis. Methods based on analyses of insurance claims are unreliable, and postmortem diagnosis is still challenging since autopsy findings are often nonspecific. AIM The objective of this review is to assess the state of our knowledge of the molecular and biohumoral mechanisms of sepsis and to correlate them with our postmortem diagnosis ability. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of sepsis-related deaths is an illustrative example of the reciprocal value of autopsy both for clinicians and for pathologists. A complete methodological approach, integrating clinical data by means of autopsy and histological and laboratory findings aiming to identify and demonstrate the host response to infectious insults, is mandatory to illuminate the exact cause of death. This would help clinicians to compare pre- and postmortem findings and to reliably measure the incidence of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pomara
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Forensic Pathology, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, University of Foggia, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - I. Riezzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Forensic Pathology, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, University of Foggia, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - S. Bello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Forensic Pathology, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, University of Foggia, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - D. De Carlo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Forensic Pathology, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, University of Foggia, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - M. Neri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Forensic Pathology, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, University of Foggia, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - E. Turillazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Forensic Pathology, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, University of Foggia, Viale degli Aviatori 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
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Lu CX, Qiu T, Tong HS, Liu ZF, Su L, Cheng B. Peripheral T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell population imbalance is associated with septic encephalopathy in patients with severe sepsis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1077-1084. [PMID: 26998040 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic encephalopathy (SE) is a diffuse cerebral dysfunction resulting from a systemic inflammatory response, and is associated with an increased risk of mortality. The pathogenesis of SE is complex and multifactorial, but unregulated immune imbalance may be an important factor. The current retrospective study examined the clinical data of 86 patients with severe sepsis who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University (Xiamen, China) from January, 2014 to January, 2015. The patients were assigned to SE and non-SE patient groups according to the presence or absence of SE. The proportion of T-lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cells in the immune cell population, representing the function of the immune system, were analyzed for their association with SE and compared with other clinical predictors and biomarkers. The incidence of SE in the patients was 39.5%, and this group demonstrated higher mortality rates (38 vs. 10% in non-SE patients; P=0.001). Univariate analysis revealed that the SE patients reported a lower percentage of cluster of differentiation 4+(CD4+) T-lymphocytes (51.67±7.12 vs. 60.72±3.70% in non-SE patients; P<0.01), a lower CD4+/cluster of differentiation 8+(CD8+) ratio (1.59±0.32 vs. 1.85±0.26% in non-SE patients; P<0.01) and a higher percentage of NK cells (11.80±1.44 vs. 9.19±2.36% in non-SE patients; P<0.01). Using a binary logistic regression model, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes were demonstrated to be independently associated with SE (respectively, P=0.012 and OR, 4.763; P=0.005 and OR, 0.810). An area under the curve analysis of a receiver operating characteristic curve of the two indicators revealed that these were equally powerful measures in prediction of SE (Z=1.247, P>0.05). The present results confirm that SE leads to higher mortality in patients with severe sepsis, and demonstrate that immune imbalance is important in the development of SE. The proportion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes present were revealed in the current study to be a powerful predictor of SE in patients with severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xiang Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Sheng Tong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Feng Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Lavrnja I, Parabucki A, Brkic P, Jovanovic T, Dacic S, Savic D, Pantic I, Stojiljkovic M, Pekovic S. Repetitive hyperbaric oxygenation attenuates reactive astrogliosis and suppresses expression of inflammatory mediators in the rat model of brain injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:498405. [PMID: 25972624 PMCID: PMC4417949 DOI: 10.1155/2015/498405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms by which treatment with hyperbaric oxygen (HBOT) exerts its beneficial effects on recovery after brain injury are still unrevealed. Therefore, in this study we investigated the influence of repetitive HBOT on the reactive astrogliosis and expression of mediators of inflammation after cortical stab injury (CSI). CSI was performed on male Wistar rats, divided into control, sham, and lesioned groups with appropriate HBO. The HBOT protocol was as follows: 10 minutes of slow compression, 2.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for 60 minutes, and 10 minutes of slow decompression, once a day for 10 consecutive days. Data obtained using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that repetitive HBOT applied after the CSI attenuates reactive astrogliosis and glial scarring, and reduces expression of GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), vimentin, and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) both at gene and tissue levels. In addition, HBOT prevents expression of CD40 and its ligand CD40L on microglia, neutrophils, cortical neurons, and reactive astrocytes. Accordingly, repetitive HBOT, by prevention of glial scarring and limiting of expression of inflammatory mediators, supports formation of more permissive environment for repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Lavrnja
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Parabucki
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Brkic
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tomislav Jovanovic
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Dacic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Pantic
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Stojiljkovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Pekovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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14
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Abdominal obesity contributes to neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients with increased inflammation and immune activation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:281-8. [PMID: 25469522 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested our hypothesis that abdominal obesity when associated with increased levels of systemic and central nervous system immunoinflammatory mediators contributes to neurocognitive impairment (NCI). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Six Academic Centers. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty-two patients with plasma HIV RNA <1000 copies per milliliter had clinical evaluations and cognitive function quantified by global deficit scores (GDS). OUTCOME MEASURES GDS, waist circumference (WC) and plasma IL-6, sCD163, and sCD14 and CSF sCD40L, sTNFrII, MCP-1, sICAM, and MMP-9. RESULTS WC and plasma IL-6 levels positively correlated with GDS; the WC correlation was strongest in the high tertile of IL-6 (ρ = 0.39, P = 0.005). IL-6 correlated with GDS only if WC was ≥99 cm. In the high tertile of CSF sCD40L, a biomarker of macrophage and microglial activation, the correlation of IL-6 to GDS was strongest (ρ = 0.60, P < 0.0001). Across 3-5 visits within ±1 year of the index visit, GDS remained worse in patients with IL-6 levels in the high versus low tertile (P = 0.02). Path analysis to explore potential mediators of NCI produced a strong integrated model for patients in the high CSF sCD40L tertile. In this model, WC affected GDS both directly and through a second path that was mediated by IL-6. Inclusion of plasma sCD14 levels strengthened the model. NCI was more common in men and for individuals with components of the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Neurocognitive function was significantly linked to abdominal obesity, systemic inflammation (high IL-6), and immune activation in plasma (high sCD14) and CSF (high sCD40L). Abdominal obesity, inflammation, and central nervous system immune activation are potential therapeutic targets for NCI in HIV-positive patients.
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15
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Durrant DM, Williams JL, Daniels BP, Klein RS. Chemokines Referee Inflammation within the Central Nervous System during Infection and Disease. Adv Med 2014; 2014:806741. [PMID: 26556427 PMCID: PMC4590974 DOI: 10.1155/2014/806741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that chemokines and their receptors are expressed by a variety of cell types within the normal adult central nervous system (CNS) has led to an expansion of their repertoire as molecular interfaces between the immune and nervous systems. Thus, CNS chemokines are now divided into those molecules that regulate inflammatory cell migration into the CNS and those that initiate CNS repair from inflammation-mediated tissue damage. Work in our laboratory throughout the past decade has sought to elucidate how chemokines coordinate leukocyte entry and interactions at CNS endothelial barriers, under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions, and how they promote repair within the CNS parenchyma. These studies have identified several chemokines, including CXCL12 and CXCL10, as critical regulators of leukocyte migration from perivascular locations. CXCL12 additionally plays an essential role in promoting remyelination of injured white matter. In both scenarios we have shown that chemokines serve as molecular links between inflammatory mediators and other effector molecules involved in neuroprotective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M. Durrant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian P. Daniels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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16
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Wheway J, Latham SL, Combes V, Grau GER. Endothelial microparticles interact with and support the proliferation of T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3378-87. [PMID: 25187656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells closely interact with circulating lymphocytes. Aggression or activation of the endothelium leads to an increased shedding of endothelial cell microparticles (MP). Endothelial MP (EMP) are found in high plasma levels in numerous immunoinflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, sepsis, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral malaria, supporting their role as effectors and markers of vascular dysfunction. Given our recently described role for human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBEC) in modulating immune responses, we investigated how HBEC-derived MP could interact with and support the proliferation of T cells. Like their mother cells, EMP expressed molecules important for Ag presentation and T cell costimulation, that is, β2-microglobulin, MHC II, CD40, and ICOSL. HBEC were able to take up fluorescently labeled Ags with EMP also containing fluorescent Ags, suggestive of Ag carryover from HBEC to EMP. In cocultures, fluorescently labeled EMP from resting or cytokine-stimulated HBEC formed conjugates with both CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets, with higher proportions of T cells binding EMP from cytokine-stimulated cells. The increased binding of EMP from cytokinestimulated HBEC to T cells was VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 dependent. Finally, in CFSE T cell proliferation assays using anti-CD3 mAb or T cell mitogens, EMP promoted the proliferation of CD4(+) T cells and that of CD8(+) T cells in the absence of exogenous stimuli and in the T cell mitogenic stimulation. Our findings provide novel evidence that EMP can enhance T cell activation and potentially ensuing Ag presentation, thereby pointing toward a novel role for MP in neuroimmunological complications of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wheway
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Valery Combes
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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17
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DeLuca GC, Kimball SM, Kolasinski J, Ramagopalan SV, Ebers GC. Review: the role of vitamin D in nervous system health and disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 39:458-84. [PMID: 23336971 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D and its metabolites have pleomorphic roles in both nervous system health and disease. Animal models have been paramount in contributing to our knowledge and understanding of the consequences of vitamin D deficiency on brain development and its implications for adult psychiatric and neurological diseases. The conflation of in vitro, ex vivo, and animal model data provide compelling evidence that vitamin D has a crucial role in proliferation, differentiation, neurotrophism, neuroprotection, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity. Vitamin D exerts its biological function not only by influencing cellular processes directly, but also by influencing gene expression through vitamin D response elements. This review highlights the epidemiological, neuropathological, experimental and molecular genetic evidence implicating vitamin D as a candidate in influencing susceptibility to a number of psychiatric and neurological diseases. The strength of evidence varies for schizophrenia, autism, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and is especially strong for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Clinical Neurology), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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18
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19
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Rapid copper acquisition by developing murine mesothelioma: decreasing bioavailable copper slows tumor growth, normalizes vessels and promotes T cell infiltration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73684. [PMID: 24013775 PMCID: PMC3754934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper, an essential trace element acquired through nutrition, is an important co-factor for pro-angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Decreasing bioavailable copper has been used as an anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer strategy with promising results. However, the role of copper and its potential as a therapy in mesothelioma is not yet well understood. Therefore, we monitored copper levels in progressing murine mesothelioma tumors and analyzed the effects of lowering bioavailable copper. Copper levels in tumors and organs were assayed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mesothelioma tumors rapidly sequestered copper at early stages of development, the copper was then dispersed throughout growing tumor tissues. These data imply that copper uptake may play an important role in early tumor development. Lowering bioavailable copper using the copper chelators, penicillamine, trientine or tetrathiomolybdate, slowed in vivo mesothelioma growth but did not provide any cures similar to using cisplatin chemotherapy or anti-VEGF receptor antibody therapy. The impact of copper lowering on tumor blood vessels and tumor infiltrating T cells was measured using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Copper lowering was associated with reduced tumor vessel diameter, reduced endothelial cell proliferation (reduced Ki67 expression) and lower surface ICAM/CD54 expression implying reduced endothelial cell activation, in a process similar to endothelial normalization. Copper lowering was also associated with a CD4(+) T cell infiltrate. In conclusion, these data suggest copper lowering is a potentially useful anti-mesothelioma treatment strategy that slows tumor growth to provide a window of opportunity for inclusion of other treatment modalities to improve patient outcomes.
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Adam N, Kandelman S, Mantz J, Chrétien F, Sharshar T. Sepsis-induced brain dysfunction. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:211-21. [PMID: 23409826 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic infection is often revealed by or associated with brain dysfunction, which is characterized by alteration of consciousness, ranging from delirium to coma, seizure or focal neurological signs. Its pathophysiology involves an ischemic process, secondary to impairment of cerebral perfusion and its determinants and a neuroinflammatory process that includes endothelial activation, alteration of the blood-brain barrier and passage of neurotoxic mediators. Microcirculatory dysfunction is common to these two processes. This brain dysfunction is associated with increased mortality, morbidity and long-term cognitive disability. Its diagnosis relies essentially on neurological examination that can lead to specific investigations, including electrophysiological testing or neuroimaging. In practice, cerebrospinal fluid analysis is indisputably required when meningitis is suspected. Hepatic, uremic or respiratory encephalopathy, metabolic disturbances, drug overdose, sedative or opioid withdrawal, alcohol withdrawal delirium or Wernicke's encephalopathy are the main differential diagnoses. Currently, treatment consists mainly of controlling sepsis. The effects of insulin therapy and steroids need to be assessed. Various drugs acting on sepsis-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction, brain oxidative stress and inflammation have been tested in septic animals but not yet in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Adam
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
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21
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Garcia JA, Pino PA, Mizutani M, Cardona SM, Charo IF, Ransohoff RM, Forsthuber TG, Cardona AE. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the fractalkine receptor during autoimmune inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1063-72. [PMID: 23817416 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine, a chemokine anchored to neurons or peripheral endothelial cells, serves as an adhesion molecule or as a soluble chemoattractant. Fractalkine binds CX3CR1 on microglia and circulating monocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells. The aim of this study is to determine the role of CX3CR1 in the trafficking and function of myeloid cells to the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our results show that, in models of active EAE, Cx3cr1(-/-) mice exhibited more severe neurologic deficiencies. Bone marrow chimeric mice confirmed that CX3CR1 deficiency in bone marrow enhanced EAE severity. Notably, CX3CR1 deficiency was associated with an increased accumulation of CD115(+)Ly6C(-)CD11c(+) dendritic cells into EAE-affected brains that correlated with enhanced demyelination and neuronal damage. Furthermore, higher IFN-γ and IL-17 levels were detected in cerebellar and spinal cord tissues of CX3CR1-deficient mice. Analyses of peripheral responses during disease initiation revealed a higher frequency of IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing T cells in lymphoid tissues of CX3CR1-deficient as well as enhanced T cell proliferation induced by CX3CR1-deficient dendritic cells. In addition, adoptive transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55-reactive wild-type T cells induced substantially more severe EAE in CX3CR1-deficient recipients when compared with wild-type recipients. Collectively, the data demonstrate that besides its role in chemoattraction, CX3CR1 is a key regulator of myeloid cell activation contributing to the establishment of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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22
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CD40 induces anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity in nonhematopoietic cells dependent on autophagy proteins. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2002-11. [PMID: 23509150 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01145-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells and can cause cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis, as a result of either congenital or postnatally acquired infections. Host protection likely acts at both cellular levels to control the parasite. CD40 is a key factor for protection against cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis. We determined if CD40 induces anti-T. gondii activity at the level of nonhematopoietic cells. Engagement of CD40 on various endothelial cells including human microvascular brain endothelial cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and a mouse endothelial cell line as well as human and mouse retinal pigment epithelial cells resulted in killing of T. gondii. CD40 stimulation increased expression of the autophagy proteins Beclin 1 and LC3 II, enhanced autophagy flux, and led to recruitment of LC3 around the parasite. The late endosomal/lysosomal marker LAMP-1 accumulated around the parasite in CD40-stimulated cells. This was accompanied by killing of T. gondii dependent on lysosomal enzymes. Accumulation of LAMP-1 and killing of T. gondii were dependent on the autophagy proteins Beclin 1 and Atg7. Together, these studies revealed that CD40 induces toxoplasmacidal activity in various nonhematopoietic cells dependent on proteins of the autophagy machinery.
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Wheway J, Obeid S, Couraud PO, Combes V, Grau GER. The brain microvascular endothelium supports T cell proliferation and has potential for alloantigen presentation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52586. [PMID: 23320074 PMCID: PMC3540051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) form the inner lining of blood vessels and are positioned between circulating lymphocytes and tissues. Hypotheses have formed that EC may act as antigen presenting cells based on the intimate interactions with T cells, which are seen in diseases like multiple sclerosis, cerebral malaria (CM) and viral neuropathologies. Here, we investigated how human brain microvascular EC (HBEC) interact with and support the proliferation of T cells. We found HBEC to express MHC II, CD40 and ICOSL, key molecules for antigen presentation and co-stimulation and to take up fluorescently labeled antigens via macropinocytosis. In co-cultures, we showed that HBEC support and promote the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which both are key in CM pathogenesis, particularly following T cell receptor activation and co-stimulation. Our findings provide novel evidence that HBEC can trigger T cell activation, thereby providing a novel mechanism for neuroimmunological complications of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wheway
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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24
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Romo-González T, Chavarría A, Pérez-H J. Central nervous system: a modified immune surveillance circuit? Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:823-9. [PMID: 22310920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS) was considered impossible because: (i) the brain parenchyma is separated from the blood circulation by the blood-brain barrier (BBB); (ii) the brain lacks lymphatic drainage and (iii) the brain displays low major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expression. In this context, the BBB prevents entry of immune molecules and effector cells to the CNS. The absence of lymphatic vessels avoids CNS antigens from reaching the lymph nodes for lymphocyte presentation and activation. Finally, the low MHCII expression hinders effective antigen presentation and re-activation of T cells for a competent immune response. All these factors limit the effectiveness of the afferent and efferent arms necessary to carry out immune surveillance. Nevertheless, recent evidence supports that CNS is monitored by the immune system through a modified surveillance circuit; this work reviews these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Romo-González
- Grupo de Biología y Salud Integral, Instituto de Investigaciones biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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Des pathologies encéphaliques à connaître — L'encéphalopathie associée au sepsis et ses diagnostics différentiels. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-010-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Urban D, Thanabalasingam U, Stibenz D, Kaufmann J, Meyborg H, Fleck E, Gräfe M, Stawowy P. CD40/CD40L interaction induces E-selectin dependent leukocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells and inhibits endothelial cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 404:448-52. [PMID: 21138731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40 is a receptor expressed on a wide range of cells such as leukocytes and endothelial cells (EC). As a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily the activation of CD40 by CD40-ligand (CD40L) plays a crucial role for the development and progression of a variety of inflammatory processes including atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of CD40/CD40L interaction on leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and on endothelial cell migration. METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were stimulated with either stable transfectants of mouse myeloma cells expressing the CD40L or wild type cells (4 h). Subsequently adhesion of leukocytes expressing Sialyl Lewis X, the counterpart for E-selectin (HL60 cells), was measured under shear stress (2-2.6 dyne/cm(2)) using a flow chamber adhesion assay. Stimulation of CD40 led to a significant increase of E-selectin dependent adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium. Incubation of cells with either the CD40L blocking antibody TRAP-1 or the E-selectin blocking antibody BBA2 during CD40 stimulation completely abolished adhesion of leukocytes to HUVEC. Similar results were found in human cardiac microvasculature endothelial cells (HCMEC). In contrast stimulation of CD40 had no effect on adhesion of L-selectin expressing NALM6-L cells. Furthermore, CD40/CD40L interaction abrogated VEGF-induced migration of HUVEC compared to non-stimulated controls. In comparison experiments, stimulation of endothelial cells with VEGF led to a significant phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, and eNOS. Stimulation of endothelial CD40 had no effect on VEGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. However, VEGF-induced activation of Akt and eNOS was reduced to baseline levels when endothelial CD40 was stimulated. CONCLUSION CD40/CD40L interaction induces E-selectin dependent adhesion of leukocytes to human endothelial cells and reduces endothelial cell migration by inhibiting the Akt/eNOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Urban
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany
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Checinski A, Polito A, Friedman D, Siami S, Annane D, Sharshar T. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and its differential diagnosis. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is defined as a diffuse cerebral dysfunction resulting from the systemic inflammatory response to an infection without direct infestation of the CNS. Although the pathophysiology of SAE is as yet unknown, some mechanisms have been suggested that involve BBB disruption as a consequence of proinflammatory mediators’ effects on endothelial cells. This leads to an increased passage of neurotoxic and proinflammatory mediators into the brain parenchyma, as well as an impairment of the movements of oxygen and metabolites through the BBB. Both neurons and glial cells are affected, resulting in neural functioning and neurotransmission impairment. The clinical translation of this process is an alteration of consciousness and awareness. SAE is a frequent condition in septic patients. Despite being considered reversible, SAE appears to be associated with long-term cognitive impairment. Detection and diagnosis can be challenging; it requires daily neurological assessment with the assistance of clinical scores. Use of biomarkers and neurophysiological testing is discussed. The aim of this article is to provide practical tools for detection of SAE, as well as an updated overview of its pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Checinski
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Andrea Polito
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Diane Friedman
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Shidasp Siami
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of Sud Essonne, Etampes, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
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Dyad of CD40/CD40 ligand fosters neuroinflammation at the blood-brain barrier and is regulated via JNK signaling: implications for HIV-1 encephalitis. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9454-64. [PMID: 20631174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5796-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection may result in activation of peripheral monocytes followed by their infiltration into the CNS, where the release of proinflammatory mediators causes neurologic disease. Previously, we detected high levels of soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L) in CSF and plasma of HIV-infected patients with cognitive impairment. We now show that CD40, a receptor for CD40L, is highly expressed in brain endothelial cells of patients affected by HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE), suggesting an important role for the CD40/CD40L dyad in regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions. This concept was further supported by in vitro experiments. Exposure of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) to CD40L upregulated the expression of adhesion molecules intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, which caused a fourfold increase in monocyte adhesion to BMVECs and stimulated migration across an in vitro BBB model. Investigations into the intracellular signaling pathways that govern these events revealed that cJUN-N-terminal kinase (JNK) is critical to CD40 activation in the BMVECs. CD40L induced activation of mixed-lineage-kinase-3 and JNK, leading to the subsequent activation of cJUN/AP-1 (activating-protein-1). JNK inhibition in the BMVECs prevented CD40L-mediated induction of adhesion molecules, monocyte adhesion, and transendothelial migration. These new findings support the concept that the CD40/CD40L dyad plays an important role in HIVE neuroinflammation.
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Abstract
The vascular endothelium is the main target of a limited number of infectious agents, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia ruminantium, and Orientia tsutsugamushi are among them. These arthropod-transmitted obligately-intracellular bacteria cause serious systemic diseases that are not infrequently lethal. In this review, we discuss the bacterial biology, vector biology, and clinical aspects of these conditions with particular emphasis on the interactions of these bacteria with the vascular endothelium and how it responds to intracellular infection. The study of these bacteria in relevant in vivo models is likely to offer new insights into the physiology of the endothelium that have not been revealed by other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Valbuena
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA.
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30
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The link between inflammation, synaptic transmission and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:1083-91. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Kassner S, Kollmar R, Bonaterra G, Hildebrandt W, Schwab S, Kinscherf R. The early immunological response to acute ischemic stroke: Differential gene expression in subpopulations of mononuclear cells. Neuroscience 2009; 160:394-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stokes KY, Calahan L, Hamric CM, Russell JM, Granger DN. CD40/CD40L contributes to hypercholesterolemia-induced microvascular inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 296:H689-97. [PMID: 19112095 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00962.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is associated with phenotypic changes in endothelial cell function that lead to a proinflammatory and prothrombogenic state in different segments of the microvasculature. CD40 ligand (CD40L) and its receptor CD40 are ubiquitously expressed and mediate inflammatory responses and platelet activation. The objective of this study was to determine whether CD40/CD40L, in particular T-cell CD40L, contributes to microvascular dysfunction induced by hypercholesterolemia. Intravital microscopy was used to quantify blood cell adhesion in cremasteric postcapillary venules, endothelium-dependent vasodilation responses in arterioles, and microvascular oxidative stress in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6, CD40-deficient ((-/-)), CD40L(-/-), or severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice placed on a normal (ND) or high-cholesterol (HC) diet for 2 wk. WT-HC mice exhibited an exaggerated leukocyte and platelet recruitment in venules and impaired vasodilation responses in arterioles compared with ND counterparts. A deficiency of CD40, CD40L, or lymphocytes attenuated these responses to HC. The HC phenotype was rescued in CD40L(-/-) and SCID mice by a transfer of WT T cells. Bone marrow chimeras revealed roles for both vascular- and blood cell-derived CD40 and CD40L in the HC-induced vascular responses. Hypercholesterolemia induced an oxidative stress in both arterioles and venules of WT mice, which was abrogated by either CD40 or CD40L deficiency. The transfer of WT T cells into CD40L(-/-) mice restored the oxidative stress. These results implicate CD40/CD40L interactions between circulating cells and the vascular wall in both the arteriolar and venular dysfunction elicited by hypercholesterolemia and identify T-cell-associated CD40L as a key mediator of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Stokes
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Ctr., 1501 E. Kings Hwy., Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Klohs J, Gräfe M, Graf K, Steinbrink J, Dietrich T, Stibenz D, Bahmani P, Kronenberg G, Harms C, Endres M, Lindauer U, Greger K, Stelzer EHK, Dirnagl U, Wunder A. In vivo imaging of the inflammatory receptor CD40 after cerebral ischemia using a fluorescent antibody. Stroke 2008; 39:2845-52. [PMID: 18635859 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.509844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Brain inflammation is a hallmark of stroke, where it has been implicated in tissue damage as well as in repair. Imaging technologies that specifically visualize these processes are highly desirable. In this study, we explored whether the inflammatory receptor CD40 can be noninvasively and specifically visualized in mice after cerebral ischemia using a fluorescent monoclonal antibody, which we labeled with the near-infrared fluorescence dye Cy5.5 (Cy5.5-CD40MAb). METHODS Wild-type and CD40-deficient mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Mice were either intravenously injected with Cy5.5-CD40MAb or control Cy5.5-IgGMAb. Noninvasive and ex vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging was performed after injection of the compounds. Probe distribution and specificity was further assessed with single-plane illumination microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Significantly higher fluorescence intensities over the stroke-affected hemisphere, compared to the contralateral side, were only detected noninvasively in wild-type mice that received Cy5.5-CD40MAb, but not in CD40-deficient mice injected with Cy5.5-CD40MAb or in wild-type mice that were injected with Cy5.5-IgGMAb. Ex vivo near-infrared fluorescence showed an intense fluorescence within the ischemic territory only in wild-type mice injected with Cy5.5-CD40MAb. In the brains of these mice, single-plane illumination microscopy demonstrated vascular and parenchymal distribution, and confocal microscopy revealed a partial colocalization of parenchymal fluorescence from the injected Cy5.5-CD40MAb with activated microglia and blood-derived cells in the ischemic region. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that a CD40-targeted fluorescent antibody enables specific noninvasive detection of the inflammatory receptor CD40 after cerebral ischemia using optical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klohs
- Department Experimental Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Klein RS, Diamond MS. Immunological headgear: antiviral immune responses protect against neuroinvasive West Nile virus. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:286-94. [PMID: 18539532 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of epidemic strains of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, there has been a surge in new research and knowledge regarding the peripheral immune responses that prevent neuroinvasion, the routes of WNV entry into the central nervous system (CNS) and the critical CNS immune responses that promote viral clearance and recovery at this anatomic site. WNV infection induces archetypal antiviral immune responses that, in most cases, lead to elimination of the virus with relatively few immunopathological consequences. Here, we present our current understanding of the innate and adaptive immune responses that limit dissemination to the CNS from WNV infection and the antiviral immune responses within the CNS that intervene when they fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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35
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Sun H, Huang Y, Yu X, Li Y, Yang J, Li R, Deng Y, Zhao G. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, suppresses CD40 expression and attenuates inflammatory responses after lithium pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26:505-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Yuangui Huang
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Xin Yu
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
- Department of NeurologyPeople's Liberation Army 401 HospitalQingdaoShandong266071China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Jun Yang
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Rui Li
- Department of NeurologyShaanxi Provincial People's HospitalChina
| | - Yanchun Deng
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
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Abstract
Brain dysfunction is a severe complication of sepsis with an incidence ranging from 9% to 71% that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Its diagnosis relies mainly on neurologic examination with clinical manifestations ranging from confusion to coma. An electroencephalogram, somatosensory evoked potentials, and measurement of plasma S-100b protein and neuron-specific enolase can be useful for the detection of brain dysfunction. Brain MRI can identify brain lesions such as cerebral infarction, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and leukoencephalopathy. The mechanism of sepsis-associated encephalopathy involves inflammatory and non-inflammatory processes that affect endothelial cells, glial cells, and neurons and induce blood-brain barrier breakdown, derangements of intracellular metabolism, and cell death. Specific treatments for sepsis-associated encephalopathy need to be developed. Currently, treatment is mainly the management of sepsis.
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Simpson JE, Ince PG, Higham CE, Gelsthorpe CH, Fernando MS, Matthews F, Forster G, O'Brien JT, Barber R, Kalaria RN, Brayne C, Shaw PJ, Stoeber K, Williams GH, Lewis CE, Wharton SB. Microglial activation in white matter lesions and nonlesional white matter of ageing brains. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 33:670-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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McCandless EE, Klein RS. Molecular targets for disrupting leukocyte trafficking during multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2007; 9:1-19. [PMID: 17637110 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399407000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAutoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) involve the migration of abnormal numbers of self-directed leukocytes across the blood–brain barrier that normally separates the CNS from the immune system. The cardinal lesion associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is the perivascular infiltrate, which comprises leukocytes that have traversed the endothelium and have congregated in a subendothelial space between the endothelial-cell basement membrane and the glial limitans. The exit of mononuclear cells from this space can be beneficial, as when virus-specific lymphocytes enter the CNS for pathogen clearance, or might induce CNS damage, such as in the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis when myelin-specific lymphocytes invade and induce demyelinating lesions. The molecular mechanisms involved in the movement of lymphocytes through these compartments involve multiple signalling pathways between these cells and the microvasculature. In this review, we discuss adhesion, costimulatory, cytokine, chemokine and signalling molecules involved in the dialogue between lymphocytes and endothelial cells that leads to inflammatory infiltrates within the CNS, and the targeting of these molecules as therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E McCandless
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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39
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Sitati E, McCandless EE, Klein RS, Diamond MS. CD40-CD40 ligand interactions promote trafficking of CD8+ T cells into the brain and protection against West Nile virus encephalitis. J Virol 2007; 81:9801-11. [PMID: 17626103 PMCID: PMC2045405 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00941-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established a protective role for T cells during primary West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Binding of CD40 by CD40 ligand (CD40L) on activated CD4+ T cells provides an important costimulatory signal for immunoglobulin class switching, antibody affinity maturation, and priming of CD8+ T-cell responses. We examined here the function of CD40-dependent interactions in limiting primary WNV infection. Compared to congenic wild-type mice, CD40(-/-) mice uniformly succumbed to WNV infection. Although CD40(-/-) mice produced low levels of WNV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG, viral clearance from the spleen and serum was not altered, and CD8+ T-cell priming in peripheral lymphoid tissues was normal. Unexpectedly, CD8+ T-cell trafficking to the central nervous system (CNS) was markedly impaired in CD40(-/-) mice, and this correlated with elevated WNV titers in the CNS and death. In the brains of CD40(-/-) mice, T cells were retained in the perivascular space and did not migrate into the parenchyma, the predominant site of WNV infection. In contrast, in wild-type mice, T cells trafficked to the site of infection in neurons. Beside its role in maturation of antibody responses, our experiments suggest a novel function of CD40-CD40L interactions: to facilitate T-cell migration across the blood-brain barrier to control WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sitati
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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40
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Ebersoldt M, Sharshar T, Annane D. Sepsis-associated delirium. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:941-50. [PMID: 17410344 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis-associated delirium is a common and poorly understood neurological complication of sepsis. This review provides an update of the diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies and the current knowledge about the mechanisms involved in sepsis associated brain dysfunction. DATA SOURCES Articles published between 1981 and 2006 were identified through a Medline search for "encephalopathy" and "sepsis" and by hand searching of articles cited in the identified publications. The immune response to sepsis results in multiorgan failure including brain dysfunction. DISCUSSION The potential mechanisms for sepsis-associated delirium include vascular damage, endothelial activation, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, metabolic disorders, brain inflammation and apoptosis. On the other hand, there is evidence for distinct neuroprotective factors, such as anti-inflammatory mediators and glial cell activity. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of sepsis-associated delirium relies mainly on clinical and electrophysiological criteria, and its treatment is entirely based on general management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ebersoldt
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (AP-HP), 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
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Stokes KY. Microvascular responses to hypercholesterolemia: the interactions between innate and adaptive immune responses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1141-51. [PMID: 16910762 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is recognized as one of the major risk factors in cardiovascular disease. It promotes the development of a proinflammatory phenotype in large vessels, in particular arteries, with disease. Cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are localized within atherosclerotic plaques and participate in the initiation and progression of plaque formation. It is now recognized that each segment of the microvasculature also experiences inflammation due to hypercholesterolemia, and that this occurs long before events in the large vessels. More recently, it is has been established that the innate and adaptive immune systems participate in the responses of postcapillary venules, and possibly arterioles, to elevated cholesterol levels, and that T lymphocytes may be one of the early cell types activated by hypercholesterolemia. These cells initiate a series of steps that lead to leukocyte accumulation in postcapillary venules and endothelial dysfunction in the arterioles. This review discusses the microvascular alterations induced by hypercholesterolemia, with particular attention paid to the roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and how these two systems may communicate to induce the microvascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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42
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Arumugam TV, Granger DN, Mattson MP. Stroke and T-cells. Neuromolecular Med 2006; 7:229-42. [PMID: 16247183 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:7:3:229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature of the brain region affected by a stroke assumes an inflammatory phenotype that is characterized by endothelial cell activation and barrier dysfunction and the recruitment of adherent leukocytes. Although most attention has been devoted to the possible role of neutrophils in the tissue responses to ischemic stroke there is evidence that T-lymphocytes also accumulate in the postischemic brain. Although comparable detailed analyses of lymphocyte involvement in ischemic brain injury have not been performed, emerging findings suggest a role for T-cells in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. The recruitment of T-cells to the site of brain injury is critically dependent on the coordinated expression of adhesion molecules on the activated capillary endothelium. Whether the recruited lymphocytes are acting directly on brain tissue or indirectly through activation of other circulating blood cells and/or extravascular cells remain unclear. Cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells may induce brain injury through molecules released from their cytotoxic granules. CD4+ T-helper 1 (TH1) cells, which secrete proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, may play a key role in the pathogenesis of stroke, whereas CD4+TH2 cells may play a protective role through anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. T-cells should be considered as therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke. However, because infection is a leading cause of mortality in the postacute phase of ischemic stroke, and considering anti-inflammatory role of CD4+TH2, treatment targeting T-cells should be carefully designed to reduce deleterious and enhance protective actions of T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruma V Arumugam
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Vowinkel T, Wood KC, Stokes KY, Russell J, Krieglstein CF, Granger DN. Differential expression and regulation of murine CD40 in regional vascular beds. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290:H631-9. [PMID: 16172156 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00733.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence for a role of the CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) dyad as a signaling mechanism in different inflammatory conditions. The aims of this study were to 1) quantify the constitutive and induced expression of CD40 in different regional vascular beds of the mouse and 2) assess the role of CD40L as a modulator of vascular endothelial CD40 expression. The dual radiolabeled monoclonal antibody technique was used to quantify the expression of endothelial CD40 in control and LPS-challenged wild-type (WT) mice. Significant constitutive CD40 expression was detected in several vascular beds of WT mice with lung, kidney, and small intestine exhibiting the highest expression, whereas the liver and stomach showed no detectable baseline expression. LPS administration elicited two- to sevenfold increases in CD40 expression in several tissues (heart, kidney, and intestine) within 4 h, whereas other organs (brain) required up to 48 h to exhibit CD40 upregulation. CD40 expression was not detected in unstimulated or LPS-challenged CD40−/− mice. Constitutive expression of CD40 was profoundly reduced in unstimulated CD40L−/− mice, but the LPS-induced CD40 upregulation did not differ between CD40L−/− and WT mice. Depletion of platelets or T lymphocytes, the major CD40L-expressing cells in blood, also resulted in a profound reduction in basal CD40 expression. These findings demonstrate significant endothelial expression of CD40 under basal conditions in different vascular beds and increased CD40 expression after endothelial cell activation with LPS. Platelet- and T-lymphocyte-associated CD40L appears to play a major role in regulating the density of CD40 expression on vascular endothelial cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Vowinkel
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Ctr., 1501 Kings Hwy., Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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44
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Kleine TO, Benes L. Immune surveillance of the human central nervous system (CNS): Different migration pathways of immune cells through theblood–brain barrier and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier in healthy persons. Cytometry A 2006; 69:147-51. [PMID: 16479603 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since for immune surveillance, only lymphocytes in the activated state are able to enter normal human central nervous system (CNS), available data are briefly reviewed to reveal lymphocyte transfer through blood-brain barrier (bbb) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (bCSFb). METHODS With immuno-histochemical and -cytochemical methods, bbb was studied on brain microvessels and bCSFb on choroid plexus epithelium and microvessels. Lymphocyte transfer capacity on the barriers was determined with blood/CSF cell ratios revealed by quantified multicolour flow-cytometry of CSF and blood sample pairs. RESULTS Four paths attenuated the restricted transfer of lymphocyte and NK cell subsets (none for B cells) through bbb and bCSFb, preferring memory cells in normal human brain, using different cell adhesion molecules (CAM). CAM pattern changed in choroid plexus where indication of lymphocyte recirculating from CSF into blood may exist in animal brains. CONCLUSIONS Since efficiency of migration of blood-borne lymphocytes into CSF across bbb or bCSFb of normal human brain is not fully revealed, further data are needed to understand the transfer of immune cells across the barriers in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann O Kleine
- Abteilung Klinische Chemie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Referenzlabor für Liquordiagnostik,Klinikum der Philipps-Universität, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
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45
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Kis B, Chen L, Ueta Y, Busija DW. Autocrine peptide mediators of cerebral endothelial cells and their role in the regulation of blood-brain barrier. Peptides 2006; 27:211-22. [PMID: 16137789 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A unique feature of cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) is the formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which contributes to the stability of the brain microenvironment. CECs are capable of producing several substances mediating endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation or vasoconstriction, regulating BBB permeability, and participating in the regulation of cell-cell interactions during inflammatory and immunological processes. The chemical nature of these mediators produced by CECs ranges from gaseous anorganic molecules (e.g. nitric oxide) through lipid mediators (e.g. prostaglandins) to peptides. Peptide mediators are a large and diverse family of bioactive molecules which can elicit multiple effects on cerebral endothelial functions. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of peptide mediators produced by CECs, such as adrenomedullin, angiotensin, endothelin and several others and their role in the regulation of BBB functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Kis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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46
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Coisne C, Faveeuw C, Delplace Y, Dehouck L, Miller F, Cecchelli R, Dehouck B. Differential expression of selectins by mouse brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro in response to distinct inflammatory stimuli. Neurosci Lett 2005; 392:216-20. [PMID: 16214291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increased lymphocyte trafficking across blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a prominent and early event in inflammatory and immune-mediated CNS diseases. The adhesion molecules that control the entry of leukocytes into the brain have not been fully elucidated. Although the role of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 has been well documented, the expression and role of selectins is still a matter of controversy. In a mouse syngenic in vitro BBB model, highly relevant for examining immunological events, mouse brain capillary endothelial cells (MBCECs) do not express selectins. Treatment of MBCECs with LPS, induced E- and P-selectin expression, whereas TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma treatments did not. Finally, P-selectin but not E-selectin expression was induced in IL-1beta treated MBCECs. Thus, our study suggests that diverse inflammatory stimuli could differentially regulate selectin expression at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coisne
- EA 2465-Université d'Artois, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, 62307 Lens, France
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47
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Weksler BB, Subileau EA, Perrière N, Charneau P, Holloway K, Leveque M, Tricoire-Leignel H, Nicotra A, Bourdoulous S, Turowski P, Male DK, Roux F, Greenwood J, Romero IA, Couraud PO. Blood-brain barrier-specific properties of a human adult brain endothelial cell line. FASEB J 2005; 19:1872-4. [PMID: 16141364 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3458fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1011] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of a human model of the blood-brain barrier has proven to be a difficult goal. To accomplish this, normal human brain endothelial cells were transduced by lentiviral vectors incorporating human telomerase or SV40 T antigen. Among the many stable immortalized clones obtained by sequential limiting dilution cloning of the transduced cells, one was selected for expression of normal endothelial markers, including CD31, VE cadherin, and von Willebrand factor. This cell line, termed hCMEC/D3, showed a stable normal karyotype, maintained contact-inhibited monolayers in tissue culture, exhibited robust proliferation in response to endothelial growth factors, and formed capillary tubes in matrix but no colonies in soft agar. hCMEC/D3 cells expressed telomerase and grew indefinitely without phenotypic dedifferentiation. These cells expressed chemokine receptors, up-regulated adhesion molecules in response to inflammatory cytokines, and demonstrated blood-brain barrier characteristics, including tight junctional proteins and the capacity to actively exclude drugs. hCMEC/D3 are excellent candidates for studies of blood-brain barrier function, the responses of brain endothelium to inflammatory and infectious stimuli, and the interaction of brain endothelium with lymphocytes or tumor cells. Thus, hCMEC/D3 represents the first stable, fully characterized, well-differentiated human brain endothelial cell line and should serve as a widely usable research tool.
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MESH Headings
- Agar/chemistry
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cadherins/biosynthesis
- Capillaries/pathology
- Cattle
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Collagen/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Karyotyping
- Laminin/pharmacology
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Perfusion
- Permeability
- Phenotype
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- RNA/metabolism
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
- von Willebrand Factor/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Weksler
- Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR 8104-INSERM U567, Université René Descartes, Paris, France.
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48
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Hudson LC, Bragg DC, Tompkins MB, Meeker RB. Astrocytes and microglia differentially regulate trafficking of lymphocyte subsets across brain endothelial cells. Brain Res 2005; 1058:148-60. [PMID: 16137663 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Feline brain endothelial cells (BECs), astrocytes, and microglia were combined in different configurations in a cell culture insert system to assess the effect of different cell types on the trafficking of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets in response to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The addition of astrocytes to BECs significantly increased the adherence of PBMCs. This increase in adherence was suppressed by microglia, whereas microglia alone had no effect on PBMC adherence. FIV exposure of the glial cells did not alter PBMC adherence as compared to same configurations with untreated cells. All PBMC subsets showed some level of trafficking across the endothelial cell layer. The level of trafficking of monocytes and B cells was significantly increased if astrocytes were present. The presence of microglia with the astrocytes reduced transmigration across all PBMC subsets. FIV exposure of astrocytes significantly increased the percentage of CD8 T cell transmigration from 24% to 64% of the total CD4 and CD8 numbers. The presence of microglia significantly reversed the preferential trafficking of CD8 cells in the presence of astrocytes. The results suggested that interaction between the triad of endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia played an important, but varying, role in the trafficking of different PBMC subsets. In general, astrocytes had a positive effect on trafficking of PBMCs, while microglia had a suppressive effect. Effects of FIV on trafficking were largely restricted to increases seen in CD8 T cells and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Hudson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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49
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Ke ZJ, Calingasan NY, Karuppagounder SS, DeGiorgio LA, Volpe BT, Gibson GE. CD40L deletion delays neuronal death in a model of neurodegeneration due to mild impairment of oxidative metabolism. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 164:85-92. [PMID: 15904977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory/immune processes are important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Thiamine deficiency (TD) models the region selective neuronal loss in brain that accompanies mild impairment of oxidative metabolism. TD induces well-defined alterations in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. To test the role of inflammatory/immune mechanisms in TD-induced neurodegeneration, the temporal profile of neurodegeneration was compared to the activation of CD68-positive microglia and ICAM-1-positive endothelial cells during TD in wild type mice and in CD40L-/- mice. CD40L-/- delayed the onset of TD-induced neuronal death as well as the activation of microglia and endothelial cells. The current results suggest that CD40L-mediated immune and inflammatory responses have a role in TD-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun-Ji Ke
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, SIBS, CAS, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, PR China
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50
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Avasarala JR, Konduru SS. Recombinant erythropoietin down-regulates IL-6 and CXCR4 genes in TNF-alpha-treated primary cultures of human microvascular endothelial cells: implications for multiple sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2005; 25:183-9. [PMID: 15784966 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:25:2:183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), disruption of the blood-brain barrier might lead to new gadolinium-enhanced lesion formation in the brain and cause acute relapses. Current therapeutic options for acute relapses in MS are limited. The effect of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) on cytokine gene expression in TNF-alpha-treated human brain microvascular endothelial cells was studied. The cells were controls (untreated), exposed for either 6 or 24 h to TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha/rEPO. Of the 96 genes studied, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, CXCR4, and IL-1alpha genes were down-regulated when treated with TNF-alpha/rEPO for 6 h as compared with TNF-alpha alone. At 24 h, IL-6 and CXCR4 gene expression was 4.24 and 2.98, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed down-regulation by 3.86 and 1.9 for IL-6 and CXCR4 genes, respectively. Our findings suggest that further studies are warranted to evaluate the use of EPO in minimizing acute relapses in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannadha R Avasarala
- Departments of Neurology and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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