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Kong F, Dong R, Chen G, Sun S, Yang Y, Jiang J, Meng L, Chen H, Zhu J, Zheng S. Progress in Biomarkers Related to Biliary Atresia. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:305-315. [PMID: 38426193 PMCID: PMC10899875 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a congenital cholestatic disease that can seriously damage children's liver function. It is one of the main reasons for liver transplantation in children. Early diagnosis of BA is crucial to the prognosis of patients, but there is still a lack of reliable non-invasive diagnostic methods. Additionally, as some children are in urgent need of liver transplantation, evaluating the stage of liver fibrosis and postoperative native liver survival in children with BA using a straightforward, efficient, and less traumatic method is a major focus of doctors. In recent years, an increasing number of BA-related biomarkers have been identified and have shown great potential in the following three aspects of clinical practice: diagnosis, evaluation of the stage of liver fibrosis, and prediction of native liver survival. This review focuses on the pathophysiological function and clinical application of three novel BA-related biomarkers, namely MMP-7, FGF-19, and M2BPGi. Furthermore, progress in well-known biomarkers of BA such as gamma-glutamyltransferase, circulating cytokines, and other potential biomarkers is discussed, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyang Kong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingying Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingdu Meng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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Li X, Lu W, Kharitonenkov A, Luo Y. Targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 pathway for cholestatic, metabolic, and cancerous diseases. J Intern Med 2024; 295:292-312. [PMID: 38212977 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19, or FGF15 in rodents) plays a central role in controlling bile acid (BA) synthesis through a negative feedback mechanism. This process involves a postprandial crosstalk between the BA-activated ileal farnesoid X receptor and the hepatic Klotho beta (KLB) coreceptor complexed with fibrobalst growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) kinase. Additionally, FGF19 regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism by coordinating responses from functional KLB and FGFR1-3 receptor complexes on the periphery. Pharmacologically, native FGF19 or its analogs decrease elevated BA levels, fat content, and collateral tissue damage. This makes them effective in treating both cholestatic diseases such as primary biliary or sclerosing cholangitis (PBC or PSC) and metabolic abnormalities such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, chronic administration of FGF19 drives oncogenesis in mice by activating the FGFR4-dependent mitogenic or hepatic regenerative pathway, which could be a concern in humans. Agents that block FGF19 or FGFR4 signaling have shown great potency in preventing FGF19-responsive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in animal models. Recent phase 1/2 clinical trials have demonstrated promising results for several FGF19-based agents in selectively treating patients with PBC, PSC, NASH, or HCC. This review aims to provide an update on the clinical development of both analogs and antagonists targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway for patients with cholestatic, metabolic, and cancer diseases. We will also analyze potential safety and mechanistic concerns that should guide future research and advanced trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Lone JB, Long JZ, Svensson KJ. Size matters: the biochemical logic of ligand type in endocrine crosstalk. LIFE METABOLISM 2024; 3:load048. [PMID: 38425548 PMCID: PMC10904031 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The endocrine system is a fundamental type of long-range cell-cell communication that is important for maintaining metabolism, physiology, and other aspects of organismal homeostasis. Endocrine signaling is mediated by diverse blood-borne ligands, also called hormones, including metabolites, lipids, steroids, peptides, and proteins. The size and structure of these hormones are fine-tuned to make them bioactive, responsive, and adaptable to meet the demands of changing environments. Why has nature selected such diverse ligand types to mediate communication in the endocrine system? What is the chemical, signaling, or physiologic logic of these ligands? What fundamental principles from our knowledge of endocrine communication can be applied as we continue as a field to uncover additional new circulating molecules that are claimed to mediate long-range cell and tissue crosstalk? This review provides a framework based on the biochemical logic behind this crosstalk with respect to their chemistry, temporal regulation in physiology, specificity, signaling actions, and evolutionary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Barkat Lone
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin J. Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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Zangerolamo L, Carvalho M, Velloso LA, Barbosa HCL. Endocrine FGFs and their signaling in the brain: Relevance for energy homeostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176248. [PMID: 38056616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2000, there has been a continuous expansion of studies investigating the physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 comprise a subfamily with attributes that distinguish them from typical FGFs, as they can act as hormones and are, therefore, referred to as endocrine FGFs. As they participate in a broad cross-organ endocrine signaling axis, endocrine FGFs are crucial lipidic, glycemic, and energetic metabolism regulators during energy availability fluctuations. They function as powerful metabolic signals in physiological responses induced by metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Pharmacologically, FGF19 and FGF21 cause body weight loss and ameliorate glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In contrast, FGF23 expression in mice and humans has been linked with insulin resistance and obesity. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in endocrine FGF signaling in the brain and critically assess their putative role as therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Sadowska A, Poniedziałek-Czajkowska E, Mierzyński R. The Role of the FGF19 Family in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17298. [PMID: 38139126 PMCID: PMC10743406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Understanding the pathogenesis and appropriate diagnosis of GDM enables the implementation of early interventions during pregnancy that reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complications. At the same time, it provides opportunities to prevent diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases in women with GDM and their offspring in the future. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent a heterogeneous family of signaling proteins which play a vital role in cell proliferation and differentiation, repair of damaged tissues, wound healing, angiogenesis, and mitogenesis and also affect the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and hormone metabolism. Abnormalities in the signaling function of FGFs may lead to numerous pathological conditions, including metabolic diseases. The FGF19 subfamily, also known as atypical FGFs, which includes FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, is essential in regulating metabolic homeostasis and acts as a hormone while entering the systemic circulation. Many studies have pointed to the involvement of the FGF19 subfamily in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including GDM, although the results are inconclusive. FGF19 and FGF21 are thought to be associated with insulin resistance, an essential element in the pathogenesis of GDM. FGF21 may influence placental metabolism and thus contribute to fetal growth and metabolism regulation. The observed relationship between FGF21 and increased birth weight could suggest a potential role for FGF21 in predicting future metabolic abnormalities in children born to women with GDM. In this group of patients, different mechanisms may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in women in later life, and FGF23 appears to be their promising early predictor. This study aims to present a comprehensive review of the FGF19 subfamily, emphasizing its role in GDM and predicting its long-term metabolic consequences for mothers and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elżbieta Poniedziałek-Czajkowska
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (R.M.)
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Morón-Ros S, Blasco-Roset A, Navarro-Gascon A, Rupérez C, Zamora M, Crispi F, Uriarte I, Fernández-Barrena MG, Avila M, Ferrer-Curriu G, Lupón J, Bayés-Genis A, Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Planavila A. A new FGF15/19-mediated gut-to-heart axis controls cardiac hypertrophy. J Pathol 2023; 261:335-348. [PMID: 37650293 DOI: 10.1002/path.6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
FGF15 and its human orthologue, FGF19, are members of the endocrine FGF family and are secreted by ileal enterocytes in response to bile acids. FGF15/19 mainly targets the liver, but recent studies indicate that it also regulates skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue plasticity. The aim of this study was to determine the role(s) of the enterokine FGF15/19 during the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Studies in a cohort of humans suffering from heart failure showed increased circulating levels of FGF19 compared with control individuals. We found that mice lacking FGF15 did not develop cardiac hypertrophy in response to three different pathophysiological stimuli (high-fat diet, isoproterenol, or cold exposure). The heart weight/tibia length ratio and the cardiomyocyte area (as measures of cardiac hypertrophy development) under hypertrophy-inducing conditions were lower in Fgf15-null mice than in wild-type mice, whereas the levels of the cardiac damage marker atrial natriuretic factor (Nppa) were up-regulated. Echocardiographic measurements showed similar results. Moreover, the genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were down-regulated in Fgf15-null mice. Conversely, experimental increases in FGF15 induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo, without changes in Nppa and up-regulation of metabolic genes. Finally, in vitro studies using cardiomyocytes showed that FGF19 had a direct effect on these cells promoting hypertrophy. We have identified herein an inter-organ signaling pathway that runs from the gut to the heart, acts through the enterokine FGF15/19, and is involved in cardiac hypertrophy development and regulation of fatty acid metabolism in the myocardium. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Morón-Ros
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Blasco-Roset
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Artur Navarro-Gascon
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Rupérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Zamora
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clinic and Hospital San Juan de Deu), Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatalogia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Crispi
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clinic and Hospital San Juan de Deu), Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatalogia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias Avila
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gemma Ferrer-Curriu
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep Lupón
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genis
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Planavila
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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Chen H, Li J, Pi C, Guo D, Zhang D, Zhou X, Xie J. FGF19 induces the cell cycle arrest at G2-phase in chondrocytes. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:250. [PMID: 37454120 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has appeared as a new possible avenue in the treatment of skeletal metabolic disorders. However, the role of FGF19 on cell cycle progression in skeletal system is poorly understood. Here we demonstrated that FGF19 had the ability to reduce the proliferation of chondrocytes and cause cell cycle G2 phase arrest through its interaction with β-Klotho (KLB), an important accessory protein that helps FGF19 link to its receptor. FGF19-mediated cell cycle arrest by regulating the expressions of cdk1/cylinb1, chk1 and gadd45a. We then confirmed that the binding of FGF19 to the membrane receptor FGFR4 was necessary for FGF19-mediated cell cycle arrest, and further proved that FGF19-mediated cell cycle arrest was via activation of p38/MAPK signaling. Through inhibitor experiments, we discovered that inhibition of FGFR4 led to down-regulation of p38 signaling even in the presence of FGF19. Meanwhile, inhibiting p38 signaling reduced the cell cycle arrest of chondrocytes induced by FGF19. Furthermore, blocking p38 signaling facilitated to retain the expression of cdk1 and cyclinb1 that had been reduced in chondrocytes by FGF19 and decreased the expression of chk1 and gadd45a that had been enhanced by FGF19 in chondrocytes. Taking together, this study is the first to demonstrate that FGF19 induces cell cycle arrest at G2 phase via FGFR4-p38/MAPK axis and enlarges our understanding about the role of FGF19 on cell cycle progression in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiazhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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Kan S, Pi C, Zhang L, Guo D, Niu Z, Liu Y, Duan M, Pu X, Bai M, Zhou C, Zhang D, Xie J. FGF19 increases mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion in chondrocytes via the AMPKα-p38/MAPK pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:55. [PMID: 36915160 PMCID: PMC10009974 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is recognized to play an essential role in cartilage development and physiology, and has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for skeletal metabolic diseases. However, FGF19-mediated cellular behavior in chondrocytes remains a big challenge. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the role of FGF19 on chondrocytes by characterizing mitochondrial biogenesis and fission-fusion dynamic equilibrium and exploring the underlying mechanism. We first found that FGF19 enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in chondrocytes with the help of β Klotho (KLB), a vital accessory protein for assisting the binding of FGF19 to its receptor, and the enhanced biogenesis accompanied with a fusion of mitochondria, reflecting in the elongation of individual mitochondria and the up-regulation of mitochondrial fusion proteins. We then revealed that FGF19-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion required the binding of FGF19 to the membrane receptor, FGFR4, and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) axis. Finally, we demonstrated that FGF19-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion was mainly dependent on the activation of p-p38 signaling. Inhibition of p38 signaling largely reduced the high expression of AMPKα/PGC-1α/SIRT1 axis, decreased the up-regulation of mitochondrial fusion proteins and impaired the enhancement of mitochondrial network morphology in chondrocytes induced by FGF19. Taking together, our results indicate that FGF19 could increase mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion via AMPKα-p38/MAPK signaling, which enlarge the understanding of FGF19 on chondrocyte metabolism. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Kan
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixing Niu
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengmeng Duan
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiahua Pu
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingru Bai
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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9
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Vonderohe C, Guthrie G, Burrin DG. Fibroblast growth factor 19 secretion and function in perinatal development. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G190-G195. [PMID: 36648144 PMCID: PMC9942882 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00208.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Limited work has focused on fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) secretion and function in the perinatal period. FGF19 is a potent growth factor that coordinates development of the brain, eye, inner ear, and skeletal system in the embryo, but after birth, FGF19 transitions to be an endocrine regulator of the classic pathway of hepatic bile acid synthesis. FGF19 has emerged as a mediator of metabolism and bile acid synthesis in aged animals and adults in the context of liver disease and metabolic dysfunction. FGF19 has also been shown to have systemic insulin-sensitizing and skeletal muscle hypertrophic effects when induced or supplemented at supraphysiological levels in adult rodent models. These effects could be beneficial to improve growth and nutritional outcomes in preterm infants, which are metabolically resistant to the anabolic effects of enteral nutrition. Existing clinical data on FGF19 secretion and function in the perinatal period in term and preterm infants has been equivocal. Studies in pigs show that FGF19 expression and secretion are upregulated with gestational age and point to molecular and endocrine factors that may be involved. Work focused on FGF19 in pediatric diseases suggests that augmentation of FGF19 secretion by activation of gut FXR signaling is associated with benefits in diseases such as short bowel syndrome, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease, and biliary atresia. Future work should focus on characterization of FGF19 secretion and the mechanism underpinning the transition of FGF19 function as an embryological growth factor to metabolic and bile acid regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Vonderohe
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Gregory Guthrie
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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10
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Jin L, Yang R, Geng L, Xu A. Fibroblast Growth Factor-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity-Related Metabolic Complications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:359-382. [PMID: 36100222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-032322-093904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, which comprises 22 structurally related proteins, plays diverse roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and metabolism. Among them, two classical members (FGF1 and FGF4) and two endocrine members (FGF19 and FGF21) are important regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis, glucose/lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of these FGFs for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Several genetically engineered FGF19 and FGF21 analogs with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties have been developed and progressed into various stages of clinical trials. These FGF analogs are effective in alleviating hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and liver fibrosis in biopsy-confirmed NASH patients, whereas their antidiabetic and antiobesity effects are mildand vary greatly in different clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances in biopharmaceutical development of FGF-based therapies against obesity-related metabolic complications, highlights major challenges in clinical implementation, and discusses possible strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
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11
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Corbee RJ, van Everdingen DL, Kooistra HS, Penning LC. Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) analogs as possible treatment options for diabetes mellitus in veterinary patients. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1086987. [PMID: 36699319 PMCID: PMC9868460 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1086987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in numerous metabolic processes. The endocrine subfamily of FGFs, consisting of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, might have beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or obesity. The analog with the greatest potential, FGF21, lowers blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and induces weight loss in several animal models. In this review we summarize recent (pre)clinical findings with FGF21 analogs in animal models and men. Furthermore, possible applications of FGF21 analogs for pets with DM will be discussed. As currently, information about the use of FGF21 analogs in pet animals is scarce.
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12
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Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L, Baj J, Khalil M, Garruti G, Stellaard F, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Recent Advances in the Digestive, Metabolic and Therapeutic Effects of Farnesoid X Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 19: From Cholesterol to Bile Acid Signaling. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234950. [PMID: 36500979 PMCID: PMC9738051 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver (primary BA) starting from cholesterol. In the small intestine, BA act as strong detergents for emulsification, solubilization and absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins. Primary BA escaping the active ileal re-absorption undergo the microbiota-dependent biotransformation to secondary BA in the colon, and passive diffusion into the portal vein towards the liver. BA also act as signaling molecules able to play a systemic role in a variety of metabolic functions, mainly through the activation of nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in the intestine, gallbladder, and liver. BA homeostasis is tightly controlled by a complex interplay with the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the enterokine hormone fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) or the human ortholog FGF19 (FGF19). Circulating FGF19 to the FGFR4/β-Klotho receptor causes smooth muscle relaxation and refilling of the gallbladder. In the liver the binding activates the FXR-small heterodimer partner (SHP) pathway. This step suppresses the unnecessary BA synthesis and promotes the continuous enterohepatic circulation of BAs. Besides BA homeostasis, the BA-FXR-FGF19 axis governs several metabolic processes, hepatic protein, and glycogen synthesis, without inducing lipogenesis. These pathways can be disrupted in cholestasis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, targeting FXR activity can represent a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and the treatment of liver and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-4687215
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13
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Vonderohe C, Guthrie G, Stoll B, Hebib VM, Dawson H, Burrin D. Increased Circulating Cortisol After Vaginal Birth Is Associated With Increased FGF19 Secretion in Neonatal Pigs. Endocrinology 2022; 164:bqac188. [PMID: 36367732 PMCID: PMC10233397 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of birth modality (scheduled cesarean or spontaneous vaginal) on the development of the newborn has been a source of controversy in neonatology. The impact of cesarean vs vaginal birth on the development of bile acid and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling is unknown. Our aim was to determine the effect of birth modality and gestational age (preterm vs term) on plasma hormone levels, bile acid pool distribution, expression of genes in the bile acid-FXR-FGF19 pathway, and plasma levels of FGF19 at birth and on day 3 of life in neonatal pigs. Four sows underwent cesarean delivery on gestation day 105 (n = 2) and 114 (n = 2; term = 115 days), and 2 additional sows were allowed to farrow at term (gestation days 112 and 118). Piglets were euthanized at birth (Term-Vaginal n = 6; Term-Cesarean n = 8; Preterm n = 10) for tissue and blood collection, and the remaining pigs received total parenteral nutrition then were fed enterally on day 3 (Term-Vaginal n = 8; Term-Cesarean n = 10; Preterm n = 8), before blood and tissue were collected. Piglets born vaginally had a markedly (30-fold) higher plasma FGF19 at birth than term pigs born via cesarean delivery, and 70-fold higher than preterm pigs (P < 0.001). However, distal ileum FGF19 gene expression was similar in all groups (P > 0.05). Plasma FGF19 positively correlated with plasma cortisol (r = 0.58; P < 0.05) and dexamethasone treatment increased ileal FGF19 expression in cultured pig tissue explants and human enteroids. Our findings suggest that exposure to maternal or endogenous glucocorticoids in the perinatal period may upregulate the development of the bile acid-FGF19 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center; Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gregory Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center; Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Barbara Stoll
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center; Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Valeria Melendez Hebib
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center; Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harry Dawson
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center; Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Molecular Basis of Bile Acid-FXR-FGF15/19 Signaling Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116046. [PMID: 35682726 PMCID: PMC9181207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a group of amphiphilic molecules consisting of a rigid steroid core attached to a hydroxyl group with a varying number, position, and orientation, and a hydrophilic side chain. While BAs act as detergents to solubilize lipophilic nutrients in the small intestine during digestion and absorption, they also act as hormones. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that forms a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), is activated by BAs in the enterohepatic circulation reabsorbed via transporters in the ileum and the colon, and plays a critical role in regulating gene expression involved in cholesterol, BA, and lipid metabolism in the liver. The FXR/RXRα heterodimer also exists in the distal ileum and regulates production of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15/FGF19, a hormone traveling via the enterohepatic circulation that activates hepatic FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4)-β-klotho receptor complex and regulates gene expression involved in cholesterol, BA, and lipid metabolism, as well as those regulating cell proliferation. Agonists for FXR and analogs for FGF15/19 are currently recognized as a promising therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and cholestatic diseases.
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15
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Maitiabula G, Tian F, Wang P, Zhang L, Gao X, Wan S, Sun H, Yang J, Zhang Y, Gao T, Xue B, Li C, Li J, Wang X. Liver PP2A-Cα Protects From Parenteral Nutrition-associated Hepatic Steatosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:669-692. [PMID: 35643235 PMCID: PMC9421584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a lifesaving therapy for patients with intestinal failure. Hepatic steatosis is a potentially fatal complication of long-term PN, but the involved pathological mechanisms are incompletely unclarified. Herein, we identify the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the pathogenesis of parenteral nutrition-associated hepatic steatosis (PNAHS). METHODS Proteomic/phosphoproteomic analyses of liver samples from patients with PNAHS were applied to identify the mechanism of PNAHS. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) mice model, in vivo, and in vitro experiments were used to assess the effect of PP2A-Cα on liver fatty acid metabolism. RESULTS Reduced expression of PP2A-Cα (catalytic subunit) enhanced activation of serine/threonine kinase Akt2 and decreased activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were associated with hepatic steatosis in patients with PNAHS. Mice given PN for 14 days developed hepatic steatosis, down-regulation of PP2A-Cα, activation of Akt2, and inhibition of AMPK. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of PP2A-Cα in mice given PN exacerbated Akt2 activation, AMPK inhibition, and hepatic steatosis through an effect on fatty acid degradation, whereas hepatocyte-specific PP2A-Cα overexpression significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis accompanied with Akt2 suppression and AMPK activation. Additionally, pharmacological activation of Akt2 in mice overexpressing PP2A-Cα led to the aggravation of hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that hepatic PP2A-Cα serves as a protective factor of PNAHS due to ameliorating hepatic steatosis and improving liver function. Our study provides a strong rationale that PP2A-Cα may be involved in the pathogenesis of PNAHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulisudumu Maitiabula
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejin Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songlin Wan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Bin Xue, PhD, LongMian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China. tel: +86-25-87115542
| | - Chaojun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Chaojun Li, PhD, Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China. tel: +86-25-83596289.
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Xinying Wang, MD, PhD, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China. tel: +86-25-80861429
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16
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Guthrie G, Vonderohe C, Burrin D. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 expression, regulation, and function: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111617. [PMID: 35301051 PMCID: PMC9038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 over 20 years ago, our understanding of the peptide and its role in human biology has moved forward significantly. A member of a superfamily of paracrine growth factors regulating embryonic development, FGF19 is unique in that it is a dietary-responsive endocrine hormone linked with bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and protein synthesis during the fed to fasted state. FGF19 achieves this through targeting multiple tissues and signaling pathways within those tissues. The diverse functional capabilities of FGF19 is due to the unique structural characteristics of the protein and its receptor binding in various cell types. This review will cover the current literature on the protein FGF19, its target receptors, and the biological pathways they target through unique signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.
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17
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Physiological and pathophysiological role of endocrine fibroblast growth factors. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The endocrine subfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) includes three factors: FGF19, FGF21, FGF23. They act on distal tissues through FGF receptors (FGFRs). The FGFR activation requires two cofactors: α- and β-Klotho, which are structurally related single-pass transmembrane proteins. The endocrine FGFs regulate various metabolic processes involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as bile acid circulation, vitamin D modulation, and phosphate homeostasis. The FGF-FGFR dysregulation is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders. Significant alterations in plasma FGF concentration are associated with the most prevalent chronic diseases, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diseases of the biliary tract, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, osteomalacia, various malignancies, and depression. Therefore, the endocrine FGFs may serve as disease predictors or biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Currently, numerous analogues and inhibitors of endocrine FGFs are under development for treatment of various disorders, and recently, a human monoclonal antibody against FGF23 has been approved for treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data on physiological and pathophysiological actions of the endocrine FGF subfamily and recent research concerning the therapeutic potential of the endocrine FGF pathways.
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Ursic-Bedoya J, Chavey C, Desandré G, Meunier L, Dupuy AM, Gonzalez-Dopeso Reyes I, Tordjmann T, Assénat E, Hibner U, Gregoire D. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 stimulates water intake. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101483. [PMID: 35367668 PMCID: PMC9019402 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Ursic-Bedoya
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Carine Chavey
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Desandré
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucy Meunier
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Marie Dupuy
- Biochemistry and Hormonology Department, Lapeyronie Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thierry Tordjmann
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, Bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Eric Assénat
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Urszula Hibner
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Gregoire
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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19
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Endocrine Fibroblast Growth Factors in Relation to Stress Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030505. [PMID: 35159314 PMCID: PMC8834311 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important roles in various growth signaling processes, including proliferation, development, and differentiation. Endocrine FGFs, i.e., atypical FGFs, including FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, function as endocrine hormones that regulate energy metabolism. Nutritional status is known to regulate the expression of endocrine FGFs through nuclear hormone receptors. The increased expression of endocrine FGFs regulates energy metabolism processes, such as fatty acid metabolism and glucose metabolism. Recently, a relationship was found between the FGF19 subfamily and stress signaling during stresses such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. This review focuses on endocrine FGFs and the recent progress in FGF studies in relation to stress signaling. In addition, the relevance of the stress-FGF pathway to disease and human health is discussed.
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20
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Tian T, Lai X, Xiang K, Han X, Yin S, Cabrera RM, Steele JW, Lei Y, Cao X, Finnell RH, Wang L, Ren A. Hypermethylation of PI3K-AKT signalling pathway genes is associated with human neural tube defects. Epigenetics 2022; 17:133-146. [PMID: 33491544 PMCID: PMC8865305 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1878725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of common and severe congenital malformations. The PI3K-AKT signalling pathway plays a crucial role in the neural tube development. There is limited evidence concerning any possible association between aberrant methylation in PI3K-AKT signalling pathway genes and NTDs. Therefore, we aimed to investigate potential associations between aberrant methylation of PI3K-AKT pathway genes and NTDs. Methylation studies of PI3K-AKT pathway genes utilizing microarray genome-methylation data derived from neural tissues of ten NTD cases and eight non-malformed controls were performed. Targeted DNA methylation analysis was subsequently performed in an independent cohort of 73 NTD cases and 32 controls to validate the methylation levels of identified genes. siRNAs were used to pull-down the target genes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to examine the effects of the aberrant expression of target genes on neural cells. As a result, 321 differentially hypermethylated CpG sites in the promoter regions of 30 PI3K-AKT pathway genes were identified in the microarray data. In target methylation analysis, CHRM1, FGF19, and ITGA7 were confirmed to be significantly hypermethylated in NTD cases and were associated with increased risk for NTDs. The down-regulation of FGF19, CHRM1, and ITGA7 impaired the formation of rosette-like cell aggregates. The down-regulation of those three genes affected the expression of PAX6, SOX2 and MAP2, implying their influence on the differentiation of neural cells. This study for the first time reported that hypermethylation of PI3K-AKT pathway genes such as CHRM1, FGF19, and ITGA7 is associated with human NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shengju Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert M. Cabrera
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John W. Steele
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunping Lei
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuanye Cao
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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21
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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Functional Roles of FGF Signaling in Early Development of Vertebrate Embryos. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082148. [PMID: 34440915 PMCID: PMC8391977 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) comprise a large family of growth factors, regulating diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Each FGF binds to a set of FGF receptors to initiate certain intracellular signaling molecules. Accumulated evidence suggests that in early development and adult state of vertebrates, FGFs also play exclusive and context dependent roles. Although FGFs have been the focus of research for therapeutic approaches in cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome, in this review, we mainly focused on their role in germ layer specification and axis patterning during early vertebrate embryogenesis. We discussed the functional roles of FGFs and their interacting partners as part of the gene regulatory network for germ layer specification, dorsal-ventral (DV), and anterior-posterior (AP) patterning. Finally, we briefly reviewed the regulatory molecules and pharmacological agents discovered that may allow modulation of FGF signaling in research.
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Yu Y, Shi X, Zheng Q, Wang X, Liu X, Tan M, Lv G, Zhang P, Martin RC, Li Y. Aberrant FGFR4 signaling worsens nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in FGF21KO mice. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2576-2589. [PMID: 34326695 PMCID: PMC8315028 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a potential precursor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In our previous studies, we found that endocrine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) played a key role in preventing the development of NASH, however, the FGF15/19 mediated-FGFR4 signaling worsened NASH and even contributed to the NASH-HCC transition. The aim of this study is to determine whether FGF15/FGFR4 signaling could alleviate or aggravate NASH in the FGF21KO mice. Methods: NASH models were established in FGF21KO mice fed with high fat methionine-choline deficient (HFMCD) diet to investigate FGF15/FGFR4 signaling during early stage NASH and advanced stage NASH. Human hepatocytes, HepG2 and Hep3B cells, were cultured with human enterocytes Caco-2 cells to mimic gut-liver circulation to investigate the potential mechanism of NASH development. Results: Significant increase of FGF15 production was found in the liver of the NASH-FGF21KO mice, however the increased FGF15 protein was unable to alleviate hepatic lipid accumulation. In contrast, up-regulated FGF15/19/FGFR4 signaling was found in the FGF21KO mice with increased NASH severity, as evident by hepatocyte injury/repair, fibrosis and potential malignant events. In in vitro studies, blockage of FGFR4 by BLU9931 treatment attenuated the lipid accumulation, up-regulated cyclin D1, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the hepatocytes. Conclusion: The increased FGF15 in NASH-FGF21KO mice could not substitute for FGF21 to compensate its lipid metabolic benefits thereby to prevent NASH development. Up-regulated FGFR4 signaling in NASH-FGF21KO mice coupled to proliferation and EMT events which were widely accepted to be associated with carcinogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Yu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoju Shi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xingtong Wang
- Department of Tumor Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Tan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Robert C Martin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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24
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Dordoe C, Chen K, Huang W, Chen J, Hu J, Wang X, Lin L. Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671131. [PMID: 33967812 PMCID: PMC8102031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its treatment remains a challenge. Complex pathological processes are involved in stroke, which causes a reduction in the supply of oxygen and energy to the brain that triggers subsequent cascade events, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis, resulting in brain injury. Stroke is a devastating disease for which there are few treatments, but physical rehabilitation can help improve stroke recovery. Although there are very few treatments for stroke patients, the discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in mammals has led to the finding that FGFs can effectively treat stroke in animal models. As presented in this review, FGFs play essential roles by functioning as homeostatic factors and controlling cells and hormones involved in metabolism. They could be used as effective therapeutic agents for stroke. In this review, we will discuss the pharmacological actions of FGFs on multiple targets, including their ability to directly promote neuron survival, enhance angiogenesis, protect against blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and regulate microglial modulation, in the treatment of ischemic stroke and their theoretical mechanisms and actions, as well as the therapeutic potential and limitations of FGFs for the clinical treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Confidence Dordoe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children' Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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25
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Shin JY, Ahn SM. Src is essential for the endosomal delivery of the FGFR4 signaling complex in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2021; 19:138. [PMID: 33794926 PMCID: PMC8017611 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocytes usually express fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), but not its ligand, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). A subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) expresses FGF19, which activates the FGFR4 signaling pathway that induces cell proliferation. FGFR4 inhibitors that target this mechanism are under clinical development for the treatment of HCCs with FGF19 amplification or FGFR4 overexpression. Src plays an essential role in the FGFR1 and FGFR2 signaling pathways. However, it is yet to be understood whether Src has any role in the FGF19-FGFR4 pathway in HCCs. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of Src in the FGF19-FGFR4 axis in HCC. Methods 3 HCC cell lines expressing both FGF19 and FGFR4 were selected. The expression of each protein was suppressed by siRNA treatment, and the activity-regulating relationship between FGFR4 and Src was investigated by westernblot. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed using the FGFR4 antibody to identify the endosomal complex formation and receptor endocytosis. The intracellular migration pathways of the endosomal complex were observed by immuno-fluorescence and nuclear co-immunoprecipitation. Dasatinib and BLU9931 were used for cytotoxicity comparison. Results FGFR4 modulates the activity of Src and Src modulates the expression of FGFR4, showing a mutual regulatory relationship. FGFR4 activated by FGF19 formed an endosomal complex with Src and STAT3 and moved to the nucleus. However, when Src was suppressed, the formation of the endosomal complex was not observed. FGFR4 was released from the complex transferred into the nucleus and the binding of Src and STAT3 was maintained. Dasatinib showed cytotoxic results comparable to BLU9931. The results of our study demonstrated that Src is essential for the nuclear transport of STAT3, as it induces the endosomal delivery of FGFR4 in FGF19-expressing HCC cell lines. Conclusions We found that Src is essential for the endosomal delivery of the FGFR4 signaling complex in HCC. Our findings provide a scientific rationale for repurposing Src inhibitors for the treatment of HCCs in which the FGFR4 pathway is activated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02807-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yon Shin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Ahn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Genome Medicine and Science, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Yang MN, Huang R, Liu X, Xu YJ, Wang WJ, He H, Zhang GH, Zheng T, Fang F, Fan JG, Li F, Zhang J, Li J, Ouyang F, Luo ZC. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Fetal Growth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:805722. [PMID: 35145481 PMCID: PMC8821646 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.805722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has been implicated in glucose homeostasis. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) enhances fetal insulin secretion and fetal growth. Girls weigh less and are more insulin resistant than boys at birth. We sought to assess whether FGF19 is associated with GDM and fetal growth and explore potential sex dimorphic associations. This was a nested case-control study in the Shanghai Birth Cohort, including 153 pairs of newborns of GDM versus euglycemic mothers matched by infant's sex and gestational age at birth. Cord plasma FGF19, insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations were measured. Cord plasma FGF19 concentrations were similar in GDM versus euglycemic pregnancies (mean ± SD: 43.5 ± 28.2 versus 44.5 ± 30.2 pg/mL, P=0.38). FGF19 was not correlated with IGF-I or IGF-II. FGF19 concentrations were positively correlated with birth weight (r=0.23, P=0.01) and length (r=0.21, P=0.02) z scores, C-peptide (r=0.27, P=0.002) and proinsulin (r=0.27, P=0.002) concentrations in females. Each SD increment in cord plasma FGF19 was associated with a 0.25 (0.07-0.43) increase in birth weight z score in females. In contrast, FGF19 was not correlated with birth weight or length in males. These sex dimorphic associations remained after adjusting for maternal and neonatal characteristics. The study is the first to demonstrate that GDM does not matter for cord blood FGF19 concentrations. The female specific positive correlation between FGF19 and birth weight is suggestive of a sex-dimorphic role of FGF19 in fetal growth. The observations call for more studies to validate the novel findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Nan Yang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Liu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jie Xu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua He
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Assay Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine-Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Cheng Luo, ; Fengxiu Ouyang,
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Cheng Luo, ; Fengxiu Ouyang,
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27
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Talukdar S, Kharitonenkov A. FGF19 and FGF21: In NASH we trust. Mol Metab 2020; 46:101152. [PMID: 33383173 PMCID: PMC8085573 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective FGF19 and FGF21 have shown therapeutic promise since their discovery, attested by the fact there are at least 5 assets that activate the FGFR/KLB pathway and one FGF19 analog in clinical development. Methods We performed a detailed analyses of published preclinical and clinical data to offer insights into the mechanism of action, as well as PK/PD and efficacy data of the clinical assets. Results Scouring the literature, we offer mechanistic insights from preclinical data using rodents and non-human primates and pharmacodynamic data from clinical studies. Conclusion The basic and applied science around endocrine FGFs has evolved exponentially over the years with FGF19 and FGF21 analogs are now entering Phase 3 clinical research. Fibroblast Growth Factors 19 and 21 (FGF19 and FGF21) are novel endocrine messengers that regulate multiple aspects of energy homeostasis. The magnitude and pleiotropic character of their beneficial pharmacology led to coordinated efforts to design novel FGF19/21-based therapeutics. The robust effects of FGF19 and FGF21 on lipid metabolism transformed clinical emphasis for these factors toward their use for NASH. In this review, we communicate an overview of FGF19 and FGF21 biology and the recent clinical developments with FGF21/19-based analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Talukdar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States.
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- AK Biotechnologies, LLC 3812 Verdure Lane, Zionsville, IN, 46077, United States.
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28
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Role of the fibroblast growth factor 19 in the skeletal system. Life Sci 2020; 265:118804. [PMID: 33245964 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor family (FGFs) is a kind of cytokine that plays an important role in growth, development, metabolism and disease. During bone development, multiple FGFs and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) play important roles. Previous reports have elucidated the great importance of FGF1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 18 in bone development, and FGF21 and 23 in bone homeostasis and bone regulation. FGF19 was initially found in the human foetal brain, and its gene location is related to osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome. Presently, gene chip detection has repeatedly found that FGF19 shows spatiotemporal specificity of gene expression in bone development and bone-related diseases, as well as differences in the protein level, indicating that FGF19 affects the skeletal system. Considering the current insufficient understanding of FGF19 and its potential function in the skeletal system, this review aims to introduce the background of FGF19 in bone, summarise the research progress of FGF19 in the skeletal system, and discuss the role and therapeutic potential of FGF19 in bone development and bone-related diseases.
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29
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Stofan M, Guo GL. Bile Acids and FXR: Novel Targets for Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:544. [PMID: 33015098 PMCID: PMC7516013 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are evolutionally conserved molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and have been shown to be essential for lipid homeostasis. BAs regulate a variety of metabolic functions via modulating nuclear and membrane receptors. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the most important nuclear receptor for maintaining BA homeostasis. FXR plays a tissue-specific role in suppressing BA synthesis and promoting BA enterohepatic circulation. Disruption of FXR in mice have been implicated in liver diseases commonly occurring in humans, including cholestasis, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Strategically targeting FXR activity has been rapidly used to develop novel therapies for the prevention and/or treatment of cholestasis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This review provides an updated literature review on BA homeostasis and FXR modulator development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Stofan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, NJ, United States
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30
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Hansen HH, Ægidius HM, Oró D, Evers SS, Heebøll S, Eriksen PL, Thomsen KL, Bengtsson A, Veidal SS, Feigh M, Suppli MP, Knop FK, Grønbæk H, Miranda D, Trevaskis JL, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Rigbolt KTG. Human translatability of the GAN diet-induced obese mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:210. [PMID: 32631250 PMCID: PMC7336447 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are important tools in preclinical research and drug discovery. Gubra-Amylin NASH (GAN) diet-induced obese (DIO) mice represent a model of fibrosing NASH. The present study directly assessed the clinical translatability of the model by head-to-head comparison of liver biopsy histological and transcriptome changes in GAN DIO-NASH mouse and human NASH patients. Methods C57Bl/6 J mice were fed chow or the GAN diet rich in saturated fat (40%), fructose (22%) and cholesterol (2%) for ≥38 weeks. Metabolic parameters as well as plasma and liver biomarkers were assessed. Liver biopsy histology and transcriptome signatures were compared to samples from human lean individuals and patients diagnosed with NASH. Results Liver lesions in GAN DIO-NASH mice showed similar morphological characteristics compared to the NASH patient validation set, including macrosteatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning degeneration and periportal/perisinusoidal fibrosis. Histomorphometric analysis indicated comparable increases in markers of hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and collagen deposition in GAN DIO-NASH mice and NASH patient samples. Liver biopsies from GAN DIO-NASH mice and NASH patients showed comparable dynamics in several gene expression pathways involved in NASH pathogenesis. Consistent with the clinical features of NASH, GAN DIO-NASH mice demonstrated key components of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusions The GAN DIO-NASH mouse model demonstrates good clinical translatability with respect to the histopathological, transcriptional and metabolic aspects of the human disease, highlighting the suitability of the GAN DIO-NASH mouse model for identifying therapeutic targets and characterizing novel drug therapies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Heebøll
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Lykke Eriksen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen Louise Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Malte P Suppli
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kondo Y, Komaba H, Fukagawa M. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors as potential biomarkers for chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:715-724. [PMID: 32513031 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1780918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 act as circulating hormones and are called endocrine FGFs. FGF19 and FGF21 regulate bile acid and energy homeostasis, respectively, whereas FGF23 regulates vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that FGF23 plays a critical role in disturbed mineral metabolisms, left ventricular hypertrophy, immunosuppression, inflammation, among others in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), highlighting the potential both as a biomarker and a therapeutic target. Several studies have also examined the potential role of FGF19 and FGF21 in CKD patients. AREAS COVERED In this review, we present a brief overview of the biology of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, and summarize recent clinical and experimental studies on the pathophysiological roles of endocrine FGFs, mainly FGF23, in CKD patients. EXPERT OPINION Among the endocrine FGFs, FGF23 represents the most promising biomarker in CKD patients. If future studies confirm that FGF23 is directly toxic in CKD patients, FGF23 could be regarded as a therapeutic target and its measurement would be valuable if applied in clinical practice. Despite their potentially important roles, the clinical relevance of FGF19 and FGF21 in CKD patients is unclear, and much more studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kondo
- Interactive Translational Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine , Isehara, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Komaba
- Interactive Translational Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine , Isehara, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine , Isehara, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine , Isehara, Japan
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32
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Lang L, Shull AY, Teng Y. Interrupting the FGF19-FGFR4 Axis to Therapeutically Disrupt Cancer Progression. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:17-25. [PMID: 29557750 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180319091731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coordination between the amplification of the fibroblast growth factor FGF19, overexpression of its corresponding receptor FGFR4, and hyperactivation of the downstream transmembrane enzyme β-klotho has been found to play pivotal roles in mediating tumor development and progression. Aberrant FGF19-FGFR4 signaling has been implicated in driving specific tumorigenic events including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and metastasis by activating a myriad of downstream signaling cascades. As an attractive target, several strategies implemented to disrupt the FGF19-FGFR4 axis have been developed in recent years, and FGF19-FGFR4 binding inhibitors are being intensely evaluated for their clinical use in treating FGF19-FGFR4 implicated cancers. Based on the established work, this review aims to detail how the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway plays a vital role in cancer progression and why disrupting communication between FGF19 and FGFR4 serves as a promising therapeutic strategy for disrupting cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Lang
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Austin Y Shull
- Department of Biology, Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC 29325, United States
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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33
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Roles of FGF21 and irisin in obesity-related diabetes and pancreatic diseases. JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jp9.0000000000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Schumacher JD, Kong B, Wu J, Rizzolo D, Armstrong LE, Chow MD, Goedken M, Lee YH, Guo GL. Direct and Indirect Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 15 and FGF19 on Liver Fibrosis Development. Hepatology 2020; 71:670-685. [PMID: 31206730 PMCID: PMC6918008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) induces fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15; human ortholog FGF19) in the gut to potently inhibit bile acid (BA) synthesis in the liver. FXR activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) reduces liver fibrosis (LF). Fgf15-/- mice develop attenuated LF, but the underlying mechanisms for this protection are unclear. We hypothesized that FGF15/19 functions as a profibrotic mediator or mitogen to HSCs and increased BAs in Fgf15-/- mice leads to enhanced FXR activation in HSCs, subsequently reducing fibrogenesis. In this study, complimentary in vivo and in vitro approaches were used: (1) CCl4 -induced LF model in wild type (WT), Fgf15-/- , and Fgf15 transgenic (TG) mice with BA levels modulated by feeding cholestyramine- or cholic acid-containing diets; (2) analysis of primary HSCs isolated from WT and Fgf15-/- mice; and (3) treatment of a human HSC line, LX-2, with FXR activators and/or recombinant FGF19 protein. The results showed that Fgf15-/- mice had lower basal collagen expression, which was increased by BA sequestration. CCl4 induced fibrosis with similar severity in all genotypes; however, cholestyramine increased fibrosis severity only in Fgf15-/- mice. HSCs from Fgf15-/- mice showed increased FXR activity and reduced expression of profibrotic mediators. In LX-2 cells, FXR activation increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity and reduced proliferation. FGF19 activated both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways and reduced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling without increasing fibrogenic gene expression or cell proliferation. Conclusion: FGF15/19 does not act as a direct profibrotic mediator or mitogen to HSCs in our models, and the protection against fibrosis by FGF15 deficiency may be mediated through increased BA activation of FXR in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JD Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - B Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - J Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - D Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - LE Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - MD Chow
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - M Goedken
- Research pathology services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - YH Lee
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - GL Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Environmental and Occupational Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ,Corresponding author: Grace L. Guo, MBBS, PhD, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854; ; phone - 848-445-8186
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Schumacher JD, Guo GL. Pharmacologic Modulation of Bile Acid-FXR-FGF15/FGF19 Pathway for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:325-357. [PMID: 31201553 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is within the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of NASH is rising and has become a large burden to the medical system worldwide. Unfortunately, despite its high prevalence and severe health consequences, there is currently no therapeutic agent approved to treat NASH. Therefore, the development of efficacious therapies is of utmost urgency and importance. Many molecular targets are currently under investigation for their ability to halt NASH progression. One of the most promising and well-studied targets is the bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In this chapter, the characteristics, etiology, and prevalence of NASH will be discussed. A brief introduction to FXR regulation of BA homeostasis will be described. However, for more details regarding FXR in BA homeostasis, please refer to previous chapters. In this chapter, the mechanisms by which tissue and cell type-specific FXR regulates NASH development will be discussed in detail. Several FXR agonists have reached later phase clinical trials for treatment of NASH. The progress of these compounds and summary of released data will be provided. Lastly, this chapter will address safety liabilities specific to the development of FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Zhang Z, Wang N, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Lv J. Downregulation of microRNA-302b-3p relieves oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation induced injury in murine hippocampal neurons through up-regulating Nrf2 signaling by targeting fibroblast growth factor 15/19. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 309:108705. [PMID: 31199929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have emerged as critical mediators of cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNA-302b-3p (miR-302b-3p) plays an important role in regulating apoptosis and oxidative stress in various cells. However, whether miR-302b-3p is involved in regulating cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury-induced neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress remains unknown. In the present study, we explored the potential function and molecular mechanism of miR-302b-3p in oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal injury, using an in vitro model of cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. We found that miR-302b-3p expression was up-regulated by OGD/R treatment in neurons. The inhibition of miR-302b-3p improved cell viability, and reduced apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen species, showing a protective effect against OGD/R-induced injury. Interestingly, miR-302b-3p was shown to target and modulate murine fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15). Moreover, our results showed that miR-302b-3p down-regulation contributed to the promotion of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated antioxidant signaling associated with the inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β. However, the knockdown of FGF15 significantly reversed the miR-302b-3p inhibition-mediated protective effect in OGD/R-treated neurons. Overall, these results demonstrated that miR-302b-3p inhibition confers a neuroprotective effect in OGD/R-treated neurons by up-regulating Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling via targeting FGF15, providing a novel target for neuroprotection in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenni Zhang
- Anesthesia Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Anesthesia Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Anesthesia Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Anesthesia Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jianrui Lv
- Anesthesia Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
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Struik D, Dommerholt MB, Jonker JW. Fibroblast growth factors in control of lipid metabolism: from biological function to clinical application. Curr Opin Lipidol 2019; 30:235-243. [PMID: 30893110 PMCID: PMC6530965 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been identified as key regulators of energy metabolism in rodents and nonhuman primates. Translational studies show that their metabolic actions are largely conserved in humans, which led to the development of various FGF-based drugs, including FGF21-mimetics LY2405319, PF-05231023, and pegbelfermin, and the FGF19-mimetic NGM282. Recently, a number of clinical trials have been published that examined the safety and efficacy of these novel therapeutic proteins in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cholestatic liver disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of FGFs in metabolic regulation and their clinical potential. RECENT FINDINGS FGF21-based drugs induce weight loss and improve dyslipidemia in patients with obesity and T2D, and reduce steatosis in patients with NASH. FGF19-based drugs reduce steatosis in patients with NASH, and ameliorate bile acid-induced liver damage in patients with cholestasis. In contrast to their potent antidiabetic effects in rodents and nonhuman primates, FGF-based drugs do not appear to improve glycemia in humans. In addition, various safety concerns, including elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, modulation of bone homeostasis, and increased blood pressure, have been reported as well. SUMMARY Clinical trials with FGF-based drugs report beneficial effects in lipid and bile acid metabolism, with clinical improvements in dyslipidemia, steatosis, weight loss, and liver damage. In contrast, glucose-lowering effects, as observed in preclinical models, are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Gadaleta RM, Moschetta A. Metabolic Messengers: fibroblast growth factor 15/19. Nat Metab 2019; 1:588-594. [PMID: 32694803 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15 in mice and its human orthologue FGF19 (together denoted FGF15/19) are gut hormones that control homeostasis of bile acids and glucose during the transition from the fed to the fasted state. Apart from its central role in the regulation of bile acid homeostasis, FGF15/19 is now recognized as a transversal metabolic coordinator at the crossroads of the gut, liver, brain and white adipose tissue. Dysregulation of FGF15/19 signalling may contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases affecting the gut-liver axis and to metabolic diseases. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge of the physiological roles of the enterokine FGF15/19 and highlight commonalities and differences between the two orthologues. We also discuss the putative therapeutic potential in areas of unmet medical need-such has cholestatic liver diseases and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, for which FGF19 is being tested in ongoing clinical trials-as well as the possibility of using FGF19 for the treatment of obesity and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.
- National Cancer Center, IRCCS IstitutoTumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy.
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Hu W, He J, Fu W, Wang C, Yue H, Gu J, Zhang H, Zhang Z. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Associated With Bone Mineral Density, but not With Bone Turnover Markers and Fractures in Chinese Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Densitom 2019; 22:179-184. [PMID: 30228048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the endocrine FGF subfamily and an important metabolic regulator that has multiple beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. However, it was unclear whether FGF21 would induce bone defects in humans. This study evaluated the associations of FGF21 levels, bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporotic fracture, and bone turnover marks (BTMs) in postmenopausal women. A total of 1342 postmenopausal Chinese Han women (511 cases of fragility fracture in the case group and 831 cases in nonfragility fracture group) were enrolled. Serum FGF21 concentration was measured by ELISA (Quantikine), serum calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, β-crosslinked C-telopeptide of type l collagen, were measured using an automated Roche electro-chemiluminescence system. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The association with age, BMD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, β-crosslinked C-telopeptide of type l collagen, and FGF21 levels were also evaluated in postmenopausal women. In nonfracture group and fragility fracture group, postmenopausal women's FGF21 level was 226.57pg/mL (149.11-354.43 pg/mL) and 219.43pg/mL (147.21-323.74 pg/mL), respectively. There is no significant difference in serum FGF21 levels between the fragility fracture group and the nonfracture group (p = 0.160). There was a significant statistical difference in BMD between the fragility fracture group and the nonfracture group (p = 0.000). In multiple linear regression analysis, FGF21 levels were significantly positive associated with lumbar BMD in postmenopausal women (L1-4, p = 0.007), independent of other factors, especially in fragility fracture group (L1-4, p = 0.001). In addition, a significant positive association was also observed between serum FGF21 levels and age in postmenopausal women (p < 0.05). We reveal a positive correlation between serum FGF21 concentrations with lumbar BMD in Chinese Han postmenopausal women. No significant correlations are present between serum FGF21 and bone turnover marks or serum FGF21 and fragility fracture in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiWei Hu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwei He
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Fu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hue Yue
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiemei Gu
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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40
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MicroRNA-520e restricts the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells through the downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by targeting fibroblast growth factor 19. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:619-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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41
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Jia K, Zhang D, Jia Q, Zhang Q. Regulation of Fgf15 expression in the intestine by glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2953-2959. [PMID: 30720089 PMCID: PMC6423556 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) was previously identified to be highly expressed in the ileum and functions as an endocrine factor to regulate bile acid synthesis in the liver. FGF15 targets its receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in the liver and serves important roles in energy metabolism, including bile acid homeostasis, glucose metabolism and protein synthesis. The expression of FGF15 is known to be regulated by the transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for measuring Fgf15 expression from the animal and tissue culture experiments, and it was identified that dexamethasone, a drug widely used in anti-inflammation therapy, and a classical inducer of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)- and pregnane X receptor (PXR)-target genes, may downregulate Fgf15 expression in the ileum. GR was identified to be highly expressed in the ileum by western blot analysis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the downregulation of Fgf15 by dexamethasone is due to the repression of ileal FXR activity via GR; however, not PXR, in the ileum. The present results provide insight for a better understanding of the adverse effects associated with dexamethasone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunzhi Jia
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Danping Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Qing‑Yu Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Cariello M, Piglionica M, Gadaleta RM, Moschetta A. The Enterokine Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19 in Bile Acid Metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:73-93. [PMID: 31123830 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, play a key role in whole-body homeostasis. In particular, FGF19 is a postprandial hormone regulating glucose homeostasis, glycogen and protein synthesis, and primary bile acid (BA) metabolism. In the ileum, BA-dependent farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation induces the production of FGF19, which reaches the liver through the portal system where it represses the expression of CYP7A1, the rate-limiting enzyme of hepatic de novo BAs synthesis. Dysregulation of BA levels associated with alteration in FGF19 level has been depicted in different pathological conditions of the gut-liver axis. Furthermore, FGF19 exploits strong anti-cholestatic and anti-fibrotic activities in the liver. However, native FGF19 seems to retain peculiar hepatic pro-tumorigenic actions. Recently engineered FGF19 analogues have been recently synthetized, with fully retained BA regulatory activity but without intrinsic pro-tumoral action, thus opening bona fide novel pharmacological strategy for the treatment of gut-liver axis diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilidia Piglionica
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Memon N, Griffin IJ, Lee CW, Herdt A, Weinberger BI, Hegyi T, Carayannopoulos MO, Aleksunes LM, Guo GL. Developmental regulation of the gut-liver (FGF19-CYP7A1) axis in neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:987-992. [PMID: 30122083 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1513483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a gut-derived hormone that regulates the expression of CYP7A1, the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid (BA) synthesis pathway. Dysregulation of the FGF19-CYP7A1 (gut-liver) axis is associated with cholestatic liver disease. Infants, especially preterm infants and those with intestinal failure are at high risk for developing cholestatic liver disease. The activity of the gut-liver axis has not been characterized in this population. Our objective was to assess relationships between circulating FGF19 concentrations and CYP7A1 activity in neonates.Materials and methods: Plasma samples were obtained longitudinally from term and preterm infants (22-41-week gestation) hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infants with congenital and acquired gastrointestinal disorders were excluded. Plasma levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), a marker of CYP7A1 activity, were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS. Plasma FGF19 concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Data were analyzed using linear regression models and structural equation modeling.Results: One hundred eighty-one plasma samples were analyzed from 62 infants. C4 concentrations were undetectable prior to 30 weeks' gestation and, thereafter, increased with advancing gestational age and with volume of enteral feeds. They did not correlate with serum FGF19 concentrations, which decreased with advancing gestational age and volume of enteral feeds.Discussion: The activity of CYP7A1, the rate-limiting BA synthetic enzyme in adults, is developmentally regulated and undetectable in newborns less than 30 weeks' gestation. FGF19 concentrations do not correlate with CYP7A1 activity, suggesting that the gut-liver axis is not functional in infants. High FGF19 concentrations at birth in infants less than 37 weeks' gestation is a novel finding, and its source and role in preterm infants warrants further investigation.Rationale: The intestinal hormone, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), is a major regulator of CYP7A1, the rate limiting enzyme in bile acid (BA) synthesis. Recently, dysregulation of the gut-liver (FGF19-CYP7A1) axis has been implicated in adult cholestatic liver disease, and animal studies have shown that exogenous FGF19 protects against liver injury. Given the therapeutic potential related to this signaling pathway, we sought to characterize the association between CYP7A1 and FGF19 in term and preterm infants. We conducted a prospective, observational study that measured in vivo CYP7A1 activity and FGF19 concentrations in 62 term and preterm infants (n = 181 samples). We found that CYP7A1 activity is developmentally regulated; its activity is undetectable prior to 30 weeks' gestation and increases with advancing gestational age and volume of enteral feeds. Contrary to expectation, we demonstrated that FGF19 is expressed at birth in preterm infants and decreases over time, even as enteral feeds increase. Using structural equation modeling, we were able to show that CYP7A1 activity does not correlate with FGF19 concentrations. Our results suggest that the gut-liver axis is not upregulated in preterm and term infants and that neonates with cholestatic liver disease will unlikely benefit from supplemental FGF19. We also report novel findings of elevated FGF19 concentrations in preterm infants at birth and speculate that there may be an extra-intestinal source of FGF19 that is developmentally expressed in these infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Memon
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA.,Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Ian J Griffin
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA.,Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Chris W Lee
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Aimee Herdt
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Barry I Weinberger
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Hegyi
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mary O Carayannopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Cui G, Martin RC, Jin H, Liu X, Pandit H, Zhao H, Cai L, Zhang P, Li W, Li Y. Up-regulation of FGF15/19 signaling promotes hepatocellular carcinoma in the background of fatty liver. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:136. [PMID: 29973237 PMCID: PMC6031179 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Upregulated fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients are at high risk for malignant transformation into HCC. Methods A steatohepatitis-HCC model was established in male C57L/J mice treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and high-fat diet (HFD). A mouse HCC cell line (Hepa1–6) and a mouse hepatocyte line (FL83B) were used to elucidate the mechanism by free fatty acids (FFA) treatment. FGF15, the mouse orthologue of FGF19, and it receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor4 (FGFR4) as well as co-receptor β-klotho were studied. FGF19 signaling was also studied in human samples of HCC with steatohepatitis. Results HCC incidence and tumor volume were significantly increased in the DEN+HFD group compared to that in the DEN+control diet (CD) group. Increased levels of FGF15/FGFR4/β-klotho, aberrant epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were detected in DEN+HFD mice. Blockage of the FGF15 signal can attenuate cell migration ability and aberrant EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions Up-regulated FGF15/FGFR4 signaling promoted the development of HCC by activation of EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the lipid metabolic disorder microenvironment. Further investigation of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling is important for potential early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting in HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0781-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Cui
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Robert C Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Harshul Pandit
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hengjun Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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46
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Shan Z, Alvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Arechederra M, Fernández-Barrena MG, Berasain C, Ju C, Avila MA. Fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 in acute liver damage. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:257. [PMID: 30069459 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.05.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are very few pharmacological options available to treat acute liver injury. Because its natural exposure to noxious stimuli the liver has developed a strong endogenous hepatoprotective capacity. Indeed, experimental evidence exposed a variety of endogenous hepatic and systemic responses naturally activated to protect the hepatic parenchyma and to foster liver regeneration, therefore preserving individual's survival. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family encompasses a range of polypeptides with important effects on cellular differentiation, growth survival and metabolic regulation in adult organisms. Among these FGFs, FGF19 and FGF21 are endocrine hormones that profoundly influence systemic metabolism but also exert important hepatoprotective activities. In this review, we revisit the biology of these factors and highlight their potential application for the clinical management of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matías A Avila
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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47
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Johansson H, Mörk LM, Li M, Sandblom AL, Björkhem I, Höijer J, Ericzon BG, Jorns C, Gilg S, Sparrelid E, Isaksson B, Nowak G, Ellis E. Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 in Portal and Systemic Blood. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:162-168. [PMID: 29892179 PMCID: PMC5992265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acid homeostasis is essential and imbalance may lead to liver damage and liver failure. The bile acid induced intestinal factor fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has been identified as a key protein for mediating negative feedback inhibition of bile acid synthesis. The aim of the study was to define FGF19 and bile acid concentrations in portal and systemic blood in the fasted and postprandial state. We also addressed the question if physiological portal levels of FGF19 can be extrapolated from the concentration in systemic blood. METHODS Portal and systemic blood was collected from 75 fasted patients undergoing liver surgery and from three organ donors before and after enteral nutrition. Serum concentration of FGF19 was determined with ELISA and bile acid concentration with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Concentration of bile acids was twice as high in portal compared to systemic blood in the fasted group and 3-5 times higher in the postprandial group. FGF19 increased after enteral nutrition but did not differ between portal and systemic blood, in either group. In addition, a strong, positive correlation between bile acids and FGF19 was found. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that bile acids drive the postprandial increase of circulating FGF19 but a hepatic clearance of FGF19 is unlikely. We conclude that systemic concentrations of FGF19 reflect portal concentrations of FGF19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Johansson
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Li
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anita L. Sandblom
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Höijer
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gilg
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernesto Sparrelid
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Isaksson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Greg Nowak
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Address for correspondence: Ewa Ellis, Assistant Professor, Liver Cell Lab F67, Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46 8 585 800 86/73 415 1880. http://www.ki.se/clintec/levercellslaboratoriet
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48
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Haluzík M, Kratochvílová H, Haluzíková D, Mráz M. Gut as an emerging organ for the treatment of diabetes: focus on mechanism of action of bariatric and endoscopic interventions. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R1-R17. [PMID: 29378901 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its accompanying pathologies such as obesity, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia represents one of the most important challenges of current medicine. Despite intensive efforts, high percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes does not achieve treatment goals and struggle with increasing body weight and poor glucose control. While novel classes of antidiabetic medications such as incretin-based therapies and gliflozins have some favorable characteristics compared to older antidiabetics, the only therapeutic option shown to substantially modify the progression of diabetes or to achieve its remission is bariatric surgery. Its efficacy in the treatment of diabetes is well established, but the exact underlying modes of action are still only partially described. They include restriction of food amount, enhanced passage of chymus into distal part of small intestine with subsequent modification of gastrointestinal hormones and bile acids secretion, neural mechanisms, changes in gut microbiota and many other possible mechanisms underscoring the importance of the gut in the regulation of glucose metabolism. In addition to bariatric surgery, less-invasive endoscopic methods based on the principles of bariatric surgery were introduced and showed promising results. This review highlights the role of the intestine in the regulation of glucose homeostasis focusing on the mechanisms of action of bariatric and especially endoscopic methods of the treatment of diabetes. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to less invasive endoscopic treatments of diabetes and obesity that may complement and widen current therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Haluzík
- Centre for Experimental MedicineInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Diabetes CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kratochvílová
- Centre for Experimental MedicineInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Haluzíková
- Department of Sports MedicineGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mráz
- Diabetes CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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49
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Mertens KL, Kalsbeek A, Soeters MR, Eggink HM. Bile Acid Signaling Pathways from the Enterohepatic Circulation to the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:617. [PMID: 29163019 PMCID: PMC5681992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are best known as detergents involved in the digestion of lipids. In addition, new data in the last decade have shown that bile acids also function as gut hormones capable of influencing metabolic processes via receptors such as FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and TGR5 (Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). These effects of bile acids are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, but can affect different tissues throughout the organism. It is still unclear whether these effects also involve signaling of bile acids to the central nervous system (CNS). Bile acid signaling to the CNS encompasses both direct and indirect pathways. Bile acids can act directly in the brain via central FXR and TGR5 signaling. In addition, there are two indirect pathways that involve intermediate agents released upon interaction with bile acids receptors in the gut. Activation of intestinal FXR and TGR5 receptors can result in the release of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), both capable of signaling to the CNS. We conclude that when plasma bile acids levels are high all three pathways may contribute in signal transmission to the CNS. However, under normal physiological circumstances, the indirect pathway involving GLP-1 may evoke the most substantial effect in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Mertens
- Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hannah M Eggink
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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50
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Schumacher JD, Kong B, Pan Y, Zhan L, Sun R, Aa J, Rizzolo D, Richardson JR, Chen A, Goedken M, Aleksunes LM, Laskin DL, Guo GL. The effect of fibroblast growth factor 15 deficiency on the development of high fat diet induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 330:1-8. [PMID: 28673684 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis often associated with metabolic syndrome. Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), an endocrine factor mainly produced in the distal part of small intestine, has emerged to be a critical factor in regulating bile acid homeostasis, energy metabolism, and liver regeneration. We hypothesized that FGF15 alters the development of each of the listed features of NASH. To test this hypothesis, four-week old male Fgf15-/- and their corresponding wild-type (WT) mice were fed either a high fat diet (HFD) or a control chow diet for six months. The results confirmed that HFD feeding for six months in WT mice recapitulated human NASH phenotype, including macrovesicular steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Whereas FGF15 deficiency had no effect on the severity of liver steatosis or inflammation, it was associated with decreased liver fibrosis. Furthermore, FGF15 deficiency resulted in abnormal bile acid homeostasis, increased insulin resistance, increased HFD-induced serum triglycerides, decreased inductions of hepatic cholesterol content by HFD, and altered gene expression of lipid metabolic enzymes. These data suggest that FGF15 improves lipid homeostasis and reduces bile acid synthesis, but promotes fibrosis during the development of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - B Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Y Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - L Zhan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
| | - R Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - J Aa
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - D Rizzolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - J R Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - A Chen
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - M Goedken
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - L M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - D L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - G L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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